Megan Murray_Plug-incity

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C R E A T I N G S O C I A L LY C O N S C I O U S HOUSING HOMES FOR THE NEXT G E N E R AT I O N O F V I C T O R I A N S

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M E G A N M U R R AY 100588014

“

02

the site

Public housing is a form of longterm rental social housing .... for people on low incomes that are most in need, especially those who have recently experienced homelessness, family violence or have other special needs

page 68

Homes Victoria

03

precedent exploration

CONTENTS

01

public housing shortfall in Victoria PAGE 12

”

04

floor plan iterations

05

site configuration

06

page 128

page 184

final design outcomes page 206

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PAGE 2

page 88

“

DEFINING THE PROBLEM

Across Melbourne and Victoria, social housing built decades ago is coming to the end of its life and the state government is faced with the challenge of housing the next generation of Victorians.

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To meet this challenge, whole communities of public housing estates are being demolished to make way for developer-driven mixed-tenue dwellings. Whilst this might be the most financially obvious solution, it is a solution that historically has increased demand on the public housing waitlist, displaced residents from their multigenerational homes and it also creates millions of tonnes of construction waste that unnecessarily goes into landfill.

In recognition of these challenges, this thesis research project seeks to find a disruptive solution to the linear business-as-usual approach by improving and adding to Melbourne’s ageing public housing stock without demolition or displacement.

Affordable housing is housing, including social housing, that is appropriate for the housing needs of any of the following— (a) very low income households; (b) low income households; (c) moderate income households.

Parliament of Victoria, 2017

” PAGE 5

INTRODUCTION

P R E FA C E

THE PROBLEM WITH WASTE IN AUSTRALIA W A S T E S TAT I S T I C S

Alarmingly, the construction industry is the single greatest contributor to national waste, accounting for 17.38% of all national waste produced.

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The construction industry, like many others, operates in the make, use dispose model of the linear economy.

Under this model, a large proportion of buildings are in use for 40-50 years and are then demolished to make way for the next generation of development, subsequently creating additional waste throughout the demolition and new construction process.

The goal of this thesis research project is to propose an alternative model for public housing design that recognises the current problem of waste generated under the linear model, to see if an alternative model of circular design can minimise waste production, whilst costeffectively increasing the yield of public housing stock.

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Each year in Australia, approximately 73 million tonnes of waste is produced.

P R E FA C E

EMBODIED ENERGY IN D E V E L O P M E N T A N D M AT E R I A L S W A S T E S TAT I S T I C S In the context of construction, embodied energy is the sum of all energy required to produce and deliver the materials required to create a building system or outcome.

This includes the energy required to extract, finish, and ship materials.

Whilst there has been a recent trend shift in the built environment towards construction using local materials due

to global supply chain shortages, some of the most common building materials, including concrete and timber, are found to have the highest percentages of embodied energy throughout their life cycle.

The chart below outlines that the embodied carbon produced in construction of a new building is significantly greater than the embodied carbon produced during a refurbishment.

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With this in mind, refurbishing existing buildings will become a key priority of this project to minimise unnecessary carbon production.

P R E FA C E

How can lifecycle design inform the future of public housing design?

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How can public housing designed for the circular economy better the lives of its inhabitants?

Is there an alternative model to meeting Victoria’s public housing demand that minimises displacement of residents and is inclusive of circular design principles?

thesis question: how can efficient implementation of quality architectural solutions better meet the demand of vulnerable Victorian’s waiting for public housing, whilst allowing for residents and their homes to age in place together?

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THESIS QUESTION DEVELOPMENT

chapter 1

PUBLIC HOUSING SHORTFALL IN VICTORIA

01

PAGE 13

PAGE 12

outlining the problem

SOCIAL HOUSING VICTORIAN STOCK CHARACTERISTICS

LONG-TERM HOUSING

PUBLIC

COMMUNITY

PUBLIC

COMMUNITY

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING

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S H O R T- T E R M H O U S I N G

CHAPTER 1

SOCIAL HOUSING STOCK CHARACTERISTICS

SOCIAL HOUSING VICTORIAN STOCK CHARACTERISTICS

PROJECT DIRECTION

“As of 1 January 2017, there were 40 registered agencies in Victoria consisting of nine housing associations and 31 housing providers” (DHHS 2021). These agencies make up the state’s community housing providers.

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Additionally, Homes Victoria provides public housing on behalf of the state government. As of April 2022, there were 64 428 residents living in 116 351 public housing dwellings across Victoria.

According to Homes Victoria data, a majority of the most vulnerable Victorians, including those experiencing homelessness, those with special needs and women over 55 live in public housing.

This, in conjunction with the state’s ageing public housing stock and an insufficient amount of new stock, is why I have selected to research the future potential for public housing outcomes.

S H O R T- T E R M H O U S I N G

LONG-TERM HOUSING

PUBLIC

COMMUNITY

PUBLIC

COMMUNITY

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING

HOUSING

(Homes Victoria 2021)

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In Victoria, social housing is provided to those in need on both a short-term and long-term basis, both by state government authorities and community organisations.

CHAPTER 1

SOCIAL HOUSING NEED IN VICTORIA ELIGABILITY As of March 2022, the total number of applicants on the

When an individual or family apply for social housing in Victoria, their application is either categorised into priority access or registration of interest.

Victorian Housing Register waiting for public housing is

The combined total of applications in both categories across each local government area (LGA) creates the total number of applicants on the Victorian Social Housing Waitlist at any given time.

Priority Access

Register of Interest

Priority Access status is given to applications that are time sensitive or that require specialised outcomes such as environmental modifications.

Any other applications that do not fall within the Priority Access requirements are placed on a register of interest.

Conditions of eligibility for Priority Access include: - Emergency housing for individuals who have lost their housing or are in unsafe housing due to natural disasters or environmental emergencies.

- Housing transfers for applicants who require relocation because their current residence is “unsafe; is to be sold; redeveloped or better utilised”.

- Individuals in crisis, such as those facing homelessness,experiencing family violence, or who need additional support to access long-term housing due to difficult circumstances.

64,304

However, not every individual is eligible for public housing, the further eligibility criteria to be able to apply include; - Proof of citizenship or permanent residency status - Proof of Victorian residency - Proof of income - Proof of assets (NDIS excl.)

- Meet the discretionary requirements of the Director of Housing (State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services 2019)

- Individuals need housing because their current residences are not equipped for their abilities and/or health requirements.

- Housing for over 55’s who are not eligible for Priority Access under another category.

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- Housing for people whose situation has become untenable and who need additional support to obtain new housing because they have no other option.

CHAPTER 1

A P P L I C AT I O N T Y P E MAKEUP OF PUBLIC

H O U S I N G A P P L I C AT I O N S

(State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services 2019 and 2022)

Register of Interest

Priority Access

43.6%

56.4%

of total applications

of total applications

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IN VICTORIA

CHAPTER 1

HOW MANY PEOPLE COULD BE ELIGIBLE FOR PUBLIC HOUSING?

IN VICTORIA

44.9%

OF THE WORKING A G E P O P U L AT I O N A R E ELLIGABLE FOR PUBLIC HOUSING BASED ON W E E K LY I N C O M E (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022)

BASED ON INCOME Household Type

Weekly Income (Effective 1 April 2018)

Single person

$992

Couple, no dependents

$1,518

Family (one or two parents) with one or two dependent children

$2,047

Each additional dependent

$332

* According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics Wage Price Index, the current percentage of annual wage growth in Australia is 2.4 per cent. Whilst wage growth is assessed quarterly, the income means testing for public housing eligibility is only increased by 1.1 per cent every six months, meaning that many individuals may be excluded from applying. If assessing income with respect average annual wage increase of both the public and private sectors (As of march 2022), the weekly income eligibility should be increased by an additional 10.6 per cent.

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2022)

individual

Family

$803

$2136

BASED ON ASSETS Application Type

Asset Limit (Effective 1 April 2018)

Priority Access

$12,758

Register of Interest and Transfers

$32,276

Disability modifications

$107,588

(State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services 2019)

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A V E R A G E W E E K LY I N C O M E I N V I C T O R I A

CHAPTER 1

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY IN VICTORIA W H AT I S H O U S I N G STRESS?

