Almanac Report
submarine cable FOREWORD Welcome to the twenty-seventh edition of the Submarine Cable Almanac, one of our most popular reference tools. Since the last issue, we have added five new systems and updated an additional thirtyseven. You may also notice more of our continuous updates to this publication. Our analysts’ and database engineers’ continual R&D efforts are ongoing and aim to bear new tools and presentations for each edition of SubTel publications. With each issue we plan to bring new data and techniques to you, our loyal readers. The data provided in this document is, as it ever has been, from the public domain and/or directly supplied by owners and suppliers. If you see a system that needs updating or know of an upcoming system that needs to be represented, please feel free to contact us directly at kclark@subtelforum.com. I would like to thank our sponsors and supporters, without you this document and the others like it would not be possible! Good reading, Kristian Nielsen Vice President
METHODOLOGY SubTel Forum’s Submarine Cable Almanac was produced by the analysts at STF Analytics, which is a Division of Submarine Telecoms Forum, Inc., and provides submarine cable system analysis for SubTel Forum’s Submarine Cable Almanac, Cable Map, Industry Report and Industry Newsfeed. STF Analytics utilizes its proprietary Submarine Cable Database, which was initially developed in 2013 and modified with real-time data thereafter, and tracks some 400+ current and planned domestic and international cable systems, including project information suitable for querying by client, year, project, region, system length, capacity, landing points, owners, installers, etc. The Submarine Cable Database is purpose-built by STF Analytics’ database administration team, which is powered by SQL and retained on a Microsoft Azure platform. Maps are produced with ArcGIS Pro, in the same format and visual style as SubTel Forum's Submarine Cables of the World print map. Data is collected from the public domain, and is the most accurate, comprehensive, and centralized source of information in the industry. At present, STF Analytics’ Submarine Cable Database is chronicling the work of some 18 financiers, 477 cable owners, 22 system suppliers, 12 upgraders, 15 system surveyors and 25 system installers. In addition, it manages data for some 360+ projects, across 7 regions and 840+ landing points. To accomplish the quarterly Submarine Cable Almanac in line with SubTel Forum requirements, STF Analytics conducted continuous data gathering throughout the year. Data assimilation and consolidation in its Submarine Cable Database was accomplished in parallel with data gathering efforts. STF Analytics assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this report. The information contained in this report is provided on an “as is” basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy, usefulness or timeliness. Below is a list of defined acronyms and terminology used in this document: Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) – The capacity of individual wavelengths, express in gigabits per second Design Capacity (Tbps) – The maximum capacity available on a cable system, expressed in terabits per second EOS – End of Service, the year a cable system is expected to reach end of life Fiber Pairs – The number of fiber pairs in the cable system Initial Capacity (Tbps) – The capacity a cable system launched with, expressed in terabits per second Landing Points – The cities where a cable system comes ashore Length (km) – The total length of the cable system, in kilometers Owners – The names of all reported companies reported as owning a stake in the cable system Region – Which of the six regions (Americas, AustralAsia, EMEA, Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian, Transatlantic, Transpacific) the cable system is in RFS – Ready for Service, the year a cable system entered service System Cost (USD) – The cost for the cable system project in US dollars System Installer – The names of all reported companies that installed the cable system System Supplier – The names of all reported companies that supplied the cable system Upgrader — The names of all reported companies that have performed a cable system upgrade Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) – The wavelength capacity a systm was upgraded to Upgrade Year – The years a cable system received an upgrade Wavelengths per Fiber Pairs – The number of wavelengths/channels on a single fiber pair
AAE-1
............................................
12
BICS
............................................
67
AAG
............................................
13
BIOS / Jonah
............................................
68
AC-1
............................................
14
BLAST
............................................
69
AC-2
............................................
15
Boracay-Palawan
............................................
70
ACE
............................................
16
Botnia
............................................
71
Adones
............................................
17
BRCS
............................................
72
ADRIA-1
............................................
18
BRUSA
............................................
73
AEC-1
............................................
19
BSCS
............................................
74
AJC
............................................
20
BSFOCS
............................................
75
Akorn
............................................
21
Cadmos
............................................
76
Alasia
............................................
22
Canalink
............................................
77
Alaska United East
............................................
23
CanTaT-3
............................................
78
Alaska United West
............................................
24
Caucasus Cable System
............................................
79
ALBA-1
............................................
25
CB-1
............................................
80
Aletar
............................................
26
C-BUS
............................................
81
Alexandros
............................................
27
Ceiba-2
............................................
82
Alonso De Ojeda
............................................
28
CeltixConnect
............................................
83
Alpal-2
............................................
29
CFX-1
............................................
84
Americas I North
............................................
30
CIOS
............................................
85
Americas I South
............................................
31
CJFS
............................................
86
Americas II
............................................
32
C-Lion 1
............................................
87
Amerigo Vespucci
............................................
33
Columbus II
............................................
88
AMX-1
............................................
34
Columbus III
............................................
89
Antel
............................................
35
Concerto-1
............................................
90
Antilles Crossing
............................................
36
Corfu-Bar
............................................
91
APCN-2
............................................
37
Crosslake Fibre
............................................
92
APG
............................................
38
Curie
............................................
93
Aphrodite 2
............................................
39
Danica North
............................................
96
APNG-2
............................................
40
Danica South
............................................
97
Apollo
............................................
41
Danice
............................................
98
ARBR
............................................
42
DARE
............................................
99
Arcos-1
............................................
43
DDSCN
............................................
100
Arctic Connect
............................................
46
Deep Blue Phase 1
............................................
101
ASC
............................................
47
Denmark-Norway 5
............................................
102
ASE
............................................
48
Denmark-Norway 6
............................................
103
ASH
............................................
49
Denmark-Poland 2
............................................
104
Athena
............................................
50
Didon
............................................
105
ATISA
............................................
51
DMCS
............................................
106
Atlantis-2
............................................
52
EAC-C2C
............................................
107
Atlas Offshore
............................................
53
EASSy
............................................
108
Austral
............................................
54
Eastern Light
............................................
109
Bahamas-2
............................................
55
East-West
............................................
110
Baltica
............................................
56
EAUFON
............................................
111
BAR-SAV
............................................
57
ECFS
............................................
112
Bass Strait 1
............................................
58
ECLink
............................................
113
Bass Strait 2
............................................
59
EIG
............................................
114
Basslink
............................................
60
EllaLink
............................................
115
BBG
............................................
61
Endeavour
............................................
116
BCS East
............................................
62
Estepona-Tetouan
............................................
117
BCS East-West Interlink
............................................
63
Estrecho de Magallanes
............................................
118
BCS North
............................................
64
Europa
............................................
119
BDM
............................................
65
FA-1 North/South
............................................
120
Bharat-Lanka
............................................
66
Falcon
............................................
121
Far East
............................................
122
Jupiter
............................................
177
Farice-1
............................................
123
KAFOS
............................................
178
Farland
............................................
124
Keltra-2
............................................
179
Faster
............................................
125
Khulna-Chennai
............................................
180
Fehmarn Belt
............................................
126
KJCN
............................................
181
FibraLink
............................................
127
Kodiak Kenai
............................................
182
FLAG Europe-Asia
............................................
128
Kuwait-Iran
............................................
183
Flores-Corvo
............................................
129
LEV
............................................
184
FOG
............................................
130
LION
............................................
185
Galapagos Subsea System
............................................
131
LION-2
............................................
186
GBICS
............................................
132
Liquid Sea
............................................
187
GCN
............................................
133
MAC
............................................
188
Gemini Bermuda
............................................
134
Main One
............................................
189
Georgia-Russia
............................................
135
MAREA
............................................
190
GLO-1
............................................
136
MARS
............................................
191
GlobeNet
............................................
137
Matrix
............................................
192
GO-1
............................................
138
MAYA-1
............................................
193
GOKI
............................................
139
MBDC
............................................
194
Gondwana-1
............................................
140
MCT
............................................
195
Greenland Connect
............................................
141
Med Cable Network
............................................
196
Greenland Connect North
............................................
142
MedNautilus
............................................
197
GTT Express
............................................
143
Melita-1
............................................
198
GTT North/South
............................................
144
MENA
............................................
199
Guantรกnamo Bay Cable
............................................
145
METISS
............................................
200
Guantรกnamo Bay Cable 2
............................................
146
MIC-1
............................................
201
GWEN
............................................
147
Micronesia Cable System
............................................
204
Hannibal
............................................
148
Midgardsormen
............................................
205
Hantru-1
............................................
149
Minerva
............................................
206
HAVFRUE/AEC-2
............................................
150
MKCS
............................................
207
Hawaiki
............................................
151
Monet
............................................
208
Hawk Cable System
............................................
152
NATITUA
............................................
209
HKA
............................................
153
NCP
............................................
210
HK-G
............................................
154
NCSCS
............................................
211
Honotua
............................................
155
NEPTUNE Canada
............................................
212
HSCS
............................................
156
Norsea Com-1
............................................
213
Hugo
............................................
157
Northstar
............................................
214
i2i
............................................
158
Orval
............................................
215
ICN1
............................................
159
PAC
............................................
216
IFC-1
............................................
160
PAN-AM
............................................
217
IG-1
............................................
161
Pangea
............................................
218
I-ME-WE
............................................
162
Paniolo
............................................
219
Indigo Central
............................................
163
PC-1
............................................
220
Indigo West
............................................
166
PCCS
............................................
221
IOX
............................................
167
PEACE
............................................
222
Italy-Albania
............................................
168
PEC
............................................
223
Italy-Greece
............................................
169
PLCN
............................................
224
Italy-Libya
............................................
170
PPC-1
............................................
225
Italy-Monaco
............................................
171
Qatar-UAE
............................................
226
JaKa2DeLeMa
............................................
172
Quintillion Subsea
............................................
227
JAKABARE
............................................
173
Quintillion Subsea Phase 2
............................................
228
Japan-US
............................................
174
Quintillion Subsea Phase 3
............................................
229
Jasuka
............................................
175
RJCN
............................................
230
Junior
............................................
176
RNAL
............................................
231
SABR
............................................
232
TSE-1
............................................
288
SAC
............................................
233
Tui-Samoa
............................................
289
SACS
............................................
236
TWA-1
............................................
290
SAEx1
............................................
237
Ugarit
............................................
291
SAEx2
............................................
238
Unisur
............................................
292
SAFE
............................................
239
Unity
............................................
293
SAIL
............................................
240
VMSCS
............................................
294
SAM-1
............................................
241
WACS
............................................
295
SAPL
............................................
242
WARF
............................................
296
SAS-1
............................................
243
Western Visayas-Palawan
............................................
297
SAT-3
............................................
244
..............................................
0
SCAN
............................................
245
..............................................
0
SCF-CN
............................................
246
..............................................
0
Scotland-Orkney-Shetland
............................................
247
..............................................
0
Seabras-1
............................................
248
..............................................
0
Seacom
............................................
249
..............................................
0
SEAK
............................................
250
..............................................
0
SEA-ME-WE 3
............................................
251
..............................................
0
SEA-ME-WE 4
............................................
252
..............................................
0
SEA-ME-WE 5
............................................
253
..............................................
0
SEA-US
............................................
254
..............................................
0
SEAX-1
............................................
255
..............................................
0
SG-SCS
............................................
256
..............................................
0
Shefa 2
............................................
257
..............................................
0
Silphium
............................................
258
..............................................
0
SJC
............................................
260
..............................................
0
SJC2
............................................
261
..............................................
0
SKR1M
............................................
262
..............................................
0
SMPCS
............................................
263
..............................................
0
SMPR-1
............................................
264
..............................................
0
Solas
............................................
265
..............................................
0
Southern Cross Cable Network ............................................
266
..............................................
0
Southern Cross NEXT
............................................
267
..............................................
0
SSCS
............................................
268
..............................................
0
Svalbard
............................................
269
..............................................
0
Sweden-Latvia
............................................
270
..............................................
0
Tangerine
............................................
271
..............................................
0
Tannat
............................................
272
..............................................
0
Tasman Global Access
............................................
273
..............................................
0
TAT 14
............................................
274
..............................................
0
TE North
............................................
275
..............................................
0
TEAMS
............................................
276
..............................................
0
TGN Atlantic
............................................
277
..............................................
0
TGN Eurasia
............................................
278
..............................................
0
TGN Gulf
............................................
279
..............................................
0
TGN Intra-Asia
............................................
280
..............................................
0
TGN Northern Europe
............................................
281
..............................................
0
TGN Pacific
............................................
282
..............................................
0
TGN Western Europe
............................................
283
..............................................
0
TGN-TIC
............................................
284
..............................................
0
TIS
............................................
285
..............................................
0
Tobruk-Emased
............................................
286
..............................................
0
TPE
............................................
287
..............................................
0
ADVERTISER INDEX Industry Report
............................................
9
Almanac Dataset Report
............................................
10
STF Analytics
............................................
44
OFS
............................................
94
SubOptic 2019
............................................
164
WFN Strategies
............................................
202
STF Analytics
............................................
234
Industry Report
............................................
