Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET) ISSN: 2321-5178
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Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology (ISSN: 2321–5178) Focus and Scope Covers †
Production of Hydrocarbons
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Petroleum Geology
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Formation Evaluation (Well Logging), Drilling and Economics
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Oil Refining
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Synthetic Fuel Technologies
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Oil Shale Technology
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Reservoir Simulation
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Editorial Board Dr. Vineet Kumar Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India.
Dr. Abhay Kumar Choubey Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Raebareli, India.
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Prof VirenderParkash Sharma Dept of Petroleum Engineering School of Mines Dhanbad – 826004 India.
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Dr. Reza Rezaee Bob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA.
Dr. Ajay Mandal Department of Petroleum Engineering Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, India.
Dr. Mohammad RafiqulAwal Bob L. Herd Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-3111, USA., United States.
Dr. MayankTyagi Craft & Hawkins Department of Petroleum Engineering Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA.
Prof. Mohammed Kamil Chairman Department of Petroleum Studies Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India.
Prof Hamid Ali Department of Petroleum Studies, Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh India.
Dr. Ravi Vadapalli Research Scientist Adjunct Professor of Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University, Lubbock USA.
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STM JOURNALS
I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET). The intension of JoPET is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Petroleum Engineering & Technology. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoPET provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Petroleum Engineering & Technology found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Petroleum Engineering & Technology. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.
Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals
Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology
Contents
1. Extraction of Rice Bran Oil and Its Application in Producing Biodiesel Karthik KV, Deepa H A, Priya S, Sathya T
1
2. Review of Subsea Pipeline for Minimizing Thermal and Pressure Expansion Mukund Ketkar, Kiran D. Patil
10
3. Shale Gas in India: Status and Challenges Vikas Mahto, Rajat Jain
23
4. Study on Effect of Insulation Design on Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis: An Important Aspect in Subsea Pipeline Designing Srikant Sadafule, Kiran D. Patil
33
Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178 Volume 4 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com
Extraction of Rice Bran Oil and Its Application in Producing Biodiesel Karthik KV*, Deepa H A, Priya S, Sathya T Chemical Engineering Department, DSCE, India Abstract Increased environmental awareness and depletion of resources are driving industry to develop viable alternative fuels from renewable resources that are environmentally more acceptable. Vegetable oil is a potential alternative fuel. The most detrimental properties of vegetable oils are its high viscosity and low volatility and these cause several problems during their long duration usage in compression ignition (CI) engines. The most commonly used method to make vegetable oil suitable for use in CI engines is to convert it into biodiesel, i.e. vegetable oil esters using process of transesterification. Rice bran oil obtained from rice bran which contains 12% oil is an underutilized non-edible vegetable oil, which is available in large quantities in rice cultivating countries, and very little research has been done to utilize this oil as a replacement for mineral Diesel. In the present work, the transesterification process for production of rice bran oil methyl ester has been investigated. Rice bran oil methyl ester thus produced was characterized to find its suitability to be used as a fuel in engines. Results showed that biodiesel obtained under the optimum conditions has comparable properties to substitute mineral Diesel, hence rice bran oil methyl ester biodiesel could be recommended as a mineral Diesel fuel substitute for compression ignition (CI) engines in transportation as well as in the agriculture sector. The yield of rice bran oil ester is around 87% which can be increased to 98% using two stage transesterification processes.
Keywords: Rice bran oil, Biodiesel, Transesterification
JoPET(2014) 1-9 Š STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Page 1
Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178 Volume 4 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com
Review of Subsea Pipeline for Minimizing Thermal and Pressure Expansion Mukund Ketkar1,2, Kiran D. Patil2* 1
UHDE India Ltd., UHDE House, LBS Road, Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering, MAEER’s, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India
2
Abstract As the offshore oil and gas fields have been exploited in deeper water, subsea pipelines are required to operate at high temperatures and pressures. It causes subsea pipelines to be more subject to movements both in lateral and axial directions due to the loads produced by high temperatures and pressures. Some high temperature pipelines have experienced the cumulative axial displacement of an overall pipeline length over a number of start-up/shut-in cycles, which is commonly known as “Pipeline walking”. The objective of this paper is to review the phenomenon of pipeline walking, expansion bend (Z Piece) and optimize thermal expansion in pipeline by specially focusing on a short and high temperature pipeline and identify key parameters of it in terms of the pipeline design. During designing the pipeline to control or mitigate the accumulated walking over the life of the pipeline system, one can see changing in field layouts and high installation costs related to mitigation measures. It is therefore important to assess if the walking is a potential issue in the early design phase. This paper highlights the general pipeline technology in terms of the pipeline expansion design, pipeline thickness calculation, analyze the temperature and pressure profiles for the given pipeline and thermal transients along the pipeline during shutdown and restart operations. Understanding an axial movement of short pipelines due to the resultant of the thermal transient is the key selflessness in the pipeline walking assessment. Thus, a numerical model of pipeline based on the thermal transient load is developed by the finite element method. It shows the effect of the transient temperature profile on pipeline walking. Also it focuses on the effect of axial friction factors related to pipe-soil interaction as the sensitivity study. Lastly, we briefly discuss potential mitigation options to prevent pipeline walking. The global axial movement phenomenon can lead to various pipeline integrity consequential effects of accumulated axial walking. Hence, the pros and cons of possible mitigation measures are also discussed in connection with the sensitivity study results.
