Dhanore Village Development Plan

Village Development Plan -DHANORE

BASIC SERVICE As per the 73rd constitutional amendment gram panchayat is responsible for ensuring that the people in their localities receive at least the basic level of services. There are numerous services and levels of service that can be provided, but the most important are:• water supply• sanitation• health centres• electricity and other energy sources• roads and storm-water drainage• solid waste disposal

VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN DHANORE

Global Communities Formally CHF International

Development Proposal Plan For Year 2021

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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................0 MAP:.......................................................................................................................................................................2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS .....................................................................................................................................3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ..........................................................................................................................5 CASTE WISE CATEGORIES .........................................................................................................................6 HOUSING - TYPES OF HOUSE & TYPE OF OWNERSHIP ..........................................................................6 EDUCATION.......................................................................................................................................................6 EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION ......................................................................................................................8 ECONOMIC CONDITION: ..................................................................................................................................9 MONTHLY HOUSEHOLD INCOME ...................................................................................................................9 AGRARIAN INFORMATION .............................................................................................................................11 INFORMATION ABOUT SHG:..........................................................................................................................12 ACCESS TO SERVICES & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: ..........................................................................14 GROWTH RATE FOR TOTAL POPULATION: .................................................................................................15 GROWTH RATE FOR MALE POPULATION: ...................................................................................................15 GROWTH RATE FOR FEMALE POPULATION: ...............................................................................................16 POPULATION PROJECTION: .............................................................................................................................17 GENERAL POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED .........................................................................................................20 RURAL VERSUS URBAN ................................................................................................................................20 THE MEANING OF A “BASIC” LEVEL OF SERVICE.......................................................................................20 NEW INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL AREAS .................................................................................................20 COMMUNITY SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................20 UNDERSTANDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FACTORS ...............................................................20 LABOUR INTENSIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS ......................................................................................21 ARE VILLAGE READY FOR FUTURE GENERATION? ..................................................................................21 BASIC RESIDENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ........................................................................................................22 WATER SUPPLY..............................................................................................................................................22 HOUSE CONNECTIONS .................................................................................................................................22 LIBRARIES .......................................................................................................................................................23 HEALTH SERVICES ........................................................................................................................................23 FACILITIES FOR ANIMALS .............................................................................................................................23 SANITATION: .......................................................................................................................................................23 COLLECTION OF WASTE: ..............................................................................................................................24 MODEL IMPLEMENTATION OF DECENTRALIZED WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT ........................24 ECO-SAN LATRINES .......................................................................................................................................27 LOW-FLOW ON-SITE SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................27 SEPTIC TANKS ................................................................................................................................................28 ROADS.................................................................................................................................................................29 BASIC LEVEL OF SERVICE ............................................................................................................................30

Village Development Plan -DHANORE

ACCESS TO EACH PLOT WITH A GRADED OR GRAVEL-PAVED ROAD ...................................................30 NARROW PAVED ROAD OR ROAD WITH NARROW PAVING .....................................................................31 PAVED STREETS WITH KERBS .....................................................................................................................31 STORM WATER ..................................................................................................................................................32 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ..................................................................................................................................33 HOUSEHOLD TRANSFER TO COMMUNAL SKIPS .......................................................................................33 ORGANISED TRANSFER TO COMMUNAL SKIPS.........................................................................................34 KERBSIDE COLLECTION ................................................................................................................................34 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE .........................................................................................................................34 STREET/COMMUNITY LIGHTING ......................................................................................................................35 STREETLIGHTS...............................................................................................................................................35 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND MICROENTERPRISES INFRASTRUCTURE (E) ................................................36 LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (LED) TYPE PROJECTS:....................................................................36 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS: ..................................................................................................................................36 PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSAL: ..................................................................................................36 FIRST YEAR CONCENTRATION SHOULD BE ON ........................................................................................36 SECOND YEAR CONCENTRATION SHOULD BE ON ...................................................................................36 REFERENCES: ....................................................................................................................................................37

TABLES Table 1 School Dropout Children (Between 5 And 16 Age Group) ................................................................ 7 Table 2 Educational Status Of Youths In 16-22 Years Age Group ................................................................. 8 Table 3 Expenditure On Education ................................................................................................................. 8 Table 4 Monthly Household Income ............................................................................................................... 9 Table 5 Individual Earners ............................................................................................................................ 10 Table 6 Per Capita Income ........................................................................................................................... 10 Table 7 Information About Irrigation ............................................................................................................. 11 Table 8 Sources Of Irrigation ........................................................................................................................ 12 Table 9 Information About Cattle .................................................................................................................. 12 Table 10 Information About The Membership .............................................................................................. 12 Table 11 Information About The Loan .......................................................................................................... 13 GLOBAL COMMUNITIES

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Table 12 By Arithmetic Growth Method ........................................................................................................ 18 Table 13 By Incremental Increase Method ................................................................................................... 18 Table 14 By Geometric Growth Method ....................................................................................................... 18 Table 15 By Average Of AM_IM_GM ........................................................................................................... 19 Table 16 Net Water Demand ........................................................................................................................ 22 Table 19 Sewage Generation ....................................................................................................................... 25 Table 20 Road Length Calculation ............................................................................................................... 30 Table 21 Total Road Length ......................................................................................................................... 30 Table 22 Strom Water Drain Length Calculation .......................................................................................... 32 Table 23 Total Strom Water Drain Length .................................................................................................... 32 Table 24 Solid Waste Generated Per Year .................................................................................................. 33

