Journal of water resource engineering and management (vol1, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

May-August 2014

eISSN: 2349-4336

Journal of Water Resource Engineering & Management (JoWREM)

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Dr. Pankaj Poddar

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STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board

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Dr. Rakesh Kumar

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Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal

Dr. Kazi Shamima Akter

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Dr.Ajaykumar Ramdas Kambekar Faculty,Department of Civil Engineering Sardar Patel College of Engineering, Bhavan's Campus, Munshi Nagar, Andheri, Mumbai, India.

Dr. Chander Kumar Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources,TERI University, India.

Dr. Arindam Sarkar Assistant Professor, School of Infrastructure, Indian Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.

Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Assistant Professor,National Institute of Technology ,Raipur, India.

Dr. Erfan Mondal, Professor, Department of Geology, AMU, Aligarh, India.

Mr. Gobinath Ravindran Assistant Professor ,Department of Civil engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India.

Mr. Ishtiyaq Ahmad

Dr. Javed Alam Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department,A.M.U, Aligarh, India.

Assistant Professor,Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Raipur, India.

Dr. Jyoti Sarup Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal, India.

Dr. K. S Kasiviswanathan Assistant Professor (SG) Department of Civil Engineering, India.

Dr. Kanhu Charan Patra Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Former Head and Dean (AR), National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India.

Dr. M. Mizanur Rahaman Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering University of Asia Pacific House- 8/A, Road - 7 Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1209 Bangladesh.

Editorial Board

Dr. N. Vishwakarma Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Prosenjit Ghosh Assistant Professor,Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.

Dr. Pabitra Ranjan Maiti Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), India.

Prof. Quamrul Hassan Prof. Quamrul Hassan, Department of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering & Technology Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Rajesh Gupta Professor, Civil Engineering, NIT Nagpur.

Dr. Ramesh H Gowda Water Resources Engineering Specialist, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Suratkhal, India.

Dr. Saravanan Subbarayan

Dr. Shamsuddin Shahid Associate Professor ,Department of Hydraulics and Hydrology, Faculty of Civil Engineering,Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Johor, Malaysia.

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli, India.

Dr. Syed Zaheer Hasan Scientist-G,Petroleum Research Wing, Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute, PDPU Campus, Raisan,Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India.

Dr. Jagadeesha Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, India.

Dr. Ali Mohammad Kimiagari Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran.

Dr. Susama Sudhishri Senior Scientist Water Technology Center IARI, Pusa, New Delhi, India.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the print version for the [Volume 1 Issue (2)] of Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management. The intension of JoWREM is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Water Resource Engineering and Management. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. JoWREM provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Water Resource Engineering and Management found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Water Resource Engineering and Management. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management.

Contents

1. Linear Programming based Model for Design of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Redundancy Rajesh Gupta, Yamini Lakshmi, Shweta Rathi

2. Radial Basis Function Neural Networks for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling K. S. Kasiviswanathan, Avinash Agarwal, A. R. Senthil Kumar

3. Catchment Pollution Potential and Pattern of Groundwater Quality Ritu Ahlawat

4. Exudation – An Advancement in Micro-Irrigation with Sub-Surface Drip Irrigation (Porous Pipe) Y. V. Bhamare, Ravichandra Masuti

5. Water Harvesting Through Application of Social Marketing Strategy –– A Case Study in Banwar Village, Madhya Pradesh, India Mahesh Rao, Sendhil R., Narendra Singh Chandel, V. Rajagopal, Sangeeta Mandal, Monika Shukla, Pradip Karmakar, Atmanand Tripathi 35

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management ISSN: 2349-4336 (online) Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Linear Programming based Model for Design of Looped Water Distribution Networks with Redundancy Rajesh Gupta*, Yamini Lakshmi, Shweta Rathi Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, India Abstract A new linear programming based two-phased methodology is suggested for design of looped water distribution networks with redundancy. The redundancy is provided against failure of pipes and a network is designed to sustain failure of any one of the link without affecting nodal supplies in a part or full. In the first phase, network is designed under normal pipe working conditions for assumed flow distribution using linear programming. The performance of designed system is checked using node-flow analysis for one pipefailure conditions and most critical pipe failure condition is obtained in the second phase. The linear programming formulation in the first stage is appended to incorporate constraints for critical pipe failure conditions and solved. This process of successive addition of constraints in first phase continues until network design becomes satisfactory to sustain failure of any single pipe. The methodology is general and successive addition of constraints reduces the size of problem to be handled at a time. The methodology can be used for any type of flow-distribution. However, flow-distribution based on Chiongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s model is observed to provide better design. The methodology is illustrated with example networks taken from literature.

