Journal of telecommunication, switching systems and networks (vol1, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks (JoTSSN) May - August 2014

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STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the print version for the Volume 1 Issue (2) of Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks. The intension of JoTSN is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of telecommunication, switching systems and networks. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoTSN provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of telecommunication, switching systems and networks. Finally,I would like to thank Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring. I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board for write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks

Contents

1. A Review Paper on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) Techniques for Cognitive Radio Applications Lalit Bhanwrela, Aparna Singh Kushwah

2. A GLRD-based Receiver Design Using OBEB Algorithm for MIMO Systems Siva Krishna Y., Ravi Shankar S., Reddy K. A. K.

3. Optimization of Reflectance in Silicon based Ternary Grating SAG Structure using Plane Wave Expansion J. S. N. Achary, G. Palai, P. K. Dalai, S. K. Tripathy 15 4. Design of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hexagonal Rings'' Shaped Cover Metamaterial for WLAN Applications Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters at 2.31 Ghz Vivek Gupta, Sandeep Kumar Agrawal

5. Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular Disk Structure Contiguous with RMPA for Augmentation of Variant Parameter for WLAN at 2.95 Ghz Anshuman Garg, Anjana Goen

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

A Review Paper on Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) Techniques for Cognitive Radio Applications Lalit Bhanwrela*, Aparna Singh Kushwah Department of Electronics and Communication, University Institute of Technology, RGPV Bhopal, India Abstract Cognitive radio is the best solution for the spectrum scarcity and spectrum underutilization problem in wireless communication system, because of its ability to rapidly and automatically adapt operating parameters as per requirements and conditions. In this paper, a literature review of cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) techniques for cognitive radio is presented. In cognitive radio, spectrum sensing is the main function which prevents the interference with the primary users (PU) and identifies the available white spaces to enhance the spectrum utilization. We examined the use of cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems to enhance the reliability of detecting PUs. We have presented principle, classifications and components of CSS and CSS techniques based on decision fusion rules in detail. Also advantages and disadvantages of detection techniques are investigated and summarized. Finally research issues and challenges are given.

Keywords: cognitive radios, cooperative spectrum sensing, hard and soft decision fusion

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

A GLRD-based Receiver Design Using OBEB Algorithm for MIMO Systems Siva Krishna Y., Ravi Shankar S., Reddy K. A. K. Department of E.C.E, Vignan University, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper gives the performance comparison of a MIMO system applying a modified branch-estimate-bound (MBEB) and ordered branch-estimate-bound (OBEB) algorithms of generalized likelihood ratio detector (GLRD) in the presence of channel estimation error. Here, two sources of errors like, errors due to noise and errors due to time variations induced by Doppler effects are considered. The GLRD solves the transmitted symbols using joint channel symbol estimation by combining the channel estimate with a block of received data. The GLRD provides a unified receiver structure which can also be applied to MIMO systems where no channel estimate is available. The computational complexity of GLRD increases with improved performance. This problem is addressed by using branch-estimate-bound optimization algorithms. The GLRD implemented with OBEB algorithm is shown to outperform the GLRD implemented with MBEB algorithm.

Keywords: multiple-input multiple-output, channel estimation error, correlated block fading, generalized likelihood ratio detector, modified branch estimate bound, ordered branch estimate-bound algorithm.

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Optimization of Reflectance in Silicon based Ternary Grating SAG Structure using Plane Wave Expansion J. S. N. Achary1, G. Palai2, P. K. Dalai2, S. K. Tripathy3* 1

Ganjam College, Ganjam, Odhisa, India Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement (GITA), Bhubaneswar, India 3 National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST), Berhempur, India

Abstract We investigate the silicon based ternary grating SAG (silicon on air on glass) structure for possible filter application. Grating is realized by one dimensional grating structure, which consists of ternary periodic structure, where ternary period is realized by the combination of silicon-air-silicon dioxide layers. Reflectanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s from such periodic structures is simulated using plane wave expansion method. Simulation result shows that number of layers in the periodic structure plays an important role for the same. Further the structure is optimized for 100% reflectivity. It is also found that wavelength shift gradually increases from 8 to 32 ternary layers.

Keywords: Ternary grating, Reflectance, Filter

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Design of “Hexagonal Rings’’ Shaped Cover Metamaterial for WLAN Applications Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Antenna Parameters at 2.31 GHz Vivek Gupta*, Sandeep Kumar Agrawal Rustamji Institute of Technology, BSF Academy, Tekanpur, Gwalior, India Abstract A rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA) along with metamaterial which has design of hexagonal rings-shaped cover structure is proposed at a height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane. The RMPA with proposed metamaterial structure is designed to resonate at 2.31 GHz frequency. This work is mainly focused on increasing the potential parameters of microstrip patch antenna. The proposed metamaterial structure significantly reduces the return loss and increases the bandwidth and directivity of the antenna as compare to RMPA alone. The bandwidth is increased u to 76 MHz in comparison to RMPA alone. The return of proposed antenna is reduced to 32.9 db.

Keywords: Rectangular microstrip patch antenna (RMPA), hexagonal rings shaped cover metamaterial structure.

Journal of Telecommunication, Switching Systems and Networks Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular Disk Structure Contiguous with RMPA for Augmentation of Variant Parameter for WLAN at 2.95 GHz Anshuman Garg*, Anjana Goen Department of Electronics and Communication, Rustamji Institute of Technology, M. P., India Abstract A rectangular microstrip patch antenna with “Fivefold Stave in Squares with Circular Disk” shaped meta material cover is designed and replicated at a height of 3.2 mm from the ground plane. The antenna along with the proposed metamaterial structure is designed to resonate at 2.95 GHz frequency. But the proposed metamaterial cover significantly reduces the return loss and increases the bandwidth, and gain of the antenna in comparison to rectangular microstrip patch antenna or previous author’s paper. The system is modelled by computer simulation technology software (CST-2010). With the help of CST-2010, the return loss, directivity, and radiation pattern of compact rectangular patch antenna operating at 2.95 GHz frequency and rectangular patch antenna along with designed metamaterial shape have been evaluated in this work.

Keywords: Rectangular micro strip patch antenna (RMPA), double negative lefthanded metamaterial, return loss (LH-MTM)