MYCO.mania - a Masterplan for Mountain Maintenance David Huber

MYCO.mania a Masterplan for Mountain Maintenance

David Huber

MYCO.mania

Masterthesis submited to the Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck Faculty of Architecture

for the purpose of obtaining the academic degree Diplom-Ingenieur supervised by Prof. Claudia Pasquero co-supervised by Maria Kuptsova Institute of Urban Design - Synthetic Landscape Lab

Innsbruck, July 2020

CONTENT

Abstract

7

Alpine Landscape

9

Impact: Erosion

19

Antidote

47

Proposal

81

Work field

93

Investigation

109

Implementation

133

References

181

ABSTRACT

Especially in recent times, the discussion revolves around the future development in alpine areas.

The constantly growing of infrastructure and climate change are main obstacles to the future of the alpine region. In view of its topographical and meteorological characteristics, the alpine region is particularly exposed to the impacts.

Intensification and extensification as well as the discontinuation of traditional reproductive maintainance work significantly increase the instability of all ecosystems and landscapes.

In steeper areas, soil erosion in various forms is faster than biological succession. These areas of the landscape become ecologically unstable and, in extreme cases, can make an entire alpine valley uninhabitable.

Tourism, transit traffic, industry and water management believe that they can use the existing natural resources of water, soil, air and land without charge, without being responsible for their reproduction.

Modern society overlooks the fact that every human use represents an intervention in the affected alpine ecosystemes and thus automatically changes their ecological composition and reduces their stability.

To compensate that instability, humans are adding structures to endangered areas. So they are engineering a predictability to nature. But thats not the way an ecosysteme works, it acutally has a whole range of behaviors.

We currently don‘t allow these systemes to have that range of behaviours.

If people want to live and work in the Alps for long term, this requires a stable environment. However, since every cultural landscape is ecologically unstable - as human creation it is always an artificial“ structure within nature - permanent circulation is only possible through the reproduction“ of the cultural landscape.

Without this reproduction, the alpine cultural landscape loses its material basis and sooner or later is going to collapse because nature becomes hostile to humans again.

Alpine Landscape

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9

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fig. 01

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The Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe and stretch approximately 1,200 kilometres across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Monaco, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.

The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian basin. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn.

The Alpine region has a strong cultural identity. The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century. The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian, Austrian and German Alps.

At present, the region is home to 14 million people and has 120 million annual visitors. 1 There is hardly any other landscape in Europe that is as strongly associated with intense images as the Alps. Already the name "the Alps“ gives most people very concrete and very impressive pictures that refer to the special position of this landscape in Europe. Indeed, the Alps have played a prominent role in European cultural history since Roman times, because Europe primarily develops its understanding of nature and human life at the border to the wilderness in this area and exemplarily condenses it in certain images.

This still applies today, even if the European view, which so far has always included the periphery alongside the cities, has narrowed ever more towards the metropolises alone since the turn of the era in 1989.

But when it comes to fundamental questions of nature and the environment or environmentally friendly management in decentralized structures, the Alps still play a prominent role in Europe and make it clear that humans never have a technical grip on nature as much as they do from a perspective that works for metropolitan areas.

While people in the pre-industrial era transformed the high mountains of the Alps into a living and economic area, increasing their biodiversity and taking responsibility for their long-term ecological stabilization, the short-term modern uses destroy biodiversity, ecological stability, a decentralized economy and longterm environmental responsibility - as a result, the Alps are gradually disappearing as a human living and economic area. 2

12

1

Wikipedia (2020)

2

Werner Bätzing "die Alpen“ (2015)

13

fig. 02 14

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fig. 03

fig. 04

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Impact: Erosion

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fig. 05

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fig. 06

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Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil. It is a form of soil degradation. This natural process is caused by the dynamic activity of erosive agents, that is, water, ice, snow, air, plants, animals, and humans. In accordance with these agents, erosion is sometimes divided into water erosion, glacial erosion, snow erosion, wind erosion, zoogenic erosion and anthropogenic erosion.

Soil erosion may be a slow process that continues relatively unnoticed, or it may occur at an alarming rate causing a serious loss of topsoil. The loss of soil from farmland may be reflected in reduced crop production potential, lower surface water quality and damaged drainage networks.

Soil erosion could also cause sinkholes.

Human activities have increased by 10–50 times the rate at which erosion is occurring globally. Excessive erosion causes both "on-site“ and "offsite“ problems.