FIGURES

figure 1 Location (Google Earth) ..................................................................................................................... 0 Figure 2 Location Map .................................................................................................................................... 1 Figure 3 Village Cadastral Map ...................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 4 Population Of Children ..................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 5 Children In School 6-12 Yrs.............................................................................................................. 4 Figure 6 Number Of Dropout Children ............................................................................................................ 4 Figure 7 Income Distribution ........................................................................................................................... 4 Figure 8 Women's Contribution In Income...................................................................................................... 5 Figure 9 Income Of Youth ............................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 10 Population Distribution .................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 11 Educational Status Of Children (3 – 12 Yrs.) .................................................................................. 6 Figure 12 Types Of Occupation ...................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 13 Household Income ........................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 14 Information Of Agriculture Land .................................................................................................... 11 Figure 15 Distribution Of Workforce By Nature Of Employment ................................................................... 13 GLOBAL COMMUNITIES

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 16 Education Levels Of Youth In The Age Group 16 To 30 .............................................................. 13 Figure 17 Distribution Of Land In The Villagers ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 18 Distribution Of Land In The Villagers ............................................................................................ 14 Figure 19 Growth Rate For Total Population ................................................................................................ 15 Figure 20 Census 2001 Dhanore .................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 21 Income And Expenditure Of The Village ...................................................................................... 16 Figure 22 Area Distribution ........................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 23 Linear Projection Method .............................................................................................................. 17

APPENDIX GR GROWTH RATE TP TOTAL POPULATION AM ARITHMETIC GROWTH METHOD IM INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD GM GEOMETRIC GROWTH METHOD BPL BELOW POVERTY LINE CUM CUBIC METER EWS ECONOMICALLY WEAKER SECTION GOI GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HA HECTARE HHS HOUSEHOLDS IEC INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION ILCS INTEGRATED LOW COST SANITATION SCHEME LPCD LITRES PER CAPITA PER DAY MDG MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL M&E MONITORING AND EVALUATION MLD MILLION LITRES PER DAY MSW MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GLOBAL COMMUNITIES

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

MT/MT METRIC TONNE NGO NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION NSS NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY PHE PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING PVC POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RCC REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE SQ. M. SQUARE METER WSP WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM

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INTRODUCTION Name of Sarpanch – Mrs. Malan Bhosure Name of Gramsevek – Mrs.Suvarna Sakore

Figure 1 Location (Google Earth)

LOCATION: It is located along the banks of the Bhima River.Dhanore is one of the Village in Shirur Taluk in Pune District in Maharashtra State. Dhanore is 63.6 km far from its District Main City Pune. It is 161 km far from its State Main City Mumbai.

Nearest Towns are Daund(45.6 k.m.) ,Khed(49.7 k.m.) ,Ambegaon(60.3 k.m.) ,Pune(63.7 k.m.).

INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY: There is no facility of water and sanitation, toilet, internal road, street light and Drainage.

HEALTH: People go to Sanaswadi and shikarapur for private hospital as PHC is not available in the village. Closest government hospital is 6 km at Talegao Dhamdhere.

DEMOGRAPHY: The total population of the village is 1174 (631 male and 542 female), in the 268 HH surveyed.

OCCUPATION & INCOME: Majority of the households are engaged in farming and earn once a year from sale of the crop. This is followed by Private jobs in factories in the area. 64% state that they earn less than Rs.5000 per month.

EDUCATION: Total number of children in 3-6 years age group going to preschool is 49. There are two primary schools in the village. There are total 132 schools going children in the age of group of 6-12 years. Of the 347 youth between the age group 16 and 30, 24% (48 females & 36 males) have failed to pass the 10th grade.

SHG’s: 183 families have women as part of Self Help groups. There are 15 SHG groups in the village. The SHGs are formed by the Gram-Panchayat.

Village Development Plan -DHANORE

MAIN ISSUES IN VILLAGE: The Main issues in the village is of Migrant people. They don’t have their identity cards i.e. Ration cards, election cards. So they have issues of hiring cooking gas bottles, and opening of bank accounts etc. The students are from other states and their medium of language is English, while here the language is Marathi.

There is no public transport to the village, and villagers have to depend on private vehicles to access the nearest bigger villages and highway.

Figure 2 Location Map

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Map:

Figure 3 Village Cadastral Map

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Situational Analysis

Figure 4 Population of children

Total number of children in 3-6 years age group is 81.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 6 Number of Dropout children

Figure 5 Children in School 6-12 Yrs

Majority of dropouts are in the age of 11-13 years.

School going children are total 132 in the age of 6-12.

Figure 7 Income Distribution

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Majority of the household have income between Rs.10000 - 20000 and agriculture is the main income. Villagers are also working as Agriculture Labour & engage Privet jobs.

Figure 8 Women's contribution in Income

Majority of the women’s contribution in monthly income is Rs 500 to 5000.

Figure 9 Income of Youth

Majority of the Youth in the age of 16- 30 are earning Rs. 500 to 5000.

