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Vol. 18, No. 3 (September–December) 2016

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Vol. 18, No. 3 (September–December) 2016

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Vol. 18, No. 3 (September–December) 2016

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Contents

Vol.18, No. 3

Preparation, Characterization and Electrical Conductivity of Chitosan-C 30B/MWCNT Nanocomposite Films Dillip Kumar Behera, Kampal Mishra, P.L. Nayak

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The Effect of CNT Coating on Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient, Heat Flux, Roughness, Pressure Drop of Porous Material with 3-Omega Technique: A Review Yash D. Shah, Vivek Moga, G.D. Acharya, Dilbag Singh

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A Review: Carbon Nanotube Structures, Properties, Growth and Applications Bal Krishan, Sanjai Kumar Agarwal, Sanjeev Kumar

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Developing an Empirical Equation for the Diameter of DWNT and RBM Frequency of RRS Adnan Siraj Rakin

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Modification of Structural and Electrical Properties of GDC with Sb3+ Ions Chitra Priya N.S., Sandhya K., Deepthi N. Rajendran

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Report on the Nanoelectronic-Designs of the High Electron Mobility Transistors by a Certain Range of Simulation Studies in the IMPRINT Project of the Government of India Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay, Ashish Prajapati, Sanjib Kalita

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eISSN 0973-418X © NSTC 2016. All rights reserved.

Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

Preparation, Characterization and Electrical Conductivity of Chitosan-C 30B/MWCNT Nanocomposite Films Dillip Kumar Behera1, Kampal Mishra1, P.L. Nayak2,* Department of Physics, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India P.L. Nayak Research Foundation, Synergy Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India 1

2

Abstract In this research programme, organoclay clay Cloisite 30B (C 30B) and Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully blended with the biopolymer Chitosan (CS). The polymer nanocomposites were characterised by various techniques like Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). From the results, it was found that intercalation or nearly exfoliation has been occurred between the polymer and the clay. Electrical conductivity was also measured by Four-probe method and the conductivity value of the polymer nanocomposite shows encouraging results.

Keywords: Chitosan, C 30B, MWCNT, Electrical Conductivity

INTRODUCTION Since the last 20 years, research in biopolymeric field is mainly focused on chitosan which is a cationic polymer composed of repeating units of Poly β (1→4) 2 amino 2 deoxy-D-glucosamine is the deacetylated product of chitin. It is used for various applications in diversified fields because of its unique properties like nontoxicity, film forming ability, biodegradability and low permeability to oxygen and antimicrobial activity [1, 2].

The films formed have good mechanical properties and are water permeable in nature [1]. Because of the presence of hydroxyl and amine groups, it could easily form hydrogen bonds with other materials [1–4]. It can easily soluble in weak acids [1].

Similarly, CNTs are also being used in various field of research like physical, chemical and biomedical fields [5]. Because of the high aspect ratio, good physical and electrical properties and carbon composition of CNTs, it has been used as a vehicle for drug delivery, gene delivery or for the preparation of scaffolds for tissue engineering [6–9].

In this research program, chitosan has been blended with MWCNT along with

organophilically charged clay C 30B. It is an organically modified Na in MMT with quaternary ammonium salt [2]. Many researchers have found that organically modified clay is better compatible with the polymer than the nonmodified clay for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites [10–14].

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Materials Chitosan was purchased from India Sea foods, Kerala, India. MMT was procured from Southern Clay, USA. Multiwalled carbon nanotube (>90% purification) used in this work was purchased from Cheap Tubes (USA, 10–20 nm diameter). Other reagents like Chloroform, Thionyl chloride hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acid (Sigma Chemicals) were of analytical grade.

Preparation of CS/C 30B/MWCNT Nanocomposite Films Briefly, 300 ml of 2.5 wt% of chitosan (CS) solution was prepared by dissolving required amount of chitosan in 2% acetic acid.

Calculated amount of C 30B and MWCNT were added in 8.0 ml of distilled water followed by sonication for 20 min at room temperature.