259
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AAE-1
Landing Points
ASIA AFRICA EUROPE
• Karachi (Pakistan)
• Aden (Yemen)
• Al Bustan (Oman)
• Bari (Italy)
• Hong Kong (China)
• Chania (Greece)
• Djibouti City (Djibouti)
• Doha (Qatar)
• Abu Talat (Egypt)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Zafarana (Egypt)
• Kuala Kurau (Malaysia)
• Marseille (France)
• Mumbai (India)
• Ngwe Saung (Myanmar)
• Satun (Thailand)
• Sihanoukville (Cambodia)
• Songkhla (Thailand)
• Vung Tau (Vietnam)
• Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $800,000,000 25,000 40 5 80 100 China Unicom, CIL, Djibouti Telecom, Etisalat, GT5L, HKT (PCCW Global), Mobily, Omantel, Ooredoo, OTE, PTCL, Reliance Jio, Retelit, Telecom Yemen, TOT, Viettel NEC, TE SubCom TE SubCom EMEA, Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 12 of 297 pages
AAG
Landing Points
ASIA-AMERICA GATEWAY
• Mersing (Malaysia)
• Keawaula (United States)
• Changi (Singapore)
• Lantau (Hong Kong)
• La Union (Philippines)
• Sri Racha (Thailand)
• Tanguisson (Guam)
• Vung Tau (Vietnam)
• Grover Beach (United States)
• Tungku (Brunei)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer
Upgrader
2009 2034 $500,000,000 20,547 2.88 2.88 3 96 100 AT&T Inc., BayanTel, Bharti, BT Global Network Services, CAT Telecom, ETPI, FPT Telecom, Government of Brunei Darussalam, PLDT, PT Indosat, Saigon Postel Corporation, StarHub, Telcotech, Telekom Malaysia, TELKOM Indonesia, Telstra, TM Berhad, TNZL, Viettel, VNPT Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Alcatel Submarine Networks, ASEAN Cableship, Orange Marine, Telekom Malaysia Ciena, Ciena Page 13 of 297 pages
AC-1
Landing Points
ATLANTIC CROSSING 1
• Westerland (Germany)
• Brookhaven (United States)
• Whitesand Bay (United Kingdom)
• Beverwijk (Netherlands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1999 2024 $875,000,000 13,377 0.04 2 4 Level 3 Communications Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Xtera 2010 20 Transatlantic
Page 14 of 297 pages
AC-2
Landing Points • Widemouth Bay (United Kingdom)
ATLANTIC CROSSING 2 • Bellport (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2025 $700,000,000 6,185 0.32 2.5 Level 3 Communications Infinera 2010 10 Transatlantic
Page 15 of 297 pages
ACE
Landing Points
AFRICA COAST TO EUROPE
• Libreville (Gabon)
• Abidjan (Ivory Coast)
• Banjul (Gambia)
• Bata (Equatorial Guinea)
• Carcavelos (Portugal)
• Conakry (Guinea)
• Cotonou (Benin)
• Dakar (Senegal)
• Duynefontein (South Africa)
• Accra (Ghana)
• Lagos (Nigeria)
• Freetown (Sierra Leone)
• Luanda (Angola)
• Monrovia (Liberia)
• Muanda (Democratic Republic of Congo) • Penmarch (France)
• Nouakchott (Mauritania)
• Suro (Guinea-Bissau)
• Swakopmund (Namibia)
• Tenerife (Canary Islands)
• Kribi (Cameroon)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
• Santana (São Tomé and Príncipe)
System Supplier System Installer Region
2012 2037 $700,000,000 17,000 12.8 100 Benin Telecoms, Cable Consortium of Liberia, Canalink Africa SL, Côte d’Ivoire Telecom, Dolphin Telecom JLT, Gambia Submarine Cable, Guinéenne de Large Bande, International Mauritania Telecom, MEO, MTN Group, Orange Cameroun, Orange Mali, Orange Niger, Republic of Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Gabon, République of Cameroun, Sierra Leone Cable Company, STP Cabo TE SubCom Orange Marine EMEA Page 16 of 297 pages
Adones
Landing Points
ANGOLA DOMESTIC NETWORK SYSTEM
• Soyo (Angola)
• Cabinda (Angola)
• Luanda (Angola)
• Lucira (Angola)
• Namibe (Angola)
• Porto Amboim (Angola)
• Benguela (Angola)
• Nzeto (Angola)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2009 2034 $35,000,000 1,800 0.03 0.08 Angola Telecom Ericsson Elettra EMEA
Page 17 of 297 pages
ADRIA-1
Landing Points • Durres (Albania) • Corfu (Greece)
ADRIA-1 • Dubrovnik (Croatia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2000 2025 $13,400,000 430 0.000622 0.000622 OTE Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 18 of 297 pages
AEC-1
Landing Points • Killala (Ireland)
AMERICA EUROPE CONNECT 1 • Shirley (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2016 2041 $300,000,000 5,536 78 6 130 100 AquaComms TE SubCom Transatlantic
Page 19 of 297 pages
AJC
Landing Points
AUSTRALIA-JAPAN CABLE
• Tanguisson (Guam)
• Oxford Falls (Australia)
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Tumon (Guam)
• Shima (Japan)
• Sydney (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps)
2001 2026 $520,000,000 12,224 0.32 25.6 4 64 100 Australia Japan Cable Limited, Communications Global Network Services Limited, KDD, SoftBank Telecom Corp, SOFTBANK Telecom Corp., Telstra Holdings No. 1 Limited, Worldcom Global Networks Limited Ocean Cable Company, Tyco Telecommunications FCR, KDD, Tyco Telecommunications Infinera, Infinera 2012, 2014 40, 40 Page 20 of 297 pages
Akorn
Landing Points • Florence (United States)
AKORN • Anchorage (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2009 2034 $100,000,000 2,968 0.01 0.01 4 Alaska Communications Systems Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Americas
Page 21 of 297 pages
Alasia
Landing Points • Tartus (Syria)
ALASIA • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
Region
2012 2037 $15,000,000 350 25.6 8 40 40 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, Syrian Telecommunications Authority EMEA
Page 22 of 297 pages
Alaska United East
Landing Points
ALASKA UNITED EAST
• Valdez (United States)
• Juneau (United States)
• Harbor Pointe (United States)
• Whittier (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1999 2024 $100,000,000 3,751 0.0025 0.01 2 GCI Americas
Page 23 of 297 pages
Alaska United West
Landing Points • Warrenton (United States) • Whittier (United States)
ALASKA UNITED WEST • Ketchikan (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2004 2029 $30,000,000 2,483 0.01 0.64 4 GCI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Americas
Page 24 of 297 pages
ALBA-1
Landing Points
ALBA-1
• Siboney (Cuba)
• Santiago De Cuba (Cuba)
• Ocho Rios (Jamaica)
• Camuri (Venezuela)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer
Region
2013 2038 $72,000,000 1,600 0.64 5.12 Telecom Venezeula, Transbit SA Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell, Telecomunicaciones Gran Caribe Americas
Page 25 of 297 pages
Aletar
Landing Points • Tartus (Syria)
ALETAR • Alexandria (Egypt)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Installer Region
1997 2022 $23,000,000 733 0.005 0.005 1 Lebanese Ministry of Telecommunications, Syrian Telecom Alcatel Submarine Networks, FCR EMEA
Page 26 of 297 pages
Alexandros
Landing Points • Alexandria (Egypt) • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
ALEXANDROS • Marseille (France)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2010 2035 3,500 10 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority EMEA
Page 27 of 297 pages
Alonso De Ojeda
Landing Points • Oranjestad (Aruba)
ALONSO DE OJEDA • Willemstad (Netherlands Antilles)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1999 2024 $8,700,000 128 0.015 0.1 Antelecom NV, Setar IT International Telecom Alcatel Submarine Networks, IT International Telecom Americas
Page 28 of 297 pages
Alpal-2
Landing Points • Ses Covetes (Majorca)
ALPAL-2 • El Djemila (Algeria)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2002 2027 $17,600,000 312 0.01 0.16 4 APT, France Telecom, Telefonica Pirelli Global Marine Systems Limited EMEA
Page 29 of 297 pages
Americas I North
Landing Points • Magen's Bay (Virgin Islands)
AMERICAS I NORTH • Vero Beach (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1994 2019 $220,000,000 2,013 0.12 0.32 AT&T Inc., CANTV, Embratel, TSTT AT&T Submarine System, Inc. AT&T Submarine System, Inc. Xtera 2010 20 Americas
Page 30 of 297 pages
Americas I South
Landing Points
AMERICAS I SOUTH
• Magens Bay (Virgin Islands)
• Camuri (Venezuela)
• Macqueripe (Trinidad)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer
Region
1994 2019 6,014 0.00056 0.00056 AARNet, AT&T Inc., Cable & Wireless, CANTV, Embratel, TSTT AT&T Submarine System, Inc. Alcatel Submarine Networks, AT&T Submarine System, Inc., Cable & Wireless Americas
Page 31 of 297 pages
Americas II
Landing Points
AMERICAS II
• Willemstad (Netherlands Antilles)
• St Croix (US Virgin Islands)
• Miramar (Puerto Rico)
• La Lamentin (France)
• Hollywood (United States)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Chaguaramas (Trinidad)
• Cayenne (French Guiana)
• Camuri (Venezuela)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier
System Installer Region
2000 2025 $350,000,000 8,373 0.08 1.48 12 40 Antelecom NV, AT&T Inc., Brazil Telecom, CANTV, Embratel, France Telecom, GT&T, Sprint, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telesur, Telintar, Trescom Int., TSTT, Verizon ASN Australia, Tyco Telecommunications, Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications, Tyco Telecommunications SSI Americas
Page 32 of 297 pages
Amerigo Vespucci
Landing Points • Curaçao (Curaçao)
AMERIGO VESPUCCI • Bonaire (Netherlands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Region
1999 2024 $15,000,000 84 Americas
Page 33 of 297 pages
AMX-1
Landing Points • Hollywood (United States)
• Cancun (Mexico)
• Puerto Plata (Dominican Republic)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
• Salvador de Bahia (Brazil)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Cartagena (Colombia)
• Barranquilla (Colombia)
• Puerto Barrios (Guatemala)
• San Juan (Puerto Rico)
• Jacksonville (United States)
AMERICA MOVIL SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM-1 RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2014 2039 $700,000,000 17,800 0.1 50 100 100 America Movil Americas
Page 34 of 297 pages
Antel
Landing Points • Maldonado (Uruguay)
ANTEL • Las Toninas (Argentina)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2010 2035 $15,000,000 250 0.05 3.84 Antel, Telecom Agrentina IT International Telecom IT International Telecom Americas
Page 35 of 297 pages
Antilles Crossing
Landing Points • Bridgetown (Barbados) • Hams Bluff (Virgin Islands)
ANTILLES CROSSING • Port Castries (St Lucia)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2006 2031 952 0.04 0.16 Antilles Crossing, Barbados Light & Power, Leucadia, Telebarbados Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Ciena 2013 40 Americas
Page 36 of 297 pages
APCN-2
Landing Points
ASIA-PACIFIC CABLE NETWORK 2
• Lantau (Hong Kong)
• Batangas (Philippines)
• Chikura (Japan)
• Chongming (China)
• Katong (Singapore)
• Kuantan (Malaysia)
• Busan (South Korea)
• Shantou (China)
• Tanshui (Taiwan)
• Kitaibaraki (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2002 2027 $1,100,000,000 19,000 0.16 25.6 4 64 100 China Telecom, Chunghwa Telecom International, CTM, France Telecom, PLDT, Reach NHK, Telekom Malaysia, TM Berhad Ocean Cable Company Global Marine Systems Limited, Telekom Malaysia NEC, NEC 2011, 2014 40, 40 AustralAsia
Page 37 of 297 pages
APG
Landing Points
ASIA PACIFIC GATEWAY
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Chongming (China)
• Da Nang (Vietnam)
• Kuantan (Malaysia)
• Tseung Kwan (Hong Kong)
• Songkhla (Thailand)
• Shima (Japan)
• Nanhui (China)
• Toucheng (Taiwan)
• Tanah Merah (Singapore)
• Busan (South Korea)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Installer Region
2016 2041 $313,000,000 10,400 54 100 China Telecom, China Unicom, Chunghwa Telecom International, Facebook, FPT Corp., PLDT, StarHub, Telekom Malaysia, TIME dotCom, VNPT S.B. Submarine Systems, Telekom Malaysia AustralAsia
Page 38 of 297 pages
Aphrodite 2
Landing Points • Yeroskipos (Cyprus)
APHRODITE 2 • Chania (Greece)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Installer Region
1994 2019 $30,000,000 868 0.00112 0.00112 Belgacom, British Telecommunications PLC, Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, France Telecom, OTE, Sprint, Verizon Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 39 of 297 pages
APNG-2
Landing Points • Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea)
AUSTRALIA PAPUA NEW GUINEA 2 • Sydney (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Region
2006 2031 $11,000,000 3,400 0.00112 0.00112 2 Telikom PNG, Telstra Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 40 of 297 pages
Apollo
Landing Points
APOLLO
• Lannion (France)
• Brookhaven (United States)
• Manasquan (United States)
• Widemouth (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader
Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2003 2028 $350,000,000 12,700 0.01 64 4 80 100 Alcatel, Apollo SCS Limited, C&W Alcatel Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks, Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks 2012, 2014 40, 40 Transatlantic
Page 41 of 297 pages
ARBR
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Landing Points • Las Toninas (Argentina)
Commissioning & Acceptance
ARBR • Praia Grande (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier Region
2018 2043 $20,000,000 2,700 48 48 4 Seabras Group, Werthein Grupo Xtera Americas
Page 42 of 297 pages
Arcos-1
Landing Points
ARCOS-1
• San Juan (Puerto Rico)
• Puerto Lempira (Honduras)
• Puerto Limon (Costa Rica)
• Puerto Plata (Dominican Republic)
• Punta Cana (Dominican Republic)
• Riohacha (Columbia)
• Punto Fijo (Venezuela)
• Trojillo (Honduras)
• Ustupo (Panama)
• Puerto Cortes (Honduras)
• Willemstad (Netherlands Antilles)
• Cat Island (Bahamas)
• Cancun (Mexico)
• Bluefields (Nicaragua)
• Cartagena (Columbia)
• Crooked Island (Bahamas)
• Hollywood (United States)
• Puerto Cabezas (Nicuragua)
• Ladyville (Belize)
• Maria Chiquita (Panama)
• Nassau (The Bahamas)
• Providenciales (Turks and Caicos
• Puerto Barrios (Guatemala)
Islands) • Tulum (Mexico)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $250,000,000 8,700 0.08 8.4 12 Alestra, Axtel, BTC, BTL, C&W Networks, CANTV, Codetel, Enitel, Hondutel, ICE, Impsat, Internexa, Orbinet SA, Racsa, Telecarrier, Tricom, Ultracom, UTS, Verizon NSW, Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Xtera, Xtera 2008, 2016 40, 40 Americas