According to Ahuri, an individual is in housing stress if over 30 per cent of their income is spent on accommodation costs such as rent, or mortgage repayments.

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics the average Australian earns $803.00 per week. When comparing this number to the median weekly rent of $370, the average Australian spends approximately 46.1 per cent of their income on housing, meaning that the average Australian is currently experiencing housing stress.

By way of complimenting this data, many of Melbourne’s vast public housing estates are located in the local government areas where housing is least affordable. However, the redevelopment of these sites into private housing threatens to reduce the presence of affordable housing even further.

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Geographically, those experiencing housing stress are located in inner city areas. The map (pictured right) shows that in the suburb of Hawthorn, less than 2 per cent of rental dwellings are affordable.

CHAPTER 1

PUBLIC HOUSING NEED I N B AY S I D E - P E N I N S U L A

The Bayside-Peninsular area comprises another cluster of inner-ring suburbs that also has less than two per cent affordable rental dwellings.

I chose to focus on this region in particular, as it has a contentious history of public housing development amongst the local community and is home to several mid-density sites that are up for redevelopment, including a 146-unit site located on Bluff Road, Hampton East.

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The upcoming section explores the housing need in the Bayside-Pensular area based on applications to the public housing register. And, what the composition of dwelling typologies could look like if reflecting immediate local need.

Total number of Priority Access applicants in Cheltenham South (March 2022) Division

Area

South

BaysidePeninsula

Broadband Cheltenham South: Beaumaris, Cheltenham, Clarinda, Clayton South, Hampton East, Heatherton, Highett, Mentone, Moorabbin, Mordialloc, Parkdale

3319

+ =

Total number of Register of Interest applicants in Cheltenham South (March 2022)

551

3870 applicants waiting for public housing in the area surrounding the site

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A R E A D E S I G N AT I O N

CHAPTER 1

ROOM NUMBER REQUIREMENTS

Percentage of each apartment typology to be implemented into

Priority Access in the Broadband Area (March 2022)

proposed site based on local need. dband Area (March 2022)

*Total number and percentage of rooms required

2365 71.3%

551

16.6%

+

335

10.1%

68.3%

68

2.0%

18.2%

1 bed dwellings

2 bed dwellings

10.6%

2.9%

3 bed dwellings

4+ bed dwellings

+

Register of Interest in the Broadband Area (March 2022) *Total number and percentage of rooms required

50.6%

154

27.9%

74

13.4%

44

8.1%

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279

+

CHAPTER 1

M I N I M U M D E S I G N S TA N D A R D S For apartment design

(Murray 2020)

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(Murray 2020)

CHAPTER 1

D E M A N D V S . S U P P LY PUBLIC HOUSING IN VICTORIA

In conjunction with this, there is a stagnation in active tenancies of available public housing dwellings and an increase in the disposal of available housing stock, which will likely put increased pressure on demand in years to come.

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Disposals of public housing stock commonly occur as a fundraising measure to finance new housing, due to a need to offload expensive ageing housing stock, or to make way for alternative development. This includes the developer-led ground-lease model of mixed-tenure housing the state government is currently favouring to deliver future public housing stock.

The data indicates that this current developer-led model is not sustainable for delivering the number of public housing dwellings required to house the vulnerable population currently waiting on the Victorian Housing Register, and suggests that a more efficient model of delivery is required.

11

27

17 63

demand

93

6

supply

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The current demand vs. supply statistics show that demand for public housing in Victoria (VHR applications + current residents) is almost double the supply of stock available.

CHAPTER 1

NEED VS. AVAILABILITY

R AT E O F A C T I V E T E N A N C I E S

public housing in Victoria

public housing in Victoria

Need Vs. Availability

75,000

75,000

50,000

50,000

25,000

25,000

0

2012

2013

2014

VHR

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Total number of applications on the Victorian Housing Register (Public Housing Waitlist).

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

Public Housing Stock Total number of public housing dwellings owned by the Director of Housing (excl. community housing).

(State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services 2012-2021 and Australian Government Productivity Commission 2022)

0

2012

2013

2014

VHR Total number of applications on the Victorian Housing Register (Public Housing Waitlist).

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

Public Housing Stock Total number of public housing dwellings owned by the Director of Housing (excl. community housing).

2020

2021

2022

Active Tenancies Total number of active tenancies within Victorian public housing.

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Need Vs. Availability

CHAPTER 1

Public Housing Acquisitions and Disposals

ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSALS public housing in Victoria

Public PublicHousing HousingAcquisitions Acquisitions and andDisposals Disposals ing Acquisitions 2,000

1,500

Disposals

2,000 2,000

1,500 1,500

1,000

1,000 1,000

500 500500

2018

0

2015 2015

2016 2016

2019 2020 Acquisitions Acquisitions

2021

2015

2016

Total Total number number of dwellings of dwellings Acquired Acquired by the by the Director Director of Public of Public Housing.

Housing.

Acquisitions

als

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2018 2018

2017

2019 2019

2018

2020 2020

2021 2021

2019

2020

2021

Disposals Disposals Total Total number number of public of public housing housing dwellings dwellings disposed disposed of through of through transfer, transfer, salesale or demolition. or demolition.

Total number of dwellings Acquired r of public housing *2017 data not available. by the Director of Public Housing. posed of through or demolition.

2017 2017

Disposals

*2017 *2017 datadata not not available. available.

Total number of public housing dwellings disposed of through (State of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services 2012-2021 and transfer, sale or demolition.

Australian Government Productivity Commission 2022)

*2017 data not available.

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00

CHAPTER 1

BUSINESS AS USUAL public housing in Victoria

As previously discussed, public housing in Victoria currently operates under a linear ‘make, use, dispose’ model.

Under this model, public housing developments typically reach end-oflife after 40-50 years. They are then demolished and new dwellings are erected in their place, with a similar lifespan.

In 2017, the existing block of flats on Rathdowne Street, Carlton (pictured right) was demolished, with tens of longterm residents being displaced, before a new block of units was erected in its place two years later.

This is the current model still being used for mid-density public housing redevelopment across the state. Under this model, the developer has control over how many public housing units are included in a development, and how many families are removed from the public housing waitlist.

The upcoming section unpacks the common themes in the discourse on construction methods in a circular economy to explore alternatives to the current model.

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A study by Melbourne University’s Kate Shaw found that the redevelopment of this site created fewer public housing dwellings than was originally promised by the developers and that many existing residents opted not to return because their community was no longer intact.

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material

manufacture/ refurbish

recycling

recovery

circular

economy

use

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reuse/repair

CHAPTER 1

REUSE POTENTIAL

implementing circular economy principles into the design of public housing

It implies that existing dwellings can be left in place and made more efficient with structural additions, opposed to demolition.

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I have chosen to focus heavily on reuse and repair as it has the potential to produce efficient built outcomes if following a standardised formula, and there are fewer variables involved than some of the other themes, like material recycling.

The image (pictured right) shows successful reuse and repair in the context of Melbourne public housing.

Located on Elgin Street, Carlton, the apartment building on the right is retained and will be refurbished into comfortable apartments for future tenants, and the building on the left was constructed to add yield to the site in the unused space surrounding the building.

A central green spine and parkland connect the two buildings into one community precinct with other buildings surrounding.

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Research into the themes of a circular economy indicate that a focus on reuse and repair is most in line with the uplift and development of public housing that is required to retain existing housing stock.

CHAPTER 1

SITE POTENTIAL

Big Housing Buiild locations Uniquely, the site composition of public housing estates across Melbourne means that there is a surplus of site area that can be developed into additional public housing, without demolishing the existing dwellings on these sites.

In the site located on Bluff Road, Hampton East, upwards of 80 per cent of the site area is unused open green space.

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The random nature of the existing site does create a challenge of finding an adaptive solution to increasing yield, but it also creates an exciting opportunity to increase public housing stock, and create meaningful public open space designed to create community clusters within a development.

