Journal of water pollution and purification research (vol1, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

May-August 2014

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research (JoWPPR)

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Dr. B. M. Krishna Associate Professor Department of Environmental Engineering S.J. College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka, India.

Dr. Hansa Jeswani Associate Professor,Civil Engg Dept sardar patel College of Engg, Bhavan's CampusMunshi Nagar,Andheri (w), Mumbai, India.

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Dr. Mahadevappa Swamy Professor Department of Environmental EngineeringS.J. College of Engineering Mysore, Karnataka, India.

Dr. Nilkanth Hanmantrao Kulkarni Associate Professor,Department of Civil & Water Management Engineering,Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Institute of Engg. & tech., Vishnupuri,Nanded, India.

Dr. Ritu Singh Assistant Professor Department of Environmental ScienceSchool of Earth Sciences Central University of Rajasthan Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Sadashiva Murthy B.M. Professor Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore,Karnataka, India.

Dr. Udayashankara T.H. Professor ,Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore , Karnataka, India.

Dr. K. Byrappa Fellow, World Academy of Ceramics Coordinator, Materials Science Program of Univ. of Mysore, Univ. of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India.

Sumi Handique Assistant Professor, Tezpur University Napaam, Tezpur, Sonitpur, Assam, India.

Dr. Sumathi Suresh Professor, Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering CESE), Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B), Powai, Mumbai, India.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the print version for the [Volume 1 Issue (2)] of Journal of Water Pollution and Purification Research. The intension of JoWPPR is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Water Pollution and Purification Research. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoWPPR provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Water Pollution and Purification Research found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Water Pollution and Purification Research. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Water Pollution and Purification Research

Contents

1. A Review on Conventional and Alternative Methods for Defluoridation of Water M. Madhukar, B. M. Sadashiva Murthy, T. H. Udayashankara

2. Review of Recovery Methods for Acetic Acid from Industrial Waste Streams by Reactive Distillation Kiran D. Patil, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni

3. Experimental Studies on the Assessment of River Water Quality: A Case Study on Noyyal River Tirupur Aswathy V Gopal, OS Arun, R. Gobinath, D. Saranydevi

4. Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Bentonite Clay as a Natural Coagulant Vijaya Kumar S., Arunprakash C., Gobinath R., Nishanth M., Sangeetha M.

5. Removal of Heavy Metals using Combination of Adsorbents - A Case Study using Industrial Waste Water Thirumalesh B. S.

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

A Review on Conventional and Alternative Methods for Defluoridation of Water M. Madhukar*, B. M. Sadashiva Murthy, T. H. Udayashankara Department of Environmental Engineering, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysore, Karnataka-570006, India Abstract Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater is due to anthropogenic influences on its natural formation and geological settings. Consuming fluoride has both beneficial and detrimental effects on dental and bone structures. This review article is aimed at facilitating precise information on the various methods applied to remove fluoride from water. The defluoridation techniques are divided into coprecipitation, adsorption ion exchange, contact precipitation, electro-coagulation and membrane process. The mechanism involved in each defluoridation technique is enumerated. The natural and synthetic materials employed by various researchers to remove fluoride are reviewed and tabulated in order to provide information on removal efficiency or capacity of the media.

Keywords: Fluoride, adsorption, capacity, precipitation, electro-coagulation

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Review of Recovery Methods for Acetic Acid from Industrial Waste Streams by Reactive Distillation Kiran D. Patil1*, Bhaskar D. Kulkarni2 1

Department of Petrochemical and Petroleum Engineering, MAEER’S, Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India 2 Chemical and Process Engineering Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India Abstract This paper addresses an industrially important problem of recovery of acetic acid from a wastewater streams via reactive distillation. The separation (or recovery) of organic residues from aqueous waste streams released from chemical and petrochemical industries is critical and indispensable from the points of view of pollution control and recovery of useful materials. The disposal of wastewaters containing most widely used industrial organic acids such as acetic acid, formic acid and propionic acid has been recognized as a significant expense to the industry and environment. In this paper, existing methods of physical separation of acetic acid from wastewater is presented. Available conventional techniques including fractional distillation, liquid extraction, adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, etc. have been briefly reviewed emphasizing the major drawbacks of these methods. A new method – reactive distillation - for recovering acetic acids from dilute aqueous solutions is described and compared with the other conventional techniques. Reactive distillation is an efficient, economical, and environmental friendly method for separation of acetic acid from wastewater streams. Keywords: Clean technology, wastewater, pollution prevention, recovery of acetic acid, separation processes, reactive distillation, esterification

