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Research & Reviews : Journal of Ecology (ISSN: 2278-2230) Focus and Scope Covers ? Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems ? Population Ecology, Meta Population Ecology, Community Ecology ? Food Webs, Biome, Relation to Evolution, Social Ecology and Coevolution ? Life process and adaptation ? Metabolism and the early atmosphere, radiation, heat, temperature and light ? Biogeochemistry, interactions between plants and their environment

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Research & Reviews : Journal of Ecology

Contents

1. Conventional and Molecular Breeding for Bacterial Leaf Blight and Blast Resistance in Rice Sudhir Kumar, Mahesh Rao

2. Soil Bio Engineering: A Potential Method in Restoration Ecology Gobinath R., Ganapathy G.P.

3. Conventional and Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Rice Sudhir Kumar, Mahesh Rao

4. Water Stress: An Overview on Plant Life Shikha Suman

Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology ISSN: 2278-2230 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Conventional and Molecular Breeding for Bacterial Leaf Blight and Blast Resistance in Rice Sudhir Kumar1*, Mahesh Rao2 1

ICAR RC for NEH Region Manipur Centre, Imphal, India 2 ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) and blast are the major limiting factors for rice production in the world. Host resistance mechanism by exploiting the resistance genes (R gene) is one of the most effective ways to achieve the genetic potential of the rice cultivars. Conventional breeding in the past has developed several resistant varieties having major genes for resistance to blast and BLB. Marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) provides a long way in incorporating several major resistance genes and quantitative trait locus (QTLs) in cultivars. BLB resistance gene Xa-21, xa-5 & xa-13 have been incorporated in several mega rice varieties of India. Several blast R genes have been mapped and cloned in rice and further advancement in genomic science has created a new scope for well characterization of R genes at molecular level.

Keywords: Bacterial leaf blight, blast, resistance, markers, gene

Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology ISSN: 2278-2230 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Soil Bio Engineering: A Potential Method in Restoration Ecology Gobinath R.1*, Ganapathy G.P.2 1

VIT University and Jay Shriram Group of Institutions, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu, India 2 VIT University, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract Due to human activities impact on ecological systems is on steady increase in the last few decades, we had already had the impact of harnessing the potential of our ecological sources. In spite of several legal and sociological restrictions placed in position we are still losing valuable ecological resources, once such resource is loss in plant ecosystem. Harnessing the potential of various plants is studied by researchers but utilising them in proper method is still vague. Soil bio engineering is a concept of utilising plant wealth for stabilising and increasing the strength of the soil, this concept is well utilised in countries such as Nepal, Alps region etc., but not in practice all over India in spite of the reason that we are holding numerous plants that are having potential to grow in various climatic conditions in India and are stable in different soil conditions. In this study a review is done about various plants that are available in Nilgiris district that can be utilised for natural soil reinforcement techniques. Nilgiris district is suffering from severe landslides and it is aftermath over the last century due to urbanization and anthropogenic effect. Protecting a land mass using conventional technologies require lot of investment and man power butin the case of soil bioengineering which uses the natural vegetation cover to protect the soil the investment is less and can be applied to variety of areas including arid climatic conditions. Various potential plants that are growing and available in Nilgiris district is analysed for their potential to stabilise the soil.

Keywords: Soil stabilisation, soil bioengineering, Nilgiris district, landslides

Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology ISSN: 2278-2230 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Conventional and Molecular Breeding for Abiotic Stresses Tolerance in Rice Sudhir Kumar1*, Mahesh Rao2 1

ICAR RC for NEH Region Manipur Centre, Imphal, India 2 ICAR-NRC on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India

Abstract Abiotic stress as a consequence of climate change has affected a large proportion of the rice growing areas of the world. Drought is a complex trait and breeding for drought tolerance requires incorporation of morphological, physiological and several biochemical characters imparting in tolerance. Rice is a salt sensitive crop and excessive saline or sodic soil has a limiting effect on its productivity. Genotypic variation for abiotic stress has been observed in diverse range of rice germplasm including its wild relatives and this variability has been targeted by the breeders in developing stressresistant cultivars. Marker breeding has further opened the scope for quantitative trait loci (QTL) identification and mapping and by the help of maker-assisted back crossing (MABC), it could be transferred in several mega varieties of rice. Sub-1 a major QTL for submergence tolerance is introgressed in several Indica varieties of India and presently in farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s field. In the future there is also need for breeding for high phosphorous efficient varieties and subsequently also need to develop suitable rice varieties for heavy metal contaminated soils.

Key words: Abiotic stresses, rice, drought, salinity, submergence

Research & Reviews: Journal of Ecology ISSN: 2278-2230 (online) Volume 3, Issue 3 www.stmjournals.com

Water Stress: An Overview on Plant Life Shikha Suman* Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India Abstract Plant water status determines the tolerance and escapability of a plant towards the drought or other stress. There are morphological, physiological and biochemical significance of the drought. Plants have the drought tolerance capability by changing its physiology and biochemical compounds. The accumulation or relocation of the bio compounds determines the stress tolarance capacity and those compounds are called stress tolerance compounds. In normal they are the middle or end product of the physiological processes, but in stress they play the key role in escaping the adverse condition.

Keywords: Drought, tolerance, bio-compounds, net assimilation rate