Glossary Of
Gl balization
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Introduction Globalization has become one of the most important topics within economics, politics, and especially tourism is one of the most important areas of globalization. Our globalization glossary will explain the related terminology, and it aims to be a great benefit to anyone studying tourism. Here you can find information about our globalization words, each word has a definition that provides a clear and concise description of the term to help our users gain a comprehensive understanding of the concept. ď ś Why chooses our Glossary? 1_ Easy to use and understand: Our Glossary use commonly used words to make understanding easy, whatever your level. 2-Improve communication skills: Our Glossary help you learn vocabulary and understand words in context. 3-Develop natural English: Our learner dictionaries use definitions and include whole, authentic English sentences.
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Definition
Acculturation
The cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each other's worldview.
Assimilation
A process that occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. The cultural identity of the minority group disappears as its members take on the identity of the other culture.
Biodiversity
Variety in plant and animal species.
Blood Oil
Oil that is obtained through violence and bloodshed.
Boreal Forest
An environmentally sensitive sub-Arctic region that consists of mostly coniferous trees, such as spruce, fir, and pine.
Capitalism
An economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity.
Cross-Cultural Communication
Communication that occurs among people of different cultures.
Cultural Content Laws
Laws passed by a government to prevent a group's cultural identity -- including its artists, performers, songs, movies, and literature -- from being overwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture.
Accessibility
A measure of the ease with which an individual can reach features in the wider world- overcoming “friction of distance� Any challenge to profit driven economies. It was given media prominence 1990 WTO summit Seattle, where there were protests. Individuals who believe that globalization is having a negative impact on cultural diversity Technology that can be made with local materials by local people at an affordable price, whilst benefitting individuals and communities, it will have a limited impact on the environment. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a geo-political and economic organization of 10 countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. The surprise collapse of the Southeast Asian economies has weakened ASEAN and made it more vulnerable to Western pressure. The level of oppression of the
Anti- capitalism Anti-globalizations Appropriate technology
ASEAN
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Assimilation AT Kearney
Balance of Payments
Bilateral trade agreements
Black Holes BRICs
Bulk carriers Capitalism
Civil society
opposition and people in Burma has increased, rather than abated, since its admission to ASEAN, contrary to ASEAN’s wishful thinking. ASEAN initiatives to modify the regime’s behavior have gone unheeded, revealing a major flaw in the ASEAN approach – namely, its inability to deal with an obstinate member. The process of becoming integrated into mainstream society The AT Kearney Foreign Policy index measures twelve variables, which are sub divided into four “baskets”: economic integration, personal contact, technological connectivity and political engagement. Nations are ranked according to a calculated globalization index. Top in 2010 were Belgium, Austria and the Netherlands. Bottom were Myanmar, Kiribati and Solomon Islands The difference between the exports and imports of a country. Deficit is when the imports of a country are greater than its exports. Surplus is when the exports of a country are greater than its imports. An agreement between two countries that regulates the terms of trade between them. If conditions are attached, loans that can only be spent on the resources or services of the donor country, it is called tied aid. In 1991 the UK provided £234 million pounds of funding for the Pergau River Dam in Malaysia, in return Malaysia spent £1 billion on British arms. Tied aid is now illegal in the UK. represent the 15 countries that limit or prohibit their citizens’ access to internet as a way of censoring the free flow of information The BRICs matter because of their economic weight. They are the four largest economies outside the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the rich man’s club). They are the only developing economies with annual GDPs of over $1 trillion (Indonesia’s is only half that). With the exception of Russia, they sustained better growth than most during the great recession and, but for them, world output would have fallen by even more than it did. China also became, by a fraction, the world’s largest exporter. Meanwhile, the BRICs are also increasing their trade with one another: Chinese-Indian trade has soared and is likely to reach $60 billion this year. China has also become the largest market for the fast-industrializing countries of East Asia. Designed to carry cargoes such as iron ore, coal and wheat as cheaply as possible, in very large quantities, slowly e.g. by boat. The social and economic system which relies on market mechanism to distribute factors of production (land, labor, capital) in the most efficient way. Any organization or movement that works in the area between the household, the private sector and the state to negotiate matters of public concern. Civil societies include non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
