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I take the privilege to present the print version for the [Volume 1 Issue (1)] of Trends in Chemical Engineering. The intension of Trends in Chemical Engineering is to create an atmosphere that stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Chemical Engineering. The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. TCE provides an outlet for Research findings and reviews in areas of Chemical Engineering found to be relevant for National and International recent developments & research initiative. The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and research in the domain of Chemical Engineering. Finally, and Authors for their continued support and invaluable contributions and suggestions in the form of authoring I express my sincere gratitude and thanks to our Editorial/ Reviewer board write ups/ reviewing and providing constructive comments for the advancement of the journals. With regards to their due continuous support and co-operation, we have been able to publish quality Research/Reviews findings for our customers base. I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

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Trends in Chemical Engineering

Contents

1. Design and Control of Acrylic Acid Production Process K. Nagamalleswara Rao, M. Venkata Ratnam, P. Rajendra Prasad, V. Sujatha

2. Design and Control of Acetaldehyde Production Process K. Nagamalleswara Rao, M. Venkata Ratnam, P. Rajendra Prasad, V. Sujatha

3. Optimization of Process Parameters for Isopropylation of Toluene over Modified Zeolite using Response Surface Methodology Saket Dave, Sanghamitra Barman

4. A Novel Approach for Extraction of Polyphenols Dr. K L Shivabasappa, Vinod P R, Pradeep M J, M.Gokulakrishnan

5. Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Material M. Gokulakrishnan, Ravishankar S. Nilegar, M.J. Pradeep, P.R Vinod

6. Common Effluent Treatment Plant Concept: A Novel Solution for Fish Meal and Oil Extraction Industries in Mangalore Karnataka C.T. Puttaswamy, K.R. Sree Harsha, Rohini

7. DNA Binding and Cleavage Studies of Cobalt Complexes Containing Bioactive Mixed Ligands B. Sreekanth, G. Krishnamurthy, H.S. Bhojya Naik, T.K. Vishnuvardhan, M.R. Lokesh

8. Excess Enthalpy of Mixing for Binary and Ternary System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Review Mahendra Guddad, Dr. K. L. Shivabasappa

9. Studies on CO2 Dissolution in Sodium Silicate for the Precipitation of Silica Ravishankar R, Sudhakar B H

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Design and Control of Acrylic Acid Production Process K. Nagamalleswara Rao1*, M. Venkata Ratnam1, P. Rajendra Prasad2, V. Sujatha2 1

Department of chemical engineering, Bapatla Engineering College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, AU college of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam

Abstract This paper presents the design and control of acrylic acid production process using Aspen Plus and Aspen Dynamics. Propylene reacts with oxygen and produces acrylic acid and water. Plant-wide operability and control of the entire acrylic acid production plant with controllers is explained. The results indicate that the proposed process gives good dynamic performance (a settling time of less than 3 h).

Keywords: Aspen plus, Aspen Dynamics, dynamic performance, plant-wide operability

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Design and Control of Acetaldehyde Production Process K. Nagamalleswara Rao1*, M. Venkata Ratnam1, P. Rajendra Prasad2, V. Sujatha2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Andhra Pradesh, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, AU College of Engineering, Andhra University, Vizag, India

Abstract This paper discusses the steady state and dynamic simulations of acetaldehyde production process by using Aspen Plus and Aspen Dynamics. The model developed in the present study is the modification of the process developed by Eastman Chemical Company of U.S. Patent 6,121,498. The proposed design consists of a FEHE (feed effluent heat exchanger), reactor, absorption column, compressors and two distillation columns. Acetic acid reacts with hydrogen and gives acetaldehyde as main product and ethanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, and water as byproducts. The paper is divided into two stages. In the first stage, the entire process plant is developed for steady-state simulations and in the second stage, dynamic simulations are performed by providing decentralized controllers for the entire plant. Tray temperature control loop and composition control loop are designed to maintain final product purity. Results of dynamic simulation are analyzed for different process conditions. The proposed plant with control structure performs very well in rejecting various disturbances while maintaining the acetaldehyde product purity at 95.17 mol%, with a settling time of less than 9 h.

Keywords: Apen Plus, U.S. Patent 6,121,498

Aspen

Dynamics,

temperature

control

loop,

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Optimization of Process Parameters for Isopropylation of Toluene over Modified Zeolite using Response Surface Methodology Saket Dave, Sanghamitra Barman* Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala-147004, India Abstract Vapor-phase isopropylation of toluene with isopropanol has been investigated in a fixedbed flow reactor under atmospheric pressure using N2 carrier gas over Cerium modified 13X zeolite catalyst. The main product of this alkylation reaction was p-cymene followed by meta-isomer, while ortho-cymene was negligibly formed. Response surface methodology was used to study the combined effects of temperature, reactant molar ratio and space time on the conversion of toluene and selectivity of cymene. The isopropylation reaction was optimized using Box-Behnken design over the temperature range of 433â&#x20AC;&#x201C;553 K, feed molar ratios of toluene to isopropanol between 0.5 and 6 and the space time conditions varied between 8 and 28 kg h/kg mol. It was found that mid-range values of process parameters maximized conversion of toluene and selectivity of cymene.

