Research reviews a journal of pharmaceutical science (vol5, issue1) by STM Journals Publication

Research & Reviews A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science (RRJoPS)

eISSN : 2229 - 7006

Jan - April 2014

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Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science (ISSN: 2229-7006) Focus and Scope Covers † Pharmacognosy † Pharmaceutics † Pharmaceutical Chemistry † Pharmacogenomics † Pharmaceutical Toxicology †

Pharmacokinetics

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Dr. D. N. Rao Professor Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Dr. Rajeev Kr. Sharma Director, Pharmacopoeial Laboratory for Indian Medicine, Department of AYUSH,Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, (Govt. of India), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, India.

Dr. Vedagiri Subhashini JSS college of Pharmacy, JSS University, India.

Prof. Basawaraj S Patil RMES college of pharmacy, Gulbarga, India.

Dr. Nayana Udupa Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal University Manipal, India.

Dr. Ashok Kumar Tiwari CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (Council of Scientific & Industrial Research) Hyderabad500607, INDIA, India.

Dr. Manjusha Verma Postdoctoral Research AssociateGeorgia Institute of Technology, University of Georgia, India.

Ashish Runthala Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani, India.

Dr Gopalakrishna Pillai Professor Dept.Pharm.Sci Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY USA, United States.

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STM JOURNALS

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 5 Issue (1)] of Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science (RRJoPS). The intension of RRJoPS is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Pharmaceutical Science. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoPS provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Pharmaceutical Science found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Pharmaceutical Science. Finally, I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring writeups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra Director STM Journals

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmaceutical Science

Contents

1. Compulsory Licensing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Effect on Generics, Patents and Drug-Development in Indian Pharma Vikram Reddy K

2. Enhanced Iron Removal in Experimental Iron Overload by Nanoniosomes of Desferrioxamine Pillai GK, Bhagwandin Cindy

3. Nanoinformatics: An Overview Bhupinder Singh Sekhon

4. Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization in a West Indies University Teaching Hospital Gopalakrishna Pillai, Emily Esposito, Seetharaman Hariharan, Claudette Gomez

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN: 2229-7006 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Compulsory Licensing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The Effect on Generics, Patents and Drug-Development in Indian Pharma Vikram Reddy K* Department of Pharmacology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India Abstract The objective of the present study was to analyse the effect of compulsory licensing (CL) on Generics, Patents and Drug-Development in India. This analytical study was carried out by collection of the data with respect to research questions. The data were collected from WTO, research articles, journals, ICMR and DCGI guidelines, Drugs and Cosmetics Act, WHO guidelines, TRIPS agreement, Indian Patents Act. The results revealed that expiry of three years from the date of grant of patent still remains a dilemma of whether it is best suited for pharmaceutical industry per se or not. Expiry of three years from the date of marketing approval also seems to be a good option but a bit troublesome considering the public health orientation of India. CL `s do not hamper or regress the new drug development. CL is powerful tool when utilized correctly can make sure that the innovations are utilized in a useful way and not wasted. CL is a way to protect public health. From the present study it can be concluded that the compulsory licenses are not an imminent threat to the patented drug companies. If pharmaceutical companies adopt suitable modifications to their marketing strategies, especially in developing countries keeping the economy of the state in consideration, can lead to good industrial relationships. Once the application for the grant of CL is made the outcome of the judgement need not be either granting or rejection, it can also result in ordering the patentees to cut down their prices. Price Control is also an equally powerful tool when compared with CL.

Keywords: Licence, drug and cosmetics, patents

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2229-7006 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Enhanced Iron Removal in Experimental Iron Overload by Nanoniosomes of Desferrioxamine Pillai GK1*, Bhagwandin Cindy2 1

Sullivan University College of Pharmacy Louisville, KY School of Pharmacy, University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago

Abstract This preliminary study explores the feasibility of employing nanocapsules prepared from nonionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) as a carrier for an iron-chelating agent, Desferrioxamine (DFO, Desferal), to enhance iron excretion from the body. The methodology consisted of creating an iron overload model in an experimental animal followed by measurement of iron excretion pattern in the urine by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Niosomes were prepared with span 60: cholesterol:dicetyl phosphate by the lipid hydration method with an aqueous solution of desferal. The niosome suspension was probe-sonicated and the unilamellar vesicles were separated by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The stability of the niosomes was determined by the degree of leakage of desferal from the vesicles at room temperature and at 4 °C. The niosomal preparation was administered subcutaneously to ironoverloaded rat kept in metabolic cages and urine was analyzed for iron content. Sections of liver, heart, kidney of control and test animals were stained with Perl stain followed by microscopic examination to grade the extent of iron accumulation. The mean size of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) before sonication was 363  25 nm and that of small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) was 104  3.5 nm. Percent encapsulation in SUV and MLV was 7.31  0.24% and 17.27  0.62% respectively. The degree of leakage of the drug from SUV stored at room temperature for 3, 7 and 28 days was 7.2  0.6, 21.9  2.4 and 54.0  1.5% respectively and at 4 °C for corresponding periods was 4.4  0.14, 17.3  2.3 and 30.4  1.8% respectively. The degree of leakage from MLV stored at room temperature for 3, 7 and 28 days was 8.7  1.3, 15.3  2.3 and 33.8  1.4% respectively and at 4 °C was 2.9  0.6, 9.2  0.8 and 21.0  0.2% respectively. The iron burden in the liver was significantly reduced by treatment with SUV and MLV. The SUV group had a mean iron content of 17.5  2.3 μg/g liver tissue and the MLV group 86.5  4.0 μg/g. Microscopic examination of sections of liver, heart and kidney before and after treatment with niosomes also showed significant difference in iron deposits. Urinary excretion studies revealed that the SUV group excreted iron 75 times more than the control, 4.6 times more than DFO, 8 times more than MLV and 7 times more than a mixture of free and encapsulated DFO during treatment. Encapsulation of Desferrioxamine in nanosized niosomes enhanced iron excretion in the urine compared to the free drug. Small unilamellar vesicles were more effective than multilamelllar vesicles in iron removal.

Keywords: Niosomes, desferal, iron chelator, nanocapsules, iron overload, surfactant vesicles, desferrioxamine *Author for Correspondence E-mail: gpillai@sullivan.edu

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN: 2229-7006 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Nanoinformatics: An Overview Bhupinder Singh Sekhon* PCTE Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Near Baddowal Cantt., Ludhiana, India Abstract Nanoinformatics uses informatics techniques to (i) collect, (ii) process, (iii) store, and (iv) retrieve information on nanoparticles/nanomaterials/nanodevices and their potential applications in health care. Nanoinformatics assists to develop new computing applications to accelerate research and development in nanomedicine. In this context, it is playing an important role in acquiring relevant data and information, conceptually organizing information for conversion to knowledge, and developing computing applications that are based on important parameters at the nanoscale and are applicable in a broad health perspective. Nanoinformatics aim to stimulate contributions from experts in either nanotechnology or informatics regarding possibilities not foreseen so far. Nanoinformatics can contribute substantially in nano-based manufacturing, and nanotoxicology aspects of nanomaterials-based research. Keywords: Nanoinformatics, nanomedicine, nanomaterials, nanodevices, informatics, computational tools

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmaceutical Science ISSN 2229-7006 Volume 5, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Patterns of Antihypertensive Drug Utilization in a West Indies University Teaching Hospital Gopalakrishna Pillai1*, Emily Esposito1, Seetharaman Hariharan2, Claudette Gomez2 1

Sullivan University College of Pharmacy, Louisville, KY, USA Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad

Abstract Objective of this study was to determine the prescribing patterns of antihypertensive medications in specialty outpatient clinics in a tertiary care hospital of a Caribbean developing country. A retrospective prescription-based survey was conducted in the renal and cardiac outpatient clinics during the period September to December 2006. Data recorded included demographic data, antihypertensive and other drugs prescribed, duration of prescription, adverse drug reactions and side effects. A total of 285 patients were included in the study. Diuretics (30%) were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive agents followed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (26%), beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents (16.6%) and calcium channel blocking agents (CCBs) (14.8%). Overall, 74 patients (26%) had a good control of their blood pressure. 154 patients (54%) had diabetes mellitus along with hypertension, of which, 36 patients (12.6%) had an adequate control. Forty patients (14%) were on monotherapy and 245 patients (86%) were on two or more drugs. Thirteen patients were on two-drug, 21 on three-drug, 15 on four-drug, seven on five-drug, four on six-drug antihypertensive combinations. The most common two-drug combination was an ACEI and a diuretic, followed by an ACEI and beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent. Majority of the hypertensive patients in Trinidad were on combination therapy which shows that the prescription patterns in Trinidad are adhering to the Joint National Committee (JNC VII) report of the United States.

Keywords: prescribing pattern of antihypertensive agents, combination therapy of hypertension, drug utilization, guideline adherence