Page 43 of 297 pages
Arctic Connect
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
ARCTIC CONNECT NORTHEAST PASSAGE
• Beijing (China)
• Emi (Japan)
• Vladivostok (Russia)
• Teriberka (Russia)
• Kirkenes (Norway)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2021 2046 $500,000,000 10,500 30 6 100 Cinia Group Arctic
Page 46 of 297 pages
ASC
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Anyer (Indonesia) • Perth (Australia)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
AUSTRALIA-SINGAPORE CABLE • Tanah Mera (Singapore)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Installer Region
2018 2043 $170,000,000 4,600 40 4 150 100 Australia-Singapore Cable International Limited, Vocus Communications Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 47 of 297 pages
ASE
Landing Points
ASIA SUBMARINE-CABLE EXPRESS
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Daet (Philippines)
• Tseung Kwan O (Hong Kong)
• Mersing (Malaysia)
• Changi (Singapore)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2013 2038 $412,000,000 7,200 15.36 6 128 40 PLDT, StarHub, Telekom Malaysia, TM Berhad Fujitsu S.B. Submarine Systems, Telekom Malaysia AustralAsia
Page 48 of 297 pages
ASH
Landing Points • Keawaula (United States)
AMERICA SAMOA HAWAII • Pago Pago (American Samoa)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2009 2034 $100,000,000 4,680 0.0012 0.0012 2 American Samoa Government, eLandia International AustralAsia
Page 49 of 297 pages
Athena
Landing Points • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
ATHENA • Koropi (Greece)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Owners Region
2011 2036 600 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority EMEA
Page 50 of 297 pages
ATISA
Landing Points • Tachognya Beach (Northern Mariana Islands) • Sugar Dock (Saipan)
ATISA • Sasanlagu (Northern Mariana Islands) • Piti (Guam)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $7,000,000 280 7.2 6 DOCOMO Pacific NEC TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 51 of 297 pages
Atlantis-2
Landing Points
ATLANTIS-2
• Funchal (Portugal)
• Las Toninas (Argentina)
• Conil (Spain)
• Dakar (Senegal)
• El Medano (Spain)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
• Lisbon (Portugal)
• Praia (Cape Verde)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2000 2025 $370,000,000 13,100 0.04 0.16 2 8 40 Cabo Verde Telecom, Embratel, France Telecom, Marconi, Telecom Argentina, Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telefonica de Argentina, Telintar, Verizon Fujitsu, Pirelli Alcatel Submarine Networks, FCR Transatlantic
Page 52 of 297 pages
Atlas Offshore
Landing Points • Marseille (France)
ATLAS OFFSHORE • Asilah (Morocco)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2007 2032 $31,000,000 1,634 0.04 0.32 Maroc Telecom of Morocco EMEA
Page 53 of 297 pages
Austral
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Punta Arenas (Chile)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
FIBRA OPTICA AUSTRAL • Puerto Montt (Chile)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Supplier Region
2019 2044 $100,000,000 1,800 AUSTRAL University of Magellan, Magellan CPC Huawei Marine Americas
Page 54 of 297 pages
Bahamas-2
Landing Points • Nassau (The Bahamas) • Vero Beach (United States)
BAHAMAS-2 • Eight Mile Rock (Bahamas)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1997 2022 $25,000,000 478 0.0025 2.4 40 Balteco, Verizon Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Americas
Page 55 of 297 pages
Baltica
Landing Points
BALTICA
• Ystad (Sweden)
• Kolobrzeg (Poland)
• Gedser (Denmark)
• Dueodde (Bornholm)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1997 2022 $16,000,000 437 0.005 0.005 6 Polish Telecom, TDC, Telecom Finland, Telenor, Teliasonera EMEA
Page 56 of 297 pages
BAR-SAV
Landing Points • Savona (Italy)
BAR-SAV • Barcelona (Spain)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
1996 2021 $39,000,000 760 0.005 0.005 Telecom Italia, Telefonica Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 57 of 297 pages
Bass Strait 1
Landing Points • Boat Harbour (Tasmania)
BASS STRAIT 1 • Sandy Point (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
1995 2020 $22,500,000 241 0.025 1 Telstra Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 58 of 297 pages
Bass Strait 2
Landing Points • Stanley (Australia)
BASS STRAIT 2 • Inverloch (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2003 2028 $17,000,000 240 0.01 1 Telstra Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 59 of 297 pages
Basslink
Landing Points • McGaurans Beach (Australia)
BASSLINK • Four Mile Bluff (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
2009 2034 $600,000,000 290 0.64 6 Basslink Telecoms
Page 60 of 297 pages
BBG
Landing Points
BAY OF BENGAL GATEWAY
• Penang (Malaysia)
• Mumbai (India)
• Chennai (India)
• Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
• Barka (Oman)
• Mt. Lavinia (Sri Lanka)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2016 2041 $250,000,000 8,040 6.4 55 3 100 Bay of Bengal Consortium Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 61 of 297 pages
BCS East
Landing Points • Sventoji (Lithuania)
BCS EAST • Liepaja (Latvia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Region
1997 2022 $15,000,000 98 96 Telia Carrier Swedia Networks EMEA
Page 62 of 297 pages
BCS East-West Interlink
Landing Points • Katthammarsvik (Sweden)
BCS EAST-WEST INTERLINK • Sventoji (Lithuania)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1997 2022 $20,000,000 218 8 Telia Carrier Ericsson Swedia Networks EMEA
Page 63 of 297 pages
BCS North
Landing Points
BCS NORTH
• Logi (Russia)
• Helsinki (Finland)
• Haraldsholm (Finland)
• Kotka (Finland)
• Mariehamn (Finland)
• Stavsnas (Sweden)
• Hanko (Finland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1997 2028 $30,000,000 793 48 Telia Carrier Ericsson Swedia Networks EMEA
Page 64 of 297 pages
BDM
Landing Points • Melaka (Malaysia) • Batam (Indonesia)
BATAM-DUMAI-MELAKA • Dumai (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2011 2036 $76,000,000 400 0.08 2.56 4 64 10 PT Mora Telematika, PT XL Axiata, Telekom Malaysia, TM Berhad Huawei Marine Telekom Malaysia AustralAsia
Page 65 of 297 pages
Bharat-Lanka
Landing Points • Tuticorine (India)
BHARAT-LANKA • Mount Lavinia (Sri Lanka)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2007 2032 $40,000,000 338 0.04 0.96 40 BSNL, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka Telecom Limited Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 66 of 297 pages
BICS
Landing Points
BAHAMAS INTERNET CABLE SYSTEM
• Upper Bogue (Bahamas)
• Boca Raton (United States)
• Crown Haven (Bahamas)
• Freeport (Bahamas)
• Marsh Harbour (Bahamas)
• Nassau (The Bahamas)
• Riding Point (Bahamas)
• Sandy Point (Bahamas)
• Rock Sound (Bahamas)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2001 2026 $31,000,000 1,000 0.01 12 10 Caribbean Crossing Americas
Page 67 of 297 pages
BIOS / Jonah
Landing Points • Bari (Italy)
BIOS/JONAH • Tel Aviv (Israel)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Region
2011 2036 $15,000,000 2,300 12.8 2 Bezeq International Elettra EMEA
Page 68 of 297 pages
BLAST
Landing Points • Aunu’u Wharf (American Samoa)
• Luma (American Samoa)
• Ofu Harbor (American Samoa)
• Pago Pago (American Samoa)
BROADBAND LINKING THE AMERICAN SAMOA TERRITORY RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2015 2040 $11,000,000 250 ASTCA IT International Telecom IT International Telecom AustralAsia
Page 69 of 297 pages
Boracay-Palawan
Landing Points • Taytay (Philippines) • Coron (Philippines)
BORACAY-PALAWAN • San Jose (Philippines)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2013 2038 $20,000,000 332 4.8 12 40 10 Globe Telecom Huawei Marine AustralAsia
Page 70 of 297 pages
Botnia
Landing Points • Umea (Sweden)
BOTNIA • Vaasa (Finland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1994 2019 $8,500,000 77 0.0012 0.0012 6 Teliasonera NKT AKN EMEA
Page 71 of 297 pages
BRCS
Landing Points • Sungai Rengit (Malaysia)
BATAM-RENGIT CABLE SYSTEM • Batam (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2007 2032 $10,000,000 63 0.01 0.01 Excelcom AustralAsia
Page 72 of 297 pages
BRUSA
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
BRAZIL-USA
• Virginia Beach (United States)
• San Juan (Puerto Rico)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 $500,000,000 11,000 138 8 135 100 Telxius Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks Americas
Page 73 of 297 pages
BSCS
Landing Points • Changi (Singapore)
BATAM SINGAPORE CABLE SYSTEM • Batam (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2009 2034 $13,100,000 73 0.08 0.08 3 TELKOM Indonesia Ocean Cable Company ASEAN Cableship, Stena Offshore AustralAsia
Page 74 of 297 pages
BSFOCS
Landing Points • Odesa (Ukraine) • Varna (Bulgaria)
BLACK SEA FIBRE OPTIC CABLE SYSTEM • Novorossiysk (Russia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier System Installer
Region
2001 2026 $51,000,000 933 0.0025 0.0025 2 Armentel, BTC, Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, DTAG, HT, OTE, Rostelecom, Telecom Slovenia, Ukrtelecom Tyco Telecommunications SSI Alcatel Submarine Networks, Global Marine Systems Limited, Tyco Telecommunications SSI EMEA
Page 75 of 297 pages
Cadmos
Landing Points • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
CADMOS • Beirut (Lebanon)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
1995 2020 $8,000,000 262 0.000622 2 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, Lebanese Ministry of Telecommunications AT&T Submarine System, Inc. AT&T Submarine System, Inc. EMEA
Page 76 of 297 pages
Canalink
Landing Points
CANALINK
• Tinocas (Spain)
• Tenerife (Spain)
• Rota (Spain)
• Santa Cruz de La Palma (Spain)
• Güimar (Spain)
• El Goro (Spain)
• Asilah (Morocco)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Installer Region
2011 2036 $157,000,000 2,000 5.12 4 128 10 Islalink, IT3 Elettra EMEA
Page 77 of 297 pages
CanTaT-3
Landing Points
CANTAT-3
• Sylt (Germany)
• Blaabjerg (Denmark)
• Redcar (United Kingdom)
• Tjørnuvík (Faroe Islands)
• Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland)
• Pennant Point (Canada)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer
Region
1994 2020 $385,000,000 6,450 0.0075 0.0075 TATA Communications Alcatel Submarine Networks, BT Marine, Orange Marine, TeleDanmark Transatlantic
Page 78 of 297 pages
Caucasus Cable System
Landing Points • Varna (Bulgaria)
CAUCASUS CABLE SYSTEM • Poti (Georgia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2008 2033 $76,000,000 1,187 9 2 Caucasus Online TE SubCom, Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications TE SubCom 2016 100 EMEA
Page 79 of 297 pages
CB-1
Landing Points • Charlestown (United States)
CHALLENGER BERMUDA-1 • Bermuda (Bermuda)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $50,000,000 1,448 0.02 0.32 Cable Company Ltd, Verizon Americas
Page 80 of 297 pages
C-BUS
Landing Points • Magens Bay (British Virgin Islands)
CARIBBEAN-BERMUDA US • Manasquan (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $10,000,000 1,609 1.6 2 LIME IT International Telecom, Tyco Telecommunications SSI IT International Telecom, Tyco Telecommunications SSI Xtera 2016 100 Americas
Page 81 of 297 pages
Ceiba-2
Landing Points • Kribi (Cameroon) • Malabo (Equatorial Guinea)
CEIBA-2 • Bata (Equatorial Guinea)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $15,000,000 290 8 Republic of Equatorial Guinea Huawei Marine Global Marine Systems Limited EMEA
Page 82 of 297 pages
CeltixConnect
Landing Points • Holyhead (United Kingdom)
CELTIXCONNECT • Dublin (Ireland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Region
2011 2036 $22,000,000 131 0.96 0.96 72 AquaComms Alcatel Submarine Networks, Global Marine Systems Limited EMEA
Page 83 of 297 pages
CFX-1
Landing Points • Cartagena (Columbia) • Boca Raton (United States)
COLOMBIA-FLORIDA SUBSEA FIBER • Morant Point (Jamaica)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2008 2023 2,439 0.11 12.8 12 C&W Networks TE SubCom, Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications TE SubCom 2011 40 Americas
Page 84 of 297 pages
CIOS
Landing Points • Ayia Napa (Cyprus)
CYPRUS-ISRAEL OPTICAL SYSTEM • Nahariya (Israel)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1994 2018 $16,000,000 262 0.000622 1 Bezeq International, Cyprus Telecommunications Authority EMEA
Page 85 of 297 pages
CJFS
Landing Points • Montego Bay (Jamaica)
CAYMAN JAMAICA FIBRE SYSTEM • Half-Moon Bay (Cayman Islands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
1997 2022 $6,500,000 870 0.0025 2.7 LIME Americas
Page 86 of 297 pages
C-Lion 1
Landing Points • Hanko (Finland) • Helsinki (Finland)
C-LION 1 • Rostock-Ribnitz (Germany)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2016 2041 $74,000,000 1,172 144 8 300 Cinia Group EMEA
Page 87 of 297 pages
Columbus II
Landing Points
COLOMBUS II
• Magens Bay (Virgin Islands)
• Funchal (Portugal)
• Cancun (Mexico)
• West Palm Beach (United States)
• Sardina (Gran Canaria)
• Palermo (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1994 2019 $600,000,000 12,165 0.00056 0.0025 Columbus II Consortium AT&T Submarine System, Inc., Pirelli Alcatel Submarine Networks, AT&T Submarine System, Inc. Xtera 2012 100 Transatlantic
Page 88 of 297 pages
Columbus III
Landing Points
COLOMBUS III
• Mazara (Italy)
• Conil (Spain)
• Lisbon (Portugal)
• Ponta Delgada (Azores Islands
• Miami (United States)
Portugal)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1999 2024 $236,000,000 9,833 0.04 0.16 2 Columbus III Consortium Pirelli, Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel Submarine Networks, Tyco Telecommunications Xtera 2012 100 Transatlantic
Page 89 of 297 pages