Population Distribution

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 10 Population Distribution

The above graph shows more number of youth populations (161 women and 177 men) in the age group of 23 to 35 years.

Caste wise Categories Marathas, Dhangar, Buddhists and Muslims in Dhanore village. Marathas and Dhangar are more in numbers.

Housing - Types of house & type of ownership Majority of the villagers in Dhanore have pukka and semi pukka houses, there are few BPL families who have kaccha houses.

Figure 11 Educational Status of Children (3 – 12 yrs.)

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

The Graph shows increase trend of children’s enrolment from primary to middle school level.

There are only 32 children attending village Aaganwadi where the number of girl children are very less in numbers. There are 137 girls and 118 boys in middle class school. The availability of school in the village results in high number of girl children attendance the school.

Dhanore village has total 230 illiterate people from which more than 50% (156 people) are women.

Majority (129 women and 214 men) of the people have education till secondary level however after secondary level there is a significant decrease in the enrolment at higher secondary level.

Table 1 School dropout Children (between 5 and 16 age group)

Age Group

Males

Females

Number of Drop- out Children

5-7

0

1

1

8-10

0

0

0

11-13

4

2

6

14-16

2

1

3

Total

6

4

10

Dhanore village survey shows total 10 school dropout children in the age group of 5 to 16 years.

The dropout trend can be observed from the age of 11 to 16 year. 6 dropouts are from 11 to 13 years of age and 3 are from 14 to 16 years of age.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Table 2 Educational Status of youths in 16-22 years age group

EDUCATION STATUS

FEMALES

NOT PASSED 10TH

MALES

TOTAL

15

7

22

PASSED

30

23

53

12TH PASSED

12

24

36

DIPLOMA/ TECHNICAL GRADUATE TOTAL

3 13 73

1 12 67

4 25 140

TH

10

Total 22 children are 10th fail and 53 have completed their matriculation. 36 youths are 12th passed and only 4 have taken diploma in technical field. There are 13 girls and 12 boys who have completed degree.

Expenditure on education Table 3 Expenditure on Education

Yearly education expenditure in rupees

No. of Households

Less than 1000 Rs

7

Rs. 1000 to Rs 2000/-

7

Rs. 2001 to Rs 3000 /-

10

More than Rs 3000 /-

127

Total

151

127 families spend more than 3000/- in a year for their children’s education. Total 14 families spends up to rupees 1000 to 2000/- and 10 families spends up to rupees 3000/- in a year. There are 11 Families who have also received scholarship for their children.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Economic Condition:

Figure 12 Types of Occupation

Agriculture is the main occupation for majority (187 women and 205 men) of the people in Dhanore village. Apart from agriculture most of the men are also in to private jobs in nearby factories and companies whereas 85 women are housewife. 29 men and 19 women are labour. 14 men and 19 women are self-employed whereas total 6 people from the surveyed population have dairy and animal husbandry business.

Monthly household Income Table 4 Monthly Household Income

Monthly Income in Rs Below 3000 Between 3000 to 5000 Between 5001 to 10000 Between 10001 to 20000 Above 20001 Total

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Number of Households 86 85 57 26 14 268

Percentage 32.08% 31.71% 21.26% 9.70% 5.22%

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 13 Household income

In Dhanore village, the total family income of 32 % households is less than rupees 3000 a month.

There are 32 % households have income of rupees between 3000 and 5000 a month. 21% households have income between rupees 5000 and 10,000/- and 15% households have income more than 10,000/- rupees a month.

Table 5 Individual Earners

Income Category

Women

Men

Total

less 3000

134

158

292

3001-5000

25

49

74

5001-7000

5

22

27

7001-10000

4

22

26

10001-20000

2

10

12

above 20000

2

3

5

172

264

436

Total

Data shows total 134 women and 158 men earning less than 3000/- rupees a month. 49 men and 25 women have monthly income between 3001 and 5000/- rupees whereas 22 men and 5 women are earning rupees between 5001 and 7000/- a month. Out of the surveyed population only 4 women and 22 men have monthly income of rupees 7000 to 10000/-. People earning rupees more than 10,000/- rupees are 12 in numbers.

Table 6 Per Capita Income

Per capita income ranges less than Rs.500 per capita 501 – 1000 1001- 1500

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No of Households 84 79 29

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

1501 -2000 2001-2500 2501-3000 above 3000 Total HH

24 18 15 19 268

In Dhanore village, on an average, per-person income range is between rupees 500 and 1000/- as majority i.e. 163 households have per capita income up to 2000/- rupees a month. The per-capita income indicates the living conditions and quality of life in villages.

Agrarian information

Figure 14 Information of Agriculture land

The data shows that out of the total surveyed population 27% households do not have any agriculture land. 12% families have less than 1 acre of agriculture land whereas 23% families own a land of 1 to 2 acres. 14% families own land up to 3 acres whereas there are 12% families have agriculture land more than 5 acres. Many migrants in this village do have any agriculture land and mainly employed in companies and factories located nearby village.