CHAPTER 1

THE BIG HOUSING BUILD current plan to deliver additional public housing The Big Housing build is the current initiative by Homes Victoria to increase the state’s public housing stock.

Specifically, it includes the redevelopment of four sites across Melbourne (bottom right), financed by a developer-led ground lease model.

Under this model, the public land of the site is leased by the awarded developer for 40-years to redevelop into a tenureblind housing development.

During the lease period, a community housing organisation will manage the site operations, and at the end of the lease period, the homes will become an asset of Homes Victoria.

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In recent years, the local community has fought against developer-led schemes, including at a neighbouring site in New Street, Brighton, because the scale often overshadows existing development standards in the area.

CHAPTER 1

THE BIG HOUSING BUILD minimum delivery requirements

The only obligation of the developer under the ground-lease model agreement is to increase the public housing on the site by 10 per cent.

Although, community consultation has been undertaken and the developer can implement the community’s requests to strengthen their development proposal.

In the context of Bluff Road, Hampton East, the developer needs to only contribute an additional 15 public housing dwellings to the site, which would remove only .02 per cent of applicants from the Victorian Housing Register.

40 years Ground Lease

+ 10% =

Only .02% of the waitlist

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may be met under the developer-led ground-lease model proposed for the site.

CHAPTER 1

N E G AT I V E I M PA C T S O F THE CURRENT MODEL resident displacement

In December 2021, residents at the Barak Beacon Estate in Port Melbourne were left flyers under their front doors to say they would have to move out of their homes to make way for redevelopment of the site into new apartments, slated for completion in 2025.

Whilst residents were given priority relocation to other public housing, some long-term residents like Virginia (pictured right) have been living at the site since it was built in 1982. Other long-term residents who live at the Barak Beacon Estate with their multi-generational families also had to be moved from the estate with little consult or involvement in the decision making process (The Gaurdian 2022).

These stories highlight that the current business as usual approach of demolishing public housing to build new tenure-blind housing fails to recognise the lives and livelihoods of residents who have grown up and found community in these settings.

visible community leaders

Specific to the Bluff Road public housing estate in Hampton Estate, Homes Victoria identified that amongst existing living residents living at the site there is a strong sense of community and a handful of visible community leaders (Homes Victoria 2022).

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strong sense of community

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These residents will also be displaced, with one resident at the site in mid-October believing there to be as little as 20 per cent of residents remaining.

(Image: Penny Stephens 2022)

CHAPTER 1

D E M O G R A P H I C D ATA Hampton East

Whilst Hampton East has a relatively small population compared to neighbouring southeast suburbs, the demographic data reflects an interesting social mix amongst the local population.

5096

1 .7

P O P U L AT I O N

CHILDREN PER F A M I LY

40

2 .4

Hampton East is regarded as quite an affluent suburb of Melbourne, however, socio-economic disadvantage is clustered in the public housing estates within the suburb.

MEDIAN AGE

A V. P E O P L E P E R HOUSEHOLD

31

5 9 .5%

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ABORIGINAL + TORRES STRAIT ISLANDER RESIDENTS

(ABS 2022, quick stats)

TERTIARY E D U C AT E D (higest level of education

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A mix of housing tenure and additional community spaces should be considered in the design to minimise bias and segregation amongst residents when renewing existing public housing sites.

CHAPTER 1

R E C O M M E N D AT I O N S F O R P U B L I C HOUSING DESIGN H O U S I N G A S I F P E O P L E M AT T E R E D Clare Cooper Marcus + Wendy Sarkissian

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Whilst the book is over 30 years old and reflects an international context, the depth of research explored throughout the book remains relevant to the current conversation amongst Australian architects and designers on the creation of not just housing, but homes within communities.

Throughout its 14 chapters, the book draws particular attention to the creation of safe communities through attention to public outdoor space, the division of public and private space, and opportunities for enabling a sense of home and privacy for residents of largescale communities.

Based on critical analysis of the book, my ongoing research and re-design of the site at Bluff Road will seek to better understand and reflect the needs of future residents by including several design principles from the book that remain relevant to public housing design in a contemporary Australian context.

These principles will be implemented through creation of nine design parameters or ‘self-imposed minimum standards’ to work within and guide the Factors for Resident Satisfaction, (Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, p.42)

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Housing as if People Mattered, first published by the University of California Press in 1986, discusses and critically evaluates 20th-century public housing models in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

NINE PRINCIPLES FOR DESIGN These nine principles informed by the book Housing as if People Mattered will be used the guide the design exploration of the redevelopment of the Bluff Road public housing estate located in Hampton East.

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The hope is that these principles inform the creation of a community fostered by a sense of place, well-being and security.

These principles are broken down through a set of design-rules used to inform the final design outcome.

Building form and design

Dwelling access

Spaces for children

1 4 7

Site access and orientation

Private open space

Spaces for adults

2 5 8

Opportunity for personalisation

Public outdoor space

Security and Mainentance

3 6 9 PAGE 59

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

dwelling placement Stagger units to inhibit overlooking. Dwellings facing each other should have a minimum gap of 9m. clustering Dwelling units should be grouped together in small clusters to foster smaller communities and neighbourly connection, and so that residents recognise each other. facades Include diversity of facade types (minimum of two) of dwelling typologies to avoid an institutional feel and establish sense of home and belonging amongst residents.

Site access and orientation

noise reduction Include double glazed windows and locate play noisy public spaces like playgrounds away from single unit dwellings to facilitate harmonious neighbour interactions.

materials Select colours and materials that are in local norms, and avoid avant-garde colours, materials and forms to ensure resident comfort.

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(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.34-35, 36, 48, p.50, 54, 89, 100, 190)

edge treatment Ensure site edges are in keeping with local norms and are integrated into the community with soft landscaping. wayfinding Provide clear wayfinding including street signs, building names and site maps for the convenience of residents and guests.

Make sure site is readbale/ non-ambiguous with clear lines of sight across public spaces. paths of travel Allow for multiple paths of travel through public spaces in recognition of potential conflict between residents.

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.34-35, p.59, 276, 282).

outlook All habitable room windows should have an attractive outlook and enable privacy.

ageing in place Both dwellings and outdoor spaces should be fully accessible to allow for ageing in place and limit discrimination.

2

shared facilities Group together shared facilities like laundry’s and car parking within view for passive surveillance, but not dominant in communal space.

Opportunity for personalisation

3

exterior personalisation Allow for residents to personalise dwelling exterior to foster sense of place. This includes the opportunity for residents to add additional privacy screening if they wish.

This is also referred to as “territorial expressionism”. entry peronalisation Residents should be encouraged to personalise the colours and materials of their dwelling. spaces for pets Dwellings and public spaces should be inviting for pet owners for the wellbeing of residents.

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.66, 282)

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Building form and design

1

density Ensure a degree of separation between dwelling units in recognition of relationship between density and stigma.

CHAPTER 1

transitional filters Provide transitional spaces including porches, balcony’s and sheltered yards at dwelling entry’s that allow enough room for people to meet. Ideally, two people should be able to stand under an outside sheltered area at the threshold. access points Provide both a formal and informal entry to avoid confusion in entering the dwelling and allow for cross ventilation. entry setbacks Set back any dwelling entries that abut gallery access such as an outdoor corridor (p.89) doorstep interaction Include a front step or seat at the entry to allow for doorstep play or to provide a place for parcels to be safely left.

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(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.34-35, p.49, p.78, 82, 89,140)

Private open space

5

transitional spaces Have clearly defined boundaries between public and private open space site navigation Ensure that residents and guests are not encouraged to pass through private outdoor space. passive surveillance Dwelling windows and private should allow for residents to passively surveil neighbours and visitors to the site to enhance sense of safety. storage Provide secure, weatherproof outdoor storage for each dwelling within line of visibility of dwelling or easily accessible. Storage should have enough roof for bikes, sports equipment and other larger items. screening Privacy fencing separating public and private space should be minimum 1.5m high. balconies Balconies should be a minimum of 3m x 1.8m.

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.34-35, 38, 89, 100, 104).