Concerto-1
Landing Points • Bruges (Belguim) • Thorpeness (United Kingdom)
CONCERTO-1 • Zandvoort (Netherlands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Region
1999 2024 $25,000,000 574 0.0025 0.0025 96 Flute Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 90 of 297 pages
Corfu-Bar
Landing Points • Bar (Montenegro)
CORFU-BAR • Corfu (Greece)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1998 2023 $19,000,000 320 0.000622 0.000622 3 Crngorski Telecom, OTE EMEA
Page 91 of 297 pages
Crosslake Fibre
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Buffalo (United States)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
CROSSLAKE FIBRE-LAKE ONTARIO • Toronto (Canada)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 58 96 Crosslake Fibre, Inc. Hexatronic Cables & Interconnect Systems AB IT International Telecom Americas
Page 92 of 297 pages
Curie
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points • Los Angeles (United States)
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
CURIE • Valparaiso (Chile)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Owners System Supplier Region
2019 2045 8,900 Google TE SubCom Americas
Page 93 of 297 pages
Danica North
Landing Points • Tuborg (Denmark)
DANICA NORTH • Barseback (Sweden)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1998 2023 $10,000,000 25 0.01 0.01 96 Teliasonera Ericsson AKN Ciena 2013 40 EMEA
Page 96 of 297 pages
Danica South
Landing Points • Copenhagen (Denmark)
DANICA SOUTH • Bjarred (Sweden)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1998 2023 20 0.01 0.01 24 Teliasonera Ericsson AKN Ciena 2013 40 EMEA
Page 97 of 297 pages
Danice
Landing Points • Landeyjarsandur (Iceland)
DANICE • Blaabjerg (Denmark)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2008 2033 $76,000,000 2,291 0.1 5.1 4 Farice Ltd. Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Ciena 2013 100 EMEA
Page 98 of 297 pages
DARE
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
DJIBOUTI-AFRICA REGIONAL EXPRESS
• Mombasa (Kenya)
• Mogadishu (Somalia)
• Djibouti City (Djibouti)
• Bosaso (Somalia)
• Berbera (Somalia)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier Region
2019 2044 $137,500,000 5,400 30 2 150 100 Africa Marine Express, Djibouti Telecom, Golis Telecom, Hormuud Telecom Somalia Inc., Somtel Group, Telesom Company, TeleYemen TE SubCom EMEA
Page 99 of 297 pages
DDSCN
Landing Points • Male (Maldives)
• Colombo (Sri Lanka)
DHIRAAGU-SLT SUBMARINE CABLE NETWORK RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners Region
2007 2032 $27,000,000 850 Dhiraagu Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 100 of 297 pages
Deep Blue Phase 1
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
Landing Points
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
DEEP BLUE CABLE PHASE 1
• Boca Raton (United States)
• (Turks and Caicos Islands)
• Arcahaie (Haiti)
• (British Virgin Islands)
• San Juan (Puerto Rico)
• Puerto Plata (Dominican Republic)
• (Tobago)
• (Trinidad)
• Curaçao (Curaçao)
• Barranquilla (Colombia)
• Ocho Rios (Jamaica)
• Colon (Panama)
• Kingston (Jamaica)
• (Cayman Islands)
• Naples (United States)
System Manufacture
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2020 2045 $350,000,000 12,000 6 160 8 100 100 Deep Blue Cable Ltd TE SubCom TE SubCom Americas
Page 101 of 297 pages
Denmark-Norway 5
Landing Points • Hjrorring (Denmark)
DENMARK-NORWAY 5 • Ardendal (Norway)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
1992 2017 $9,560,000 123 0.0025 0.002 Norway PTT, TDC EMEA
Page 102 of 297 pages
Denmark-Norway 6
Landing Points • Thisted (Denmark)
DENMARK-NORWAY 6 • Kristiansand (Norway)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
1992 2017 $8,950,000 124 0.002 0.0015 Norway PTT, TDC EMEA
Page 103 of 297 pages
Denmark-Poland 2
Landing Points • Mielno (Poland)
DENMARK-POLAND 2 • Gedebak Odde (Denmark)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
1991 2016 $4,500,000 110 0.0015 0.0025 Polish Telecom, TDC EMEA
Page 104 of 297 pages
Didon
Landing Points • Kélibia (Tunisia)
DIDON • Mazara (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2014 2039 $15,000,000 173 18 100 France Telecom EMEA
Page 105 of 297 pages
DMCS
Landing Points • Melaka (Malaysia)
DUMAI-MELAKA CABLE SYSTEM • Dumai (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2005 2030 $15,000,000 150 0.02 0.32 PT Telekom, Telekom Malaysia, TM Berhad ASEAN Cableship, Telekom Malaysia AustralAsia
Page 106 of 297 pages
EAC-C2C
Landing Points
EAC-C2C
• Nanhui (China)
• Vung Tau (Vietnam)
• Tseung Kwan O (Hong Kong)
• Tanshui (Taiwan)
• Taean (South Korea)
• Singapore (Singapore)
• Pali (Taiwan)
• Nasugbu (Philippines)
• Ajigaura (Japan)
• Fangshan (Taiwan)
• Chung Hom Kok (Hong Kong)
• Chikura (Japan)
• Changi (Singapore)
• Capepisa (Philippines)
• Shima (Japan)
• Busan (South Korea)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $850,000,000 35,429 30 Telstra Infinera 2013 100 AustralAsia
Page 107 of 297 pages
EASSy
Landing Points • Mogadishu (Somalia)
• Mombasa (Kenya)
• Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
• (Djibouti)
• Moroni (Comoros)
• Toliara (Madagascar)
• Mtunzini (South Africa)
• Port Sudan (Sudan)
• Maputo (Mozambique)
EASTERN AFRICA SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
Upgrader Upgrade Year
2010 2035 $247,000,000 9,900 0.03 11.8 2 59 100 Bharti Airtel, Botswana Telecommunications Corporation, British Telecommunications PLC, Comores Telecom, Etisalat, France Telecom, MTN Group, Neotel, Saudi Telecom Company, SPV2, Sudan Telecom Limited, Sudatel, Tanzania Telecommunications Company Limited, WIOCC Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks 2014 Page 108 of 297 pages
Eastern Light
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
EASTERN LIGHT
• Kotka (Finland)
• Helsinki (Finland)
• Hanko (Finland)
• Stockholm (Sweden)
RFS Year EOS Year Owners System Supplier Region
2018 2043 Eastern Light NSW EMEA
Page 109 of 297 pages
East-West
Landing Points • Tortola (British Virgin Islands) • Morant Point (Jamaica)
EAST-WEST • Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2011 2036 $35,000,000 1,700 1.6 C&W Networks Orange Marine Xtera 2016 100 Americas
Page 110 of 297 pages
EAUFON
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Nuuk (Greenland)
• Iqaluit (Canada)
• Chisasibi (Canada)
• Kuujjuarapik (Canada)
• Umiujaq (Canada)
• Sanikiluaq (Canada)
• Inukjuak (Canada)
• Puvirnituq (Canada)
• Akulivik (Canada)
• Ivujivik (Canada)
• Cape Dorset (Canada)
• Salluit (Canada)
• Kimmirut (Canada)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
EASTERN ARCTIC UNDERSEA FIBER OPTIC NETWORK RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $250,000,000 6,900 30 6 100 100 Kativik Regional Government Arctic
Page 111 of 297 pages
ECFS
Landing Points
EAST CARIBBEAN FIBER SYSTEM
• Dickenson Bay (Antigua)
• Anguilla (Anguilla)
• Baliff (Guadeloupe)
• Basseterre (St. Kitts & Nevis)
• Canefield (Dominica)
• Kingstown (St. Vincent)
• Martinique (Martinique)
• Montserrat (Montserrat)
• Port Salines (Grenada)
• St. Lucia (St. Lucia)
• St Martin (Netherlands Antilles)
• Tortola (British Virgin Islands)
• Macqueripe (Trinidad)
• Bridgetown (Barbados)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1995 2020 $56,000,000 1,875 0.0025 4.6 6 BET, C&W, C&W Networks, Cable & Wireless, France Telecom, TSTT Alcatel Submarine Networks, Cable & Wireless Xtera, Xtera, Xtera 2009, 2013, 2016 10, 10, 10 Americas
Page 112 of 297 pages
ECLink
Landing Points • Trinidad (Trinidad)
ECLINK • Curaçao (Curaçao)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2007 2032 1,240 1.875 7.2 12 60 Alcatel, C&W Networks, Columbus Networks, New World Network Alcatel, TE SubCom, Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI TE SubCom 2016 100 Americas
Page 113 of 297 pages
EIG
Landing Points
EUROPE INDIA GATEWAY
• Gibraltar (Gibraltar)
• Abu Talat (Egypt)
• Bude (United Kingdom)
• Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Monaco (Monaco)
• Mumbai (India)
• Muscat (Oman)
• Zafarana (Egypt)
• Sesimbra (Portugal)
• Tripoli (Libya)
• (Djibouti)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2011 2036 $700,000,000 15,000 3.84 3.84 100 Bharti Airtel, British Telecommunications PLC, BSNL, C&W, Djibouti Telecom, Du, Gibtelecom, Libyan Post, Telecom and Information Technology Company, MTN Group, Omantel, Saudi Telecom Company, Telekom SA, Verizon Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Ciena 2014 100 Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 114 of 297 pages
EllaLink
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
ELLALINK
• Tenerife (Spain)
• Sines (Portugal)
• Santos (Brazil)
• Praia (Cape Verde)
• Funchal (Portugal)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $175,000,000 10,119 50 72 4 100 100 Islalink, Telebras Transatlantic
Page 115 of 297 pages
Endeavour
Landing Points • Sydney (Australia)
ENDEAVOUR • Keawaula (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2008 2033 9,125 0.08 1.28 2 Telstra Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks Infinera 2014 100 AustralAsia
Page 116 of 297 pages
Estepona-Tetouan
Landing Points • Tetouan (Morocco)
ESTEPONA-TETOUAN • Estepona (Spain)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1994 2019 $10,000,000 113 0.0037 0.0037 Telefonica STF Submarine Systems FCR EMEA
Page 117 of 297 pages
Estrecho de Magallanes
Landing Points • Espiritu Santo (Argentina)
ESTRECHO DE MAGALLANES • Punta Dungeness (Argentina)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2012 2037 $5,000,000 37 1.8 18 1 100 AR-SAT Boskalis Americas
Page 118 of 297 pages
Europa
Landing Points • Tripoli (Lebanon)
EUROPA • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
RFS Year EOS Year Fiber Pairs Owners
Region
2013 2038 8 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, Lebanese Ministry of Telecommunications EMEA
Page 119 of 297 pages
FA-1 North/South
Landing Points
FLAG ATLANTIC 1 NORTH/SOUTH
• Porthcurno (United Kingdom)
• Island Park (United States)
• Northport (United States)
• Plerin (France)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $900,000,000 12,820 4.68 24 6 Global Cloud Xchange Alcatel Submarine Networks Infinera, Ciena, Infinera, Ciena, Infinera, Ciena 2010, 2011, 2013 10, 100, 40 Transatlantic
Page 120 of 297 pages
Falcon
Landing Points
FALCON
• Doha (Qatar)
• Al Hudaydah (Yemen)
• Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia)
• Al Safat (Kuwait)
• Al Seeb (Oman)
• Al-Faw (Iraq)
• Al Ghaydah (Yemen)
• Chabahar (Iran)
• Suez (Egypt)
• Dubai (UAE)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Khasab (Oman)
• Manama (Bahrain)
• Mumbai (India)
• Port Sudan (Sudan)
• Bandar Abbas (Iran)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Upgrader Region
2006 2031 $900,000,000 12,181 0.09 2.56 8 Global Cloud Xchange Alcatel Submarine Networks Infinera Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 121 of 297 pages
Far East
Landing Points • Okha (Russia) • Magadan (Russia)
FAR EAST • Mys Levashova (Russia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2015 2040 $50,000,000 1,844 1.6 2 8 100 Rostelecom Huawei Marine Global Marine Systems Limited AustralAsia
Page 122 of 297 pages
Farice-1
Landing Points • Dunnet Bay (Scotland) • Seyðisfjörður (Iceland)
FARICE-1 • Funningsfjørður (Faroe Islands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2004 2029 $25,000,000 1,395 0.02 0.02 Farice Ltd., Iceland Telecom Ltd. Pirelli Ciena 2013 100 EMEA
Page 123 of 297 pages
Farland
Landing Points • Domburg (Netherlands)
FARLAND • Aldeburgh (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1994 2019 $10,000,000 149 0.018 0.018 British Telecommunications PLC AT&T Submarine System, Inc. AT&T Submarine System, Inc. EMEA
Page 124 of 297 pages
Faster
Landing Points
FASTER
• Tanshui (Taiwan)
• Shima (Japan)
• Chikura (Japan)
• Bandon (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2016 2041 $350,000,000 9,000 28 60 6 100 100 China Mobile International, China Telecom Global, Global Transit, Google, Singtel NEC Orange Marine Transpacific
Page 125 of 297 pages
Fehmarn Belt
Landing Points • Rödbyhavn (Denmark)
FEHMARN BELT • Puttgarden (Germany)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2000 2025 $10,000,000 20 0.0025 0.0025 Teliasonera Ericsson, Nexans Nexans EMEA
Page 126 of 297 pages
FibraLink
Landing Points • Puerto Plata (Dominican Republic) • Bull Bay (Jamaica)
FIBRALINK • Kaliko (Haiti)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2006 2031 $30,000,000 2,438 0.04 7.2 3 Alcatel, C&W Networks, Columbus Networks Alcatel, IT International Telecom IT International Telecom Americas
Page 127 of 297 pages
FLAG Europe-Asia
Landing Points
FLAG EUROPE-ASIA
• Ninomiya (Japan)
• Aqaba (Jordan)
• Estepona (Spain)
• Fujairah (UAE)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Keoje (South Korea)
• Lantau (Hong Kong)
• Alexandria (Egypt)
• Mumbai (India)
• Suez (Egypt)
• Palermo (Italy)
• Penang (Malaysia)
• Porthcurno (United Kingdom)
• Satun (Thailand)
• Shanghai (China)
• Songkhla (Thailand)
• Miura (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1997 2022 $720,000,000 27,433 0.01 0.5 2 Global Cloud Xchange Ciena 2012 100 Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian; EMEA
Page 128 of 297 pages
Flores-Corvo
Landing Points
FLORES-CORVO
• Corvo (Azores)
• Graciosa (Azores)
• Faial (Azores)
• Flores (Azores)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2014 2039 $20,000,000 685 0.96 6 16 10 Viatel Huawei Marine, Nexans Nexans EMEA
Page 129 of 297 pages
FOG
Landing Points
FIBER OPTIC GULF
• Manama (Bahrain)
• Kuwait City (Kuwait)
• Dubai (United Arab Emirats)
• Doha (Qatar)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier Region
1998 2023 $80,000,000 1,286 0.02 0.02 4 Bahrain Telephone Co., Kuwait Ministry of Communications, Qatar Telecommunication Company, UAE Telecommunications Company Fujitsu EMEA
Page 130 of 297 pages