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Experimental Studies on the Assessment of River Water Quality: A Case Study on Noyyal River Tirupur Aswathy V Gopal*, OS Arun, R. Gobinath, D. Saranydevi Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India Abstract Tirupur is the most popular textile industrial area, which contains 90% of the knitwear industries in India. By 2005, there were more than 729 bleaching and dyeing units in Tirupur. Now there are 2000 textile manufacturing units producing variety of goods. The textile industries release heavy amount of dye waste which contains bleaching liquids, soda ash, caustic soda, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium peroxide, and so many other toxic materials to river Noyyal. The wastewater is acidic, smells terrible and contains dissolved solids, which increase the biological and chemical oxygen demand in water. With no fresh water available for dilution the groundwater from Coimbatore and Tirupur is no longer suited for irrigation. The dye industries said that the discharge of their industrial effluents to the river Noyyal has stopped. But this study clearly shows the presence of materials that are used in dye production.

Keywords: Noyyal river, heavy metals, carcinogenic, soil analysis, toxicity

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Bentonite Clay as a Natural Coagulant Vijaya Kumar S.*, Arunprakash C., Gobinath R., Nishanth M., Sangeetha M. Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, India Abstract The main objective of the present study was treatment of dye waste by coagulation with clay to achieve maximum removal efficiency of color and sludge.The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of bentonite clay as coagulant in treatment of textile wastewater. The coagulant prepared was employed for the removal of sludge at the different doses. The maximum coagulant for removal of colour and sludge was found at an optimum temperature of 27oC with the retention time of 1 hour.This result was higher than the results obtained by different process parameters for various coagulants. The transmittance were found to be 94% with an absorbance of 0.03,TDS reduced from 5.15 PPT to 3.3 PPT, BOD too was reduced from 160mg/l to 40mg/l. Also owing to the coagulation process several other parameters such as chloride, sulfate, iron, COD was also reduced considerably.

Keywords: Bentonite clay, wastewater, conductivity, Natural coagulant agents, dye removal, sludge removal

Journal of Water Pollution & Purification Research Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Removal of Heavy Metals using Combination of Adsorbents - A Case Study using Industrial Waste Water Thirumalesh B. S. * Department of Chemical Engineering, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bangalore, India Abstract Heavy metals are widely used in numerous industries such as paints and pigments, glass production, mining operation, electroplating, battery manufacturing and textile industries. The significant losses of heavy metals occur during the manufacturing processes and these lost heavy metals are discharged in the effluent. As they move from one ecological trophic level to another, metallic species start damaging the ecosystem. They also become difficult to track as they move up in trophic levels. They accumulate in living tissues throughout the food chain. Due to biomagnification, humans receive the maximum impact, since they are at the top of the food chain. Hence heavy metal contamination has been a critical problem. Adsorption of heavy metals is one of the techniques for treatment of waste water containing different types of selected heavy metals. In this study, the adsorbents Coconut shell, Rice husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and Crab shells are investigated as viable materials for removal of Heavy metals. The effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage are studied. The aim of this study is to use water hyacinth as an adsorbent in removing heavy metal content from industrial waste water and to use the above mentioned adsorbents in combination to see the effect of adsorption. The metal concentrations are determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The adsorbents are pretreated by way of cleaning, washing, sun drying and then crushing to obtain particles in different size ranges in order to study the effect of different parameters on the adsorption. The main objective of this project is to use cheap and readily available solid wastes such as Coconut Shell, Rice Husk, Water Hyacinth, Shrimp Shells and crab shells as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from the industrial waste water, and to test the effect of contact time, particle size and adsorbent dosage on the extent of adsorption.

Keywords: Adsorption, Shrimp shell, Combination of adsorbents