Research & reviews journal of dairy science & technology (vol3, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

RRJoDST

ISSN 2349-3704

Research & Reviews Journal of

Dairy Science & Technology May-August 2014

STM JOURNALS Scientific

Technical

Medical

www.stmjournals.com

STM Publication(s) STM Publication, a strong initiative by Consortium E-Learning Network Private ltd.(Estd. 2006) was launched in the year 2010 under the support and guidance by our esteemed Editorial and Advisory board members from renowned institutes. Objectives of STM Publication(s): ? Scientific, Technical and Medical research promotions. ? Publication of genuine Research/Review, Short Articles and Case Studies through proper review

process. ? Publishing Special Issues on Conferences. ? Preparing online platform for other print Journals. ? Empowering the libraries with online and print Journals in Scientific, Technical and Medical

domains. ? Publishing and distribution of books on various subjects which mainly falls in the category of

Nanotechnology, Scientific and technical writing & Environment, Health and Safety. Salient Features: ? A bouquet of 100+ Journals that fall under Science, Technical & Medical domains. ? Employs Open Journals System (OJS) A Journal Management & Publishing System. ? The first and one of the fastest growing publication website in India as well as in abroad for its quality

and coverage. ? Rapid online submission and publication of papers, soon after their formal acceptance/ finalization. ? Facilitates linking with the other authors or professionals. ? Worldwide circulation and visibility.

Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (ISSN: 2349-3704) Focus and Scope Covers ? Dairy Science and Technology ? Biotechnology of milk ? Biochemistry of milk ? Transformation procedures and nutritional qualities of milk and dairy products ? Milk from Bovine or Non-Bovine species and human milk ? New products from milk using new technologies

? Breeding of high yielding cattle Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology is published (frequency: three times a year) in India by STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. Pvt.) The views expressed in the articles do not necessarily reflect of the Publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any from without written permission of the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this Journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact STM Journals (info@stmjournals.com)

STM Journals (division of Consortium e-Learning Network Private Ltd. ) having its Marketing office located at Office No. 4, First Floor, CSC pocket E Market, Mayur Vihar Phase II, New Delhi-110091, India is the Publisher of Journal. Statements and opinions expressed in the Journal reflect the views of the author(s) and are not the opinion of STM Journals unless so stated. Subscription Information and Order: Cost of Journal: ? National Subscription: Rs. 3750/- per Journal (includes 3 print issues), Single Issue copy purchase Rs.1500/copy ? International Subscription: ? Online Only- $99, Print Only-$149 (includes 3 print issues) ? Online + Print-$199 (includes 3 print issues + online access of published back volumes )

To purchase print compilation of back issues please send your query at info@stmjournals.com Subscription must be prepaid. Rates outside the India includes speed delivery charges. Prices subject to change without notice. Mode of Payment: At par cheque, Demand draft, and RTGS (payment to be made in favor of Consortium E-Learning Network. Pvt. ltd., payable at Delhi/New Delhi. Online Access Policy A). For Authors: In order to provide maximum citation and wide publicity to the authors work, STM Journals also have Open Access Policy, authors who would like to get their work open access can opt for Optional Open Access publication at nominal cost as follows India, SAARC and African Countries: INR 2500 or 100 USD including single hard copy of Author's Journal. Other Countries: USD 200 including single hard copy of Author's Journal. B). For Subscribers: ? Online access will be activated within 72 hours of receipt of the payment (working days), subject to receipt of

correct information on user details/Static IP address of the subscriber. ? The access will be blocked: ? If the user requests for the same and furnishes valid reasons for blocking. ? Due to technical issue. ? Misuse of the access rights as per the access policy.

Advertising and Commercial Reprint Inquiries: STM Journals with wide circulation and visibility offer an excellent media for showcasing/promotion of your products/services and the events-namely, Conferences, Symposia/Seminars etc. These journals have very high potential to deliver the message across the targeted audience regularly with each published issue. The advertisements on bulk subscriptions, gift subscriptions or reprint purchases for distribution etc. are also very welcome. Lost Issue Claims: Please note the following when applying for lost or missing issues: ? Claims for print copies lost will be honored only after 45 days of the dispatch date and before publication of the

next issue as per the frequency. ? Tracking id for the speed post will be provided to all our subscribers and the claims for the missing Journals will

be entertained only with the proofs which will be verified at both the ends. ? Claims filed due to insufficient (or no notice) of change of address will not be honored. ? Change of Address of Dispatch should be intimated to STM Journals at least 2 months prior to the dispatch

schedule as per the frequency by mentioning subscriber id and the subscription id. ? Refund requests will not be entertained.