Table 7 Information about Irrigation

LAND IN ACERS IRRIGATED LAND NON IRRIGATED LAND 11 6 LESS THAN ONE ACRES 12 15 1TO 2 ACRES 5 1 2 TO 3 ACRE 14 2 3TO 4 ACRES 14 2 MORE THAN 5ACERS 16 21 NOTHING 72 47 TOTAL IRRIGATED / NON IRRIGATED LAND In the survey, total 72 households reported that their most of the agriculture land is irrigated.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Table 8 Sources of Irrigation

SOURCES OF IRRIGATION RIVER WELL BORE WELL POND NO WATER RESOURCE

NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS 108 78 10 1 37

River (108 households) and well water (78 households) is the main source of irrigation for farmers of Dhanore Village.

Table 9 Information about cattle

TYPES OF CATTLE

NO. OF HOUSEHOLDS

COW

100

BULLOCK

47

BUFFALO

60

GOAT

33

POULTRY

27

NO CATTLE

50

In Dhanore, majority (160 households) of the villagers have Cows and the buffalos whereas 50 households do not have any cattle and total 60 households’ houses have Poultry and Goats.

INFORMATION ABOUT SHG: Table 10 Information about the membership

MEMBERSHIP NO OF FAMILIES 01

104

02

17

03

4

NO MEMBER

143

TOTAL

268

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Out of total surveyed families, 104 families have one woman member in Self Help Group whereas 26 families do not have any member in Self Help Group. Members of the SHGs are mainly women who are in Self Help Groups for more than 5 years.

Table 11 Information about the loan

LOAN AMOUNT NOT TAKEN LESS THAN RS 1000 RS1000-RS 3000 MORE THAN RS 3000

NO OF MEMBERS 58 7 2 62

62 women reported taking loan up to rupees 3000/- whereas 58 women have not taken any loan.

There are 7 women who have taken loan up to rupees 1000/- and 2 have taken up to rupees 3000/-.

The rural people obtain loans to meet their day- to-day needs such as medical expenses, small repairs at home etc. The data shows that women have not taken loan for any business purposes.

Figure 15 Distribution of workforce by nature of employment

Figure 16 Education levels of youth in the age group 16 to 30

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 17 Distribution of Land in the villagers

Figure 18 Distribution of Land in the villagers

Access to services & community development: The Village is yet to achieve 100% sanitation. The villagers depend on individual wells, and the village has got a sanctioned project for piped water supply. The internal roads need paving.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

GROWTH RATE FOR TOTAL POPULATION:

Figure 19 GROWTH RATE FOR TOTAL POPULATION

Analysis Note: in 1981 Dhanore Divided in to Several small Villages 6% Constant Growth rate from 1981-1991

GROWTH RATE FOR MALE POPULATION:

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

GROWTH RATE FOR FEMALE POPULATION:

Figure 20 Census 2001 Dhanore

Figure 21 Income and expenditure of the village

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Figure 22 Area Distribution

POPULATION PROJECTION:

Figure 23 Linear Projection Method

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Table 12 by Arithmetic Growth Method Year

Population

Decadal GR

Annual GR

2011

1813

2016

1867

6.08%

0.59%

2021

1923

6.08%

0.59%

2026

1978

5.73%

0.56%

2031

2034

5.73%

0.56%

2036

2088

5.42%

0.53%

2041

2144

5.42%

0.53%

Table 13 by Incremental Increase Method Year

Population

Decadal GR

Annual GR

2011

1927

2016

1981

5.72%

0.56%

2021

2037

5.72%

0.56%

2026

2092

5.41%

0.53%

2031

2147

5.41%

0.53%

2036

2202

5.13%

0.50%

2041

2258

5.13%

0.50%

Decadal GR

Annual GR

Table 14 by Geometric Growth Method Year

Population

2011

1973

2016

2124

15.88%

1.48%

2021

2287

15.88%

1.48%

2026

2462

15.88%

1.48%

2031

2650

15.88%

1.48%

2036

2853

15.88%

1.48%

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

2041

3071

15.88%

1.48%

Decadal GR

Annual GR

Table 15 by Average of AM_IM_GM Year

Population

2011

1905

2016

1992

9.34%

0.90%

2021

2082

9.34%

0.90%

2026

2178

9.34%

0.90%

2031

2277

9.34%

0.90%

2036

2381

9.34%

0.90%

2041

2491

9.34%

0.90%

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

GENERAL POINTS TO BE CONSIDERED [Source: Basic Level of Services and Unit Costs: A guide for municipalities]

RURAL VERSUS URBAN Urban and Rural situations differ. It is therefore not generally possible to provide the same level of service in all Areas, primarily because the cost of services increases in rural areas, while incomes are usually lower. Basic and intermediate service levels therefore tend to be more appropriate in rural areas.

THE MEANING OF A “BASIC� LEVEL OF SERVICE When describing levels of service, the term "basic level" refers to the level considered adequate to ensure the health and safety of its household users. It therefore provides cost-effective economic benefits in terms of the improved health of workers and families. A lower level often brings unacceptable health risks. Levels higher than the basic level represent increased convenience for service users. Health and safety benefits to the users may also increase, but this is not necessarily the case.

NEW INFRASTRUCTURE IN RURAL AREAS In rural areas less emphasis is placed on housing and new infrastructure is often provided independently for each service rather than as a "package"(e.g. water supply, Sanitation, Solid waste disposal).