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Colonialism
Communications systems Connectivity
Containerization
Core
Cultural diffusion
Cultural dilution Cultural Imperialism
Cultural fusion
community groups, trade unions, academic institutions and faith based organizations. Permanent rule of one country or region by another, usually based on conquest. Feature of European expansion since sixteenth century, as Western powers took control of people and territory across much of globe. Last wave in Africa, late-nineteenth century. South American colonies gained independence in nineteenth century, African and Asian after WW II. The ways in which information is transmitted from place to place in the form of ideas, instructions and images. Tangible and intangible ways that places are connected by telephone lines, retail outlets, roads, rivers, language and families. Connectedness combines information on terrain and access to road, rail and river networks. It also considers how factors like altitude, steepness of terrain and hold-ups like border crossings slow travel Transport in a standard sized unit which can be sent by road rail or ship, requiring specialized handling equipment for freight like machine parts or manufactured electronic equipment. Wealthy countries with dominant role in world economy. Geographic equivalent of capitalist ruling class. World-system theory designation for areas that control capital, operate with leading-edge technology and free labor, are supported by strong states, can set global terms of trade and exploit regional division of labor. I.e. Europe (excluding Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus), the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, and Israel. Culture provides a sense of identity and attachment to place. It has several modes of expression or traits. Including; Language Religion Customs Music Art Architecture Dress Food Technology and Skills. The process of expansion diffusion involves the gradual spread of culture by person-to person contact. It may result in a pattern of distance decay and an S-shaped curve of adoption over time. Marginalization and reduction in strength of local cultures through the efforts of Western media and brand marketing Form of cultural hegemony enabling some states to impose worldview, values, and lifestyles on others. Term used by critics of American global influence to describe how U.S. dominates others, e.g., by disseminating ideology of consumerism, hedonistic popular culture, or particular model of free-market society It is not only America that has influenced global culture, Asian countries such as Japan has had a huge influence, for example computing and gaming. People have choice. There is not international conspiracy; consumers have a choice in the culture they consume. Increasing interconnectedness 5
Debt Crisis
Deregulation Deterritorialization Developing country
Development Indicator
Diffusion Digital divide
Distance decay
Emergency aid Emerging markets Energy pathways Export-processing zones
Food miles
makes the process of conflict more difficult, we have more in common. There have been no global conflicts in over half a century. – Global Villagetolerance through uniformity so improved equality. Some believe that exposure to Western culture has had a positive impact on the rights of individuals, for example the role of women in certain societies. Widespread inability in 1980s among developing countries to service loans, and resulting strains in domestic development, due to rising oil prices, higher real interest rates, reduced lending, and declining exports, with total debt burden reaching $1 trillion in 1986. Addressed through debt management led by IMF, involving new loans on condition of structural adjustment of state finances. For overview by an anti-debt organization, Lifting of government controls over an industry which usually results in greater competition and lower prices for consumers. weakening of and loss of nation states
Low-income and middle-income countries in which most people have a lower standard of living and access to fewer goods and services than do most people in high-income countries. Usually a numerical measure of quality of life in a country. Indicators are used to illustrate progress of a country in meeting a range of economic, social, and environmental goals. Since indicators represent data that have been collected by a variety of agencies using different collection methods, and there may be inconsistencies among them. The spread of phenomena over time and space Inequalities between individuals, households, businesses and nations (rural and periphery are disadvantaged) some have very effective access others limited access and some have none. Is the effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions? The distance decay effect states that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases. Provided after or during a disaster. Often short term aid. E.g. Emergency temporary shelters after an earthquake. Developing countries that are experiencing the fastest rate of growth in the global economy Supply routes between energy producers and consumers; they can be pipelines, shipping routes or electricity cables. Also, free trade zones. Selected areas in industrializing countries marked by low taxes and tariffs, subsidized infrastructure, and exemption from some regulations, designed to attract foreign direct investment and stimulate growth A measure of the distance food travels from its source to the consumer. This can be given either in units of actual distance or of energy consumed during transport. 6