Legal Disputes All the legal disputes are subjected to Delhi Jurisdiction only. If you have any questions, please contact the Publication Management Team: info@stmjournals.com; Tel : +91 0120-4781211.

Publication Management Team Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director STM Journals, Consortium eLearning Network Pvt. Ltd.(CELNET) Noida ,India

Group Managing Editor Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director CELNET, Delhi, India

Internal Members Puneet Pandeya Manager Associate Editors Gargi Asha Jha Nupur Anand

Monika Malhotra Assistant Manager Assistant Editors Priyanka Aswal Aditya Sanyal Anupama Garg Sona Chahal Himani Pandey

External Members

Dr. Bimlesh Lochab Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance Engineering Centre (ITMMEC) Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Dr. Rajiv Prakash School of Materials Science and Technology, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

Prof. S. Ramaprabhu Alternative Energy Technology Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board

Dr. Baldev Raj Chairman, National Institute of Technology Puducherry, India. Former Director, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, India.

Prof. Bankim Chandra Ray Professor and Head, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.

Dr. Hardev Singh Virk Professor Emeritus, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, India.

Dr. Baskar Kaliyamoorthy Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Trichy, India.

Prof. D. N. Rao Professor, Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.

Prof. Jugal Kishore Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Ashish Runthala

Dr. Pankaj Poddar

Lecturer, Biological Sciences Group, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Rajasthan, India.

Scientist, Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.

Dr. Nandini Chatterjee Singh Associate Professor, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, India.

STM Journal (s) Advisory Board & Editorial Board

Dr. Priyavrat Thareja

Dr. Rakesh Kumar

Head, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering department, PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India.

Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Chemistry, BIT Mesra, Patna, India

Dr. Shankargouda Patil

Dr. Shrikant Balkisan Dhoot

Asst. Prof., Department of Oral Pathology, KLE Society's Institute of Dental Sciences, Bangalore, India.

Head Research & Development, Nurture Earth R&D Pvt Ltd MIT Campus, Beed bypass road, Aurangabad, India.

Prof. Subash Chandra Mishra

Prof. Sundara Ramaprabhu

Professor, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, NIT, Rourkela, India.

Professor, Department of Physics Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.

Prof. Yuwaraj Marotrao Ghugal

Dr. S. K. Sood

Professor and Head Department, Govt. College of Engineering Station Road, Osmanpura, Aurangabad, India.

Senior Research Scientist Animal Biochemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute Haryana India.

Dr. Chander Datt

Dr. R Senthil Kumar

Senior Scientist, Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana India.

Division of Dairy Extension, National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Haryana, India.

Editorial Board Dr. Narender Raju Panjagari Scientist Dairy Technology Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India.

Dr. Bimlesh Mann Principal Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Rameshwar Singh Head National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Ajoy Mandal Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station National Dairy Research Institute, Nadia India.

Dr. Anupam Chatterjee Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Kaushik Khamrui National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Subrata Kumar Das Senior Scientist (Animal Biotechnology) Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Vivek Sharma Senior Scientist Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Subrota hati Assistant Professor Department of Dairy Microbiology Anand Agricultural University Gujarat India.

Dr. Suneeta Pinto Associate Professor Dairy Technology Department Anand Agricultural University Gujarat India.

Dr. Surajit Mandal Scientist Dairy Microbiology Division National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana India.

Dr. Rekha Chawla Assistant Professor Dairy Technology/Food Technology GADVASU, Ludhiana India.

Dr. Ramachandra Rao Professor and Head Dairy Technology dept. Dairy Science College, Bangalore.

Dr. Anil Kumar Puniya PS & Nodal Officer National Dairy Research Institute Haryana India.

