Research & reviews a journal of microbiology & virology (vol4, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

eISSN : 2230-9853

Research & Reviews : A Journal of

Microbiology & Virology (RRJoMV)

conducted

Jan - April 2014

Ÿ A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

aureus (MRSA) on Mobile Phone Devices Ÿ Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA Ÿ Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica Granatum L against Pathogens Causing

Bovine Mastitis Ÿ TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A Review Ÿ UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC441

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I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. The intension of RRJoMV is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Microbiology and Virology. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoMV provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Microbiology and Virology found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Microbiology and Virology. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology

Contents

1. A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Mobile Phone Devices Durgadas Govind Naik, Aisyah Alyza Binti Mohd Zabit, Intan Aliafatin Binti Mohd Shah, Lawrence Tarang Anak Jim, Mohd Afiq Ashraf Bin A Muim,Mohd Zainolzamir Bin Mohamed Zakaria, Sy Ahmad Safwan Bin Yulaimi

2. Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA Samant S. A., Marathe N., Deshpande N.

3. Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica Granatum L against Pathogens Causing Bovine Mastitis Suneetha. T. B, Annabele Charles, Ashritha. M, Raviswamy G. H Math

4. TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A Review Tripti Pokhrel, Subham Sharma, Surya Rana Bhat

5. UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 Bindu Sadanandan, Amruta P Jogalekar, Veena Vishwanathan

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

A Study on the Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Mobile Phone Devices Durgadas Govind Naik*, Aisyah Alyza Binti Mohd Zabit, Intan Aliafatin Binti Mohd Shah, Lawrence Tarang Anak Jim, Mohd Afiq Ashraf Bin A Muim, Mohd Zainolzamir Bin Mohamed Zakaria, Sy Ahmad Safwan Bin Yulaimi International Medical School, Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia

Abstract Mobile phone devices are indispensable accessories in social life used for communication. The users normally do not clean their cell phones which, therefore, serve as a reservoir of potential pathogenic bacteria. The devices are the vehicles of pathogen transmission in both health and non-healthcare settings. The presence of multiple drugresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus is very important as it can cause both hospitaland community-acquired infections. The present study is an attempt to record the prevalence of S. aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) on mobile phone devices. A total of 100 mobile devices of students (28 male and 72 female) were screened for the presence of S. aureus strains. Of these, 17 % had S. aureus strains and one isolate was methicillin-resistant. S. aureus is often found as common bacteria on skin and also in the nose. These bacteria get access to mobile devices via hands and can cause a variety of infections to vulnerable groups like infants, children, elderly people in community and patients especially immuno-compromised in healthcare settings. This study recorded the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA on mobile phone devices. Findings in this paper emphasize the need for proper personal hygienic measures like washing hands with soap, detergent and periodic cleaning of mobile devices with disinfectants like 70% alcohol to prevent devices as a vehicle of pathogens transmission to vulnerable groups.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, mobile phone devices, prevalence, methicillin, cell phone, disinfectant

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Antimicrobial Activity of Partially Purified Extract of Streptomyces Sp. on MRSA Samant S. A.1*, Marathe N.2, Deshpande N. 3 1

Department. of Microbiology, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Sector 18, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai, Pin 410209, Maharashtra, India 2 ICMR, NCCS, University of Pune, Maharashtra, India 3 Department. of Microbiology, Abasaheb Garware College, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of increasingly prevalent, difficult and expensive-to-treat nosocomial as well as community-acquired infections worldwide. Accurate and rapid detection of MRSA in a clinical laboratory is of utmost importance to avoid treatment failure as these strains are multidrug resistant and there are limited options to treat these infections. Hence, exploring newer antibacterial substances is the need of the hour. In this study, phenotypically and genotypically confirmed clinical isolates of MRSA were subjected to test for antibacterial activity of partially purified extract obtained from Streptomyces sp. This study reveals that the extract under study has remarkable anti-MRSA activity and it can be one of the candidates for the fight against MRSA.

Keywords: MRSA, PCR, streptomyces sp., CDD test, MDR

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Chemical Profiling and Antibacterial Activity of Punica Granatum L against Pathogens Causing Bovine Mastitis Suneetha. T. B*, Annabele Charles, Ashritha. M, Raviswamy. G. H Math Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India

Abstract The antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Punica granatum L was investigated against bovine mastitis causing bacterial pathogens- Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus dysagalactiae and coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus by agar disc diffusion method [3] isolated locally from clinical cases. The results obtained in the present study scientifically proved and suggest the use of Punica granatum for treating mastitis causing organism. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Steroids, Phenolic compounds, Saponins, Terpenoids, Catechin, Anthraquinone and Quinone. The proximate analysis was carried out. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of flavonoids was done and its presence in methanolic and aqueous extracts of P. granatum was confirmed by TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography).

Keywords: Punica granatum, bovine mastitis pathogen, disc-diffusion method, solvents, Antibacterial activity, Phyto-chemical screening, Proximate analysis

Page 12

Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology ISSN: 2230-9853 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

TORCH Profile: A Convenient Method for Screening Infection in Pregnancy by ELISA: A Review Tripti Pokhrel*, Subham Sharma, Surya Rana Bhat School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal Abstract TORCH is a medical acronym for a set of perinatal infections: toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis), rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, 2). They are a group of viral, bacterial and protozoan infections that gain access to the fetal bloodstream transplacentally via the chorionic villi or hematogenous transmission any time during gestation or occasionally at the time of delivery via maternal-to-fetal transfusion. TORCH infections may result in abortion, still birth, premature birth, growth problems, neurological or brain abnormalities, motor problems, cognitive problems, organ damage or chronic illness. Among the different direct and indirect methods available for the detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against each test of TORCH panel, indirect ELISA is one of the most convenient methods. Positive IgG is indicative of previous infection or immunization whereas positive IgM is indicative of active or recent infection. Negative results indicate no detectable level of antibodies and equivocal result may occur during acute infection or due to nonspecific binding reaction. From the results of different studies on TORCH, it is concluded that all antenatal cases with bad obstetrics history should be routinely screened for TORCH for early diagnosis as appropriate intervention at early stages can help in proper management of probable complications.

Keywords: TORCH, ELISA, IgG, IgM

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology ISSN: 2230-9853 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

UV Induced Increase in Activity of Subtilisin from Bacillus subtilis MTCC441 Bindu Sadanandan*, Amruta P Jogalekar, Veena Vishwanathan Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract Microorganisms are constantly exposed to varying physical, chemical and biological conditions which induce morphological, biochemical and genetic changes in them. These changes may be deleterious to some organisms whereas others develop mechanisms to overcome such stresses. This study was conducted to understand the microbiological and biochemical changes in bacteria under conditions of UV stress. Bacillus subtilis MTCC441, a ubiquitous, spore forming bacterium was chosen as the model organism for this study as it is a very hardy organism and can resist several environmental stresses. It has developed several mechanisms to overcome stress. One such mechanism is the production of Subtilisin protein. Subtilisin, a biosurfactant and serine endopeptidase helps to counter stress in several ways by inhibiting the growth of competing organisms, regulating cell number in its colonies and also acting as an antioxidant. On exposure to UV stress, growth and viability of the culture is found to reduce. It is observed that the organism tries to overcome these stresses by sporulation and production of Subtilisin. As far as our knowledge goes, this is the first report on UV triggering the production of Subtilisin in Bacillus subtilis. With increase in time of UV exposure a corresponding increase in the specific activity of Subtilisin was observed. It is to be concluded that UV acts as a stressor for Bacillus subtilis and it in turn tries to counter stress by producing Subtilisin.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, subtilisin, UV, specific activity, stress, sporulation