Galapagos Subsea System
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Puerto Baquerizo Moreno (Ecuador)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
ECUADOR - GALAPAGOS ISLANDS • Manta (Ecuador)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Owners Region
2020 2045 1,000 CNT EP Americas
Page 131 of 297 pages
GBICS
Landing Points • Mumbai (India)
• Kuwait City (Kuwait)
• Fujairah (UAE)
• Bushehr (Iran)
• Al-Faw (Iraq)
• Al Seeb (Oman)
• Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia)
• Al Hidd (Bahrain)
• Al Daayen (Qatar)
GULF BRIDGE INTERNATIONAL CABLE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2011 2036 $445,000,000 4,719 51.2 4 128 100 Gulf Bridge International, Inc. TE SubCom Xtera 2012 100 EMEA
Page 132 of 297 pages
GCN
Landing Points
GLOBAL CARIBBEAN NETWORK
• St Martin (Guadeloupe)
• St Barthelemy (Guadeloupe)
• Jarry (Guadeloupe)
• Baliff (Guadeloupe)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2007 2032 $17,520,000 1,926 1.2 5 Global Carribean Network Alcatel Submarine Networks Ciena 2013 40 Americas
Page 133 of 297 pages
Gemini Bermuda
Landing Points • (Bermuda)
GEMINI BERMUDA • Manasquan (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2007 2032 $40,000,000 1,500 1.6 C&W, Verizon Orange Marine Xtera 2016 100 Americas
Page 134 of 297 pages
Georgia-Russia
Landing Points • Novorossiysk (Russia) • Poti (Georgia)
GEORGIA-RUSSIA • Sochi (Russia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2000 2025 $20,000,000 280 0.0025 0.0025 4 DanTelco, FOPTNET, Rostelecom EMEA
Page 135 of 297 pages
GLO-1
Landing Points
GLOBACOM-1
• Accra (Ghana)
• Vigo (Spain)
• Sesimbra (Portugal)
• Nouakchott (Mauritania)
• Lagos (Nigeria)
• Dakar (Senegal)
• Casablanca (Morocco)
• Bude (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2010 2035 $260,000,000 8,717 0.64 2.5 2 Globalcom Ltd. IT International Telecom Alcatel Submarine Networks, IT International Telecom EMEA
Page 136 of 297 pages
GlobeNet
Landing Points
GLOBENET
• Tuckerton (United States)
• St. Davd's (Bermuda)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
• Maiquetia (Venezuela)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Boca Raton (United States)
• Barranquilla (Colombia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $610,000,000 22,690 0.04 4.6 4 100 Globenet TE SubCom Xtera, Xtera 2010, 2016 100, 100 Americas
Page 137 of 297 pages
GO-1
Landing Points
GO-1
• St Paul's Bay (Malta)
• St George's Bay (Malta)
• Mazara (Italy)
• Catania (Sicily)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
1995 2020 $10,000,000 290 0.02 0.02 GO Elettra EMEA
Page 138 of 297 pages
GOKI
Landing Points
GOKI
• Tumon (Guam)
• Okinawa (Japan)
• Kitakyushu (Japan)
• Incheon (Korea)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) System Installer Region
2013 2038 $120,000,000 4,200 0.08 Kokusai Cable Ship AustralAsia
Page 139 of 297 pages
Gondwana-1
Landing Points
GONDWANA-1
• Noum'ea (New Caledonia)
• Mouli Island (New Caledonia)
• Poindimie (New Caledonia)
• Sydney (Australia)
• Lifou (New Caledonia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Installer Region
2008 2033 $57,500,000 2,152 0.64 0.64 OPT - Nouvelle Caledonie, Post and Telecommunications Office of New Caledonia Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 140 of 297 pages
Greenland Connect
Landing Points
GREENLAND CONNECT
• Nuuk (Greenland)
• Milton (Canada)
• Landeyjarsandur (Iceland)
• Qaqortoq (Greenland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $126,000,000 4,733 0.02 2.56 2 62 100 Tele Greenland Elettra Huawei Marine 2017 100 Americas
Page 141 of 297 pages
Greenland Connect North
Landing Points
GREENLAND CONNECT NORTH
• Nuuk (Greenland)
• Maniitsoq (Greenland)
• Sisimiut (Greenland)
• Aasiaat (Greenland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $80,000,000 680 4.8 100 Tele Greenland Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 142 of 297 pages
GTT Express
Landing Points • Cork (Ireland) • Halifax (Canada)
GTT EXPRESS • London (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2015 2040 $120,000,000 4,600 53 6 100 100 GTT Communications TE SubCom Transatlantic
Page 143 of 297 pages
GTT North/South
Landing Points
GTT NORTH/SOUTH
• (Southport United Kingdom)
• Coleraine (Ireland)
• Dublin (Ireland)
• Lynn (United States)
• Herring Cove (Canada)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $320,000,000 12,111 10.16 25 4 48 100 GTT Communications Huawei Marine, Tyco Telecommunications SSI FCR, Tyco Telecommunications SSI Huawei Marine 2011 100 Transatlantic
Page 144 of 297 pages
Guantánamo Bay Cable
Landing Points • Guantánamo Bay (Cuba)
GUANTÁNAMO BAY CABLE • Miami (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2016 2041 $31,000,000 1,500 100 US Government Nexans, Xtera IT International Telecom Americas
Page 145 of 297 pages
Guantánamo Bay Cable 2
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Guantánamo Bay (Cuba)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
GUANTÁNAMO BAY CABLE 2 • San Juan (Puerto Rico)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Supplier Region
2018 2043 $30,000,000 1,200 US Government Xtera Americas
Page 146 of 297 pages
GWEN
Landing Points • Corfu (Greece)
GREECE TO WESTERN EUROPE NETWORK • Bari (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2004 2029 $20,000,000 647 4 OTE EMEA
Page 147 of 297 pages
Hannibal
Landing Points • Mazara (Italy)
HANNIBAL • Kélibia (Tunisia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2009 2034 $10,000,000 180 9.6 3 80 40 Tunisie Telecom Huawei Marine Global Marine Systems Limited EMEA
Page 148 of 297 pages
Hantru-1
Landing Points
HANTRU-1
• Pohnpei (Micronesia)
• Piti (Guam)
• Majuro (Marshall Islands)
• Kwajalein (Marshall Islands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners
System Supplier Region
2010 2035 $130,000,000 2,908 Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Authority, Hannon Armstrong TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 149 of 297 pages
HAVFRUE/AEC-2
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
HAVFRUE/AEC-2
• Kristiansand (Norway)
• Leckanvy (Ireland)
• Wall (United States)
• Blaabjerg (Denmark)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2019 2044 $200,000,000 8,179 108 AquaComms, Bulk Infrastructure AS, Facebook TE SubCom TE SubCom Transatlantic
Page 150 of 297 pages
Hawaiki
Landing Points
HAWAIKI
• Sydney (Australia)
• Pago Pago (American Samoa)
• Pacific City (United States)
• Mangawhai (New Zealand)
• Kapolei (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 $350,000,000 15,000 5 43.8 4 106 100 Hawaiki Submarine Cable TE SubCom TE SubCom AustralAsia; Transpacific
Page 151 of 297 pages
Hawk Cable System
Landing Points • Marseille (France) • Alexandria (Egypt)
HAWK CABLE SYSTEM • Yeroskipos (Cyprus)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2011 2035 $250,000,000 3,181 2.72 2.72 4 68 10 Global Cloud Xchange Fujitsu Elettra, Orange Marine EMEA
Page 152 of 297 pages
HKA
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Hermosa Beach (United States)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
HONG KONG - AMERICA • Hong Kong (Hong Kong)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners
2020 2045 13,000 80 6 100 China Telecom, China Unicom, Facebook, TATA Communications, Telstra
Page 153 of 297 pages
HK-G
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Tseung Kwan O (Hong Kong)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
HONG KONG-GUAM • Piti (Guam)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 3,900 48 100 Google, RTI Connectivity AustralAsia
Page 154 of 297 pages
Honotua
Landing Points
HONOTUA
• Spencer Beach (United Stats)
• Huahine (French Polynesia)
• Papenoo (French Polynesia)
• Vaitape (French Polynesia)
• Uturoa (French Polynesia)
• Moorea (French Polynesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $122,000,000 4,634 0.64 0.64 OPT French Polynesia AustralAsia
Page 155 of 297 pages
HSCS
Landing Points • Nevelsk (Russia)
HOKKAIDO-SAKHALIN CABLE SYSTEM • Ishikari (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2008 2033 $20,000,000 559 0.64 KDD, TTK KDD AustralAsia
Page 156 of 297 pages
Hugo
Landing Points • Porthcurno (United Kingdom) • Guernsey (Guernsey)
HUGO • Lannion (France)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2006 2031 $11,960,000 426 3.3 3.3 C&W Alcatel Submarine Networks, Tyco Telecommunications SSI EMEA
Page 157 of 297 pages
i2i
Landing Points • Tuas (Singapore)
I2I CABLE NETWORK • Chennai (India)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2002 2027 $90,000,000 3,100 0.16 84 8 105 100 Bharti Airtel Ciena 2014 100 Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 158 of 297 pages
ICN1
Landing Points • Port Vila (Vanuatu)
INTERCHANGE I • Suva (Fiji)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2014 2039 $32,000,000 1,259 0.02 0.32 Interchange Limited TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 159 of 297 pages
IFC-1
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Landing Points • Lannion (France)
Commissioning & Acceptance
IFC-1 • Cork (Ireland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2020 2045 $15,000,000 492 120 6 Ireland-France Subsea Cable EMEA
Page 160 of 297 pages
IG-1
Landing Points • Aethos (Greece)
ITALY GREECE-1 • Otranto (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Fiber Pairs Region
2002 2027 172 24 EMEA
Page 161 of 297 pages
I-ME-WE
Landing Points
INDIA-MIDDLE EAST-WESTERN EUROPE
• Karachi (Pakistan)
• Catania (Italy)
• Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Mumbai (India)
• Suez (Egypt)
• Tripoli (Lebanon)
• Alexandria (Egypt)
• Marseille (France)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2010 2035 $320,000,000 13,000 0.52 5.6 3 128 Bharti Airtel, Etisalat, France Telecom, Ogero, PTCL, STC, TATA Communications Mitsubishi Electric Corporation S.B. Submarine Systems 2012, 2014 40, 40 EMEA
Page 162 of 297 pages
Indigo Central
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Perth (Australia)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
INDIGO CENTRAL • Sydney (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2019 2044 $150,000,000 4,850 36 2 80 100 Google, SubPartners TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 163 of 297 pages
Indigo West
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points • Tuas (Singapore) • Jakarta (Indonesia)
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
INDIGO WEST • Perth (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2019 2043 $225,000,000 4,600 36 2 AARNet, Google, Indosat Ooredoo, Telstra Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 166 of 297 pages
IOX
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
INDIAN OCEAN XCHANGE
• Creve Couer (Rodrigues)
• Sainte Pierre (LA Reunion)
• Puducherry (India)
• La Cambuse (Mauritius)
• East London (South Africa)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2019 2044 $220,000,000 8,850 54 54 4 130 100 IOX Cable Ltd Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 167 of 297 pages
Italy-Albania
Landing Points • Durres (Albania)
ITALY-ALBANIA • Bari (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Region
1998 2023 $10,000,000 236 0.0025 0.0025 1 EMEA
Page 168 of 297 pages
Italy-Greece
Landing Points • Otranto (Italy)
ITALY-GREECE • Otranto (Greece)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1995 2020 $10,000,000 161 0.00169 0.00169 4 Telecom Italia EMEA
Page 169 of 297 pages
Italy-Libya
Landing Points • Tripoli (Libya)
ITALY-LIBYA • Mazara (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2025 $10,000,000 570 0.0025 0.12 2 Telecom Italia 2011 40 EMEA
Page 170 of 297 pages
Italy-Monaco
Landing Points • Savona (Italy)
ITALY-MONACO • Monaco (Monaco)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
1995 2020 $10,000,000 162 0.000565 0.000565 1 Telecom Italia EMEA
Page 171 of 297 pages
JaKa2DeLeMa
Landing Points
JAKA2DELEMA
• Bandjermasin (Indonesia)
• Sangata (Indonesia)
• Pontianak (Indonesia)
• Pangkalanbun (Indonesia)
• Mataram (Indonesia)
• Ketapang (Indonesia)
• Jember (Indonesia)
• Benculuk (Indonesia)
• Toweli (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2010 2035 $116,000,000 1,800 0.96 9.6 3 32 100 PT Telekom Fujitsu, NSW Orange Marine Fujitsu 2013 100 AustralAsia
Page 172 of 297 pages
JAKABARE
Landing Points
JAKABARE
• Jakarta (Indonesia)
• Batam (Indonesia)
• Pontianak (Indonesia)
• Tuas (Singapore)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2009 2034 $40,000,000 1,330 0.16 1.28 Indosat ASEAN Cableship, Orange Marine AustralAsia
Page 173 of 297 pages
Japan-US
Landing Points
JAPAN-US
• Shima (Japan)
• Point Arena (United States)
• Morro Bay (United States)
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Makaha (United States)
• Kitaibaraki (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $590,000,000 21,880 0.64 6.4 4 16 100 Japan Telecom, MCIWorldCom, NTT Worldwide Network Fujitsu, Ocean Cable Company Alcatel Submarine Networks, Global Marine Systems Limited Ciena 2012 100 Transpacific
Page 174 of 297 pages
Jasuka
Landing Points
JASUKA
• Tanjung Pandan (Indonesia)
• Batam (Indonesia)
• Jakarta (Indonesia)
• Pontianak (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2006 2031 $280,000,000 354 0.02 0.32 PT Telekom Nokia Siemens Networks 2011 40 AustralAsia
Page 175 of 297 pages
Junior
Landing Points • Santos (Brazil)
JUNIOR • Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 390 8 Google Nexans, PadTec Elettra Americas
Page 176 of 297 pages
Jupiter
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Landing Points
Commissioning & Acceptance
JUPITER
• Hermosa Beach (United States)
• Daet (Philippines)
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Shima (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2020 2045 14,000 60 60 400 Amazon, Facebook, NTT Communications Corporation, PCCW Global, PLDT, Softbank Mobile Corp TE SubCom TE SubCom Transpacific