Keywords: Design, Linear programming, Optimization, Redundancy, Water Distribution Network

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management ISSN: 2349-4336 (online) Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Radial Basis Function Neural Networks for Rainfall-Runoff Modeling K. S. Kasiviswanathan1*, Avinash Agarwal2, A. R. Senthil Kumar2 1

School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai, India 2 Surface Water Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, India

Abstract Rainfall-runoff process is purely nonlinear and varies spatially as well as temporally. Any hydrological model requires many parameters which represent different components of the process. Availability of all the parameters is difficult for any catchment and probabilistic generation of such type of data is impossible. Under such circumstances, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have proven to be a better tool to model the rainfallrunoff process with minimum available data. The present study is to compare the performance of the model trained with K-means clustering algorithm and modified Kmeans clustering algorithm. The potential of these two algorithms was tested by developing rainfall runoff models for Vamsadhara river basin located in Andhrapradesh, India. Results of these two models were compared with observed data of Vamsadhara river basin. It is shown that modified K-means clustering algorithm results are more generalized than K-means clustering algorithm results.

Keywords: K-mean clustering algorithm, non-linear, radial basis function artificial neural network (RBFANN)

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management ISSN: 2349-4336 (online) Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Catchment Pollution Potential and Pattern of Groundwater Quality Ritu Ahlawat* Department of Geography, Miranda House, University of Delhi, India Abstract Pollutants in groundwater can occur naturally or they can be introduced by various anthropogenic sources of pollution. Both point and non-point sources of pollution affect the quality of surface as well as ground water. As water infiltrates, solute concentrations are typically low. But after penetration their spatial extent follows a regional pattern that needs to be examined in detail. Hence, spatial pattern of important parameters of ground water quality obtained from secondary observation well data in case of Betwa river catchment has been presented in this paper. An overview of various sources of pollution from agriculture, industries and towns and their potential effect is also reflected.

Keywords: Groundwater data network, spatial interpolation, solute concentration level, pollution potential, domestic pollution, agricultural pollution

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management ISSN: 2349-4336 (online) Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Exudation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Advancement in Micro-Irrigation with Sub-Surface Drip Irrigation (Porous Pipe) Y. V. Bhamare*, Ravichandra Masuti Civil Engineering Department, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, India Abstract The awareness has slowly been developed for careful and effective utilization of natural resources like water and energy. Exudation, i.e., sub-surface irrigation with porous pipe can be an efficient water-saving method of irrigation for many less developed arid and semi-arid regions. Sub-surface drip irrigation, i.e., SDI has been an important part of agricultural irrigation throughout the world. During last three decades, sub-surface irrigation system is being used owing to its capability to apply water efficiency, low labor and low energy requirement and increase in quality and quantity of crop yield. The project work deals with introduction of new method of irrigation, the comparative study of conventional methods with exudation, i.e., SDI also studied. The project work also discusses use of sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) for grapes and pomegranates. It also deals with benefits over drip irrigation, lacunas in conventional drip irrigation system. The main objective of this project work was to minimize evaporation losses in grapes and pomegranates, proper utilization of water, energy saving and minimization of labor cost and maintenance.

Keywords: Exudation, sub-surface drip irrigation, SDI, arid and semi-arid regions, evaporation, crop yield

Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management ISSN: 2349-4336 (online) Volume 1, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Water Harvesting Through Application of Social Marketing Strategy - A Case Study in Banwar Village, Madhya Pradesh, India Mahesh Rao1*, Sendhil R.2, Narendra Singh Chandel3, V. Rajagopal4, Sangeeta Mandal5, Monika Shukla6, Pradip Karmakar7, Atmanand Tripathi8 1

National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India 2 Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal, India 3 Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India 4 National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, India 5 National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, India 6 Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India 7 Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, India 8 Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, India

Abstract The present study was carried out in a dry tract of central plateau region (Banwar village, Madhya Pradesh, India) by a team of trainee scientists inducted for the National Agricultural Research System (NARS), India. Observations recorded in the village indicated the harsh effects of declining water table owing to poor precipitation and the need for water harvesting to sustain people’s livelihood since agriculture being their primary profession. Considering social marketing strategy, the goal was set to recharge groundwater and increase the water availability for irrigation purpose. Visualising groundwater recharge through water harvesting as the end product; organising training programmes, method demonstrations, village level exhibitions and visit to other successful water harvesting regions were set as the promotion strategies to achieve the set goal. Work plan was devised by the trainee scientists and set to act further. Nevertheless, successful social marketing needs the partnership of local government bodies and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that play a significant role in changing the complex social structure of the people—the ultimate beneficiaries of end product.

Keywords: social marketing, Banwar village, water harvesting, groundwater recharge