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Dwelling access

4

dwelling entry Have no more than 5-8 dwellings sharing one building entry, however each dwelling should ideally have it’s own independent entry and be easily identifiable for residents and guests

CHAPTER 1

Public outdoor space

6

shared facilities Group together shared facilities like laundry’s and car parking within view for passive surveillance, but not dominant in communal space. Facilities such as bins should be screened to keep spaces attractive and litter free. shared courtyards Larger shared outdoor spaces should be a minimum of 1400sqm. footpaths Major paths should be a minimum of 2.4m w and minor footpaths should be a minimum of 1.2m w (this allows for two individuals to pass by each other comfortably. Any roads should have clear pedestrian crossings.

Spaces for children

7

amenities Ensure that public spaces have visible public toilets and drinking fountains.

location Ensure that play spaces do not directly abut residences. community amongst children Having play spaces located in the centre of the development will foster a sense of community amongst children living on site. accessibility Ground floor units must be accessible and suitable for families with small children by having enclosed yards that are visible from the dwelling interior pedestrian access Implement traffic calming through creating barriers, implementing street furniture and avoiding long stretches of straight road. The minimum distances between a street and dwelling should be minimum .6m site conversion Convert excess unused spaces like public carparks into children play areas.

lingering provide the opportunity for residents to meander around the site with places to sit, eat and drink or find shade.

This facilitates neighbourly interaction, enables casual meetings and promotes sense of wellbeing amongst residents.

landscaped play Public play areas should ideally be a square or rectilinear shape to allow for perimeter surveillance, allow adults to walk through to interact with their children, be interesting and promote exploration.

landscaping Use native planting and include climbable trees. Only use “keep off planting” lie small shrubbery when there is a specific need, such as dividing public and semi-public space.

teen spaces Include spaces for teens like attractive places to sit with their friends and recreation spaces like a basketball court.

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp. 39, 48, 114, 116, 177).

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp. 34-35, 116-140, p.177, 186, 229, 238, 282 (Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, p. 130).

Needs of children

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1. A safe, traffic free play area that is easily surveiled.

2. Provide and environment for play and exploration.

3. Children need private spaces to enjoy by themselves such as a cubby or tree house.

4. Children need to be able to move around the neighbourhood safely to feel a sense of independence.

CHAPTER 1

8

Spaces for adults

meeting and learning Provide a meeting space for residents in a communal high traffic area that is well lit and comfortable. community facilities Other community spaces could include a laundry and outdoor drying area, a workshop, a community garden, a training space or a library.

(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp.190 - 217).

Security and Mainentance

9

dwelling separation Have a minimum landscaped area spanning 9m between buildings for sense of privacy. privacy Ensure that dwellings are adequately screened, and discourage overlooking. glazing Avoid extra use of glass, including use of glass sliding doors particularly in high crime areas. traffic calming Implement traffic calming through use of bollards space .9-1.5m apart that are 203mm d. site entry Reduced number of entries to the site means that nonresidents will be discouraged from wondering through the site. This can be enhanced by keeping entries narrow in scale. household allocation Residents should have clearly defined territory or defenable space so that they feel safe. lighting The site should be well lit along key pedestrian routes and at dwelling entries. Along paths, overhead lighting should be places maximum 4.9m apart. Spaces that could be vandalised or misused after hours including playgrounds should not be lit at night time to discourage use.

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(Marcus and Sarkissian 1986, pp. 34-35, p.39, 104,110, 253, 256, 269).

chapter 2

THE SITE

02

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Bluff Road, Hampton East

CHAPTER 2

SITE CONTEXT key details

Bluff Road is a post-war public housing estate located in Hampton East, Victoria.

The 32 000 SQM site is located approximately 17km south of Melbourne’s CBD. Locationally, the site is predominately accessible via car, although, it is connected to the principal public transport network via the 708, 825 and 828 buses that run along Bluff Road and the Sandringham train line at Hampton which is approximately a 20-minute walk away.

According to Homes Victoria, there are 26 apartment buildings and 146 dwellings on the existing site.

Although the exact number of tenants residing at Bluff Road is unknown, one resident I met speculated that as little as 20 per cent of existing residents remain.

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This is because Homes Victoria is going through the process of relocating residents to other sites prior to demolition and redevelopment in mid2023.

CHAPTER 2

SITE ACCESS invitations of entry

Looking at site permeability, there are four points of vehicular access via Overend Close and Scarborough Drive which can be defined as public ingress.

This is because if you’re a member of the public in a vehicle, you have the invitation to enter the site because it reads like a typical suburban street.

There are an additional 14 points of pedestrian access to the apartment buildings which can be defined as semipublic ingress. This is because you would only use these paths if you had dealings with that specific building.

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In total, there are 18 points total around the site that offer the public some kind of invitation of entry.

CHAPTER 2

SITE CHALLENGES

three key challenges to consider

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The first is that residents wish to retain the two existing playgrounds on the site, the second is the assortment of existing vegetation including mature gum trees, and the third is the presence of crime.

The presence of crime can be attributed to several factors. These include the dismantling of the existing community as residents have recently been re-homed away from the site to make way for development. Another possibility could be the lack of clear lines of sight and passive surveillance opportunities, as the current site layout is difficult to navigate and residents don’t have their own private open space.

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Based on resident feedback collected

by Homes Victoria and several visits to the site, there are three key challenges to address in the redevelopment opportunity.

1.

CHAPTER 2

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES

2 1.

EXISTING BUILDINGS ON SITE

At the existing site on Bluff Road, Hampton East there are 146 public housing dwelling units spread between 26 detached buildings. Of these buildings, seven existing building typologies can be identified.

3 1.

4 1.

Based on the exterior and public documents on Victoria’s housing history, these typologies predominantly consist of mirrored amalgamations of prefabricated apartments, creating density of scale across the site.

5 1.

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6 1.

7 1.

CHAPTER 2

O

3.

4.

1.

4.

L

3.

3.

6.

D

DR

3.

D

ID

H

P

C

R

A

W

R

D

C

3.

3.

E

O

- triple storey - 12 apartments - mirrored configuration x4 - red brick

O

VE

2.

UG

3.

7.

3.

LA

RO

RD

S

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TYP. 7

- triple storey - 12 apartments - mirrored configuration x4 - yellow brick

3.

N

5.

3.

4.

3.

BO

3.

AM

R

TYP. 6

- double storey - 12 apartments - mirrored configuration x4 - prefabricated concrete

AR

3.

KH

F

TYP. 5

- double storey - 8 apartments - mirrored configuration x2 - prefabricated concrete

SC

1.

3.

- double storey - 4 apartments - mirrored configuration - prefabricated concrete

5.

IC

F

TYP. 4

7.

3.

U

TYP. 3

- double storey - 4 apartments - mirrored configuration - yellow brick

O

W

L

TYP. 2

C

O

K

E

B

TYP. 1

- single storey - 2 apartments - mirrored configuration - yellow brick

E V A

CHAPTER 2

EXISTING CONDITIONS

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quality of existing spaces

CHAPTER 2

E X I S T I N G M AT E R I A L S

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reuse opportunity going to landfill

CHAPTER 2

E X I S T I N G M AT E R I A L S reuse opportunity going to landfill

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. roof tiles 4. glass

2.

timber

5. Steel

3.

6. Bricks

6.

Plasterboard 8.

Precast concrete

7.

8.

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5.

12,700 m2

CHAPTER 2

approx. floor area

=

COST OF DEMOLITION based on the current price of carbon

10,200-13,000 tonnes of waste*

x

$106.60 PER per tonne of carbon

=

cost to demolish site

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$1,385,800

chapter 3

PRECEDENT EXPLORATION

03

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Exploring design outcomes based on global housing design precedents

CHAPTER 3

PRECEDENT STUDY VITRAHAUS

Herzog & De Meuron Use: Contemporary Design Museum Location: Weil am Rhein, Germany Year Completed: 2010 Composition: 12 stacked volumes Site coverage: 57m (L), 54m (W), 21.3m (H) Constructed beteen 2005-2010 VitraHause by Herzog and De Meruron references it’s contemporary collection housed in its interior through its simple superimposed geometry and use of local materials (ArchDaily 2011).