On-site impacts include decreases in agricultural productivity and (on natural landscapes) ecological collapse, both because of loss of the nutrient-rich upper soil layers. In some cases, the eventual end result is desertification.

Off-site effects include sedimentation of waterways and eutrophication of water bodies, as well as sediment-related damage to roads and houses.

Water and wind erosion are the two primary causes of land degradation; combined, they are responsible for about 84% of the global extent of degraded land, making excessive erosion one of the most significant environmental problems worldwide.

Intensive agriculture, deforestation, roads, anthropogenic climate change and urban sprawl are amongst the most significant human activities in regard to their effect on stimulating erosion.1

1

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fig. 07

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2020)

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fig. 08_erosion diagrams

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fig. 09

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Erosion Catalog

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heightfield 01 erodability: 1,5 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 30

F 2.0

F 4.0

F 10.0

F 35.0

F 60.0

F 2.0

F 4.0

F 10.0

F 35.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

heightfield 02 erodability: 3,0 erosion rate: 0,07 bank angle: 20

heightfield 03 hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 2,8 erosion rate: 0,7 bank angle: 45

erodability: 2,7 erosion rate: 0,3 bank angle: 70

heightfield 04 hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 1,6 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 10

erodability: 2,7 erosion rate: 0,3 bank angle: 70

heightfield 05 hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 2,8 erosion rate: 0,7 bank angle: 45

erodability: 2,0 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 35

fig. 10 32

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heightfield 06 erodability: 2,0 erosion rate: 0,45 bank angle: 70

F 2.0

F 4.0

F 10.0

F 35.0

F 60.0

F 2.0

F 4.0

F 10.0

F 35.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

F 10.0

F 20.0

F 35.0

F 45.0

F 60.0

heightfield 07 hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 2,5 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 80

erodability: 1,5 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 50

erodability: 1,0 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 70

erodability: 2,0 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 35

erodability: 2,0 erosion rate: 0,8 bank angle: 45

heightfield 08 mask by direction hydro: erodability: 2,8 erosion rate: 0,7 bank angle: 35

heightfield 09 hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 1,0 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 70

erodability: 1,0 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 35

erodability: 2,0 erosion rate: 1,0 bank angle: 15

erodability: 1,0 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 60

heightfield 10 mask by height hydro:

thermal:

erodability: 3,0 erosion rate: 0,4 bank angle: 35

erodability: 0,5 erosion rate: 0,03 bank angle: 45

fig. 11 34

35

Thermal erosion

Hydro erosion:

Frame:

erodability: 3.0 erosion rate: 0.06 cut angle: 20 erodability: 0.5 erosion rate: 0.01 bank angle: 70 F 60.0

fig. 12 36

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Thermal erosion

Hydro erosion:

Frame:

erodability: 0.01 erosion rate: 0.03 cut angle: 35 erodability: 1.0 erosion rate: 0.5 bank angle: 45 F 60.0

fig. 13 38

39

Thermal erosion

Hydro erosion:

Frame:

erodability: 2.0 erosion rate: 0.4 cut angle: 35 erodability: 2.8 erosion rate: 0.7 bank angle: 45 F 60.0

fig. 14 40

41

Thermal erosion

Hydro erosion:

Frame:

erodability: 1.0 erosion rate: 0.05 cut angle: 40 erodability: 1.6 erosion rate: 0.4 bank angle: 10 F 60.0

fig. 15 42

43

Thermal erosion

Hydro erosion:

Frame:

erodability: 2.7 erosion rate: 0.3 cut angle: 70 erodability: 2.8 erosion rate: 0.7 bank angle: 35 F 60.0

fig. 16 44

45

Antidote

46

47

A bioengineerd solution for soil erosion is the Mykorrhiza symbiosis, an association between a fungus and a plant.

The term Mykorrhiza refers to the role of the fungus in the plant‘s rhizosphere, its root system.

In a mykorrhizal association, the fungus colonizes the host plant‘s root tissues.

Fungi transfer inorganic nutrients and water to the plant and receive carbohydrates in exchange. By driving this bidirectional nutrient transport they directly and indirectly affect the diversity and productivitiy of land plant communities by their central role at the soil-plant-interface.

Ektomykorrhizae are the most common group in Central European forests.