Then the chitosan solution was added to the C 30B/MWCNTs mixture and stirred

©NSTC (2016) 1-5 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved

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Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

The Effect of CNT Coating on Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient, Heat Flux, Roughness, Pressure Drop of Porous Material with 3-Omega Technique: A Review Yash D. Shah*, Vivek Moga, G.D. Acharya, Dilbag Singh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Atmiya Institute of Technology and Science, Rajkot, Gujarat, India Abstract The paper deals with the tentative survey on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of CNT glaze on a stainless steel substrate in a rectangular comprehensive channel with water as the working fluid. The extremely high thermal conductivity of individual carbon nanotubes was predicted hypothetically and pragmatic experimentally. Under both, laminar and turbulent flow conditions, the experiments were conducted with Reynolds number unpredictable from 500–2600. A nanofluid, which depends on multi-walled carbon nanotubes; due to which, its heat transfer uniqueness is experimentally examined for turbulent flow in a straight tube. The experimental results using an uncoated stainless steel plate were compared with that of the coated plate results. The augmentation in Nusselt number in the turbulent flow was less compared to the laminar section. The coating increased the roughness on the surface and also there was adverse effect on the pressure drop, particularly, in the turbulent flow area. Equivalent circuit simulations and antentative self-heating 3-omega method were used to establish the peculiarity of anisotropic heat flow and thermal conductivity of single MWNTs, bundled MWNTs and aligned, free-standing MWNT sheets.

The thermal conductivity of individual MWNTs grown by chemical vapor deposition and normalized to the density of graphite is much lower (kMWNT=600±100 W m−1 K−1) than theoretically predicted. Coupling within MWNT bundles decreases this thermal conductivity to 150 W m−1 K−1.

Keywords: Adhesive, CNT coating, heat transfer enhancement, Nusselt number

INTRODUCTION This paper describes the significance on heat transfer. In order to enhance the effectiveness of power executive in any research area, the heat transfer improvement plays an important role. There is different distinctiveness in heat transfer; they are classified into two types; i.e. active and passive techniques [1]. Electronic fields and shell vibration are the peripheral control sources in active techniques, although the second technique, i.e. passive technique includes, surface coating, intrinsic fins, surface roughness etc. With the help of the passive techniques, we can eliminate restrictions faced by the active techniques. Due to this, there is large development in passive heat transfer field. Surface coating is one of the most successful ones among the different passive techniques which are classified. Shell coating can be universally controlled, micro controlled and nano controlled coating. The normally formed structures with nano controlled coatings are nano-porous and nano-finned

structures [1–4]. Heat transfer potential is most successfully used currently in the field of micro and nanotechnology.

For covering nano absorbent and nano fins over the surface, a variety of covering techniques are available. Nano absorbent coverings are usually obtained by using scatter pyrolysis [1], and thermal spray [4]. Shell covering gives nano controlled coating, due which it is the most preferred method. There are following different reasons for selection of shell covering. They are as follows.

Effective Shell Region  With the reduction in dimension of the element, the proportion of shell area to

©NSTC (2016) 6-9 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved

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Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

A Review: Carbon Nanotube Structures, Properties, Growth and Applications Bal Krishan1,*, Sanjai Kumar Agarwal1, Sanjeev Kumar2 1

Department of Electronics Engineering, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, DNS College of Engineering and Technology, Didauli, Amroha, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract In this paper, basic issues regarding carbon nanotube are discussed since CNT is the soul of carbon nanotube field-effect transistor, which is one of devices for future nanoelectronic applications. In this paper, the structure, properties, growth process and applications of carbon nanotube are presented in small and easy description. This paper investigates the bits of knowledge of the most exceptional use of carbon nanotube in electronic field, the carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET). The inspiration of examination in CNFET is fuelled by the interesting electrical features of CNT, extraordinarily the semiconducting feature. In addition, the ceaseless push to discover future nanoelectronic device that can execute as incredibly as MOSFET, additionally pushes the exploration of CNFET to be more forceful.

Keywords: Carbon nanotube, nanoelectronic, CNFET, growth

INTRODUCTION A Japanese scientist, Iijima S, studied the carbon powder produced by a direct current arc-discharge in the middle of carbon electrodes in 1991, he found a range of molecules that have been the item of extreme scientific research ever since. With the help of a HRTEM microscope, a long molecular structure consisting of several coaxial cylinders of carbon was found. This investigation drives the research field for CNT, although the production of carbon filaments had already commenced in 1980s and 1970s via the synthesis of vapor grown carbon fibers.

The first carbon nanotube discovered is the multi-walled carbon nanotube, giving the unique structures and properties of CNTs that might give some special applications. In 1993, single-walled carbon nanotube was discovered

by Iijima and his group through experiment work.

STRUCTURE OF CARBON NANOTUBE Carbon nanotube (CNT) is an empty cylinder that is made of one or more concentric layers of carbon atoms in a lattice arrangement [16].

Fundamentally, the structure can be separated into two parts: multi-walled nanotubes and single walled nanotubes.

Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube A graphene sheet is rolled into a cylindrical shape so that the structure in 1-D with axial symmetry is known as single walled nanotube.