COMMUNITY SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE It is also important for Gram-Panchayat to provide ancillary facilities and services, such as solid waste disposal, Roads and community Services and facilities. These ancillary facilities and services ensure the necessary supporting infrastructure, which is essential to community life and contributes substantially to ensuring a well-balanced, stable society and an enhanced quality of life.

UNDERSTANDING OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE FACTORS The selection of service levels and packages involves not only the initial provision of these services, but also operation and maintenance for many decades after their installation. In selecting service levels the ongoing management implications and costs must therefore be carefully considered.

It is important that the operating and maintenance requirements should suit the capacity of the municipality responsible for the necessary work. If services are provided that are difficult to operate the ongoing viability of the service will be at risk owing to down time, leaving people without a service Or causing damage to the environment.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

LABOUR INTENSIVE CONSTRUCTION METHODS It is possible to use labour intensive methods in the construction of all the categories of infrastructure Included in this document.

The potential for the inclusion of labour intensive methods is greatest in the construction of: • Roads, • Storm water Drains, • Trenching Activities Involved In The Provision Of Water And Sanitation Services.

Are village Ready for future Generation?

As table shows total population of Dhanore village is going to increase drastically in future coming year.

So the questions arise like Is Dhanore is ready for the future coming generation?

Should have efficient resources to cater the needs of the growing population?

Is present solid waste management system be sufficient for them?

Is present water distribution system efficient in catering future needs?

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

BASIC RESIDENTIAL INFRASTRUCTURE WATER SUPPLY A basic water supply service is defined as “the provision of a basic water supply facility, the sustainable operation of the facility (available for at least 350 days per year and not interrupted for more than 48 consecutive hours per incident) and the communication of good water-use, hygiene and related practices.”

Table 16 Net Water Demand

Dhanore

Projected

Projected

Projected

Indicator

Population ( 2011)

Intermediate Stage ( 2026)

Ultimate Stage ( 2041)

Projected Population

1905

2082

2491

Water Consumption(normal Range average)

160

160

160

Net water Demand(per day/person)

304800

333120

398560

HOUSE CONNECTIONS This option provides a metered supply to the plot, with a connection to the house and several taps in the house. It requires a waste water system, such as a septic tank or sewerage.

ADVANTAGES • Highest level of convenience.

DISADVANTAGES • High cost to the municipality.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

• High levels of water use.

• Difficulty in controlling amount of water used.

• Needs a complementary waste water system.

UNIT COST FOR WATER SUPPLY The national average unit cost for water supply including both connector and bulk is 650rs-700rs per Year for each household. Anything outside this range will require a strong motivation from the Gram Panchayat concerned.

Libraries Some funds may only be used for the provision of a library building and ablution facilities.

The building costs will be based 700rs-750rs per square foot.

Other library requirements such as shelves, furniture and books must be provided for from other funding sources.

Health services Health centres include: • Maternity • Ophthalmic • Child guidance • Speech therapy • Physic • Community nursing services • Health Education • Accommodation of General Practitioners (GPs) • Flexible use of spaces • Adaptability

FACILITIES FOR ANIMALS Provision must be made for the following facilities for animals: • Accommodation facilities • Crematoriums • Burial facilities • Dipping tanks Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) should be encouraged in addressing the above facilities.

Sanitation: In order to make the sanitation plan practical, it is important to initiate a pilot demonstration of a project for each sector to assess the workability of the suggested options. The waste management options are suggested at the Village level based on the existing demand gap assessment.

Considering the limited funds available with the local authority and delays in time required for mobilizing the required human resource as well as funds, it is advised that model implementation of projects can be initiated for the following sectors as a part of short term strategy.

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

Based on the detail information of the area, following alternatives can be considered for collectiontransportation-treatment and disposal of waste.

Collection of Waste: Segregation at source can be promoted which will help treatment of organic and inorganic waste separately and more effectively.

Initiating Door to Door collection will ensure that almost all of the waste generated at household level is regularly collected. This, in turn, will help to reduce the practice of dumping of waste in open areas along roads and drains.

Treatment of Waste through recycling: Recycling of waste can be seen as an effective method which would generate employment, reduce environmental hazards and land pollution and attain sustainability.

It is advised to adapt an innovative technology like Bio Methenation-This is a biological process that occurs in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic processes can either occur naturally or in a controlled environment. The organic waste is put in an airtight container called a digester where decomposition begins and the biogas is captured and sold for electricity. The residue can be used as a fertilizer similar to compost. This option however requires careful operation and maintenance of the plant to run it successfully.

Involving NGOs and Self Help Groups: In order to carry out effective implementation of the solid waste management, it is advised to incorporate various players in the services such as NGOs and SHGs who could effectively work out awareness generating strategies and demonstrate the same through campaigns, rallies, street plays and various workshops in schools.

NGOs can play a great role not only in developing awareness amongst the Villagers but in collection and transportation of waste as well.

NGOs can play a role in door to door collection system too.

Various incentive based models can be worked out which would consider and define the role of rag pickers and promote solid waste management as an employment generating opportunity for them.