The special feature of Ektomykorrhiza is that the mycelium forms a dense coat on the root surface. The mycelial threads also grow into the root cortex, without penetrate the root cells, but form a network in the extracellular spaces. Ectomykorrhizae form a symbiosis with trees from birch, beech, pine, willow and rose plants.

In Endomykorrhizae, part of the mycelial threads of the fungus penetrate the cells of the root cortex. A special form of Endomykorrhizae are arbuscular or vesicular-arbuscular Mykorrhizas. Typical of this type of Mykorrhiza is the formation of arbuscles - these are branched, delicate mycelial threads in form of a tree within the root cells. The close connection between plant and fungus allows nutrients and water to be released and carbohydrates to be absorbed. Symbiosis partners are primarily herbaceous plants and orchids, but also some trees.1

1

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fig. 17 floor profile of Mykorrhiza roots

Heller. (2020)

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Mycorrhiza ;from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus“, a nd ῥίζα rhiza, "root“; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas.

Def.: "a mutual symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant.“

mycelium outputs:

mycelium inputs:

dissolved salts ( Ca2PO4 ) trace elements ( Cu, Zn ) water ( H2O )

starch ( C6H12O6 + H2O ) sugars ( CnH2nOn ) cellulose ( C6H12O5 )

fig. 18_Mycorrhiza diagram

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fig. 19_underground mycelium networks

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fig. 20_underground symbiosis

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Field Test

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fig. 21

fig. 22

fig. 23

fig. 24

fig. 25

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Fibres Catalog

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Heightfields from Erosion catalog translated into heightmaps

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fig. 26_contour lines erosion catalog

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The fibrous drawing technique uses the contour lines as hosts.

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fig. 27_correlation catalog

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heightfield 01

heightfield 02

heightfield 03

heightfield 04

heightfield 05

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fig. 28_catalog fibrous drawings

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heightfield 01

heightfield 02

heightfield 03

heightfield 04

heightfield 05

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fig. 29_catalog fibrous drawings

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heightfield zoom-in 5:1

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scale factor: 2,5 segments: 30 radius: 1,5

fig. 30_host lines

fig. 31_fibrous

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heightfield zoom-in 4:1

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scale factor: 2,5 segments: 30 radius: 1,5

fig. 32_host lines

fig. 33_fibrous

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heightfield zoom-in 3:1

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scale factor: 2,5 segments: 30 radius: 1,5

fig. 34_host lines

fig. 35_fibrous

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heightfield zoom-in 2:1

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scale factor: 2,5 segments: 30 radius: 1,5

fig. 36_host lines

fig. 37_fibrous

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heightfield zoom-in 1:1

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scale factor: 2,0 segments: 30 radius: 1,0

fig. 38_host lines

fig. 39_fibrous

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PROPOSAL

The cultural landscape holds a key position in society: it is the ecological and material basis of human life, which not only provides the economic areas, but also the entire infrastructure - settlements, paths, bridges, pass routes - that arise with and through use and without which a landscape would not loses its threat to humans.

The task is to, on the one hand sustain the existing alpine landscape to prevent the disappearance of the cultural land and on the other hand allow the creation of evolving and changing ecosystems.

That‘s where the Mycorrhiza comes in, an association between a fungus and a plant.

The idea is to use the symbiosi‘s improvement on plant nutrition, soil biology and soil chemistry to stabilize determined areas on the landscape.

80

The natural ecological system is embedded into our own manmade environment by feeding the computer data from landscape scans, hightmapps. etc.

Through simulations on the topography we have a series of predictive models, about how erosion tue to ecological changes will affect the alpine landscape.

These predictive models are used to develop maps for what areas to prevent and in fact should be colonized with the Mycorrhiza.

The rest of the landscape remains untouched, free to develop its morphology formed by nature and to evolve its own ecosysteme.

81

Urbanization, scarcity of resources, extinction of species, ocean acidification, soil erosion: humans have become the determining factor for the global ecosystem at least since the industrial revolution. Environmental impacts affect the entire planet and are interwoven with all geoprocesses on earth.

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fig. 40_proposal diagram 01

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Erosion is a natural process that is controlled by anthropogenic factors. Soil erosion affects almost all soil functions: production function, storage function, filter / buffer function.

As a result, the alpine environment not only loses important ecological qualities, but also its character as a homeland, and it develops a threat that calls into question the function of the Alps as a living and economic area.