Keywords: Alkylation, cymene, Ce-exchanged NaX zeolite, Box-Behnken, response surface methodology

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1,Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

A Novel Approach for Extraction of Polyphenols Dr. K L Shivabasappa1, Vinod P R2, Pradeep M J3*, M.Gokulakrishnan4 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology,Tumkur, Karnataka, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore, India 3 Department of Biotechnology, the Oxford College of Engineering, Bangalore, India 4 Department of Biotechnology, M.S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India

Abstract Polyphenols are class of compounds which are found in fruits, vegetables, walnuts, olives, tea leaves and many more. Polyphenols are antioxidant phyto-chemicals that prevent or neutralize the damaging effects of free radicals. They are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defence against ultra-violet radiation or aggression against pathogens. Polyphenols are various alcoholic compounds containing two or more benzene rings that each has at least one hydroxyl group attached. There are more than 100 naturally available products which contain polyphenols, the major dietary supplements are strawberry, grapes, pomegranate, cloves, spinach, black olive and tea which are available in the country and can be easily consumed. Polyphenols have wide range of applications viz., anti-ageing cosmetics, anti- cancer drugs, drugs to cure chronic disease, anti-oxidant rich beverages, helps in reducing cardio-vascular diseases, also constraints the levels of LDL. Here this review concentrates on a novel approach for extraction of polyphenols from fruit and vegetable waste thereby reducing the waste generation and hazards of waste disposal. Polyphenols can be extracted by different methods like liquid-liquid extraction, solid-liquid extraction, solid phase extraction, soxhlet extraction, super critical, sub-critical extraction, microwave assisted extraction. These extracts can be quantified by HPLC, GC, TLC and spectrophotometric method. This review concentrates mainly on extraction methods and their applications, the feasibility of the process and the yield obtained.

Keywords: Extraction, polyphenols, Super critical extraction, antioxidant activity

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Biobutanol Production from Lignocellulosic Material M. Gokulakrishnan1*, Ravishankar S. Nilegar1, M.J. Pradeep2, P.R Vinod3 1

Department of Biotechnology, M S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India 2 Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India 3 Department of Chemical Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India

Abstract A significant research is a need for the synthesis of the alternative energy sources, among the fuels are the most essential thing in a day today life. Researchers are developing the new methodologies for the preparation of fuels from the plant sources using advanced bio-techniques. Fermentation systems in one of such technique which is contributing great impulse to research in the production of butanol from various plant sources. In the present investigation we have extracted butanol by the ABE fermentation using a Lignocellulosic substrate obtained from the non edible plant Pongamia pinnata and we obtained the butanol in good yield i.e., 62.16%, compare to the reported methodologies.

Keywords: ABE fermentation, Pongamia pinnata, butanol

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Common Effluent Treatment Plant Concept: A Novel Solution for Fish Meal and Oil Extraction Industries in Mangalore Karnataka C.T. Puttaswamy1 *, K.R. Sree Harsha2, Rohini3 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, BMSCE, Bangalore, India Environmental Consultant, M/s. Aqua Tech Enviro Engineers, Bangalore, India 3 Environmental Engineer, M/s. Aqua Tech Enviro Engineers, Bangalore, India

Abstract Fish Meal and Oil Processing Industries (FOMA) has established a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) in Mangalore to treat the Effluents generated by their different small scale units to the Discharge Standards laid by Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India for Common Effluent Treatment Plants as per Environment Protection Rules, 1986. The Effluents are treated by Anaerobic and Aerobic Methods, the treated Effluents are discharged in marine environment. The organic loads for the design of treatment plant considered based on the fish processing operations. For the design effluent characteristic BOD/COD ration of 0.6, pH â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6.0 to 9.0, Total suspended solids <1500 mg/lit and oil and grease (fat) < 30 mg/lit for 600 KLD capacity. The present paper elucidates the advantages of CETP for Treating Effluents from Fish Meal and Oil Extraction Process, Pollution Characteristics of Effluents, the technology adopted for treatment of effluents from such industries along with the standards met after the treatment with payback period calculation by recovery of Methane gas and its utilization as auxiliary fuel in boilers report as 9 to 10 years considering only 6 month CETP operation in a year.