Model Implementation of decentralized waste water treatment plant Considering the existing waste water management system in the Village, it advised that a pilot area can be taken up to prepare a detail project report and implement a suitable, cost effective

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Village Development Plan -DHANORE

decentralized waste water treatment system. The technology selection will be guided by various parameters like     

Amount of waste water generated Quality of waste water Topography of the delineated area or cluster Collection and conveyance system in the area Possible alternatives where treated water can be used or discharged O& M issues (like capital cost, energy requirement, human resource and funds to operate the same, etc.)

Table 19 Sewage Generation Note: Per Capita Water supply=135lpcd Village Projection Projection Projection Name 2011 2021 2041 Dhanore 1905 2082 2491

Sewage Generation in MLD per year S.G. 2011 in S.G. 2021 in S.G. 2041 in MLD MLD MLD 750.951 820.7244 981.9522

The Strategic Framework for Water Services of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, September 2003 defines basic sanitation facilities as follows: The infrastructure necessary to provide a sanitation service which is safe, reliable, private, protected from the weather, ventilated, keeps smells to the minimum, is easy to keep clean, minimises the risk of the spread of sanitation- related diseases by facilitating the appropriate control of disease carrying flies and pests, and enables safe and appropriate treatment and/or removal of human waste and wastewater in an environmentally sound manner.

Basic sanitation service is defined as follows: The provision of a basic sanitation facility which is easily accessible to a household, the sustainable operation of the facility, including the safe removal of human waste and wastewater from the premises where this is appropriate and necessary, and the communication of good sanitation, hygiene and related practices.

In Rural or urban areas with low density, VIP or equivalent toilets are recommended as basic levels of service. However, in case of dense urban settlements waterborne or equivalent sanitation services such as low flush systems are recommended as appropriate basic sanitation.

The final choice of the type of service rests with the Water Services Authority, (WSA). In order for them to take such a decision they must ensure that it is practical as well as financially viable and sustainable according to considerations stated below.

CONSIDERATIONS FOR DECIDING ON SYSTEMS OTHER THAN VIPS Before deciding on a system other than a VIP, WSAs must consider the following: • The WSA must be able to fund from their own budget, (including grants such as the “Panchayat Samiti shirur “for capital and the equitable share for operations and maintenance), both the capital investment needed for the type of service chosen, and the ongoing operations and management of the sanitation system.

• Their capacity, (financial and institutional) to operate and maintain complex sewage systems if opting for higher service levels and in particular waterborne sanitation.

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• Water supply implications, (availability, affordability and management of water required).

Option

Advantages

Disadvantages

Capital cost

O&M

Impact on environment

 Manual removal of sludge  Possibility of ground water contamination 

Low

Low

Low

 Requires careful use while cleaning of anal to avoid entry of water in excreta hole.  Higher cost as the vaults are built above ground.

Low

Moderate

Low

 Comparatively higher construction cost than pit latrine  Requires more space than a pit latrine. May not be suitable in densely developed or congested areas may due to unavailability of space

High

Low

Low

 Requires high amount of water for cleaning

High

High

High

ON SITE DISPOSAL Pit latrine

Eco Sanitation Latrines

Flush Toilets with Septic Tanks

Flush Toilets connected to the proposed sewerage system.

 Easy construction techniques with locally available and materials low construction cost  Less space availability  Faecal material can be used as soil conditioning  Reduction in pathogens to a considerable level  Reduced in foul odours due to effective ventilation  Suitable in water logged areas.  Requires less water.

Separates Urine and Excreta and both can be used as rich manure.  Can be built with locally available materials  Preferred for long term usages  No electrical energy required  Onsite treatment carried with septic tank  Saves investments on pits or septic tank.

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Other types of dry "on-site" sanitation systems may be used, e.g. composting systems. There are new developments in this area and composting systems offer the advantages of (a) not requiring deep excavations and (b) producing a usable product. However, they are typically more expensive than pit-type systems and are more sensitive to operational problems.

EC OSA N LA TR IN ES Eco-San latrines comprise a variety of designs including a number of proprietary models. The basic concept is that wastes are immediately treated either through composting or through drying out (desiccation) to render wastes harmless. The residuals can then be used on-site as a soil conditioner without the need for further removal or treatment. The dry mass is usually removed from the latrine manually by the home owner. These latrines are ecologically friendly and require minimum maintenance support from the municipality. Some designs can be incorporated into the existing home without fear of odours.

ADVANTAGES • Low capital and minimal operating costs.

• No impact on the environment (ecologically friendly).

• System is robust and can be maintained by the household.

• Can be incorporated into a home.

• Shallow or no pit means it can be installed in all ground conditions.

DISADVANTAGES • May be some initial resistance to handling dry wastes from latrine.

• Proprietary models do not promote use of local labour and hence job creation.

LOW-FLOW ON-SITE SYSTEMS The term LOFLOS incorporates a number of sanitation options, including: • The aqua-privy.

• Proprietary, factory-manufactured systems produced in India, some of which are also referred to as aqua-privies.

• The pour flush system as used in India.

Proprietary systems have been used mostly in India and are therefore discussed here.

These systems have a pedestal, a digester (like a septic tank) and a soakaway. Several have a small tank for flushing water, the flush volume being generally less than 1 litre. The digester, like a GLOBAL COMMUNITIES

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septic tank, requires emptying on a regular basis, usually between 6 months and 2 years depending on size, model and usage.