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the Volume 3 Issue (2) of Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (RRJoDST). The intension of RRJoDST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Dairy Science & Technology The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoDST provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Dairy Science & Technology found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Dairy Science & Technology. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology

Contents

1. Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel Applications to Human Health Subrota Hati, Surajit Mandal, J. B. Prajapati

2. Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation Wesam Al-Jeddawi, Paul Dawson, Inyee Han

3. Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy Cattle Performance Dawod A., Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D.

4. Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition Score and Parity Number Dawod A

5. Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Dairy Cows and Buffaloes Ahmed . A., Helal M. A., Ramadan S. G., Mahboub H.D., Byomi A.M., Reddy P.G.

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Probiotics (Functional Bio-Ingredient in Food): Novel Applications to Human Health Subrota Hati1*, Surajit Mandal2, J. B. Prajapati1 1

Dairy Microbiology Department, S.M.C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University, Gujarat, India 2 Dairy Microbiology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract Bacteria have a bad reputation for causing disease and food poisoning and food intoxication. However, Scientists working in this field suggests that probiotics can prevent and even treat some illnesses along with foods or as supplements. Probiotic microbes are considered safe and most of them are normal habitants of digestive system. Since the mid1990s, clinical studies have established that probiotic therapy can help treat several gastrointestinal ills, delay the development of allergies in children, and treat and prevent vaginal and urinary infections in women and stimulating immunomodulatory cells. Taking probiotics regularly with foods can boost the immune system in a specific way which helps the body against different diseases such as influenza A, cancers, HIV, obesity.

Keywords: Probiotics, human, health, obesity, immune, HIV

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Addition of Low and High Molecular Weight Water Soluble Chitosan on Whole Milk Powder Oxidation Wesam Al-Jeddawi1*, Paul Dawson2, Inyee Han2 1

University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Baghdad, Iraq 2 Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA

Abstract Autoxidation significantly decreases the shelf life of whole milk powder (WMP) due to primary and secondary oxidation products such as hydroperoxides, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and hydrocarbons. Water soluble chitosan has been shown to reduce oxidation by chelating metals or combining with lipids resulting in a significant antioxidative effect. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of different concentrations of low (L) and high (H) molecular weight water soluble chitosan (9 and 90 kDa, respectively) on WMP. Commercially dried WMP was obtained and rehydrated 50% (wt/wt) with various aqueous chitosan solutions (2%L2, 4%L4, 2%H2, 4%H4) (L2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2% low molecular weight chitosan added; L4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% low molecular weight chitosan added; H2 = Freeze-dried WMP with 2% high molecular weight chitosan added; H4 = Freeze-dried WMP with 4% high molecular weight chitosan added) yielding approximately 50% solids concentration. A control was prepared with no addition of chitosan. Rehydrated WMP was freeze-dried and then all samples were stored at 45 Â°C for 48 days. Samples were evaluated for moisture content, water activity, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and peroxide value (PV) after an interval of every 8 day up to 48 days. Moisture and water activity was not affected by storage or by the addition of chitosan while chitosan did affect the lightness and color attributes of the WMP. All treatments of chitosan exhibited a significant increase in TBARS and PV during storage. However, 4% of the low molecular weight chitosan inhibited oxidation as measured by TBARS and PV when compared to all other treatments and the control.

Keywords: Autoxidation, shelf life, whole milk powder, TBARS, chitosan

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Prepartum Body Condition Score on Dairy Cattle Performance Dawod A.*, Helal M.A., Mahboub H.D. Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the effect of prepartum body condition score (BCS) on dairy cattle performance. Throughout the study, a total of 7956 dairy records were collected from six Holstein Friesian farms. According to the prepartum BCS, dairy cows were grouped into three main categories— low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2–3, 3–4 and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattles with BCS values under the level of 2 were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Productive parameters of milk yield (daily yield, 305-day yield and total yield), milk curve (days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield and lactation persistency [LP]), milk somatic cell count (SCC) and somatic cell score (SCS), as well as some reproductive parameters (days to first estrus and days open) were determined to indicate the best dairy cattle prepartum BCS sustained high dairy performance. Prevalence of lameness and metabolic diseases (milk fever, abomasum displacement [DA] and ketosis) were also investigated in dairy cattle among different prepartum BCS. The best prepartum BCS was elucidated to reduce the prevalence of such diseases. Results of the present study revealed that the medium condition score cows produce more milk as compared to the over condition score cows. Medium condition score cows showed improved udder health and reproductive parameters. On the other hand, they showed decreased prevalence of lameness, milk fever, DA and ketosis. In contrast, it was obvious that over condition score cows suffered more from these metabolic disorders than low and medium BCS cows. The prevalence of lameness was more evident in low than in medium and over condition score cows.