An intentional union between the visible geometry and use of of soft materials create a balanced illusion of “floating” whilst seamlessly integrating the material composition into its surrounding natural environment (see image right) (Vadot n.d.).

The core materials referenced in this project include; - Sandwhich panels with charcoal stucco exterior by Sto - Monochrome plaster by Sto - Dyed plaster walls by Sto - Locally sourced larch timber decking/ cladding - Glazing by Sky-Frame - Rockwool Insulation - Bitumen membrane roof sheeting

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(ArchDaily 2011; Chin 2010; Vadot n.d)

CHAPTER 3

PRECEDENT STUDY COLLAGE HOUSE S+PS Architects Use: residential Location: Navi Mumbai, India Year Completed: 2015 Composition: Circular economy Project Size: 520m2 The Collage House by S+PS Architects is a prime example of circular economy design, meets residential architecture.

The architects creatively designed this project around local resource availability, sourcing from as close as the site itself for stone rubble that was crafted into the perimeter wall (ArchDaily 2016).

This process demonstrates that whilst material recovery and reuse are at the core of this circular design project, evaluating materials for their embodied carbon was also important to the architects.

“Embodied carbon is the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions associated with materials and construction processes throughout the whole lifecycle of a building or infrastructure”.

The UN estimates that by 2040, 57% of emissions resulting from the construction industry will result from embodied carbon following a business as usual approach (Architecture 2020 2022).

Further design features of the building that tackle this issue include a curtain wall façade constructed from recycled door and window frames, an oxidised steel façade constructed from recycled steel plates and a central courtyard wall constructed from repurposed metal pipes, that also serve as a draingage system to mitigate flooding during monsoon season.

These elements in cohesion act to reflect the woven, eclectic built fabric of its surrounding city Other materials featured in this project include; - Concrete shell - Polished white marble - Timber flooring from Burma teak rafters and purlins - Recycled metal piping - Stone waste cladding - Façade constructed of recycled openings - Site excavated stone walls - Wall clad in tile samples - Repurposed historic timber columns - Recycled metal plate cladding (ArchDaily 2016, Keskeys n.d.)

Carbon Cure Technology Inc. 2022

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(Photographix 2016)

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Front Façade Disassembly

CHAPTER 3

Preparation

M AT E R I A L FLOW STUDY

Creation

COLLAGE HOUSE S+PS Architects

Assembly Perimeter Stone Wall Excavation Cement Shell

Sorting

Limestone Mining

Kiln Firing Demolition + Fill Construction

(S+PS Architects 2015)

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PAGE 96

Crushing Casting Mixing

CHAPTER 3

EXISTING BUILDINGS

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potential in the circular economy

CHAPTER 3

E X P L O R I N G PA R A S I T I C S PA C E

study informed Grand Parc Bordeaux by Lacaton and Vassal 1BA is attached doubling the yield

Existing 3BA becomes 2BA

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PAGE 100

I decided not to explore this side of the precedent further because of the expense and demolition that would be required.

CHAPTER 3

NEST WE GROW

UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, Kengo Kuma & Associates

A collation of spaces within the structure allow for the growing, storage and processing of local ingredients in a way that is accessible to all members of the community.

PAGE 102

Sustainability in the construction comes from the use of materials including cross-laminated timber (CLT) and the implementation of the design-fordisassembly model.

The design-for-disassembly model involves the use of quality, standardised materials so that a structure can be dismantled at the end of its lifecycle, either into a kit of parts or to be relocated to another site.

Concerning tolerances and previous discussion on timber type, designfor-disassembly requires the use of standardised lengths of seasoned timber, and generous tolerances at joints, so that bespoke elements and alterations aren’t required in the process of assembling or disassembling the model.

(ArchDaily 2014) and (Cutieru 2020).

Connection Type

(UC Berkeley College of Environmental Design, Kengo Kuma & Associates 2014)

PAGE 103

Nest We Grow is a structure of public architecture designed to create community through food-oriented space and sustainability.

CHAPTER 3

NEST WE GROW structure informed by the precedent

Based on the Nest We Grow precedent, I began an exploration into a standardised steel framing system that could be used to connect individual housing typologies into one system that could be craned onto the site and bolted into place.

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This allows for prefabrication off-site and design for disassembly.

CHAPTER 3

NEST WE GROW

apartment typologies slot into steel framed structure

structure informed by the precedent

Research into the steel framing handbook and external collaboration was useful in developing this idea further into the creation of a steel framing system in which apartment pods can slide into.

This system would feature cross bracing at each end and could be scalable to the desired number of levels.

(Gorenc, Tinyou, Syam 2013, pp. 35-302)

rafter to beam tie-down connection (Gorenc, Tinyou, Syam 2013, p.302)

floor joist connection

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(Gorenc, Tinyou, Syam 2013, p.302)

CHAPTER 3

NEST WE GROW structure informed by the precedent

In the final exploration informed by the Nest We Grow precedent, a crosslaminated timber framing system was explored to create a softer material offering on-site than a steel-framed structure could provide.

Ultimately, I decided not to explore this precedent further because of the amount of onsite framing and CLT that would be required to realise the design.

These factors make the idea nonreplicable and not affordable if replicated across other sites

double story apartment typology

triple story apartment typology with undercroft and rooftop spaces

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single story apartment typology

CHAPTER 3

A PA R T M E N T

P R E FA B R I C AT I O N

Victorian Public Housing History In 1938 the Housing Commission of Victoria was formed in response to the clustered poverty found across 53 urban slums in metropolitan Melbourne.

During its first 25 years, the housing commission constructed 47,800 dwellings from a series of professionally designed apartments and villas by local firms including Bates Smart.

These homes were constructed using a prefabricated precast concrete wall system at a factory in Holmesglen and were then transported to the necessary site.

This precedent of Victoria’s public housing history informed me to further explore prefabricated and modular construction methods for public housing as a tested and effective method of producing quality housing outcomes en masse and within a relatively short time frame. (images of the factory at Holmesglen pictured right).

In 1944, the demand for public housing reached approximately 80 000, as soldiers returned from World War II to start families.

(The Victorian Housing Commission 1969, pp. 1-33).

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Iin 2022, with the demand for public housing in Victoria reaching near postwar levels, the opportunity exists to consider whether the current developerled model of delivery is adequate to meet the state’s public housing needs.

CHAPTER 3

A PA R T M E N T

P R E FA B R I C AT I O N

Victorian Public Housing History

Prefabricated wall system of existing apartments on site.

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Concept exploration to remove external prefabricated walls from the existing buildings to create new structures on site.

CHAPTER 3

PRECAST CONCRETE WALLS

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existing buildings on site

CHAPTER 3

E X I S T I N G E L E M E N T E X P L O R AT I O N

exploration into repurposing existing prefabricated elements

existing building

removing the existing roof structure

removing external walls

carving out spaces

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This was largely a form-finding exercise and a process to see how parts of the existing building could be manipulated or enhanced based on the previous precedents.

CHAPTER 3

FRAC DUNKERQUE

This precedent informed me to experiment with mirroring the existing forms on site to create a cohesive appearance and connect the new and existing structures.

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PAGE 118

Lacaton & Vassal Architects

CHAPTER 3

FRAC DUNKERQUE

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precedent exploration

CHAPTER 3

GOLDEN CRUST BAKERY

JCB Architects

DIABEG

Dualchas Architects

SEAVIEW HOUSE JCB Architects

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Exploration into constrasting the new and proposed structures with use of materials and the connection types between structures.

CHAPTER 3

NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER

This precedent inspired the idea of a ‘plug-in-city’ where pods can be incrementally moved onto a site where required. This idea extends beyond the precedent because the intention of ‘plug-in-city’ is that pods can be individually removed and replaced when they come to the end of their life.

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Kisho Kurokawa

CHAPTER 3

NIGHTINGALE 2.0

My project intends to create a circulation space that allows for subtle interaction among those in the community through carefully designed use of space. This notion is also informed by the ideas of Dutch Architect Herman Hertzberger, whereby subtle gestures in the architecture like a seat at an entry can invite rest or play.