ADVANTAGES • Fairly low capital and operating costs.

• Easy to install.

DISADVANTAGES • Water has to be carried to the flushing tank.

• Where small digesters are used, they need to be emptied often.

• There has been a problem with some brands in the past, with mechanical failure of the flushing mechanisms.

• Soak ways need to be carefully installed or effluent seeps at ground level.

• An additional burden is placed on the local authority in respect of operation and maintenance of the system.

SEPTIC TANKS A septic tank uses a conventional pedestal or flush toilet located in a privy or in the house.

The flow from the toilet goes into the septic tank (digester). The effluent from the septic tank flows into a soak away, which is a porous underground chamber from which the water seeps into the surrounding soil. Flush volumes range from 6 to 15 litres. Other household wastewater drains can be connected to the soak away after passing through an adequate grease trap, provided that the soak away is big enough to deal with all the waste water.

ADVANTAGES • Can be installed where there are no sewers.

• A possible upgrading option for individual households.

• A convenient system from the user's viewpoint.

• Household responsible for all operation and maintenance accept periodic (approximately once in three to five years) dislodging of septic tank.

DISADVANTAGES • Requires large plots.

• Most expensive on-site sanitation system.

• Uses more water compared with other sanitation options.

• Tanks require dislodging once every three to five years.

• Failure to dislodge at the right time can lead to a blocked soak away, requiring total replacement.

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ROADS

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Table 20 Road Length Calculation

Road Code

Road Length (km)

Note

T1

1.63076

Tar Road Length (km)

T2

1.6434

Tar Road Length (km)

K1

1.04683

Kachaa Road Length (km)

K2

0.61761

Kachaa Road Length (km)

K3

0.09558

Kachaa Road Length (km)

K4

0.28561

Kachaa Road Length (km)

K5

0.29108

Kachaa Road Length (km)

K6

1.63076

Kachaa Road Length (km)

Table 21 Total Road Length

Tar Road Length (km)

3.27416

Kachaa Road Length (km) 2.33671

BASIC LEVEL OF SERVICE Currently, rural areas, where there are very small, scattered settlements, it may not be feasible to provide all-weather access to within 500 m of every dwelling.

Level of service options starting at a basic level, the level of service options include: • All-weather access to within 500 m of the dwelling.

• paved width (intermediate or full level of service).

• Access to each ERF with graded or gravel-paved road (basic).

• Access to each ERF with a narrow paved road or a wider road with a narrow paved width (intermediate or full level of service).

• paved streets with kerbs (full level of service).

Gravel roads are not recommended in areas where there is high rainfall and high volumes of traffic.

Paved roads would be preferable as they can create many jobs by employing labour intensive construction methods. Only the last three options are dealt with below as there is insufficient information available at present regarding the first one.

Lack of regular maintenance can lead to the need for expensive rehabilitation or even complete rebuilding.

ACCESS TO EACH PLOT WITH A GRADED OR GRAVEL-PAVED ROAD In areas where car ownership is low, it may be appropriate to have simple earth or gravel roads.

Where local soils are of good quality, it may be possible to grade the existing material into a road formation. In other circumstances, a gravelled layer may be needed. An earth/graded road is not acceptable as a minimum level of service.

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ADVANTAGES • Low cost.

DISADVANTAGES • Dusty.

• Can be impassable during very rainy periods.

• Not suited to heavy traffic.

• Requires frequent maintenance (this maintenance can be labour-intensive and locally managed).

NARROW PAVED ROAD OR ROAD WITH NARROW PAVING For this option the road would be sealed, but would be built with a narrow width or have only a narrow width paved (about three metres) to save costs. The paving could be single layer bituminous "chip and spray", precast blocks or other types. Paved roads require several layers of material below the paving for support and to give the road sufficient strength.

Advantages • All-weather driving surface.

• Reasonably low maintenance intervals.

Disadvantages • Passing vehicles need to pull on to gravel shoulder.

• Fairly expensive.

PAVED STREETS WITH KERBS For this option the road would be of sufficient width for two lanes and would have the full width paved. Paving durability would typically be greater than for the previous option. The road would typically be provided with kerbs or edging of some sort. While maintenance intervals are longer than with other options, the cost of maintenance, when it is needed, is high and specialists are generally needed to do the maintenance work.

ADVANTAGES • All-weather driving surface.

• Low maintenance intervals.

DISADVANTAGES • High cost.

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STORM WATER Table 22 Strom Water Drain Length Calculation

Drain Length in KM.

Drain Length in MT.

3.26152

326.152

3.2868

328.68

2.09366

209.366

1.23522

123.522

0.19116

19.116

0.57122

57.122

0.58216

58.216

3.26152

326.152

Table 23 Total Strom Water Drain Length

Tar Road Length (mt)

654.832

Kachaa Road Length (mt)

467.342

Total Drain Length in mt.

1122.174

Basic level of service The basic level of service for storm water is open channels along the road. These channels may be lined (with concrete or other materials) or unlined. Alternatively, storm water can be channelled to underground pipes by kerbs and catch-pits.

A combination of the above may be used depending on the geographic area.

Typical costs for storm water systems are given in the table below (R per kilometre of road).