SWNT is generally has a diameter of 1–2 nm and a length of up to 100 µm. Single-walled nanotube can be classified into three categories: armchair, zigzag and chirality.

Armchair nanaotube and zigzag nanotube are otherwise called a chiral SWNT, since its mirror image is identical to the native structure. The title of armchair and zigzag appear from the shape of cross-sectional ring as given in Table 1.

The discovery of single walled carbon nanotube is more important since the structure is more basic and became the premises for the theoretical studies of large bodies [1–22].

©NSTC (2016) 10-22 © STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved

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Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

Developing an Empirical Equation for the Diameter of DWNT and RBM Frequency of RRS Adnan Siraj Rakin* Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Bangladesh University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Abstract Many experiments of resonant Raman spectroscopy have been carried out to successfully assign the radial breathing mode frequency of the inner and outer tube of double walled carbon nanotube. Experimental values show clear indication that these frequencies depend heavily on inter tube interaction. All the previous efforts to establish a relation between RBM frequency and diameter have not taken the inter-tube distance factor into account. Here, for the first time an empirical relation between the RBM frequency and diameter of the tubes is presented for DWNT taking the inter-tube interaction effect into account, which can accurately predict the diameter of both, the inner and outer tube from the RBM frequency.

This relation can be significant in future and will open a new door for finding the chirality of each tube in DWNT. Keywords: Radial breathing mode, double walled carbon nanotube, interaction

INTRODUCTION Three decades after carbon nanotube began its journey, the remarkable features of this noble material make it one of the most top research interests. Wide field of exciting implications, ranging from bioelectronics and computation at quantum level to science of materials and photonics are the characteristics that set carbon nanotube above the rest. Among all the available tools that are used for the characterization of nanotube, Raman spectroscopy is found to give more accurate information as it is more robust to environmental changes.

The RBM frequency and diameter relationship is more complex in double walled carbon nanotube than in single walled nanotube because of factors like wall-to-wall stresses and charge transfer [1].

Previous investigations indicated that RBM frequencies have a systematic upward shift for the SWCNTs in the bundles compared with the isolated ones due to the van der Waals interaction [2, 3]. Many authors have suggested different equations for determining the diameter from the RBM frequency. Most of them suggested a linear relation, which states that WRBM is inversely proportional to diameter. One suggested equation is,

W=a/d+b. Where, w= radial breathing mode frequency, d= diameter, a, b are constants.

Typical value of a=234 and b=10 [4].

Another relation suggested previously is the exponential relation using the diameter difference and interactions between the walls of the tube [5]. Other authors have used a modified form of the inverse relation with diameter. One of those equation is w=a/d^b; where and b are constant. Typical values of a=238, b=.93 [6]. However, this equation fails to take into account the chirality, curvature and inter tube interaction affect into consideration.

Thus it can be concluded that there might be an error leading to the diameter found from this equations. Here, it was assumed that the influence of the van der Waals interaction between the outer and the inner tube in a DWCNT is the same as that in SWCNT bundles. But, rather than this linear shifting there must be a second order effect in DWNT that would control the shifting. In an attempt to resolve this matter, the relation of RBM frequency with diameter was modified.

DEVELOPING THE EQUATION Experimental Data If tunable Raman spectroscopy is compared with Raman mapping procedures and electron

ŠNSTC (2016) 23-26 Š STM Journals 2016. All Rights Reserved

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Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

Modification of Structural and Electrical Properties of GDC with Sb3+ Ions Chitra Priya N.S., Sandhya K., Deepthi N. Rajendran* Department of Physics, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India Abstract Gadolinium doped cerium (GDC) is a potential candidate as electrolyte in the solid oxide fuel cells operating in intermediate temperatures. The optimum performance of GDC is obtained only when sintered at higher temperatures (~1400°C), where cerium is prone to reduction.

Improvement in the conductivity and stability of GDC is expected by doping it with trivalent ions. In the present context, successful attempts have been made to synthesize Ce0.8Gd0.1Sb0.1O2-δ by solid state reaction and solution combustion methods. X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the cubic fluorite structure of the synthesized samples with nano-crystallite size. On doping GDC with trivalent ion Sb 3+, the crystallite size is decreased and the sintering temperature is reduced. The combustion samples have lesser crystalline size and greater lattice parameter compared to the solid state sample. Low activation energy is obtained for the synthesized samples.

Keywords: Electrolyte, solution combustion, X-ray diffraction, activation energy, ionic conductivity

INTRODUCTION Fuel cells, the electrochemical devices which convert chemical energy of fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas, hydrocarbons etc. directly into electricity and heat, have high generating efficiency along with ecofriendly operation and clean energy production [1].