Foreign Direct Investment
Free trade
Friction of distance
Global city
(FDI) Investment by firm based in one country in actual productive capacity or other real assets in another country, normally through creation of a subsidiary by a multinational corporation. Measure of globalization of capital. Effects on growth and inequality in developing countries disputed. A situation where there are no restrictions on trade between nations. This situation will never exist because nations have very strict rules about trading in some items, such as pornography, or they may ban goods for quarantine reasons, such as meat products from countries with outbreaks of ‘mad cow’ disease. Describes the force that creates distance decay and Waldo R. Toller’s First law of geography, an informal statement that “All things are related, but near things are more related than far things. Distance is seen as a disadvantage due to the time and cost needed to overcome it. An important nodal point in the economic global system, New York London and Tokyo are top. London has 34% of global share foreign exchange, 53% stocks and shares, has the world’s leading market for international insurance, 75% of the world’s largest 500 companies are located in The City, 254 foreign banks, 700 foreign companies are listed on the London Stock Exchange.a world city.
Global civil society
Global financial crisis
Global shift
All movements, associations or individual citizens, independent from the state, whose aim is to transform policies, standards or social structures through communal efforts at a national or international level. The 2008 financial crisis is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. It was triggered by a liquidity shortfall in the United States banking system, and has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market has also suffered, resulting in numerous evictions, foreclosures and prolonged vacancies. It contributed to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in the trillions of U.S. dollars, and a significant decline in economic activity, leading to a severe global economic recession in 2008 In which production processes are relocated from developed countries (the USA, Europe and Japan) to developing countries in Asia (for example China, Vietnam and India) and Latin America. This is because companies search for the cheapest locations to manufacture and assemble components, so low-cost labor-intensive parts of the manufacturing process are shifted to the developing world where costs are substantially lower. Companies do so by taking advantage of transportation and communications technology, as well as fragmentation and locational flexibility of production. From 1953 to the late 1990s, the industrialized economies’ share of world manufacturing output declined from 95% to
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Globalization Glocalization
Green data Centre Gross Domestic Product Gross national income
Internet penetration rate Gross National Product Growth rate
Guest worker Homogenized Human development Index Human suffering index Human Rights
Hybridization
77%, and the developing economies’ share more than quadrupled from 5% to 23% Expansion of global linkages, organization of social life on global scale, and growth of global consciousness, hence consolidation of world society Process by which Tran societal ideas or institutions take specific forms in particular (i.e., local) places. A term that was invented to emphasize that the globalization of a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is adapted specifically to each locality or culture in which it is marketed. The increasing presence of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide is an example of globalization, while changes made to the menus of the restaurant chain, in an attempt to appeal to local tastes, are an example of globalization. Data centers that are much more efficient at cooling computers compared with national data centers. GDP the value of all the goods and services earned by a country excluding foreign earnings. GNI (now used in preference to gross national product—GNP). The total value of goods and services produced within a country together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries. The % of the population of a country or a world region with access to the internet GNP the value of all the goods and services earned by a country including companies working abroad. The change (increase, decrease, or no change) in an indicator over a period of time, expressed as a percentage of the indicator at the start of the period. Foreigner who is permitted to work in a country on a temporary basis, e.g. seasonal fruit pickers. Landscapes which show monoculture (agriculture) clone towns/ cityscape uniformity (urban) architecture HDI– made up of life expectancy, literacy rates, infant mortality and also school enrolment Made up of daily calorie intake, access to clean water, inflation rate, and access to communications, political freedom and civil rights. Rights of persons to freedom of speech and conscience, equal treatment, work and health, among others, as defined in Universal Declaration adopted by UN in 1948, supplemented by 1960s Covenants on social, economic, political, and civil rights. Variously interpreted by states, hence subject of global debate. Mixing of elements (e.g., musical styles) from different cultures or origins in particular contexts; used to express active and creative engagement of groups in distinctively adapting global ideas or products