Keywords: Common Effluent Treatment, UASBR, EAASP

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

DNA Binding and Cleavage Studies of Cobalt Complexes Containing Bioactive Mixed Ligands B. Sreekanth1, G. Krishnamurthy2*, H.S. Bhojya Naik3, T.K. Vishnuvardhan4, M.R. Lokesh4 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, INDIA 2 Department of Chemistry, Sahyadri Science College, Shimoga, Karnataka, INDIA 3 Department of PG Studies and Research in Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga, Karnataka, INDIA 4 Department of Chemistry, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA

Abstract

The complexes containing bioactive ligand of the type [Co(L1L2)] (PF6)2 complex (1) (where L1=1,10-phenanthroline and L2 = N,N-dimethyl-2-{5-[(pyrrolidin-1ylsulfonyl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}ethanamine (almotriptan) in 1:1 molar ratio of ligands) and [Co(L1L3L4)] (PF6)2 complex (2) (where L3=4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine, L4=1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol and the ligands are in the ratio 1:1:1, were synthesized and characterized. The DNA binding property of the complexes with calf thymus DNA has been investigated using absorption spectra, viscosity measurements and thermal denaturation experiments. The intrinsic binding constant Kb has been estimated at room temperature. The absorption spectral studies indicate that the complexes intercalate between the base pairs of the CT-DNA tightly with intrinsic DNA binding constant of 2.4 × 106 M−1 for (1) and 3.3 × 104 M−1 for (2) in 5 mM Tris-HCl/50 mM NaCl buffer at pH 7.2, respectively. The oxidative cleavage activity of (1), and (2) upon pUC19 DNA were studied by using gel electrophoresis and the results show that complexes have potent nuclease activity.

Keywords: Cobalt complexes, DNA binding, viscosity measurements, thermal denaturation and cleavage studies

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Excess Enthalpy of Mixing for Binary and Ternary System â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Review Mahendra Guddad1*, Dr. K. L. Shivabasappa2 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, Sir Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Nashik 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of the mixtures containing hydrocarbon and ether are of significant attention in view of the fact that ethers are used as oxygenating agents in gasoline blending technology. Several oxygenated compounds are added to gasoline to enhance the octane number and to reduce air pollution. Excess enthalpy of mixing data of both binary and ternary system can be obtained by using various equipment and experimental procedures are reviewed. Analysis of experimental results could be used to evaluate and correlated by various solution and empirical equations like Redlich-Kister, Modified Margules, NRTL, Scatchard and UNIQUAC described in details. Redlich-Kister model is found suitable for the determination of excess enthalpy of mixtures.

Keywords: Excess enthalpy, oxygenated compounds, calorimeter, binary system, ternary system

Trends in Chemical Engineering Volume 1, Issue 1 www.stmjournals.com

Studies on CO2 Dissolution in Sodium Silicate for the Precipitation of Silica Ravishankar R1, Sudhakar B H2* 1

Department of Chemical Engineering, DSCE, Bangalore, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, BKIT, Bhalki, India

Abstract Rice husk is an agricultural residue abundantly available. Rice husk is a fuel having high ash content; major constituent being silica (90%). Extracting silica from Rice husk ash (RHA) not only adds value but also solves disposal problem of large amount of ash. Conventionally silica is extracted from quartz (silica rock) but this route is expensive and required more energy and RHA is the ultimate choice. Alternately Extraction of silica from rice husk ash involves dissolution of CO2 after digesting with NaOH. Carbon dioxide is a green house gas and plays dominant role in climate change. To reduce effect of carbon dioxide on the climate and human health, it has to be captured and stored. This work is aimed at understanding the dissolution of carbon dioxide gas in sodium silicate solution and also to finds suitable temperature for dissolution. Raw materials used to produce of sodium silicate solution are Rice husk ash, caustic and carbon dioxide. Producing sodium silicate solution from RHA includes three steps, namely digestion, precipitation and regeneration. Digestion involves mixing of RHA with NaOH and water to produce sodium silicate. Sodium silicate upon infusion with CO2, precipitates silica as solid and essential sodium carbonate can be treated with calcium hydroxide to get NaOH in the regeneration step. Sodium silicate solution from digestion process was used for study of carbon dioxide dissolution in the sodium silicate solution. For this study an absorption column was constructed of height 1m and Square cross section of 0.20m. Experimental work was carried out to study of carbon dioxide bubble diameter, positioning of bubble and finally acceleration of bubble at different temperature of sodium silica solution over the column height. Carbon dioxide is passed to absorption column through sparger, the moment gas entered into absorption column bubble formation takes place. When it moves up in column, diameter of the bubble and acceleration of the bubble gradually decreases. This shows that diameter and acceleration of bubble decreases with increase in time and bubbles reaches surface of the column and escapes. Frame wise analysis was carried High speed PHOTRON Fast Cam SA4 video camera, from experiments data it was observed that, at a temperature of 50oC and 60o C complete dissolution was not possible. For temperature more than 60oC was observed that the bubble size was reduced to zero by the time it reaches top. This shows that CO2 was completely dissolved in the liquid. From the experiment 70oC is ideal for complete dissolution of CO2 in sodium silicate solution.

Keywords: CO2 Dissolution, Precipitation, Silica, Rice husk ash