Research & reviews a journal of toxicology (vol4, issue2) by STM Journals Publication

(RRJoT)

ISSN : 2349-1264 May - August 2014

Research & Reviews A Journal of

Toxicology

端 Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric 端 An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa 端 Rotenone Beyond Just an Insecticide 端 Oxidative Stress and Organ Dysfunction

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Dr Selvaraj Milton prabu Department of zoology,Annamalai university., India.

Dr. Subrahmanyam Venkata Satya Vangala Sai Advantium Pharma Ltd., India.

Dr. Iqbal Ahmad Head, Fibre Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Lucknow- India.

Kausar Mahmood Ansari Scientist Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR)-Lucknow, India.

Dr. Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi Scientist Developmental Toxicology Division Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (IITR)-Lucknow, India.

Dr Seema Akbar AssistantDirector, Regional Research Institute of Unani Medicine, the University of Kashmir Campus, Srinagar JK India.

Dr. Ilora Ghosh Mondal Environmental Sciences, JNU New Delhi, India.

Dr. Krishna P Gupta Indian Institute of Toxicology Research Carcinogenesis Division, India.

Dr. Urmi Chatterji Department of Zoology; University of Calcutta 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta, India.

Dr. Devyani Haldar Principal Research Scientist,University of Hyderabad Campus, India.

Dr. Ashok K. Vaid Chairman, Medical Oncology & Haematology Medanta Cancer Institute Medanta â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Medicity Sector-38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.

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I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (2)] of Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology The intension of RRJoT is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Toxicology. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoT provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Toxicology found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Toxicology. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology

Contents

1. Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric Coated with Swietenia microphylla Bark as a Wound Contact Layer K. Sangeetha, P. Yasotha

2. An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa (South India) Mohan B., Thomas S., Basha S. A., Parveen S., Reddenna L., Kumar E. S. J.

3. Rotenone Beyond Just An Insecticide: A Review Ghosh I. , Maurya N., Agarwal N. R.

4. Cadmium Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Organ Dysfunction Nazima B., Manoharan V., Prabu S. M.

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print) Volume 4, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Development of Cotton and Cotton Gauze Fabric Coated with Swietenia microphylla Bark as a Wound Contact Layer K. Sangeetha1*, P. Yasotha2 1

PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract The present work discusses the development of cotton and cotton gauze-based bandage using mahogany. The biological properties of mahogany bark extract have been identified. The 25% concentration of mahogany extract have been treated directly and kept at room temperature for conditioning. Further the antibacterial activity of mahogany-treated samples have been evaluated against wound infecting pathogens (AATCC- 147) Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that mahogany has good antibacterial property against wound infecting pathogens.

Keywords: Herbs, Mahogany, Pathogens, Wound contact layer

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print) Volume 4, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

An Outline of Poisoning at Kadapa (South India) Mohan B.*, Thomas S., Basha S. A., Parveen S., Reddenna L., Kumar E. S. J. Department of Pharm-D, P. Rami Reddy Memorial College of Pharmacy, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516003, India Abstract The epidemiology of poisoning can be studied from different perspectives. Early correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment, conversely, are often lives saving. Therefore, the knowledge of the general pattern of poisoning in a particular region would help in early diagnosis and management of poisoning, which in turn should result in a reduction of morbidity and mortality. Retrospective observational Study was conducted for a period of six months in the general medicine and emergency (ICU) units at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Kadapa. In our study we found that the poisoning was due to various products such as paraphenylene diamine (a hair dye), Gammexane, Kerosene, Nail polish, Rat poisons, petrol, etc. There is high incidence of 0.7 came in the vasmol poison. A total of 08 (7.2%) deaths were reported throughout the study period and remaining were shifted to general medicine wards and got discharged after complete recovery and some were absconded, referred to higher institution for better care. Psychological counseling may be helpful in elimination in the poisoning consumptions.

Keywords: epidemiology, poisoning, paraphenylene diamine

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print) Volume 4, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Rotenone Beyond Just An Insecticide: A Review Ghosh I.*, Maurya N., Agarwal N. R. Environmental Toxicology and Biochemistry, School of Environmental Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India Abstract Pesticides have received the most attention due to their global application and widespread implications on human health. In recent years, both epidemiological and toxicological studies have provided evidence that pesticides have the potential to act as toxicants contributing to the development of pathogenesis such as neuronal degenerations as well as may be utilized to induce signalling for reversal, suppress or prevent carcinogenic progression. Rotenone, an isoflavones naturally found in the roots and stems of several plants, is used as a broad-spectrum pesticide. Surprisingly, being a known toxicant, rotenone is used in organic food farming, based on its label as a natural product. Highly lipophilic, it easily crosses the cellular membrane without depending on a transmembrane protein. Once inside the cell, it accumulates at mitochondrial complex I where it is known to inhibit the transfer of electrons and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, causing oxidative damage to DNA and proteins. More recently, rotenone was also shown to inhibit proteosome activity and catalyze the degradation of ubiquitin tagged proteins which may be implicated in pathogenesis of diseases. Numerous plant derived flavonoids compounds, with mitochondrial electron transport chain interrupter, such as rotenone, are currently used by cancer patients as dietary supplements to complement chemotherapy. Excess generation of ROS and its involvement in down-regulation of cellular proliferation by rotenone may be significant in chemotherapeutic assistance in prolonged treatment of tumourigenesis in future.

Keywords: Rotenone, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), Cancer, Mitochondrial dysfunction

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Toxicology ISSN: 2231-3834 (online), ISSN: 2349-1264 (print) Volume 4, Issue 2 www.stmjournals.com

Cadmium Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Organ Dysfunction Nazima B., Manoharan V., Prabu S. M.* Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract Due to continued anthropogenic mobilization, cadmium accumulation in the environment causes various health problems because of its diverse toxic effects, extremely lingering biological half life (20â&#x20AC;&#x201C;30 years), low rate of excretion from the body and storage predominantly in soft tissue primarily liver and kidney. Cadmium is known to have numerous noxious effects, including nephrotoxicity, hepatoxicity, osteoporosis, cardiovascular toxicity, lung toxicity, and reproductive toxicity. The biologically significant ionic form of cadmium, Cd2+, binds to many bio-molecules and these interactions underlie the toxicity mechanisms of cadmium. Some of the molecules (Mg 2+, Ca 2+) and transition metal ions (e.g., Zn 2+, Cu 2+, Fe 3+/2+) is particularly sensitive to the presence of Cd 2+ because they enclose cationic sites to which the toxic metal can bind. Alterations in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during chronic exposures are less significant compared to the acute cadmium toxicity probably due to induced adaptation mechanism such as metallothionein and glutathione which in turn diminish cadmium induced oxidative stress. Many low molecular weight antioxidants (ascorbic acid, vitamin E, glutathione, Flavonoids) and other antioxidants are capable of chelating cadmium ions reducing their catalytic activity to form ROS. This mini review focused on direct evidence on cadmium induced ROS production, how different organ system responds to cadmium stress and pathological outcomes. For the treatment of cadmium intoxications a therapy with chelating agents has been applied. A better understanding of cadmium toxicity to tackle the environmental challenges lying ahead thus requires properly designed studies implementing biologically relevant cadmium concentrations on different cell types and use of these data in a theoretical framework integrating all cellular aspects of cadmium effects.

Keywords: Cadmium, Oxidative stress, Antioxidant, ROS, Chelation