Page 177 of 297 pages
KAFOS
Landing Points • Varna (Bulgaria) • Istanbul (Turkey)
KARADENIZ FIBER OPTIK SISTEMI • Mangalia (Romania)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
1997 2022 $20,000,000 4,640 0.0012 0.0012 BTC, Turk Telecom Alcatel Submarine Networks, FCR EMEA
Page 178 of 297 pages
Keltra-2
Landing Points • Trapini (Italy)
KELTRA-2 • Kélibia (Tunisia)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2007 2032 209 0.02 6 Telecom Italia, Tunisie Telecom EMEA
Page 179 of 297 pages
Khulna-Chennai
Landing Points • Chennai (India)
KHULNA-CHENNAI • Khulna (Bangladesh)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners Region
2010 2035 $48,000,000 115 Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 180 of 297 pages
KJCN
Landing Points • Kitakyushu (Japan) • Busan (South Korea)
KOREA-JAPAN CABLE NETWORK • Fukuoka (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2002 2027 500 2.88 28.8 12 24 100 KEPCO, SoftBank Telecom Corp Fujitsu Ciena 2015 100 AustralAsia
Page 181 of 297 pages
Kodiak Kenai
Landing Points
KODIAK KENAI
• Seward (United States)
• Narrow Cape (United States)
• Kodiak (United States)
• Kenai (United States)
• Homer (United States)
• Anchorage (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2006 2031 $30,000,000 971 0.0025 0.01 4 Kodiak Kenai Cable Company Infinera 2010 10 Americas
Page 182 of 297 pages
Kuwait-Iran
Landing Points • Soroosh (Iran) • Kharg (Iran)
KUWAIT-IRAN • Failaka (Kuwait)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
Region
2006 2031 $20,000,000 334 0.0025 0.0025 6 Iran Ministry of Communications, Kuwait and Telecommunication Infrastructure Company EMEA
Page 183 of 297 pages
LEV
Landing Points • Yeroskipos (Cyprus) • Mazara (Italy)
LEV • Tel Aviv (Israel)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1999 2024 $175,000,000 2,600 0.0025 0.0025 2 8 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel Submarine Networks, Tyco Telecommunications EMEA
Page 184 of 297 pages
LION
Landing Points • Terre Rouge (Mauritius) • Toamasina (Madagascar)
LOWER INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK • Sainte Marie (Reunion Island)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Installer Region
2009 2034 $30,000,000 1,091 0.02 1.28 2 64 10 France Telecom, Orange Madagascar FCR, Orange Marine Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 185 of 297 pages
LION-2
Landing Points • Mayotte (Mayotte)
LOWER INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK 2 • Mombasa (Kenya)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Installer Region
2012 2037 $76,000,000 3,000 1.28 2 64 10 Emtel Ltd., France Telecom, Orange Madagascar, Telkom Kenya Alpha Logistics, Elettra, Orange Marine Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 186 of 297 pages
Liquid Sea
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Landing Points
LIQUID SEA
• Quseer (Egypt)
• Mtunzini (South Africa)
• Mombasa (Kenya)
• Maputo (Mozambique)
• Djibouti City (Djibouti)
• Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
• Aqaba (Jordan)
Commissioning & Acceptance
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $250,000,000 10,000 30 Liquid Telecom EMEA
Page 187 of 297 pages
MAC
Landing Points • St Croix (US Virgin Islands) • Brookhaven (United States)
MID-ATLANTIC CROSSING • Hollywood (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2025 $200,000,000 7,461 0.02 0.92 2 Global Crossing, Level 3 Communications Alcatel Submarine Networks, FCR Infinera, Infinera 2010, 2011 10, 10 Americas
Page 188 of 297 pages
Main One
Landing Points
MAIN ONE
• Dakar (Senegal)
• Tenerife (Spain)
• Abidjan (Ivory Coast)
• Accra (Ghana)
• Casablanca (Morocco)
• Port Harcourt (Nigeria)
• Seixal (Portugal)
• Lagos (Nigeria)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2010 2035 $240,000,000 7,000 1.92 10 100 TE SubCom Xtera 2015 100 EMEA
Page 189 of 297 pages
MAREA
Landing Points • Bilbao (Spain)
MAREA • Virginia Beach (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $165,000,000 6,600 160 8 Facebook, Microsoft, Telxius TE SubCom TE SubCom Transatlantic
Page 190 of 297 pages
MARS
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • (Mauritius)
• (Rodrigues)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
MAURITIUS AND RODRIGUES SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2019 2044 700 16 Mauritius Telecom, PCCW Global Huawei Marine Indian Ocean
Page 191 of 297 pages
Matrix
Landing Points • Jakarta (Indonesia) • Batam (Indonesia)
MATRIX • Changi (Singapore)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2008 2032 $30,000,000 1,438 0.6 2.56 4 Matrix Networks, NAP Info TE SubCom Global Marine Systems Limited AustralAsia
Page 192 of 297 pages
MAYA-1
Landing Points
MAYA-1
• Maria Chiquita (Panama)
• Hollywood (United States)
• Tolu (Colombia)
• Puerto Limon (Costa Rica)
• Cancun (Mexico)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2025 $120,000,000 4,506 0.01 0.9225 2 MAYA-1 Consortium Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel Submarine Networks, Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks 2012 40 Americas
Page 193 of 297 pages
MBDC
Landing Points • Dumai (Indonesia)
MORATELINDO BATAM - DUMAI CABLE • Batam (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $40,000,000 330 0.01 0.01 Moratelindo AustralAsia
Page 194 of 297 pages
MCT
Landing Points • Sihanoukville (Cambodia) • Cherating (Malaysia)
MALAYSIA-CAMBODIA-THAILAND • Rayoung (Thailand)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2041 $60,000,000 1,425 1.5 30 6 50 100 Symphony Communication Public Company Limited, Telcotech Limited, Telekom Malaysia Berhad Huawei Marine Global Marine Systems Limited AustralAsia
Page 195 of 297 pages
Med Cable Network
Landing Points • Annaba (Algeria) • Marseille (France)
MED CABLE NETWORK • Algiers (Algeria)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2005 2030 $40,000,000 1,300 0.02 0.02 Med Cable EMEA
Page 196 of 297 pages
MedNautilus
Landing Points
MEDNAUTILUS
• Chania (Greece)
• Catania (Italy)
• Haifa (Israel)
• Istanbul (Turkey)
• Koropi (Greece)
• Tel Aviv (Israel)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $190,000,000 5,729 3.84 38.4 6 64 100 Alcatel Submarine Networks, Orange Marine Infinera, Infinera, Infinera 2011, 2012, 2013 10, 100, 40 EMEA
Page 197 of 297 pages
Melita-1
Landing Points • St Paul's Bay (Malta)
MELITA-1 • Pozallo (Italy)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $14,000,000 100 0.00005 0.00005 Melita Infrastructure Ltd. EMEA
Page 198 of 297 pages
MENA
Landing Points
MIDDLE EAST NORTH AFRICA
• Zafarana (Egypt)
• Mazara (Italy)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Djibouti City (Djibouti)
• Al Seeb (Oman)
• Abu Talat (Egypt)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2014 2039 $210,000,000 8,800 57.6 57.6 6 96 100 MENA Submarine Cable Systems, Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding S.A.E. TE SubCom Alcatel Submarine Networks, Elettra Infinera 2016 100 EMEA
Page 199 of 297 pages
METISS
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • (Mauritius)
• (LA Reunion)
• (Madagascar)
• (South Africa)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
MELTING POT INDIANOCEANIC SUBMARINE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
2019 2044 3,000 24 Canal+ Telecom, CEB FiberNet, Emtel Ltd., SFR, Telma, ZEOP
Page 200 of 297 pages
MIC-1
Landing Points • Changi (Singapore)
MORATEL INTERNATIONAL CABLE 1 • Batam (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2008 2033 $10,000,000 70 0.01 0.01 Moratelindo Global Marine Systems Limited AustralAsia
Page 201 of 297 pages
Micronesia Cable System
Landing Points
MICRONESIA CABLE SYSTEM
• (Guam)
• Pohnpei (Micronesia)
• Kwajalein (Marshall Islands)
• Majuro (Marshall Islands)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Owners
System Supplier Region
2011 2036 174 Federated States of Micronesia Telecommunications Authority, Marshall Island National Telecommunications Authority TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 204 of 297 pages
Midgardsormen
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Virginia Beach (United States)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
MIDGARDSORMEN • Blaabjerg (Denmark)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 7,848 100 100 Midgardsormen Transatlantic
Page 205 of 297 pages
Minerva
Landing Points • Catania (Italy) • Mazara (Italy)
MINERVA • Yeroskipos (Cyprus)
RFS Year EOS Year Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Region
2007 2032 0.01 0.01 EMEA
Page 206 of 297 pages
MKCS
Landing Points
MATARAM-KUPANG CABLE SYSTEM
• Waingapu (Indonesia)
• Sumbawa Besar (Indonesia)
• Saraemee (Indonesia)
• Mataram (Indonesia)
• Kupang (Indonesia)
• Ende (Indonesia)
• Ambalawi (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2011 2036 $94,000,000 1,318 1.8 6 30 10 PT Telekom Huawei Marine, Nexans Nexans AustralAsia
Page 207 of 297 pages
Monet
Landing Points • Fortaleza (Brazil) • Santos (Brazil)
MONET • Boca Raton (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2041 $280,000,000 10,556 60 6 100 100 Algar Telecom, Angola Cables, Antel, Google TE SubCom TE SubCom Americas
Page 208 of 297 pages
NATITUA
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Landing Points
Commissioning & Acceptance
NATITUA
• Nuka Hiva (French Polynesia)
• Hiva Oa (French Polynesia)
• Makemo (French Polynesia)
• Fakarava (French Polynesia)
• Arutua (French Polynesia)
• Kaukura (French Polynesia)
• Takaroa (French Polynesia)
• Manihi (French Polynesia)
• Rangiroa (French Polynesia)
• Tahiti (French Polynesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
2019 2044 $62,500,000 2,500 10 OPT French Polynesia
Page 209 of 297 pages
NCP
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
NEW CROSS PACIFIC
• Busan (South Korea)
• Hillsboro (United States)
• Chongming (China)
• Toucheng (Taiwan)
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Nanhui (China)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier Region
2018 2043 $350,000,000 13,618 80 100 China Mobile, China Telecom, China Unicom, Chunghwa Telecom, KT Corporation, Microsoft, Softbank Mobile Corp TE SubCom Transpacific
Page 210 of 297 pages
NCSCS
Landing Points • Lagos (Nigeria)
• Kribi (Cameroon)
NIGERIA-CAMEROON SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier Region
2015 2040 $30,000,000 1,100 0.04 12.8 6 Cameroon Government, Main One Cable Company Huawei Marine EMEA
Page 211 of 297 pages
NEPTUNE Canada
Landing Points • Port Alberni (Canada)
NEPTUNE CANADA RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Installer Region
2007 2032 $62,000,000 800 University of Victoria Alcatel Submarine Networks Americas
Page 212 of 297 pages
Norsea Com-1
Landing Points • Tysvær (Norway)
NORSEA COM-1 • Lowestoft (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier Region
1999 2024 800 0.16 0.16 North Sea Communications AS Alcatel AKN EMEA
Page 213 of 297 pages
Northstar
Landing Points
NORTHSTAR
• Juneau (United States)
• Whittier (United States)
• Valdez (United States)
• Nedonna Beach (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
1999 2024 $90,000,000 3,385 0.01 0.01 Alaska Communications Systems, Cable & Wireless Alcatel Submarine Networks, Cable & Wireless Americas
Page 214 of 297 pages
Orval
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points • Valencia (Spain)
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
ORAN-VALENCIA • Oran (Algeria)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Installer Region
2018 2043 $20,000,000 560 20 100 Algerian Ministry of Post, Information Technology and Communications Alcatel Submarine Networks EMEA
Page 215 of 297 pages
PAC
Landing Points
PAN-AMERICAN CROSSING
• Tijuana (Mexico)
• Colon (Panama)
• Fort Amadour (Panama)
• Grover Beach (United States)
• Mazatlán (Mexico)
• St Croix (US Virgin Islands)
• Puerto Viejo (Venezuela)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Region
2001 2026 $350,000,000 9,451 0.01 3.2 2 16 100 Global Crossing, Level 3 Communications Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Xtera Americas
Page 216 of 297 pages
PAN-AM
Landing Points
PAN AMERICAN
• Butler's Bay (St. Croix)
• Arica (Chile)
• Baby Beach (Aruba)
• Barranquilla (Colombia)
• Battery Pratt (Panama)
• Panama City (Panama)
• Lurin (Peru)
• Punto Fijo (Venezuela)
• Salinas (Ecuador)
• Magen's Bay (Virgin Islands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
Region
1999 2024 $260,000,000 6,867 0.01 0.07 2 Antel, C&W, Cable Andino, CANTV, CNT EP, Embratel, Entel, Setar, Telecom Colombia, Telmex Americas
Page 217 of 297 pages
Pangea
Landing Points
PANGEA
• Redcar (United Kingdom)
• Måde (Denmark)
• Lowestoft (United Kingdom)
• Fanø (Denmark)
• Beverwijk (Netherlands)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2000 2025 $20,000,000 511 7 7 Pangea Ltd. Nexans Alcatel Submarine Networks, Nexans EMEA
Page 218 of 297 pages
Paniolo
Landing Points
PANIOLO
• Kaunakakai (United States)
• Kekeha (United States)
• Hawaii Kai (United States)
• Maui (United States)
• Hawaii (United States)
• Makaha (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Fiber Pairs System Supplier System Installer Region
2009 2034 575 24 IT International Telecom IT International Telecom AustralAsia
Page 219 of 297 pages
PC-1
Landing Points
PACIFIC CROSSING 1
• Shima (Japan)
• Ajigaura (Japan)
• Harbor Pointe (United States)
• Grover Beach (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2025 $650,000,000 20,910 1.8 8.4 4 20 100 AT&T Submarine System, Inc., NT Communications Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Infinera 2013 40 Transpacific
Page 220 of 297 pages
PCCS
Landing Points
PACIFIC CARIBBEAN CABLE SYSTEM
• Cartagena (Colombia)
• Isla Verde (Puerto Rico)
• Tortola (United Kingdom)
• Hudishibana (Aruba)
• Balboa (Panama)
• Manta (Ecuador)
• Tera Cora (Curaçao)
• Jacksonville (United States)