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fig. 41_proposal diagram 02

85

The aim must be to protect nature and the landscape on the basis of their own value and as the basis for human life and health, also taking responsibility for future generations in populated and unpopulated areas, so that biological diversity, the performance and functionality of the the natural household, including the ability to regenerate, sustainable usability of the natural assets, as well as the recreational value of nature and landscape are secured in the long term.

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fig. 42_proposal diagram 03

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The modern approach to nature believes that nature is technically totally controllable. Mycomania is in stark contrast to this.

It is an intervention with a low "safety risk“ - no extreme interventions in a short time, but gradual changes with knowledge of the respective natural reactions - and with a high degree of error friendliness, which does not trigger unmanageable chain reactions with a single error.

If one also looks at the massive interventions and the brutality which is being used against nature in order to reduce the natural hazard potential, it is easy to see how prominent these structures sit on the landscape. They do not follow any aesthetic rules and are not integrated into the landscape. To a great miracle this is accepted by society and in no way doubted, at a time when everything is controversial, doubted or speaks against norms.

Mycomania, however, acts invisibly, does not violate any building regulations and still reduces the natural hazard potential.

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fig. 43_proposal diagram 04

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fig. 44_process diagram

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Work field

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fig. 45_overview 94

95

The work field is an area located in the Tux Alps in a mountain region 25km east of Innsbruck. The area extends between the Inn valley and the Ziller valley and covers approximately 320km².

Schwaz is the administrative center of the Schwaz district. It is located in the lower Inn valley at the foot of the Kellerjoch mountain. The city covers an area of 21 km².

Neighbouring communities include Buch bei Jenbach, Fügen, Gallzein, Pill, Stans and Vomp.

Fügen is the most popular municipality in the Ziller valley and belongs to the Schwaz district.

The economy is characterized by agriculture, trade, commerce, industry and tourism.

Fügen, a two-season mountain resort, benefits from the two surrounding ski areas. From the town center, a mountain road leads to the almost 1500m high winter sports resort of Hochfügen.

The region of Schwaz and those of Hochfügen/ Fügen are connected over the Loas pass on the Gamsstein platea through mountain roads, hiking paths and a ski route.

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fig. 46_work field

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fig. 47_contour lines d=125m

fig. 48_contour lines d=100m

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fig. 49_contour lines d=50m

fig. 50_contour lines d=25m

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fig. 51_satellite map with contour lines

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Right view Top view

Perspective

Front view 104

fig. 52_3D model

fig. 53_3D model

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Section A_A

fig. 54_section 106

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Investigation

108

109

110

fig. 55

fig. 56

111

f 01

f 02

f 04

f 06

f 08

f 10

f 12

f 14

f 16

f 18

f 20

f 22

f 24

f 26

f 28

f 30

f 32

f 34

f 36

f 38

f 40

f 42

f46

f 48

Erosion on workfield Catalog erodability: 1,8 erosion rate: 0,6 bank angle: 50 spread iterations: 40

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fig. 57_erosion catalog

f 44

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Erosion on workfield Frame f35

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fig. 58_Erosion extract

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Mapping

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degree of slope = µ.

Pitch angle.

118

x = tan(µ). y

x µ = tan-1( y).

def: "indicates the angle at which a straight line is located to the x-axis.“

fig. 59_elevation map

119

f“(x) < 0 {convex up} f“(x) > 0 {concave up}

Anticline.

Syncline.

120

def: "a bulge of layered rock created by folding“ def: "the downward part of a fold that is crea ted by compressing rocks under lateral pressure“

fig. 60_concavity map

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fig. 60_flow analysis

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fig. 61_vegetation map

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fig. 62_road map

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Implementation

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129

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fig. 63

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Szenario

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133

The szenario uses informations from the analysis as well as spatial characteristics to define areas of the alpine cultural landscape and by that set up design requirements for the conservation map.

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fig. 64_design requirements diagram

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fig. 65_conservation map

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Machinic Scenery

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Scanning: Drones capture large number of high-resolution photos over an area.

These images overlap such that the same point on the ground is visible in multiple photos and from different vantage points.

In a similar way that the human brain uses information from both eyes to provide depth perception, the scans use these multiple vantage points in images to generate a 3D map from the landscape.

Seeding: At the composition plant the drones dock on to get the substrate barrel filled up. Their flight paths are transferred to their CPU. Through a spray bar, the drones dispense the substrate in doses on the intended area. After emptying the container they fly back to the plant, either for a refill or for charging their batteries.

