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Research & Reviews Journal of

Dairy Science & Technology

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ISSN 2349-3704

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Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (ISSN: 2349-3704) Focus and Scope Covers ? Dairy Science and Technology ? Biotechnology of milk ? Biochemistry of milk ? Transformation procedures and nutritional qualities of milk and dairy products ? Milk from Bovine or Non-Bovine species and human milk ? New products from milk using new technologies

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Dr. R Senthil Kumar

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Division of Dairy Extension, National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Haryana, India.

Editorial Board Dr. Narender Raju Panjagari Scientist Dairy Technology Division National Dairy Research Institute Karnal India.

Dr. Bimlesh Mann Principal Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Rameshwar Singh Head National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Ajoy Mandal Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station National Dairy Research Institute, Nadia India.

Dr. Anupam Chatterjee Senior Scientist Eastern Regional Station National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Kaushik Khamrui National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Subrata Kumar Das Senior Scientist (Animal Biotechnology) Eastern Regional Station, National Dairy Research Institute Nadia India.

Dr. Vivek Sharma Senior Scientist Dairy Chemistry Division National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India.

Dr. Subrota hati Assistant Professor Department of Dairy Microbiology Anand Agricultural University Gujarat India.

Dr. Suneeta Pinto Associate Professor Dairy Technology Department Anand Agricultural University Gujarat India.

Dr. Surajit Mandal Scientist Dairy Microbiology Division National Dairy Research Institute, Haryana India.

Dr. Rekha Chawla Assistant Professor Dairy Technology/Food Technology GADVASU, Ludhiana India.

Dr. Ramachandra Rao Professor and Head Dairy Technology dept. Dairy Science College, Bangalore.

Dr. Anil Kumar Puniya PS & Nodal Officer National Dairy Research Institute Haryana India.

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STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the Volume 3 Issue (3) of Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology (RRJoDST). The intension of RRJoDST is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Dairy Science & Technology The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoDST provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Dairy Science & Technology found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Dairy Science & Technology. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviesw findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews : Journal of Dairy Science & Technology

Contents

1. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Dung Samples of Cattle during Monsoon Season in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India A. Yasotha, T. Sivakumar, Thanga Tamil Vanan, K.N. Selvakumar, P.S.L. Sesh

2. Demographic Profile of Dairy Farmers in the Industrial Areas of Vellore District â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tamil Nadu, India A. Yasotha, T. Sivakumar, Thanga Tamil Vanan, K.N. Selvakumar, P.S.L. Sesh

3. Seminal Proteins as Markers for Bull Fertility M. Karunakaran, T. G. Devanathan, Ajoy Mandal, Mohan Mondal, M. K. Ghosh, S. Garai, T.K. Dutta

4. Cow Milk and Human Health: A Review Sanjiv Kumar, Kaushal Kumar, Sushma Suman, Pankaj Kumar

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Dung Samples of Cattle during Monsoon Season in Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India A. Yasotha*, T. Sivakumar, Thanga Tamil Vanan, K.N. Selvakumar, P.S.L. Sesh Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract A study was conducted to assess the sixteen dung samples from the dairy cattle reared around industrial areas of Vellore district during monsoon season. The collected samples were analysed for heavy metals using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy (ICPMS). The result revealed concentration range of 2.580 to 20.030 ppm, 6.940 to 83.770, 1.310 to 19.270, 0.110 to 2.240 and below detectable level to 0.07 ppm for copper, zinc, chromium, lead and cadmium, respectively. A comparison of the mean distribution of the different metals studied shows that zinc had the highest mean distribution while cadmium had the least. The general trend of mean distribution of heavy metals showed Zn>Cr>Cu>Pb>Cd.

Keywords: Cow, dung, heavy metals, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Demographic Profile of Dairy Farmers in the Industrial Areas of Vellore District â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Tamil Nadu, India A. Yasotha*, T. Sivakumar, Thanga Tamil Vanan, K.N. Selvakumar, P.S.L. Sesh Department of Livestock Production and Management, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The field survey was conducted to highlight the condition of dairying in industrial areas of Vellore districts, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 32 farmers were selected randomly in two industrial areas of Vellore district, which covered around 270 dairy animals. Majority (71.88%) of the farmers had dairying as the primary occupation only (3%) farmers had agriculture as the primary occupation. Based on the land holdings 56.25, 37.50 and 6.25 per cent farmers were marginal, landless agricultural labourer and large, respectively. The average wet land holding was 1.18 acres and no farmers had dry land holding. The average herd size was 6.79 cross bred cows and 1.67 buffaloes. The red loamy soil (75%) was predominant in Vellore district. Literate farmers were 56.25 and 75 per cent of the farmers were income generator.

Keywords: Dairy, farmer, dairying, occupation, status

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Seminal Proteins as Markers for Bull Fertility M. Karunakaran*, T. G. Devanathan, Ajoy Mandal, Mohan Mondal, M. K. Ghosh, S. Garai, T.K. Dutta National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal, India

Abstract Artificial insemination (AI) is the reproductive biotechnology that has made possible the safe use of semen from selected sires in a breeding female population. Application of AI as a tool for dissemination of semen from superior sires has contributed to the improvement of the genetic quality of breeding herds. This improvement has been exponential in dairy cattle, in which use of frozen semen is most common. Semen preservation and artificial insemination technique also used in conservation of wild and semi domesticated animals like mithun. A prerequisite for the best use of this genetic material is to obtain acceptable fertility after AI. For this reason, both screening of the semen for normality and fertility are essential. Accurate evaluation of the bull fertility is important because it influences the reproductive potential of the present and future herd. The aim of the breeding industry is to identify genetically superior bulls and maximize the number of offspring produced by these bulls. The fertility of the selected bull is important in achieving this aim.

Keywords: Bull, semen, fertility, markers, proteins

Research & Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology ISSN: 2319-3409 (online), ISSN: 2349-3704 (print) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Cow Milk and Human Health: A Review Sanjiv Kumar1*, Kaushal Kumar1, Sushma Suman1, Pankaj Kumar2 1

Department of Pathology, Bihar Veterinary College, Patna, Bihar, India 2 ICAR-RCER, Patna, Bihar, India

Abstract The milk of every species of mammal is unique and specifically tailored to the requirements of that animal. For example, cows' milk is three to four times richer in protein than human milk. It has five to seven times the mineral content. However, it is markedly deficient in essential fatty acids when compared to human mothers' milk. Mothers' milk has six to ten times as much of the essential fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (incidentally, skimmed cow's milk has no linoleic acid). It simply is not designed for humans. Except for domesticated animals to which we feed milk, humans are the only species that drinks the breast milk of another species, and the only species that continues to drink breast milk into adulthood. Today the top producers give ten times more milk. How was this accomplished? Drugs, antibiotics, hormones, forced feeding plans and specialized breeding; that's how.

Keywords: Cow's milk, linoleic acid, lactose