Keywords: Pipeline walking, Subsea stress analysis, Subsea pipeline, Thickness calculation, Fem analysis
JoPET(2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178 Volume 4 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com
Shale Gas in India: Status and Challenges Vikas Mahto*, Rajat Jain Department of Petroleum Engineering, Indian School of Mines Dhanbad-826004, Jharkhand, India Abstract With decline of production in gas fields, India became sixth largest natural gas importer in the global market. Seeing the domestic demand, it is essential to unlock shale gas from different shale gas plays in India. The key elements of shale gas production include the extensive drilling campaign, the need for hydraulic fracturing and realization of global growing of production facilities and flowlines. Also, advanced technologies are required for development of shale gas fields to make fruitful discoveries. The major problems encountered during drilling a shale gas well in India are additional reaming, hole enlargement, wellbore instability, costly fishing and side tracking operations. Water management, fracture geometry and presence of faults are also some of the major issues for fracturing of shale formations. This paper focuses on the current status and potential of shale gas in India. It also describes the challenges and their proposed solutions for development of shale gas plays.
Keywords: Shale gas, Hydraulic fracturing, Energy, Multilateral drilling
JoPET(2014)Š STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2321-5178 Volume 4 Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com
Study on Effect of Insulation Design on ThermalHydraulic Analysis: An Important Aspect in Subsea Pipeline Designing Srikant Sadafule1,2, Kiran D. Patil2* 1
UHDE India Ltd., UHDE House, LBS Road, Vikhroli (West), Mumbai, India Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering, MAEER’s, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India
2
Abstract The most imperative and challenging operational hazards for oil and gas pipelines are the risks associated with the transportation of fluids. When water, oil and gas flow simultaneously inside the pipeline, there are quite high chances that, water and hydrocarbon fluids can form and deposit hydrate such as wax and asphaltene on the inner surfaces of the pipeline and gradually blocking it. In this paper we explore and compare the various types of insulation and to find the optimum thickness of insulation required to maintain the temperature of the fluid inside the pipeline, above the hydrate/wax formation temperature to ensure smooth flow. Presence of high water cut, changes in pressure and temperature along the pipeline leads to internal corrosion. Also because of incompatible water mixing, scales may form and get deposited inside the pipeline and restrict the flow hence, causing operational problems to downstream processing facilities. The key challenge faced by engineers is how to design a pipeline to assure that multiphase fluids are be safely and economically transported from the reservoir all the way to the downstream processing plants and the end users. The complete knowledge of dynamic fluid properties and a proper thermal-hydraulic analysis of the system are required to develop strategies for controlling the solids such as hydrates, wax and asphaltenes, and sometimes scale and sand. The practice of identifying, quantifying, and mitigating of most of the flow risks associated with pipelines, specifically subsea systems, is called flow assurance. The knowledge of fluid properties and thermal-hydraulic analysis of the system is utilized is essential to develop a concept or strategies for controlling the formation of solids such as hydrates, wax, asphaltenes, and scale from the system. Flow assurance refers to ensuring the flow of produced hydrocarbons from the reservoir to the processing facility or to the point of sale. In this work, an Excel spreadsheet calculation comparison has been done to see the effect of various insulation material with different thicknesses on the temperature profile of the fluid in deep water environment. The hydrate and wax formation temperatures is first known and critical radius of insulation is calculated to obtained the required thickness of insulation in order to mitigate cool down of the fluid.
Keywords: Flow assurance, Hydrates, Wax, Asphaltenes, Thermal insulation
thickness
JoPET (2014) Š STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved