Research & reviews a journal of neuroscience (vol4, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

Research & Reviews A Journal of Neuroscience (RRJoNS) ISSN : 2348-7925

Jan - April 2014

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience (ISSN:2348-7925 ) Focus and Scope Covers † Behavioral & Cellular Neuroscience † Clinical Neuroscience † Computational & Molecular Neuroscience † Neuroengineering † Neuroimaging and Neuroinformatics †

Neurophysiology and Systems Neuroscience

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Dr. Amanda Brown Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, United States.

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STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience. The intension of RRJoNS is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Neuroscience. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoNS provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Neuroscience found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Neuroscience. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Neuroscience

Contents

1. A Numerical Model to Study Effect of Potential-Dependent Influx on Calcium Diffusion in Neuron Cells Leena Sharma

2. Effect of Foot Massage and Reflexology on Physiological Parameters of Patients undergone Neurosurgery Jasvir Kaur, Sukhpal Kaur, Rajesh Chhabra 9 3. Identification of the Effects of Brain Stimulation on Neurophysiology in Parkinson's Disease Patients: Systematic Review Narkeesh, Abhishek, Lekhni, Kanimozhi

4. The Effect of Functional Therapy Approach in management of Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study Parneet Kaur Bedi, Narkeesh Arumugam, Kanimozhi

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

A Numerical Model to Study Effect of PotentialDependent Influx on Calcium Diffusion in Neuron Cells Leena Sharma* Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, Pune-411044, India Abstract Electrical activity within the brain rapidly encodes information about the world but for these fleeting perceptions to have a lasting impact, long-term changes in the structure and function of neurons must follow. At the synapse, neurotransmitter reception initiates a number of biochemical signaling cascades in the postsynaptic cells, one of the most important of which is the elevation of intracellular calcium. Early events induced by the rise of calcium in dendrites are likely to be local, resulting from posttranslational modifications of the synaptic machinery. However, for long-term structural and functional changes in the neuron, the calcium signal must regulate the expression of new gene products. A mathematical model has been developed for diffusion of Ca2+ in the presence of excess buffer approximation in synaptic cleft. This model incorporates the effect of potential activity-dependent influx on calcium diffusion process. The parameters like diffusion rate, dissociation rate, conductance, and membrane potential are incorporated in the above model. Appropriate boundary conditions have been framed using physical processes involved in influx. The finite differences have been employed to obtain numerical solution to the problem. The relationships among various parameters have been studied. The concentration and potential profiles have been obtained with respect to position and time.

Keywords: Calcium concentration, buffers, neurotransmitters, diffusion of calcium, electrical properties, potential activity

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Effect of Foot Massage and Reflexology on Physiological Parameters of Patients undergone Neurosurgery Jasvir Kaur1, Sukhpal Kaur2*, Rajesh Chhabra3 1

Civil Hospital Phillaur, Punjab. National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh 3 Department of Neurosurgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh

Abstract Foot massage and reflexology is one of the strategies to fulfill the goals for human touch and holistic care. The present study was conducted to assess the effect of “foot massage and reflexology” on physiological parameters, i.e., systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and oxygen saturation of patients who have undergone neurosurgery. The study was carried out in neurosurgery intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital. Using purposive sampling technique, 30 patients were enrolled in this study. A protocol on the procedure of foot massage and reflexology was developed. An observation checklist was used to record the parameters under study. The parameters were recorded before, immediately after and after 30 min of the intervention. Mean age (years) ± SD of study subjects was 48.5 ± 12.3. 56.7% were males. Immediately after the intervention, there was significant decrease in high systolic blood pressure and improvement in oxygen saturation. While comparing immediate and after 30 min effect of intervention, there was significant reduction in the heart rate in second observation and there was significant improvement in oxygen saturation in first observation. Further studies may be carried out to evaluate the long-term effects of foot massage and reflexology. The technique may be put in practice after proper training of the nursing personnel.

Keywords: Physiological parameters, neurosurgery patients, foot massage and reflexology

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Identification of the Effects of Brain Stimulation on Neurophysiology in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Systematic Review Narkeesh*, Abhishek, Lekhni, Kanimozhi Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India Abstract Parkinson’s disease (PD) is after Alzheimer’s disease the most common progressive neurodegenerative disease with prevalence of 150–200/100000. Etiology is not well known except for inheritance. It is associated with various neurophysiologic disorders. The aim is to concise view of various studies about the relation between the brain stimulation either unilateral or bilateral and subthalamic or pallidal on gait patterns, speech defects, cognition, behavior changes, mood swings, tremors and memory. This was a systemic review in which researcher used inclusion criteria as set by PICO to define the question and then underwent various articles on PUBMED, MEDILINE CENTRAL, INMED, textbooks, newspapers, etc., and using PRISMA a systemic review was compiled to illustrate the relation of those different studies. On comparison, it can be concluded that the brain stimulation is an effective treatment for various problems of PD such as gait, balance, tremors, dyskinesia, working memory, reducing the dosage, etc. However it does have some adverse effects on speech, cognition and behavior. Moreover, it also induces psychiatric complications such as OCD, mania, aggression, etc. Therefore researchers suggest that the intervention should be used with precaution and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a better option for brain stimulation.

Keywords: Brain stimulation, parkinson’s disease, cognition, gait, psychiatric complications, tdcs, prisma

Research & Reviews: Journal of Neuroscience ISSN: 2348-7925 Volume 4, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

The Effect of Functional Therapy Approach in management of Spastic Diplegic Cerebral Palsy: A Case Study Parneet Kaur Bedi, Narkeesh Arumugam*, Kanimozhi Department of Physiotherapy, Punjabi University, Patiala, India

Abstract Children with cerebral palsy typically receive physical therapy to facilitate motor development and to enhance their independence in motor skills, self-care, play, and leisure activities. Different treatment strategies exist and all these aim at leading children with cerebral palsy toward the greatest degree of independence possible. In recent years, numerous publications have questioned both the assumptions and the effectiveness of neurophysiological approaches. Functional recovery and carryover has always been reproached. Functional activities have always been associated with goal specific training and rehabilitation. The present case study focuses on the functional approach for recovery in cerebral palsy.

Keywords: Cerebral palsy, functional approach, task, spastic