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is more advantageous among the different fuel cells, due to their high thermal efficiency, excellent long term performance stability and fuel flexibility [1, 2]. For attaining high efficiency, cathode and anode should have high electronic and ionic conductivity and sufficient open porosity along with a dense, gas tight, thin pure ionic conductor as electrolyte which is stable under reducing and oxidizing environments and all the three should be chemically compatible with each other. The interconnects should have good thermal and electrical conductivity and high temperature corrosion resistivity [1, 3].

The main limitation of SOFC is its high operating temperature(~1200°C) which results in the expensive nature of materials for cell and manifold components and due to this, their choice is restricted [1, 4]. Research is going on

to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs (500–800°C), to reduce cost and durability without compromising efficiency [4, 5]. But the low temperature operation makes problems such as decrease in electrolyte conduction and increase in electrode polarization. These factors in turn reduce cell voltage and efficiency of the cell [2, 6]. It is expected that the cell efficiency can be modified along with a reduction in operating temperature by developing novel electrolyte materials.

The commonly used electrolytes are yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), magnesium strontium lanthanum gallates (LSGM), and rare earth doped CeO2 (GDC/SDC) [3, 4–9]. In the intermediate temperature range, gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) or samarium doped ceria (SDC) are considered as better ionic conductors and hence they can be used as electrolyte in ITSOFCs. They require high sintering temperature for better performance which leads to reduction of cerium ions and causes electronic conduction [4, 6, 10, 11].

Steele et al. and Jadhav et al. showed that 10% Gd doped CeO2 electrolyte has highest ionic conductivity (~0.02 Scm-1 at 600°C and ~0.12 S cm-1 at 800°C in air respectively) [5, 6,

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Nano Trends: A Journal of Nanotechnology and Its Applications Volume 18, Issue 3, ISSN: 0973-418X (online)

Report on the Nanoelectronic-Designs of the High Electron Mobility Transistors by a Certain Range of Simulation Studies in the IMPRINT Project of the Government of India Subhadeep Mukhopadhyay*, Ashish Prajapati, Sanjib Kalita Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, National Institute of Technology Arunachal Pradesh, Ministry of Human Resource Development (Government of India), Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract In this report, total 10755 individual simulation-outputs are reported according to the performed simulation studies on the nanoelectronic aspects of the high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) by the nanoelectronic-designs of these advanced semiconductor devices in the purpose of the advancement of ‘science and engineering’ in this IMPRINT-Project as officially started on 3rd October 2016 at 03:00:00PM. This series of simulation work has been performed using the SILVACO-ATLAS software tool on the basis of already established theories related to the semiconductor-physics of HEMTs. In this report, all the simulation results are manifested by graphical presentations with minimum explanation to maintain the length of this report within a certain limit. Total 51 individual simulation-data related graphical-presentations are shown in this report. One novelty of this report is the meticulous nanoelectronic approach to design the HEMTs. Also, the detailed simulation work of this report is a research based idea for further research work by other research groups. This report is an academic-record of the Indian academics. This report may be helpful to develop the Indian state Arunachal-Pradesh. This particular IMPRINT-Project corresponding to the proposal-number of 5576 is selected for the financial-support of 25 million Indian-Rupees (0.375 million US-Dollars approximately) to 40 million Indian-Rupees (0.600 million USDollars approximately).

Keywords: Mole fraction, drain current, drain voltage, gate voltage

INTRODUCTION Nanostructure is defined as any structure having the structural-dimension of less than one micrometer. The classical-mechanical concepts are no-no in nano. Only, quantummechanical principles are able to describe the nanotechnology related phenomena. The modern electronic semiconductor devices are being fabricated by the nanofabrication technologies for industrial applications [1–3].

At present, nanoelectronics is the emerging as well as popular research field in the world of science and technology [1–3]. Probably, the future aircrafts and space-crafts will be fabricated by the nanoelectronic components.

India as country is trying to contribute in the field of nanoelectronics as maximum as possible. For this purpose, the major

collaborative countries with India are the United States of America, United Kingdom, Russia, Canada, France and Australia.

Government of India has already started the Indian nanoelectronics users program (INUP) in this 21st century of 3rd millennium.

Among different semiconductor devices in nanoelectronic regime, the high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are one particular thrust area of research [1–10].

Scientists and researchers are trying to develop the theories behind the working principles of HEMTs with a parallel response of nanofabrication technologies [1–21]. Quantum mechanics is playing an important role in this regard [2]. In the bibliography (references) of this report, only few selected publications

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