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Information and ICT- integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless communications technology signals), intelligent building management systems and audio-visual systems in modern information technology. ICT consists of IT as well as telephony, broadcast media, all types of audio and video processing and transmission and network-based control and monitoring functions Import/Export Quota The amount or the number of goods that can be imported or exported. Indigenous People’s Groups held to be original residents of certain areas, especially non literate groups under threat of displacement due to development, now possessing globally recognized claims to autonomy and identity fostered by supportive movements. Intermodal transportation Transporting freight by using two or more transportation modes. This is made possible by transportation terminal linking different modes of transport. Internationalism The extension of economic activities across international boundaries. International Monetary Fund IMF. A sister organization of the World Bank. The IMF was set up in 1944 to regulate the post-war global system. It is still concerned with the functioning of the world financial system but its role has changed from regulator of a managed co-operative international system to enforcer of the values and practices of a deregulated competitive open market system. Like the World Bank, voting rights are allocated according to financial contributions. Japanization Is the process in which Japanese culture dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures, in general? E.g. Taiwan, South Korea KOF The KOF index measures three main dimensions of globalization: economic, political and social, and nations are ranked accordingly. It is designed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology on a yearly basis. According to this index, the world’s most globalized country is Belgium, followed by Austria, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The least globalized countries according to the KOF-index are Haiti, Myanmar, the Central African Republic and Burundi. The nearer to 100 the more globalized. Kyoto Protocol Sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012. Liberalization of trade Removal of or reduction in the trade practices that thwart free flow of goods and services from one nation to another. It includes dismantling of tariff (such as duties, surcharges, and export subsidies) as well as nontariff barriers (such as licensing regulations, quotas, and arbitrary standards). Loan Money borrowed that is usually repaid without interest- see debt crisis.
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Logistics
Long term aid
Loss of Diversity
Maquiladoras
Mass media
Megacities
Multiculturalism
Multilateral aid
NAFTA
The management of the flow of goods, information and other resources including energy and people, between the point of origin and consumption. Purpose is to develop the quality of life of individuals and communities over time. Also called development aid. CAMFED ‘s work in Zambia improving female literacy Physical diversity: the development of homogenized landscapes or monoculture Assembly plants in Mexico, especially along the border with the USA, to which foreign materials and parts are shipped and from which finished products are returned to the original market. Improvements in technology have also lead to the development of a mass media, television, radio and internet, far off places now seem much closer‌ we can even see them in real time. Is usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people- The rural-to-urban migration and high birth rates of the periphery are creating megacities. E.g. Sao Paulo or Mumbai which, have little infrastructure and feature rampant crime, massive unemployment, and a huge informal sector. Doctrine asserting value of different cultures coexisting within single society; globally, vision of cultural diversity deliberately fostered and protected Donations are pooled from a number of countries and distributed through an international organization, such as the World Bank. This may also be conditional. The World Bank usually requires market liberalization in return for development loans. North American Free Trade Agreement is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trade bloc in North America. Existing as an independent state- the sovereignty of countries Routes connecting places- structured and channeled flows
Nation state Network New international division of (NIDL) is an outcome of globalization. It is the spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national labour economies.
