Journal of refrigeration, air conditioning, heating and ventilation (vol1, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

(JoRACHV)

Journal of

Refrigeration Air Conditioning Heating & Ventilation Jan - April 2014

STM JOURNALS Scientific

Technical

Medical

www.stmjournals.com

STM Publication(s) STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board members from renowned institutes. Objectives of STM Publication(s): †

Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions.

†

Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review process.

†

Publishing Special Issues on Conferences.

†

Preparing online platform for other print Journals.

†

Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical domains.

†

Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety.

Salient Features: †

A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains.

†

Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System.

†

The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality and coverage.

†

Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization.

†

Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals.

†

Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Focus and Scope Covers † Ice harvesting † Non-cyclic and cyclic refrigeration † Vapor-compression and Vapor absorption cycle † Electromechanical cooling † Ductless (split-system) air conditioning †

Window air conditioning

† Hydronics Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written permission of the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM Journals unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order: Cost of Journal: — National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy — International Subscription: — Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues) — Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows India, SARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B.) For Subscribers: — Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. — The access will be blocked: — If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking. — Due to technical issue. — Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: — Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency. — Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. — Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. — Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id. — Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Publication Management Team Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET) Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director CELNET, Delhi, India

Internal Members Puneet Pandeya Manager Associate Editors Gargi Asha Jha Nupur Anand

Monika Malhotra Assistant Manager Assistant Editors Priyanka Aswal Aditya Sanyal Sona Chahal Himani Garg Himani Pandey

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance Engineering Centre (ITMMEC) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.

Dr. Rajiv Prakash School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Ashish Runthala

Prof. Bankim Chandra Ray

Lecturer, Biological Sciences Group, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.

Dr. Baldev Raj

Prof.D. N. Rao

Distinguished Scientist & Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (ICGAR)Kalpakkam, India.

Professor, Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Baskar Kaliyamoorthy Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. Jugal Kishore Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Pankaj Poddar Scientist, Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh Associate Professor, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Priyavrat Thareja

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Head, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.

Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India.

Dr. Shankargouda Patil

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot

Asst. Prof., Department of Oral Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Head Research & Development, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd MIT Campus, Beed bypass road, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra

Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu

Professor, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Professor, Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal Professor and Head Department, Govt. College of Engineering Station Road, Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Editorial Board

Dr. Balaram Kundu Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.

Dr. Dipak Maity Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Dadri, India.

Dr. Jagannath K Professor, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, MIT Manipal, India.

Dr. Jahar Sarkar Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Technology â&#x20AC;&#x201C;BHU, India.

Dr. Lev Bulat Head of Department Electrical & Electronic Engineering National Research University ITMO ,St. Petersburg, Russia.

Dr. Manoj Arya Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Maulana Azad NIT, Bhopal, India.

Dr. Ramjee Repaka Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical Materials and Energy Engineering, IIT Ropar,India.

Mr. Rajesh V.R. Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering , Coimbatore Campus,Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. Samir Saha Professor, Dean, MCKV Institute of Engineering, Liluah, Howrah,W.B, India.

Dr. Sanjeev Anand Assistant Professor, School of Energy Management, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University Katra, J & K, India.

Dr. Shailendra Kumar Shukla Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Department IIT Banaras Hindu University, India.

Dr. Tanweer Hussain Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering , Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (1) of Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. The intension of JoRACHV is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoRACHV provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation. Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Refrigeration, Air conditioning, Heating and ventilation

Contents

1. Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection Jahar Sarkar

2. Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System S. P. Singh, D. K. Joshi

3. Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on Small-Scale Sorption Heat Pumps Suvanjan Bhattacharyya, Samir Kumar Saha

4. Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Refrigeration System Jagannath Korody, Princeton Lobo

5. Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption Refrigeration System Anirban Sur, Randip K. Das

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Cascade Refrigeration System with Internal Heat Exchanger: Suitable Natural Refrigerant Pair Selection Jahar Sarkar* Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, India Abstract In this study, thermodynamic analyses and optimization of various natural fluids as refrigerants in cascade system with internal heat exchanger have been done to get the suitable pair in a wide range of temperatures based on best system performance (maximum COP) as well as on operating characteristics. Out of the 56 possible combinations of high and low temperature fluids with 8 natural refrigerants (ammonia, carbon dioxide, propane, propylene, n-butane, isobutane, ethane, and ethylene), the primary selection has been done based on the criteria of normal boiling point and critical point of both low and high temperature fluids following the guideline of the operating temperatures of a refrigerant to be within its critical point and normal boiling point. All the selections have been made based on an optimum intermediate temperature leading to maximum cooling COP for an individual pair. The results show that the internal heat exchanger is usefull in cascade system to improve performance for all natural refrigerants except ammonia. However, it is not justified where ammonia can be applicable as a high temperature refrigerant.