• Maria Chiquita (Panama)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
Region
2015 2040 $160,000,000 6,000 48 6 100 Cable & Wireless Communications, Setar, Telconet, Telefónica Global Solutions Americas
Page 221 of 297 pages
PEACE
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
PAKISTAN EAST AFRICA CABLE EXPRESS
• Gwadar (Pakistan)
• (Kenya)
• Djibouti (Djibouti)
• Karachi (Pakistan)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2020 2045 6,800 60 200 China-ASEAN Information Harbor, Tropic Science Huawei Marine Huawei Marine EMEA
Page 222 of 297 pages
PEC
Landing Points
PAN-EUROPEAN CROSSING
• Bredene (Belguim)
• Broadstairs (United Kingdom)
• Veules-les-Roses (France)
• Seaford (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
1999 2024 $20,000,000 170 0.01 0.01 Global Crossing, Level 3 Communications EMEA
Page 223 of 297 pages
PLCN
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • (Hong Kong)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
PACIFIC LIGHT CABLE NETWORK • Los Angeles (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier Region
2020 2045 $400,000,000 12,800 144 6 240 100 Facebook, Google, Pacific Light Data Communication, Telstra TE SubCom Transpacific
Page 224 of 297 pages
PPC-1
Landing Points • Sydney (Australia) • Madang (Papua New Guinea)
PIPE PACIFIC CABLE • Piti (Guam)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $180,000,000 7,185 0.04 2.56 PIPE Networks Ltd. Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Infinera 100 AustralAsia
Page 225 of 297 pages
Qatar-UAE
Landing Points
QATAR-UAE
• Doha (UAE)
• Abu Dhabi (UAE)
• Halul Island (Qatar)
• Das Island (United Arab Emirates)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Region
2004 2029 $10,000,000 208 0.02 0.02 EMEA
Page 226 of 297 pages
Quintillion Subsea
Landing Points
QUINTILLION SUBSEA
• Prudhoe Bay (United States)
• Utqiaġvik (United States)
• Wainwright (United States)
• Point Hope (United States)
• Kotzebue (United States)
• Nome (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2041 $150,000,000 1,200 30 3 100 100 Quintillion Subsea Holdings Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks Arctic
Page 227 of 297 pages
Quintillion Subsea Phase 2
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Tokyo (Japan)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
QUINTILLION SUBSEA PHASE 2 • Nome (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $150,000,000 3,500 30 3 100 100 Quintillion Subsea Holdings Arctic, Transpacific
Page 228 of 297 pages
Quintillion Subsea Phase 3
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Iqaluit (Canada) • Prudhoe Bay (United States)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
QUINTILLION SUBSEA PHASE 3 • London (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2021 2046 $250,000,000 5,000 30 3 100 100 Quintillion Subsea Holdings Arctic, Transatlantic
Page 229 of 297 pages
RJCN
Landing Points • Naoetsu (Japan)
RUSSIAN-JAPAN CABLE NETWORK • Nakhodka (Russia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2006 2031 $50,000,000 1,795 0.64 0.64 Rostelecom AustralAsia
Page 230 of 297 pages
RNAL
Landing Points
REACH NORTH ASIA LOOP
• Wada (Japan)
• Busan (South Korea)
• Toucheng (Taiwan)
• Tong Fuk (Hong Kong)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $900,000,000 9,792 0.08 0.08 6 FLAG Telecom, Global Cloud Xchange, Level 3 Communications Infinera, Infinera 2011, 2014 40, 40 AustralAsia
Page 231 of 297 pages
SABR
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Recife (Brazil)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTH AFRICA-BRAZIL • Cape Town (South Africa)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 6,200 60 Seaborn Networks Transatlantic
Page 232 of 297 pages
SAC
Landing Points
SOUTH AMERICAN CROSSING
• Lurin (Peru)
• St Croix (US Virgin Islands)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Fort Amadour (Panama)
• Las Toninas (Argentina)
• Valparaiso (Chile)
• Santos (Brazil)
• Puerto Viejo (Venezuela)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $520,000,000 15,983 0.1 4.84 4 30 40 Global Crossing, Level 3 Communications Alcatel Submarine Networks Infinera, Infinera 2010, 2011 10, 10 Americas
Page 233 of 297 pages
SACS
Landing Points • Fortaleza (Brazil)
SOUTH ATLANTIC CABLE SYSTEM • Luanda (Angola)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 $130,000,000 6,300 40 40 4 100 100 NEC Orange Marine Transatlantic
Page 236 of 297 pages
SAEx1
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTH ATLANTIC EXPRESS 1
• (St. Helena)
• Virginia Beach (United States)
• Yzerfontein (South Africa)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Mtunzini (South Africa)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2021 2046 $450,000,000 14,720 72 6 60 200 SAEx International Limited Transatlantic
Page 237 of 297 pages
SAEx2
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTH ATLANTIC EXPRESS 2
• (Singapore)
• Chennai (India)
• (Mauritius)
• (Madagascar)
• Mtunzini (South Africa)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
2021 2046 $350,000,000 13,900 72 6 60 200 SAEx International Limited
Page 238 of 297 pages
SAFE
Landing Points
SOUTH AFRICA-FAR EAST
• Cape Town (South Africa)
• Baie du Jacotet (Mauritius)
• Cochin (India)
• Saint-Paul (Reunion)
• Penang (Malaysia)
• Durban (South Africa)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2002 2027 $350,000,000 13,669 0.44 0.44 France Telecom, TATA Communications, Telekom SA, TM Berhad Tyco Telecommunications FCR, Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks 2014 40 Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 239 of 297 pages
SAIL
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points • Fortaleza (Brazil)
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTH ATLANTIC INTER LINK • Kribi (Cameroon)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2019 2044 $487,000,000 5,900 32 4 80 100 CamTel, China Unicom Huawei Marine, Nexans Global Marine Systems Limited Transatlantic
Page 240 of 297 pages
SAM-1
Landing Points
SOUTH AMERICA-1
• Puerto Barrios (Guatemala)
• Arica (Chile)
• Barranquilla (Colombia)
• Boca Raton (United States)
• Fortaleza (Brazil)
• Mancora (Peru)
• Lurin (Peru)
• Las Toninas (Argentina)
• Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
• Salinas (Ecuador)
• Salvador (Brazil)
• San Juan (Puerto Rico)
• Santos (Brazil)
• Valparaiso (Chile)
• Puerto San Jose (Guatemala)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $650,000,000 24,140 0.16 19.2 4 48 100 Telefonica Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Infinera, Infinera, Infinera 2009, 2010, 2012 10, 100, 40 Americas
Page 241 of 297 pages
SAPL
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTH AMERICA PACIFIC LINK
• Valparaiso (Chile)
• Naples (United States)
• Makaha (United States)
• Colon (Panama)
• Balboa (Panama)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $400,000,000 17,600 30 3 150 100 Ocean Networks Transpacific
Page 242 of 297 pages
SAS-1
Landing Points • Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
SAUDI ARABIA-SUDAN • Port Sudan (Sudan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2003 2028 $20,000,000 333 1.28 1.28 4 Saudi Telecom Company EMEA
Page 243 of 297 pages
SAT-3
Landing Points
SOUTH ATLANTIC 3
• Douala (Cameroon)
• Abidjan (Ivory Coast)
• Accra (Ghana)
• Alta Vista (Spain)
• Chipiona (Spain)
• Dakar (Senegal)
• Lagos (Nigeria)
• Libreville (Gabon)
• Luanda (Angola)
• Melkbosstrand (South Africa)
• Sesimbra (Portugal)
• Cotonou (Benin)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps)
2002 2027 $370,000,000 14,350 0.34 0.8 2 40 British Telecommunications PLC, C&W, CamTel, CIT, Côte d’Ivoire Telecom, CPRM, France Telecom, Ghana Telecom, Maroc Telecom of Morocco, Nigerian Telecommunications Ltd, Nitel, OPT Benin, OPT Gabon, TATA Communications, TCI, Telecom Namibia, Telefonica, Telekom SA, Togo Telecom Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel-Lucent Submarine Networks 2014 40 Page 244 of 297 pages
SCAN
Landing Points • Jakarta (Indonesia)
SUBMARINE CABLE ASIA NETWORK • (Hong Kong)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2011 2036 $337,000,000 4,300 0.04 1.92 PT. Fangbian Iskan Corporindo, Telemedia Pacific Inc. AustralAsia
Page 245 of 297 pages
SCF-CN
Landing Points
SCF-CN
• Basseterre (St. Kitts & Nevis)
• Bridgetown (Barbados)
• Kingstown (St. Vincent)
• Martinique (Martinique)
• Port Castries (St Lucia)
• Macqueripe (Trinidad and Tobago)
• Port Salines (Grenada)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2007 2032 1,186 1.28 1.28 Group Loret Americas
Page 246 of 297 pages
Scotland-Orkney-Shetland
Landing Points • Shetland (Scotland) • (Scotland)
SCOTLAND-ORKNEY-SHETLAND • Orkney (Scotland)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners Region
2013 2038 $12,000,000 400 British Telecommunications PLC EMEA
Page 247 of 297 pages
Seabras-1
Landing Points • Wall Township (United States)
SEABRAS-1 • Praia Grande (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $509,000,000 10,750 72 72 6 120 100 Seaborn Group Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks Americas
Page 248 of 297 pages
Seacom
Landing Points
SEACOM
• Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)
• Djibouti City (Djibouti)
• Maputo (Mozambique)
• Mtunzini (South Africa)
• Mumbai (India)
• Zafarana (Egypt)
• Mombasa (Kenya)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $600,000,000 13,601 0.11 4.2 Convergence Partners, Herakles Telecom LLC, Industrial Promotion Services, Seacom Ltd, Shanduka Group, VenFin Limited Tyco Telecommunications SSI Tyco Telecommunications SSI Ciena 2013 100 Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 249 of 297 pages
SEAK
Landing Points
SOUTH EAST ALASKA
• Ketchikan (United States)
• Juneau (United States)
• Angoon (United States)
• Petersburg (United States)
• Wrangell (United States)
• Sitka (United States)
• Hawk Inlet (United States)
RFS Year EOS Year Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2008 2033 0.01 0.01 GCI Americas
Page 250 of 297 pages
SEA-ME-WE 3
Landing Points • Fangshan (Taiwan)
• Mersing (Malaysia)
• Medan (Indonesia)
• Mazara (Italy)
• Mamaris (Turkey)
• Keoje (South Korea)
• Karachi (Pakistan)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Alexandria (Egypt)
• Fujairah (UAE)
• Muscat (Oman)
• (Djibouti)
• (Hong Kong)
• Da Nang (Vietnam)
• Cochin (India)
• Chania (Greece)
• Batangas (Philippines)
• Ancol (Indonesia)
• Goonhilly (United Kingdom)
• Satun (Thailand)
• Tetouan (Morocco)
• Tungku (Brunei)
• Tuas (Singapore)
• Toucheng (Taiwan)
• Taipa (China)
• Suez (Egypt)
• Shantou (China)
• Mt. Lavinia (Sri Lanka)
• Sesimbra (Portugal)
• Mumbai (India)
• Pyapon (Myanmar)
• Perth (Australia)
• Penmarch (France)
• Penang (Malaysia)
• Ostend (Belgium)
• Okinawa (Japan)
• Norden (Germany)
• Yeroskipos (Cyprus)
• Shanghai (China)
SOUTH EAST ASIA-MIDDLE EAST-WESTERN EUROPE 3 RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
1999 2024 $1,500,000,000 39,622 0.04 12.8 2 64 100 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority, SEA-ME-WE 3 Consortium, TATA Communications, TM Berhad Fujitsu, KDD-SCS, Pirelli, Tyco Telecommunications Alcatel Submarine Networks, Tyco Telecommunications 2015 100 AustralAsia, EMEA, Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 251 of 297 pages
SEA-ME-WE 4
Landing Points • Karachi (Pakistan)
• Annaba (Algeria)
• Bizerte (Tunisia)
• Chennai (India)
• Colombo (Sri Lanka)
• Cox's Bazar (Bangladesh)
• Alexandria (Egypt)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Tuas (Singapore)
• Marseille (France)
• Melaka (Malaysia)
• Mumbai (India)
• Palermo (Italy)
• Satun (Thailand)
• Suez (Egypt)
• Fujairah (UAE)
SOUTH EAST ASIA-MIDDLE EAST-WESTERN EUROPE 4 RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier
2005 2030 $500,000,000 18,846 1.28 12.8 2 64 100 Algerie Telecom, Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company, Bharti Airtel, CAT Telecom, Du, France Telecom, Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited, Saudi Telecom Company, Sri Lanka Telecom Limited, TATA Communications, Telekom Malaysia, TM Berhad, Tunisie Telecom, Verizon Fujitsu, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Page 252 of 297 pages
SEA-ME-WE 5
Landing Points • Matara (Sri Lanka)
• Al Hudaydah (Yemen)
• Catania (Italy)
• Djibouti (Djibouti)
• Dumai (Indonesia)
• Fujairah (UAE)
• Karachi (Pakistan)
• Abu Talat (Egypt)
• Marmaris (Turkey)
• Zafarana (Egypt)
• Medan (Indonesia)
• Melaka (Malaysia)
• Ngwe Saung (Myanmar)
• Qalhat (Oman)
• Toulon (France)
• Tuas (Singapore)
• Yanbu (Saudi Arabia)
• Kuakata (Bangladesh)
SOUTH EAST ASIA-MIDDLE EAST-WESTERN EUROPE 5 RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps)
2017 2042 $1,000,000,000 20,000 24 24 3 80 100
Page 253 of 297 pages
SEA-US
Landing Points
SOUTH EAST ASIA-UNITED STATES
• Piti (Guam)
• Ngeremlengui (Palau)
• Makaha (United States)
• Magachgil (Micronesia)
• Kauditan (Indonesia)
• Hermosa Beach (United States)
• Davao City (Philippines)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $250,000,000 15,400 20 20 2 100 100 Globe Telecom, GTA, GTI, Hawaiian Telecom, RTI, Telin, Telkom USA NEC S.B. Submarine Systems Transpacific
Page 254 of 297 pages
SEAX-1
Landing Points • Mersing (Malaysia) • Batam (Indonesia)
SEAX-1 • Changi (Singapore)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 $6,250,000 250 24 Super SEA Cable Networks Pte. Ltd. Huawei Marine, Nexans Huawei Marine AustralAsia
Page 255 of 297 pages
SG-SCS
Landing Points • Totness (Suriname) • Macqueripe (Trinidad)
• Georgetown (Guyana)
SURINAME-GUYANA SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2010 2035 $54,000,000 1,249 3.6 2 64 10 Guyana Telephone and Telegraph Co. Ltd., Telesur of Suriname Huawei Marine, Nexans Global Marine Systems Limited, Nexans Americas
Page 256 of 297 pages
Shefa 2
Landing Points
SHETLAND-FAROESE 2
• Tórshavn (Faroe Islands)
• Sandwick (Scotland)
• Maywick (United Kingdom)