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Six Degrees Architects

chapter 4

FLOOR PLAN ITERATIONS

04

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finding the most efficient configurations for modular construction

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1 BEDROOM

CHAPTER 4

balcony 4.8m x 1.8m

F L O O R L AY O U T E X P L O R AT I O N

finding the most efficient and liveable apartment designs approximately 60-floor plan layouts between one and four bedrooms in an iterative process to find robethe most efficient and liveable apartment designs.

kitchen From entry these 20 layouts, I then selected 2.1m x 1.9

one layout of each apartment typology that best met these criteria. Through further development, these came to follow a simple rectilinear form that can be stacked in line with other apartments.

The initial 60 sketch layouts considered general spatial configuration, which The select four floor layouts have been living/meals were then narrowed down to a selectedbed 1 carefully developed to sit within a 1.2m 3.8m x 5.5m 3.8m x 3.1m 20 layouts which explored the spatial structural grid. This means that 1.2m and configuration in relation to the Apartment 600mm lengths of strucutral insulated Designing Guidelines for Victoria by panel can be assembled to create each Planning Vic. apartment during a modular construction process. The strucutral insulated panels Amongst these layouts, my top priority have a smooth precast concrete finish. was to find apartment typologies that required the least amount of floor area to Whilst this exercise guided me to reach create liveable space. the desirable modular configuration, it was also important to create comfortable balcony Secondary factors that drove the iterative and liveable homes that are driven by 3.8m x 1.8m process included, clear paths of travel lifestyle and need rather than form. through the apartment, a simple design, minimal or multi-functional circulation total pod floor area: between 61m2 space, considered separation bedroom and living spaces and clustered dwelling composition bedrooms: 11.8m2 (19.3%) wet areas.

P.O.S: 6.8m2 (11.1%) PAGE 132

circulation space: 3.8m2 (6.3%)

living/meals 4.8m x 2.4

l'dry

bath 2.4m x 1.8m

kitchen

robe bed 1 3m x 3m

store

l'dry

entry

total pod floor area: 49m2

1 BEDROOM dwelling composition

bedrooms: 9m2 (18.4%) 2 (17.5%) total pod floor area: 49 m2 P.O.S: 8.6m circulation space: 3.3m2 (6.7%)

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 9 m2 (18.4%) P.O.S: 8.6 m2 (17.5%) Circulation space: 3.3 m2 (6.7%)

PAGE 133

bath In the coming chapter,2.8m I explored x 1.8m

balcony 4m living x 1.8m 4m x 2.9m

1 BEDROOM

living 4m x 2.9m

balcony 3m x 1.8m kitchen/meals 4m x 2.4m

bed 1 3.2m x 3.3m

entry kitchen/meals 4m x 2.4m bath 2.1m x 2.4m

l'dry

robe l'dry

bed 1 3.2m x 3.3m bath 1.9m x 3m

entry robe

l'dry

kitchen/ balcony meals 3m x 1.8m 2.4m x 2.9m

bed 1 4m x 3m

bath 2.1m x 2.4m

entry

robe

kitchen/ living meals 2.5m x 3.1m 2.4m x 2.9m

l'dry porch

PAGE 134

total pod floor area: 54 m2 dwelling composition Bedrooms: 12 m2 (22.2%) P.O.S: 7.2 m2 (13.3%) Circulation space: 5 m2 (9.2%)

total pod floor area: 54 m2 bed 1 4m x 3m dwelling composition bedrooms: 12m2 (22.2%) P.O.S: 7.2m2 (13.3%) circulation space: 5m2 (9.2%)

entry

living 2.5m x 3.1m

total pod floor area: 52 m2 dwelling composition total pod floor area: 52 m2 bedrooms: 10.6m2 (20.3%) P.O.S: 8.5m2 (16.3%) dwelling space: composition circulation 3.2m2 (6.1%) porch Bedrooms: 10.6 m2 (20.3%) P.O.S: 8.5 m2 (16.3%) Circulation space: 3.2 m2 (6.1%)

total pod floor area: 54 m2

total pod floor area: 52 m2

dwelling composition

dwelling composition

PAGE 135

robe

bath 1.9m x 3m

1 BEDROOM

balcony 2m x 2.5m

bath 2.8m x 1.8m

living/ meals 2.5m x 5.8m

entry

l'dry

kitchen 2.1m x 1.9

robe

bath 2.7m x 1.8

kitchen 3m x 2.5m

bed 1 3.8m x 3.1m

living/meals 3.8m x 5.5m

bed 1 3m x 3.8m

entry

l'dry

porch

store

total pod floor area: 61m2

total pod floor area: 61m2

total pod composition floor area: 61 m2 dwelling bedrooms: 11.4m2 (18.7%) 2 (14.1%) P.O.S: 8.6m dwelling composition circulation space: 5m2 (8.2%) Bedrooms: 11.4 m2 (18.7%) P.O.S: 8.6 m2 (14.1%) Circulation space: 5.2 m2 (8.2%)

dwelling composition total pod floor area: 61 m2 bedrooms: 11.8m2 (19.3%) P.O.S: 6.8m2 (11.1%) dwelling composition circulation space: 3.8m2 (6.3%) Bedrooms: 11.8 m2 (19.3%) P.O.S: 6.8 m2 (11.1%) Circulation space: 3.8 m2 (6.3%)

PAGE 137

PAGE 136

balcony 3.8m x 1.8m

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PAGE 138

2 BEDROOM

2 BEDROOM l'dry wc bath 2.6m x 1.8m

entry

bed 2 3m x 3m

robe

living 3.8m x 5.4m

bed 1 3.6m x 3m

robe

balcony 4.8m x 1.8m

total pod floor area: 77.4 m2 dwelling composition Bedrooms: 19.8 m2 (25.6%) dwelling composition P.O.S: 8.6 m2 (11.1%) bedrooms: 19.8m2 (25.6%) Circulation 4.5 m2 (5.8%) P.O.S:space: 8.6m2 (11.1%) circulation space: 4.5m2 (5.8%)

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total pod floor area: 77.4 m2

porch

porch

2 BEDROOM

robe

robe bed 2 3.7m x 3m

balcony 1.8m x 4m

balcony 1.8m x 4m kitchen 3m x 2.6m

bed 2 3.1m x 3m

kitchen 3m x 2.6m

bed 2 3.1m x 3m

l'dry robe

living/meals 2.8m x 6.7m

wc

bath 1.8m x 2.5

meals 2.5m 3.6m

bath 1.8m x 2.3m

living/meals 2.8m x 6.7m

wc wc

wc

bed 1 3m x 3.7m

robe

robe

l'dry

robe

l'dry

entry bed 1 3.1m x 3m

bed 1 3.1m x 3m

kitchen 2.4m x 3m

living 3.1m x 3.6m

entry

living 3.1m x 3.6m

kitchen 2.4m x 3m

porch

total pod floor area: 72.2 m 2

2

PAGE 142

2

2

balcony 3.6m x 1.8m

porch

total pod floor area: 78.4 m2

total pod floor area: 72.2 m dwelling composition dwelling composition dwelling composition (25.8%) bedrooms: 18.6m Bedrooms: 18.6 m2 (25.8%) bedrooms: 18.6m (25.8%) P.O.S: 9m (12.5%) circulation space: 5.3m (7.3%) P.O.S: 9m (12.5%) P.O.S: 9 m2 (12.5%) circulation space: 5.3m (7.3%) Circulation space: 5.3 m2 (7.3%) 2

bed 1 3m x 3.7m

robe

balcony 3.6m x 1.8m

total pod floor area: 72.2 m2

bath 1.8m x 2.3m

2

2

total pod floor area: 78.4 m 2

total pod floor area: 78.4 m dwelling composition Bedrooms: 22.2 m (28.3%) P.O.S: 10.1 m (12.9%) Circulation space: 4.1 m2 (5.3%) 2

dwelling composition dwelling composition 2 bedrooms: 22.2m2 (28.3%) bedrooms: 22.2m2 (28.3%) P.O.S: 10.1m2 (12.9%) 2 circulation space: 4.1m2 (5.3%) P.O.S: 10.1m (12.9%) 2 circulation space: 4.1m2 (5.3%)