Type Cost per kilometre of road • Earth V– Basic Level of Service • Concrete • Sub-soil (pipes) – Full level of Service Poor maintenance of open drains leads to soil erosion, or erosion of the road, thus requiring expensive repairs. A piped system without maintenance can lead to blockages, demanding complete reconstruction.

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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL Table 24 Solid Waste Generated Per Year

Year

Projected Population

2011

Solid Waste Generated in kg/Day Per Year Total Collection in Total Solid Biodegradable NonWaste (62%) biodegradable kg/day 1905 571.5 354.33 134.6454 208597.5

2021

2082

624.6

387.252

147.15576

227979

2041

2491

747.3

463.326

176.06388

272764.5

BASIC LEVEL OF SERVICE Government requires that "a refuse removal service" be provided at least once a week. This can be interpreted as some arrangement to remove the solid waste from an area at least once a week.

LEVEL OF SERVICE OPTIONS (COLLECTION) The range of options includes: • Household transfer to communal skips; waste in skips transported to proper landfill sites (basic).

• Organised transfer to communal skips; waste in skips transported to proper landfill sites (intermediate).

• Kerbside collection; to landfill sites (full).

HOUSEHOLD TRANSFER TO COMMUNAL SKIPS For this option, individual households must carry their own solid waste to a communal point in their neighbourhood, where skips are provided. The skips are then removed and emptied at a landfill site by the municipality or a contractor appointed by the municipality.

Typical cost: /household /month ADVANTAGES • Simple system.

• Low operating cost.

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DISADVANTAGES • If the distances are too great, people dump their rubbish in the street.

• The collection point may become untidy and unhygienic.

ORGANISED TRANSFER TO COMMUNAL SKIPS For this option local contractors are appointed to collect the waste door-to-door. They transport it to a local collection point, perhaps using hand or bicycle-carts. The municipality, or another contractor, then transports the waste in skips to landfill sites.

Typical cost: / household / month ADVANTAGES • Convenient for households.

• Creates jobs.

• Contractor can also clean streets.

DISADVANTAGES • Contractor may be inexperienced or unreliable, requiring extra supervision.

• The collection point may become untidy and unhygienic.

KERBSIDE COLLECTION Households put their rubbish out for collection once or twice a week. The municipality or appointed contractors collect the waste in trucks, or with tractors and trailers, and transport it to the landfill.

Typical cost: 60rs/ household / month ADVANTAGES • Convenient For Households.

• No Storage of Waste at Collection Points.

Disadvantages • Fairly expensive option.

• Requires substantial investment in specialised vehicles/equipment.

SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE All waste disposal sites in India must have a permit to operate in terms of the law and all phases of site development, e.g. Selection, investigation, development and operation, must conform to the “Minimum requirements” for waste disposal sites.

The municipality should select an appropriate-sized site, based on the minimum requirements set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) for the classification of waste disposal sites.

Using the classification system, landfills are grouped according to: • Type of waste involved.

• Size of the waste stream.

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• Potential for significant leachate generation.

Note that the landfill classification system cannot address factors specific to a particular site, such as the sensitivity of the receiving environment. Such factors are addressed during site selection, investigation and environmental impact assessment, where any critical factor would be identified.

Minimum requirements for these applications are:

Standards for the selection, design, commissioning, operation, maintenance, closure and rehabilitation of waste disposal sites.

It generally requires: • Site selection • Site investigation • Permission • Assessment and mitigation of environmental impacts 47 • Design, liner and capping components • Site preparation and commissioning • Landfill operation • Rehabilitation, closure and end-use • Water quality monitoring ADVANTAGES • Economies of scale, owing to bigger, better equipped waste disposal sites.

• Social integration with respect to the provision of joint services.

• Higher levels of service at a lower cost.

DISADVANTAGES • Local authorities will have to counter-fund, in ratio to the waste generated by higher income communities.

STREET/COMMUNITY LIGHTING STREETLIGHTS Streetlights are provided for in areas that have previously been reticulated. The choice between Midblock and streetlights is for the preference of the community.

One streetlight shall be provided per four (4) stands at a cost of 400rs per household.

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SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND MICROENTERPRISES INFRASTRUCTURE (E) Local economic development (led) type projects: • STREET TRADING • MARKETS • LOCAL TOURISM

Social institutions: • OLD-AGE HOMES • ORPHANAGES • TEMPLES • MASJIDS

PHASES OF IMPLEMENTATION PROPOSAL: FIRST YEAR CONCENTRATION SHOULD BE ON Roads-Storm water Sanitation Solid waste Management Health

SECOND YEAR CONCENTRATION SHOULD BE ON Social Institution Street community lightings Facilities Libraries With The Help of Community’s Participation Village Can Be Ready To Face Future Need Of 2021.

Together We Can Build A Better World.

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References:            

www.nabard.org/farm_sector/vdp.asp agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/village%20adoption.pdf www.cogta.gov.za/mig/ based on interviews with villagers fgd with village groups talk with gramsevak census library at gokhle college of economics and politics and deccan collage www.wikimapia.com www.wikipidia.com www.worldometers.info/water basic level of services and unit costs: a guide for municipalities Status of Water Supply, Wastewater Generation and Treatment in Class I and Class II Towns of India, Central Pollution Control Board, New Delhi 2009.

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