• Banff (United Kingdom)
• Ayre of Cara (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier Upgrader Region
2008 2033 $27,000,000 828 0.02 0.57 Faroese Telecom IT International Telecom, NSW Xtera EMEA
Page 257 of 297 pages
Silphium
Landing Points • Chania (Greece)
SILPHIUM • Darnah (Libya)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2012 2037 $20,000,000 426 0.07 1.2 3 40 10 Libyan Post, Telecom and Information Technology Company Huawei Marine, Nexans Huawei Marine EMEA
Page 258 of 297 pages
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SJC
Landing Points
SOUTH-EAST ASIA JAPAN CABLE
• Tuas (Singapore)
• Telisai (Brunei)
• Shantou (China)
• Nasugbu (Philippines)
• Lantau (Hong Kong)
• Chikura (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2013 2038 $400,000,000 8,986 28 28 6 100 Brunei International Gateway Sendirian Berhad, China Mobile, China Telecom, China Telecom International Ltd., Donghwa Telecom Co., Globe Telecom, Google, SJC Consortium, Telemedia Pacific Inc., Telin, TOT Public Co. TE SubCom S.B. Submarine Systems TE SubCom, TE SubCom 2014, 2016 100, 100 AustralAsia
Page 260 of 297 pages
SJC2
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTHEAST ASIA–JAPAN 2
• Tanshui (Taiwan)
• Songkhla (Thailand)
• Sihanoukville (Cambodia)
• Shima (Japan)
• Quy Nhon (Vietnam)
• Busan (South Korea)
• Lingang (China)
• Fangshan (Taiwan)
• (Hong Kong)
• Chikura (Japan)
• Changi (Singapore)
Survey
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier Region
2020 2045 10,500 144 8 China Mobile, Chuan Wei, Chunghwa Telecom, Facebook, KDDI, Singapore Telecommunications Limited, SK Broadband, VNPT NEC AustralAsia
Page 261 of 297 pages
SKR1M
Landing Points
SISTEM KABEL RAKYAT 1 MALAYSIA
• Miri (Malaysia)
• Mersing (Malaysia)
• Kuching (Malaysia)
• Kota Kinabalu (Malaysia)
• Cherating (Malaysia)
• Bintulu (Malaysia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $100,000,000 3,500 6 Telekom Malaysia, TIME dotCom Bhd NEC Telekom Malaysia AustralAsia
Page 262 of 297 pages
SMPCS
Landing Points • Papua (Indonesia) • Sulawesi (Indonesia)
SULAWESI-MALUKU-PAPUA CABLE SYSTEM • Maluku (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2015 2040 $71,100,000 2,000 40 PT Telekom AustralAsia
Page 263 of 297 pages
SMPR-1
Landing Points • St Martin (Netherlands Antilles)
ST. MAARTEN-PUERTO RICO 1 • San Juan (Puerto Rico)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Region
2004 2029 $15,000,000 382 0.0025 0.0025 Americas
Page 264 of 297 pages
Solas
Landing Points • Kilmore Quay (Ireland)
SOLAS • Oxwich Bay (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Installer Region
2012 2037 $6,000,000 140 0.05 0.005 Eircom Global Marine Systems Limited EMEA
Page 265 of 297 pages
Southern Cross Cable Network
Landing Points
SOUTHERN CROSS CABLE NETWORK
• Whenuapai (New Zealand)
• Takapuna (New Zealand)
• Suva (Fiji)
• Spencer Beach (United States)
• Morro Bay (United States)
• Kahe Point (United States)
• Hillsboro (United States)
• Brookvale (Australia)
• Alexandria (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2000 2030 $1,300,000,000 30,000 3.6 14 3 16 100 Verizon Alcatel Submarine Networks, Fujitsu Alcatel Submarine Networks Ciena, Ciena 2012, 2013 40, 40 AustralAsia; Transpacific
Page 266 of 297 pages
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES
Southern Cross NEXT
Pre-Engineering
Survey
System Manufacture
Landing Points
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOUTHERN CROSS NEXT
• (Kiribati)
• (Tokelau)
• (Samoa)
• (Fiji)
• Los Angeles (United States)
• Auckland (New Zealand)
• Sydney (Australia)
System Installation
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Region
2020 2045 $275,000,000 12,500 60 4 100 Fintel, Southern Cross Cables Limited Transpacific
Page 267 of 297 pages
SSCS
PROJECT COMPLETION PHASES Pre-Engineering
Landing Points
Survey
System Manufacture
System Installation
Commissioning & Acceptance
SOLOMON SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM
• Noro (Soloman)
• Honiara (Solomon)
• Auki (Soloman)
• Sydney (Australia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Supplier Region
2019 2044 $54,000,000 827 Solomon Islands Submarine Cable Company TE SubCom AustralAsia
Page 268 of 297 pages
Svalbard
Landing Points • Hotellneset (Norway) • Breivika (Norway)
SVALBARD • Harstad (Norway)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer
Region
2004 2029 $80,000,000 2,800 4.8 4.8 Telenor Nexans, Tyco Telecommunications Global Marine Systems Limited, Nexans, Tyco Telecommunications EMEA
Page 269 of 297 pages
Sweden-Latvia
Landing Points • Ventspils (Latvia) • Fårösund (Sweden)
SWEDEN-LATVIA • Stockholm (Sweden)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier Region
2004 2029 175 0.0025 0.0025 34 Baltcom TE SubCom EMEA
Page 270 of 297 pages
Tangerine
Landing Points • Ostend (Belguim)
TANGERINE • Broadstairs (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2000 2025 $10,000,000 121 0.24 0.24 96 Level 3 Communications EMEA
Page 271 of 297 pages
Tannat
Landing Points • Maldonado (Uruguay)
TANNAT • Santos (Brazil)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $50,000,000 2,000 90 6 Antel, Google, Government of Uruguay Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks Americas
Page 272 of 297 pages
Tasman Global Access
Landing Points • Sydney (Australia)
TASMAN GLOBAL ACCESS • Ngarunui Beach (New Zealand)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2017 2042 $60,000,000 2,300 20 2 100 Spark New Zealand, Telstra, Vodafone Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 273 of 297 pages
TAT 14
Landing Points
TAT-14
• Tuckerton (United States)
• St. Valery (France)
• St. Austell (United Kingdom)
• Norden (Germany)
• Manasquan (United States)
• Katwijk (Netherlands)
• Bude (United Kingdom)
• Blaabjerg (Denmark)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $400,000,000 15,453 0.16 9.38 4 40 40 KPN Telecom, TAT-14 Consortium Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Global Marine Systems Limited 2012 40 Transatlantic
Page 274 of 297 pages
TE North
Landing Points • Marseille (France) • Alexandria (Egypt)
TELECOM EGYPT NORTH • Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2011 2036 $150,000,000 2,938 10 20 8 25 100 Telecom Egypt Infinera 2012 100 EMEA
Page 275 of 297 pages
TEAMS
Landing Points • Mombasa (Kenya)
THE EAST AFRICAN MARINE SYSTEM • Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $130,000,000 4,500 0.12 1.28 Etisalat, TEAMS Ltd. Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 276 of 297 pages
TGN Atlantic
Landing Points • Wall Township (United States)
TGN ATLANTIC • Highbridge (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2001 2026 $340,000,000 12,670 2.56 50 4 64 TATA Communications Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Ciena 2013 100 Transatlantic
Page 277 of 297 pages
TGN Eurasia
Landing Points
TGN EURASIA
• (Djibouti)
• Mumbai (India)
• Jeddah (Saudi Arabia)
• Zafarana (Egypt)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2009 2034 $250,000,000 9,240 0.16 1.28 TATA Communications Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 278 of 297 pages
TGN Gulf
Landing Points
TGN GULF
• Qalhat (Oman)
• Fujairah (UAE)
• Dubai (UAE)
• Amwaj Island (Bahrain)
• Al-Kheesa (Qatar)
• Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners System Supplier Region
2011 2036 $200,000,000 2,306 1.28 2 TATA Communications TE SubCom EMEA
Page 279 of 297 pages
TGN Intra-Asia
Landing Points
TGN INTRA-ASIA
• Vung Tau (Vietnam)
• (Hong Kong)
• Changi (Singapore)
• Ballesteros (Philippines)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2009 2034 $180,000,000 6,485 3.84 3.84 100 TATA Communications Orange Marine Ciena 2014 100 AustralAsia
Page 280 of 297 pages
TGN Northern Europe
Landing Points • Humanby (United Kingdom)
TGN NORTHERN EUROPE • De Marne (Netherlands)
RFS Year EOS Year Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners Region
2002 2027 551 3.84 3.84 4 TATA Communications EMEA
Page 281 of 297 pages
TGN Pacific
Landing Points
TGN PACIFIC
• Toyohashi (Japan)
• Piti (Guam)
• Los Angeles (United States)
• Hillsboro (United States)
• Emi (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2002 2027 $580,000,000 21,424 5.12 5.12 8 96 100 TATA Communications Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications Ciena 2014 100 Transpacific
Page 282 of 297 pages
TGN Western Europe
Landing Points • Seixal (Portugal) • Bilbao (Spain)
TGN WESTERN EUROPE • Highbridge (United Kingdom)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2002 2027 $100,000,000 3,487 3.84 3.84 TATA Communications Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications EMEA
Page 283 of 297 pages
TGN-TIC
Landing Points • Changi (Singapore)
TGN TATA INDIACOM • Chennai (India)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Owners Region
2005 2030 $90,000,000 3,175 5.12 5.12 8 64 TATA Communications Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 284 of 297 pages
TIS
Landing Points • Songkhla (Thailand)
THAILAND-INDONESIA-SINGAPORE • Batam (Indonesia)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2006 2031 $36,000,000 1,003 0.03 0.03 CAT Telecom, PT Telekom, Singtel Tyco Telecommunications ASEAN Cableship, Tyco Telecommunications AustralAsia
Page 285 of 297 pages
Tobruk-Emased
Landing Points • El Quawef (Libya)
TOBRUK-EMASED • Tobruk (Libya)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2010 2035 $10,000,000 180 25.6 8 80 40 Libyan Post, Telecom and Information Technology Company Huawei Marine Orange Marine EMEA
Page 286 of 297 pages
TPE
Landing Points
TRANS-PACIFIC EXPRESS
• Tanshui (Taiwan)
• Qingdao (China)
• Nedonna Beach (United States)
• Keoje (South Korea)
• Maruyama (Japan)
• Chongming (China)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier System Installer
Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2008 2033 $440,000,000 16,163 1.28 5.12 4 64 100 China Telecom, China Unicom, Chunghwa Telecom International, Verizon TE SubCom, Tyco Telecommunications Global Marine Systems Limited, Tyco Telecommunications TE SubCom 2013 10 Transpacific
Page 287 of 297 pages
TSE-1
Landing Points • New Taipei City (Taiwan)
TAIWAN STRAIT EXPRESS • Fuzhou (China)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Owners
System Supplier System Installer Region
2013 2038 $10,000,000 270 6.4 8 China Mobile, China Unicom, Chunghwa Telecom, Far EasTone Telecommunications, Taiwan International Gateway Corporation, Taiwan Mobile Huawei Marine S.B. Submarine Systems AustralAsia
Page 288 of 297 pages
Tui-Samoa
Landing Points
TUI-SAMOA
• Tuasivi (Samoa)
• Suva (Fiji)
• Savusavu (Fiji)
• Mata-Utu (Wallis and Futuna)
• Leava (Wallis and Futuna)
• Apia (Samoa)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Design Capacity (Tbps) Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
2018 2043 $57,400,000 1,470 8 100 Samoa Submarine Cable Company Alcatel Submarine Networks Alcatel Submarine Networks AustralAsia
Page 289 of 297 pages
TWA-1
Landing Points • Karachi (Pakistan) • Al Seeb (Oman)
TRANSWORLD ASSOCIATES • Fujairah (United Arab Emirates)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2006 2031 $40,000,000 1,300 1.28 1.28 Trans-World Associates Huawei Marine, Tyco Telecommunications Tyco Telecommunications 2016 100 EMEA
Page 290 of 297 pages
Ugarit
Landing Points • Pentaskhinos (Cyprus)
UGARIT • Tartus (Syria)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Region
1995 2020 $16,000,000 240 0.000622 0.000622 Cyprus Telecommunications Authority AT&T Submarine System, Inc. AT&T Submarine System, Inc. EMEA
Page 291 of 297 pages
Unisur
Landing Points • Maldonado (Uruguay) • Florianopolis (Brazil)
UNISUR • Las Toninas (Argentina)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners
Region
1994 2019 $74,000,000 1,720 0.00056 0.00056 Antel, Embratel, Telecom Argentina, Telefonica de Argentina Americas
Page 292 of 297 pages
Unity
Landing Points • Redondo Beach (United States)
UNITY • Chikura (Japan)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners System Supplier System Installer Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2010 2035 $300,000,000 9,486 1.92 7.68 8 96 100 Bharti Airtel, Global Transit, Google, Singtel Tyco Telecommunications Kokusai Cable Ship, Tyco Telecommunications Ciena 2013 100 Transpacific
Page 293 of 297 pages
VMSCS
Landing Points • Catania (Italy)
VODAFONE MALTA-SICILY CABLE SYSTEM • St. George's Bay (Malta)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Owners Region
2004 2029 $10,000,000 250 0.01 0.01 Vodafone Malta EMEA
Page 294 of 297 pages
WACS
Landing Points
WEST AFRICA CABLE SYSTEM
• Yzerfontein (South Africa)
• Swakopmund (Namibia)
• Seixal (Portugal)
• Sangano (Angola)
• Praia (Cape Verde)
• Point Noire (Congo)
• Muanda (Democratic Republic of
• Lome (Togo)
Congo) • Limbe (Cameroon)
• El Goro (Spain) • Abidjan (Ivory Coast)
• Lagos (Nigeria) • Accra (Ghana)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Initial Capacity (Tbps) Design Capacity (Tbps) Fiber Pairs Wavelengths per Fiber Pair Capacity per Wavelength (Gbps) Owners
System Supplier Upgrader Upgrade Year Upgrade Capacity (Gbps) Region
2012 2037 $600,000,000 14,350 5.12 14.5 4 32 100 Broadband Infraco, C&W, Congo Telecom, MTN Group, Office Congolais de Poste et Telecommunication, TATA Communications, Telecom Namibia, Telekom SA, Togo Telecom, Vodacom Huawei Marine Huawei Marine 2015 100 EMEA
Page 295 of 297 pages
WARF
Landing Points • Male (India)
WARF • Cochin (India)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners System Installer Region
2007 2032 $20,000,000 680 WARF Telecom International Alcatel Submarine Networks Indian Ocean Pan-East Asian
Page 296 of 297 pages
Western Visayas-Palawan
Landing Points • Taytay (Philippines)
WESTERN VISAYAS-PALAWAN • San Jose (Philippines)
RFS Year EOS Year System Cost (USD) Length (km) Owners Region
2014 2039 $20,000,000 300 PLDT AustralAsia
Page 297 of 297 pages