Keywords: Cascade refrigeration, internal heat exchanger, natural refrigerants, intermediate temperature, optimization, COP

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation and Optimization of an Aqua-Ammonia Vapor-Absorption Refrigeration System S. P. Singh*, D. K. Joshi School of Energy and Environmental Studies, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore-452017, India Abstract The process parameters of ammonia-water absorption system were optimized in terms of temperatures of generator and condenser and heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and generator-to-absorber. The iteration method was used to get the variation in generator and condenser temperatures with coefficient of performance (COP) for the fixed evaporator temperature. The sizing of generator, absorber and condenser was found from the variation of heat ratios of generator-to-condenser and generator-to-absorber for the fixed evaporator cooling load. The result showed that the optimum generator and condenser temperatures were achieved at 88 and 32 Â°C, respectively for the maximum coefficient of performance (COP) of 0.68. The simple rule of thumb was evolved for the sizing of condenser and absorber and found to be 1.2 times of generator size in terms of heat value.

Keywords: Aqua-ammonia, vapor-absorption refrigeration, optimization, COP

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Investigation of Solar Cooling Systems based on Small-Scale Sorption Heat Pumps Suvanjan Bhattacharyya1*, Samir Kumar Saha2 1

Mechanical Engineering Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N), Liluah Howrah, India 2 Department, MCKV Institute of Engineering, 243 G. T. Road (N), Liluah Howrah, India

Abstract This paper presents the development and investigation of solar cooling systems based on small-scale sorption heat pumps and chillers, respectively. Ammonia or water absorption chiller with a cooling capacity of 12 kW, a 17.5 kW water/lithium bromide absorber, the chilled WFC18 and two water or silica-gel adsorption chillers with cooling capacities of 7.5 and 15 kW, all single effect, are specified as core components of solar cooling systems. Up to now over twenty chilled Cooling and Solar Cooling Systems respectively are installed in Germany, Austria, Spain, Italy, Malta, Romania, Syria, Canada, China and Australia. Different kinds of applications are realised for residential buildings, retirement homes, office buildings, banks, bakeries, greenhouse and institutes.

Keywords: Solar cooling, absorption, adsorption, heat pump, chiller

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Performance Evaluation of Thermoacoustic Refrigeration System Jagannath Korody*, Princeton Lobo Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department at MIT Manipal, India Abstract Today cooling technologies are going through a transformation phase. The advent of ozone layer depletion and global warming caused by the use of synthetic refrigerants has necessitated a search for alternative cooling technologies. Out of the several technologies which are emerging as alternatives, one technology that can provide cost effective refrigeration without using any of the environment degrading refrigerants is the thermoacoustic refrigeration system. Ideally, this device can be powered by a thermo acoustic Stirling heat engine which results in a system that can run on waste heat and does not contain refrigerants or moving parts. In the current study, experiments are conducted to investigate the performance of the thermoacoustic refrigerating system when subjected to various operating conditions. The temperature difference between the hot end and the cold end of the stack ranged from 0 C to 15 C. The cooling load was controlled using resistance heating in place of the cold side heat exchanger. Results from this study show that the cooling load increases with the temperature difference between the two ends of the stack. It is also found that high pressure alone in the system does not necessarily result in a higher cooling temperature difference and thus a higher cooling load. For the thermoacoustic refrigerating system, there exists for a given frequency, an optimum pressure that results in the maximum temperature difference which in turn results in the possible maximum cooling load.

Keywords: Thermoacoustic refrigeration, Cooling load, Refrigeration system

Journal of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning, Heating and Ventilation Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Thermodynamic Analysis of an Adsorption Refrigeration System Anirban Sur1*, Randip K. Das2 1

Inderprasatha Engineering College, 63, Site IV, Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 2 Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Abstract In this paper, thermodynamics analysis of an adsorption refrigeration pair (activated carbon and methanol) at adsorption equilibrium conditions has been proposed. Similar analyses have been done by different scientists for different combinations of adsorbentadsorbate pairs. Adsorption refrigeration processes normally occurs in physical adsorption condition and activated carbon molecules being non-polar in nature, micropores approach of adsorption (Polanyiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s micropores theory and D-A equation) has been followed here. Analysis of the adsorption refrigeration system based on adsorption equilibrium and use of isotherms, isobars and isosteres, has been explained here. Isosteric heat and total enthalpy of the system as a function of pressure, temperature and adsorbate uptake have been calculated. At the end, specific cooling power and coefficient of performance (COP) of adsorption refrigeration system has been calculated.

Keywords: Adsorption, isosteric heat, differential heat isosteres, isobars, isotherms