Monitoring: Here the same method is used like for the terrain scanning.

The high-resolution 3D reconstruction that contains not only elevation/ height information, but also texture, shape and color for every point on the map, enable easier interpretation of the resulting 3d landscape.

This models are the basis for evaluating what step of maintenance has to follow.

140

fig. 66_maintenance process

141

Status 01 = Scanning Drone Status 02 = Seeding Drone Status 03 = Monitoring Drone

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fig. 67_machinery control overview

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fig. 68_scanning/monitoring drone

fig. 69_seeding drone

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fig. 70_composition plant

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fig. 71_distribution map

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Erosion Catalog

f 02

f 04

f 06

f 08

f 10

f 12

f 14

f 16

f 18

f 20

f 22

f 24

f 26

f 28

f 32

f 34

hydro: Erodability: 1,2 Erosion Rate: 0,6 Bank angle: 50 thermal: Erodability: 0,8 Erosion rate: 0,01 Cut angle: 40

150

fig. 72_erosion catalog

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Erosion extract Frame F 35

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fig. 73_erosion extract

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Erosion on satellite map Frame F35

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fig. 74_erosion extract

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Analysis

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157

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fig. 75_heightmap catalog

fig. 76_heightmap

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160

fig. 77_flow analysis catalog

fig. 78_flow analysis map

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fig. 79_concavity catalog

fig.80_concavity map

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fig. 81_elevation catalog

fig. 82_elevation map

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Zoom In

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fig. 83_Stallen Alm

fig. 84_Hof Gallzein

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fig. 85_Zoom-In overview

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f 01

f 03

f 12

f 18

f 27

f 33

f 36

f 40

f 09

Erosion Catalog hydro: Erodability: 1,2 Erosion Rate: 0,6 Bank angle: 50 thermal: Erodability: 0,8 Erosion rate: 0,01 Cut angle: 40

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fig. 86_Zoom-In catalog

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hydro: Erodability: 1,2 Erosion Rate: 0,6 Bank angle: 50 thermal: Erodability: 0,8 Erosion rate: 0,01 Cut angle: 40

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fig. 87_Zoom-In frame 35

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fig. 88_Zoom-In perspective

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Bibliography

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Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: "Alps“ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: "Erosion“ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

Bätzing, Werner [2015]: Die Alpen: Geschichte und Zukunft einer europäischen Kulturlandschaft,

München: C.H. Beck Verlag

Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit [2017]: Wintersport mit Folgen: das

Ökosystem Alpen, in: Ökosysteme und biologische Vielfalt | Wirtschaft und Arbeitswelt [online]

Available at: https://www.umwelt-im-unterricht.de/hintergrund/wintersport-mit-folgen-das-oekosys tem-alpen/

[Accessed December 12, 2019]

Heller, Sam [2020]: Mycoremediation: Cleaning Up Contaminated Sites Naturally With...Fungi? [online]

Available at: https://emagazine.com/mycoremediation-cleaning-up-contaminated-sites-naturally- with-fungi/

[Accessed March 27, 2020] Modelo [2015]: Design Manifestos: Bradley Cantrell of the Responsive Environments and Artifacts Lab [online]

Available at: https://medium.com/design-manifestos/design-manifestos-bradley-cantrell-of-the-respon sive-environments-and-artifacts-lab-36af23b6ae52#.m5v33jr0t

[Accessed November 14, 2019]

Stahr, Alexander [2014]: Bodenerosion in den Alpen [online]

Available at: http://www.ahabc.de/bodenerosion-in-den-alpen/

[Accessed December 04, 2019]

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181

Sources Illustrations

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183

fig. 01_Overview height lines alps | David Huber [2020]

fig. 26_Catalogue fibrous drawings| David Huber [2019]

fig. 02_Overview alps_Black and White Google Earth | David Huber [2020]

fig. 27_Catalogue correlation | David Huber [2019]

fig. 03_Rofan Achensee | David Huber [2019]

fig. 28_Catalogue 04 | David Huber [2019]

fig. 04_Rofan Achensee | David Huber [2019]

fig. 29_Catalogue 05 | David Huber [2019]

fig. 05_erosion

fig. 30_ibid

https://www.fotocommunity.de/photo/erosion-helmutf/37254157 [02.04.2020, 10:45]