PAGE 143

bath 1.8m x 2.5

l'dry

robe meals 2.5m 3.6m

2

bed 2 3.7m x 3m

2 BEDROOM

balcony 3.8m x 1.8m

living/ meals 3.4m x 4.6m balcony 3.8m x 1.8m

balcony 5.6m x 1.8m bed 2 3.8m x 3m

living/ meals 3.4m x 4.6m balcony 5.6m x 1.8m

kitchen 2.8m x 2.6m l'dry

robebed 1 3.1m x 3m robe

wc

bed 1 3.1m x 3m

living/ meals 5.2 x 2.9m

bed 2 3m x 3.3m

wc

robe

kitchen 2.6m x 2.1m

robe

kitchen 2.6m x 2.1m

living/ meals 5.2 x 2.9m

bed 2 3m x 3.3m kitchen 2.8m x 2.6m

entry

l'dry

bath 3.4m x 1.8m

wc bed 1 3m x 3m

bathporch 3.4m x 1.8m

total pod floor area: 81 m2

PAGE 144

dwelling composition bedrooms: 20.7m2 (25.5%) P.O.S: 10.1m2 (12.5%) circulation space: 5m2 (6.2%)

bed 1 3m x 3m

l'dry

bath 3.6m x 1.9m

wc entry

entry

entry

l'dry porch

bath 3.6m x 1.9m

total pod floor area: 80 m2 porch

dwelling composition bedrooms: 18.9m2 (23.6%) P.O.S: 12.2m2 (15.2%) circulation space: 5.1m2 (6.4%)

total pod floor area: 81 m2 total pod floor area: 81 m2

total pod floor area: 80 m2 total pod floor area: 80 m2

dwelling composition dwelling composition Bedrooms: 20.7 m2 (25.5%) 2 (25.5%) bedrooms: 20.7m 2 2 (12.5%) P.O.S: 10.1 m (12.5%) P.O.S: 10.1m 2 (6.2%) 2 (6.2%) circulation space: 5m Circulation space: 5m

dwelling composition dwelling composition2 Bedrooms: 18.9 m (23.6%) 2 (23.6%) bedrooms: 18.9m 2 2 (15.2%) P.O.S: 12.2 m (15.2%) P.O.S: 12.2m 2 (6.4%) circulation space: 5.1m5.1 Circulation space: m2 (6.4%)

porch

PAGE 145

robe

bed 2 3.8m x 3m

robe

PAGE 147

PAGE 146

3 BEDROOM

3 BEDROOM

living 4.9 x 3.5m

balcony 2.5m x 2.5m

meals 4.2m x 2.8m

kitchen 2.3m x 3.1 l'dry

entry

porch

bath 3m x 1.8m

bed 3 3m x 3m

wc

robe

bed 2 3m x 3m

robe

robe

bed 1 4.3m x 3m

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 30.9 m2 (30.1%) P.O.S: 8 m2 (7.8%) Circulation space: 9.7 m2 (9.4%)

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PAGE 148

total pod floor area: 102.6 m2

total pod floor area: 102.6 m2

3 BEDROOM

living/meals 2.6m x 8.8m

balcony 2.4m x 6m kitchen 2.3m x 2.6m

bed 3 3m x 3m

robe

l'dry

bed 2 3m x 3.6m

PAGE 150

total pod floor area: 111.7 m2 dwelling composition Bedrooms: 30.6 m2 (27.4%) P.O.S: 16 m2 (14.3%) Circulation space: 8.8 m2 (7.9%)

robe

entry

bed 1 3m x 3.6m

bath 3.3m x 1.8m porch

PAGE 151

robe

wc

3 BEDROOM

bed 3 3m x 3m

living/ meals 2.7m x 6.2m

balcony 2.4m 3.6m

balcony 3.1m x 2.4m

living/ meals 2.9m x 5.2m

robe

bed 1 3.1m x 3m

wc

robe

bath 2.8m x 1.8m

kitchen 2.4mx x 2.6m

l'dry

store kitchen 2.9m x 2.6m

bath 1.8m x 2.4m robe

bed 2 3.7m x 3m robe

entry

wc

entry

robe

PAGE 152

total pod floor area: 83.6 m2 total pod floor area: 83.6 m2 dwelling composition dwelling composition Bedrooms: 28.5 m2 2(34.1%) (34.1%) bedrooms: 28.5m 2 2 (10.3%) P.O.S: 8.68.6m m (10.3%) P.O.S: circulation space: (7.6%) Circulation space: 6.46.4m m2 2(7.6%)

porch

total pod floor area: 86.2 m2 dwelling composition Bedrooms: 28.2 m2 (32.7%) P.O.S: 8.6 m2 (10.2%) Circulation space: 8.8 m2 (10.2%)

bed 2 3.1m x 3.1m

bed 3 3m x 3.1 robe

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bed 1 2.8m x 3m

l'dry

PAGE 155

PAGE 154

4 BEDROOM

balcony 2.4m x 3m

4BA

4 BEDROOM total pod floor area: 108 m2

total pod floor area: 107.9 m2

dwelling composition bedrooms: 39.3m2 (36.4%) P.O.S: 8.2m2 (7.6%) circulation space: 10.2m2 (9.4%)

dwelling composition bedrooms: 41.5m2 (38.5%) P.O.S: 13.7m2 (12.7%) circulation space: 12.3m2 (11.4%)

balcony 3.5m x 2m

bed 1 3m x 3m

living/ meals 5.1m 3m

living/ meals 3m x 8m

kitchen 2m x 2.6m robe

bed 2 3.2m x 3m

bed 4 3.5m x 3m

robe

wc

bath

bath 1.8m x 3m

robe

bed 2 3.2m x 3m

wc l'dry

porch

entry robe

l'dry

robe

robe

entry

robe

bed 2 3m x 3m

bed 3 3.6m x 3m robe

dwelling composition kitchen Bedrooms: 41.5 m2 (38.5%) 3m x 2.6m 2 P.O.S: 13.7 m (12.7%) Circulation space: 12.3 m2 (11.4%)

bed 3 3.2m x 3.6m

bed 4 3m x 3.6m

porch

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total pod floor area: 107.9 m2

4BA

4 BEDROOM

total pod floor area: 108 m2

total pod floor area: 107.9 m2

dwelling composition bedrooms: 39.3m2 (36.4%) P.O.S: 8.2m2 (7.6%) circulation space: 10.2m2 (9.4%)

dwelling composition bedrooms: 41.5m2 (38.5%) P.O.S: 13.7m2 (12.7%) circulation space: 12.3m2 (11.4%)

balcony 3.5m x 2m

bed 1 3m x 3m

robe

living/ meals 3m x 8m

bed 4 3.5m x 3m

bath robe wc l'dry

porch

entry

robe

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 39.3 m2 (36.4%) P.O.S: 8.2 m2 (7.6%) Circulation space: 10.2 m2 (9.4%)

bed 2 3m x 3m

bed 3 3.6m x 3m

kitchen 3m x 2.6m

robe

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total pod floor area: 108 m2

4 BEDROOM entry

bed 3 3m x 3m

porch

bed 4 3m x 3m

robe

robe

bath 1.8m x 2.6m

l'dry kitchen 1.9 x 3.9

living/ meals 3.3m x 7.6

wc

robe

bed 2 3m x 3m

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 36 m2 (32.5%) P.O.S: 10.5 m2 (9.5%) Circulation space: 11.7 m2 (10.6%)

bed 1 3m x 3m

balcony 3.2m x 2.5m

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total pod floor area: 110.6 m2

robe

total pod floor area: 110.6 m2

4 BEDROOM

living/ meals 3.6m x 5.6m

balcony 6.3m x 2.4m

bed 3 3.1m x 3m

bed 2 3m x 3m

robe

robe

entry

kitchen 3.6m x 2.6m

l'dry

bed 4 3.6m x3m

bed 1 3m x 3.2m

bath 2.5m x 1.8m robe

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 38.7 m2 (33.6%) P.O.S: 15.1 m2 (13.1%) Circulation space: 12.3 m2 (10.7%) total pod floor area: 115 m2 dwelling composition bedrooms: 38.7m2 (33.6%)

robe

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total pod floor area: 115 m2