Keywords Prepartum body condition score, dairy cows, lameness, lactation persistency, holstein friesian

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Remodeling of High Yielding Dairy Holsteins Culling Strategies upon Their Prefresh Body Condition Score and Parity Number Dawod A.* Department of Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt Abstract The present study was conducted to detect the relationship between prefresh body condition score (BCS), lactation parity and their interactions to remodel the culling strategies and detect the best BCS for each lactation parity number which sustained high performance in high yielding dairy Holstein cows. A total of 1138 dairy records of private high producing Holstein Friesian farm (8000 kg milk/ season) were collected throughout the study. Dairy cows were grouped into three main categories according to their prefresh BCS, as low, medium, and over condition score cows for BCS values of 2– 3, 3–4, and 4–5, respectively. Dairy cattle which were under the level of 2 point BCS were culled as a part of culling policy in these farms. Dairy cows were regrouped again according to their parity number into three groups 1st; 2nd, and 3rd for lactation parity of <3, 4–5, and >5, respectively. Both productive and some reproductive variables were used in this study such as milk yield (daily, 305 day yield, and total yield), milk curve (days to peak, initial milk yield, peak milk yield, and lactation persistency (LP)), and some reproductive variables (days to first estrus, and days open) were determined to indicate the best dairy cattle prefresh BCS per each lactation parity number sustained maximum dairy performance with little reproductive problems. The results of this study revealed that the medium condition score cows produced much milk as the same as over condition score cows. Moreover, young dairy cows of lactation parity <3 produced more milk than older ones. Old dairy cows with lactation parity >5 had high milk yield which is comparable with younger ones, if rigid culling programs was followed. Young dairy cows, which had lactation parity <3 needs no more than medium BCS value of 3–4 point to produce same milk as fatty ones. Old dairy cows need high BCS value of over 4 points during their prefresh phase to sustain high productive and reproductive performance. The culling programs in the high yielding Holstein dairy farms must be remodeled and directed to moderate (lactation parity 4–5) and old age (lactation parity >5) dairy cows which had poor body condition during their prefresh phase. Efficient body conditioning programs were followed, as these cows cannot produce or reproduce well. Old dairy cows must not be culled on the basis of their age alone, as these cows can produce as well as younger ones, if a firm culling policy was followed. Old dairy cows must not be culled from dairy herds if their economic values are still high, as the economic base must be put in front of all the bases.

Keywords: Prefresh body condition score, dairy cows, lactation parity, lactation persistency, holstein friesian

Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Risk Factors Associated with Galactophagia and Its Impacts on Some Productive and Reproductive Traits in Dairy Cows and Buffaloes Ahmed I. A.1*, Helal M. A.1, Ramadan S. G.1, Mahboub H.D.1, Byomi A.M.1 , Reddy P.G. 2 1

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Egypt 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, USA

Abstract The incidence of galactophagia (self and intersuckling vices in dairy animals) may lead to great loss in milk production, injuries and shape defect in teats as well as serious mastitis which reflect on general health condition of animals. Our field survey was carried out to spot the light on the relationship between galactophagia (self or intersucking), breed, housing system and parity on some productive, reproductive traits and udder health condition in dairy cows and buffaloes. The results revealed that, the average milk losses due to these vices reached to (33.42±0.51, 36.35±0.60 and 24.70±0.78 % of the total milk yield) for Holstein-Friesian, Baladi cow and Buffalo, respectively. Not only the amount of milk production decreased, but also the lactation period decreased significantly (P<0.01) while, days open and calving interval (CI) increased significantly (P<0.01). The incidence of self and intersucking could be a main cause of mastitis, which occurred more frequently in forequarters than hind quarters in suckled animals. In conclusion, self and intersucking considered as great economic problems in dairy cattle and buffaloes not only due to milk loss, but also other productive and reproductive traits in the herd and can cause serious mastitis.

Keywords: Galactophagia, mastitis, productive traits, reproductive traits, cows, buffalos