fig. 06_erosion Karwendel | David Huber [2020] fig. 07_erosion Nordkette | David Huber [2020] fig. 08_Diagram erosion | David Huber [2020] fig. 09_ Glaciologist Andreas Gschwentner - GroĂ&#x;venediger, March 2020 fig. 10_Catalog 01 | David Huber [2019] fig. 11_Catalog 02 | David Huber [2019] fig. 12_ibid fig. 13_ ibid fig. 14_ibid fig. 15_ ibid

fig. 31_ibid fig. 32_ibid fig. 33_ibid fig. 34_ibid fig. 35_ibid fig. 36_ibid fig. 37_ibid fig. 38_ibid fig. 39_ibid

fig. 16_ ibid

fig. 40_Proposal diagram | David Huber [2020]

fig. 17_ floor profile of Mykorrhiza roots

fig. 41_ibid

fig. 18_ Process of Mykorrhiza symbiosis | David Huber [2020]

fig. 42_ibid

fig. 19_ Underground mycelium networks

fig. 43_ibid

http://www.ithaka-journal.net/bodenleben-biodiversitat-als-landwirtschaftliche-methode-teil-3/bodenprofil-wurzeln-mykorrhiza [11.01.2020, 16:38]

https://emagazine.com/mycoremediation-cleaning-up-contaminated-sites-naturally-with-fungi/ [11.01.2020, 17:24]

fig. 20_ Underground symbiosis

https://naturwald-akademie.org/forschung/studien/pflanzen-versorgen-mykorrhiza-pilze/ [11.01.2020, 18:02]

fig. 21_ Mycorrhiza Soluble Field Test | David Huber [2020] fig. 22_ibid fig. 23_ ibid

fig. 44_Process diagram| David Huber [2020] fig. 45_Workfield | David Huber [2019] fig. 46_Workfield Zoom-in | David Huber [2019] fig. 47_Height map workfield d=100m | David Huber [2020]

fig. 24_ ibid fig. 25_ ibid 184

185

fig. 48_Height map workfield d=50m | David Huber [2020]

fig. 70_Composition plant | David Huber [2020]

fig. 49_Height map workfield d=25m | David Huber [2020]

fig. 71_Distribution map | David Huber [2020]

fig. 50_Height map workfield d=12.5m | David Huber [2020]

fig. 72_Catalog Erosion | David Huber [2020]

fig. 51_Orthographic map workfield | David Huber [2020]

fig. 73_ipid

fig. 52_Elevations workfield | David Huber [2020]

fig. 74_ipid

fig. 53_3D model workfield | David Huber [2019]

fig. 75_Height map catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 54_Terrain section | David Huber [2020]

fig. 76_Height map catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 55_Junssee Tuxer Alpen

fig. 77_Flow analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 56_Alpine Park Zillertal

fig. 78_Flow analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

https://www.outdooractive.com/de/route/fernwanderweg/tuxer-alpen/bergseen-und-ein-aussichtsgipfel-der-extraklasse-geier/36859627/ [13.07.20, 13:51]

https://www.lebensart-reisen.at/hochgebirgs-naturpark-zillertaler-alpen [13.07.20, 13:47]

fig. 57_Impact on workfield through erosion | David Huber [2020]

fig. 79_Concavity analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 58_Impact on workfield through erosion | David Huber [2020]

fig. 80_Concavity analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 59_Elevation map | David Huber [2020]

fig. 81_Elevation analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 60_ipid

fig. 82_Elevation analysis catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 61_ipid

fig. 83_Stallen Alm | David Huber [2020]

fig. 62_ipid

fig. 84_Gallzein | David Huber [2020]

fig. 63_ipid

fig. 85_Zoom-In overview | David Huber [2020]

fig. 64_ ipid

fig. 86_Zoom-In catalog | David Huber [2020]

fig. 65_ipid fig. 66_Maintenance process | David Huber [2020]

fig. 87_Zoom-In frame 35 | David Huber [2020] fig. 88_Zoom-in perspective | David Huber [2020]

fig. 67_Machinery control overview| David Huber [2020] fig. 68_Scanning/ monitoring droneHuber [2020] fig. 69_Seeding Drone | David Huber [2020]

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187

EIDESSTATTLICHE ERKLAERUNG

Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht.

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister-/ Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht.

Datum / Ort

188

Unterschrift

189