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wc

4 BEDROOM balcony 4.4m x 3.3m living/ meals 3.6m x 5.6m

balcony 6.3m x 2.4m living/ meals 4.9m x 6.1m

bed 2 3m x 3m

bed 3 3.1m x 3m

bed 2 3m x 3m

robe

bed 1 3m x 3.4m

robe

robe l'dry kitchen 4.9m x 2.6m

entry

kitchen 3.6m x 2.6m

wc

robe wc bed 1 3m x 3.2m

bath 2.5m x 1.8m robe

robe

entry

bed 4 3m x 3m

total pod floor area: 118.75 m2 robe

dwelling composition Bedrooms: 37.2 m2 (32.6%) P.O.S: 16 m2 (13.5%) Circulation space: 11.8 m2 (9.9%)

porch

al pod floor area: 115 m2

total pod floor area: 118.75 m2

welling composition drooms: 38.7m2 (33.6%)

dwelling composition bedrooms: 37.2m2 (32.6%)

bath 1.8m x 2.4m

bed 3 3m x 3m

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l'dry

bed 4 3.6m x3m

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robe

1BA 1.

living/meals 4.7m x 3.6m

2.

balcony 1.8m x 2.8m

3.

bedroom 3.5m x 3m

4.

bathroom 2.3m x 2.8m

3.

4.

1.

1:100 @ A3

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2.

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1BA GRID M2

2BA 1.

living 3.5m x 5.2m

2.

balcony 7.1m x 2m

3.

master bedroom 3.5m x 3.2m

4.

bedroom 2 3.5m x 3m

5.

bathroom 2.3m x 2.9m

4.

5.

1.

3.

1:100 @ A3

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2.

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2BA GRID M2

3BA kitchen/ living 4.7m x 5.9m

2.

balcony 4.7m x 2.4m

3.

master bedroom 3.5m x 3.5m

4.

bedroom 2 3.5m x 3.5m

5.

bedroom 3 3m x 3.5m

5.

bathroom 2.3m x 3.6m

5.

1.

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2.

1:100 @ A3

6.

3.

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1.

4.

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3BA GRID M2

1.

living/ meals 3.6m x 8.3m

2.

balcony 3.6m x 2.4m

3.

master bedroom 3m x 4.2m

4.

additional bedrooms 3m x 3m

5.

bathroom 1.8m x 3.6m

4.

7.

1.

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3.

1:100 @ A3

2.

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4BA

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4BA GRID M2

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chapter 5

SITE CONFIGURATION

05

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PAGE 184

testing site configuration and forms to achieve the greatest yield

CHAPTER 5

SITE VISIT

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PAGE 186

confirming position of potential dwellings on site

CHAPTER 5

FIGURE GROUND MAPPING

creating micro community clusters based on existing site configuration

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These maps indicate that the buildings are configured in two linear directions along the x, and y-axis of the site.

The goal for this project, as informed by previous research, is to cluster apartment buildings into micro-communities using a recognisable pattern.

However, as the urban infill opportunity cannot easily follow a distinguishable pattern, I decided to create these clusters using independent apartment buildings added to the available site area.

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This figure-ground mapping exercise helped to provide an understanding the existing building clusters on the site to determine the best configuration for future potential buildings.

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 1 cluster groups

I decided not to explore this idea further, as is achieves a lower yield then alternative site massing iterations, and is tedious to implement.

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This massing iteration explores the idea of creating several communities around central courtyard areas.

Estimated dwelling site coverage: 36.65% Dwelling typologies required, 1BA: 96, BA: 72, 3BA: 48, 4BA: 24

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 2 mirrored with connection

This massing iteration explores the idea of mirroring existing apartment buildings with new apartment buildings at an offset.

I decided not to proceed with this iteration further as it became difficult to maintain a standardised mirror across the site.

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Although, I did explore mirroring the existing buildings in the next iteration.

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 2 mirrored with connection

This is a perspective of the mirrored connection to show the density that this massing option would achieve.

The diagram below explores the mirrored connection between the existing and proposed and the idea of removing the roof from the existing apartment buildings to create a rooftop garden.

The idea of implementing rooftop gardens into the project became an important objective to offset the greenspace taken over by additional dwellings with more curated public open space.

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I decided to create further iterations of this diagram to reduce the need for the demolition of the existing roofs.

estimated potential yield: 186 Estimated dwelling site coverage: 36.1% Dwelling typologies required, 1BA: 74, BA: 56, 3BA: 37, 4BA: 19

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 3 retain in place + new additions

This was the final massing iteration that I explored for the site.

It retains the structure of the existing buildings with mirrored connections created to the existing two-storey dwellings (shown in orange and yellow).

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A new single-storey and triple-storey apartment typology have also been added to provide a mix of density and heights across the site and to create the opportunity for elevated greenspace without disrupting existing structure.

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 3

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retain in place + new additions

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 3 building typologies

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The first sketch of the three apartment building typologies that would be implemented on the site.

CHAPTER 5

M A S S I N G I T E R AT I O N 3

architectural forms (studio discussion with Canhuichen) Initial sketch exploration showing the relationship between new and existing buildings on site.

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An objective for the final design outcome was to retain the existing neighbourhood character by re-introducing the gable roof form in interesting ways.

CHAPTER 5

M AT E R I A L I T Y E X P L O R AT I O N iterations of proposed building typologies

single storey typology

apartment module iteration 1

single storey materiality

apartment module iteration 2

These iterations explore the use of birch timber cladding that can age in place over the life of the building, polycarbonate roof sheeting with exposed CLT framing and tin sheeting to accent the entry windows.

Individual apartment framing and initial window framing concept

This iteration explores linear full-height windows, a two degree pitch roof and exterior timber cladding.

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Gable roof structure is re-introduced to the site, and three and four-bedroom apartments are introduced at ground level to encourage children’s play.

chapter 6

06

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FINAL DESIGN OUTCOMES

CHAPTER 6

FINAL MODEL

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modular construction of 3BA with thanks to Petar Petrov

CHAPTER 6

EXISTING

CONDITIONS UPLIFT future-proofing existing dwellings The existing prefabricated walls of each dwelling are approximately 60mm thick, which creates undesirable acoustic and thermal conditions.

Interior Wall Construction of Existing Dwellings (Housing Comission Victoria, 1969)

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In recognition of this, each existing apartment building will be incrementally refurbished with additional acoustic insulation, double-glazed windows, external window shading, exterior balconies and interior refurbishment.

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existing CHAPTER 6

ACHIEVABLE YIELD existing vs. proposed

26 buildings

146 apartments

proposed

+ 64 1BA

+ 47 2BA

+ 19 3BA

+ 14 4BA

= 144 apts

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198%

R E S P O N S I V E A N D T H O U G H T F U L P U B L I C S PA C E

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SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

U N D E R S PA C E S T O P R E PA R E A N D S H A R E

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O V E R S PA C E S T O M E E T A N D G R O W

I N C R E M E N TA L , M O D U L A R C O N S T R U C T I O N

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INTERACTIONS ACROSS LEVELS

S T R U C T U R A L A C C E N T S T O I N T E R I O R S PA C E S

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QUALITY AND EFFICIENT HOMES

PRIVACY FOR THE VERTICAL COMMUNITY

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REFURBISHED OLD CONNECTS WITH NEW

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BIRDS EYE PERSPECTIVE OF THE SITE

SCAR

COO

OVER L END C WIDD

UGH

DR

HAM

OP C RES

BORO

WICK RD

BLUF

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PROPOSED SITE PLAN F RD

KE A VE

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S T R E E T E L E V AT I O N F R O M C O O K E A V E N U E

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