Non-governmental organisation. NGO. These are private organizations of a charitable, research or educational nature. Examples in Britain would be OXFAM & Christian Aid. There are also many NGOs in less wealthy countries. Their role is often to seek funding from abroad to provide basic welfare services. North south divide The simple division set up in 1980 (Brundtland) between the MEDCs (mostly North) and developing countries (South). Official development assistance ODA. Aid given by governments and other agencies to support the economic, social and political development of developing countries. 10
Organization for Economic OECD. Whose membership includes the industrialized countries of Cooperation and Development Western Europe, North America, Japan and Australasia. OECD is AKA “the rich man’s club.” Outsourcing The concept of taking internal company functions and paying an outside firm to handle them. Outsourcing is done to save money, improve quality or free company resources for other activities. E.g. Bangalore India People’s Global Action PGA worldwide co-ordination of radical social movements, grassroots campaigns and direct actions in resistance to capitalism and for social and environmental justice. PGA is part of the anti-globalization movement. PGA is an instrument for communication and coordination, not an organization.
Periphery
Physical quality of life index Primary product dependent Protectionism
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
Remittances Semi- periphery
Social media Subsidies
Supply chain
Poor, exploited regions, historically dominated by strong, wealthy countries. World-system theory concept denoting militarily weak regions economically dominated by capitalist core, subject to unequal exchange, limited to raw material exports, reliant on labor-intensive production. I.e.: Africa, South America, Asia (excluding Japan and South Korea), and Russia and many of its neighbors. PQLI –made up of life expectancy, literacy rates and infant mortality. Countries that rely on one or a small number of raw materials for the majority of their export earnings. Protecting domestic producers by impeding or limiting the importation of foreign goods and services. This is done through tariffs or quotas. Popular among critics of trade for countering job loss and environmental harm; criticized by economists for ignoring comparative advantage doctrine. A method of measuring the relative purchasing power of different countries’ currencies across the same regimen of goods and services. Because goods and services may cost more in one country than in another, PPP allows us to make more accurate comparisons of standards of living across countries. Since not all items can be matched exactly across countries and time, they are only rough guides. A transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country. Occupies a position between the core and the periphery and countries can more from one level to another. NICs fall into this category; BRIC Thailand, Mexico, Malaysia and Indonesia e.g. Facebook Twitter and SMS alerts Government grants to local producers to assist in the production of particular crops or goods. Opponents of this kind of assistance argue that it is an inefficient use of resources as it makes the production of certain goods economically viable, when they otherwise would not be. This leads to unfair competition and lower returns for those producers producing the good without assistance, and rewards those whose production processes may be inefficient. Movement of products from a manufacturer to a distributor to a retailed and any points in between. 11
Sustainable development Tariffs Tiger economy
Time-Space Compression
Time–space convergence
Time-space divergence Total external debt
Trade
Trade Blocs Trade deficit Trade liberalization Trade protection
Transnational Corporations
Development that meets the needs of the people today without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Taxes placed by a government on imported or exported goods and services. Is the economy of a country which undergoes rapid economic growth, usually accompanied by an increase in the standard of living. The term was initially used for Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand and Taiwan (the East Asian Tigers or Four Little Tigers), and in the 1990s it was applied to the Republic of Ireland (the “Celtic Tiger”). Later on Dubai, Slovakia and the Baltic countries developed a tiger economy as well Increased pace of life and overcoming of spatial barriers, through communication and transportation technology, resulting in apparent shrinking of time to the present and globe to a single space, altering everyday experience of social relations and awareness of global interdependence. Cf. D. Harvey, The Condition of Post modernity, 1990, p. 240. The reduction in the time taken to travel between two places due to improvements in transportation or communication technology (Janelle 1968) When the journey time between places increases due to congestion, lower speed limits or other limiting factors. Debt owed to non-residents repayable in foreign currency, goods or services. It is the sum of publicly guaranteed and private non-guaranteed long-term debt, as well as use of IMF credit and short-term debt. Shortterm debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less, and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Trade allows people to buy goods and services that are not produced in their own countries. The money countries receive from exports helps determine how much they can afford to spend on imports, and how much they can borrow from abroad. It can stimulate a country’s development and economic growth. This helps create new jobs, raises living standards and gives people an opportunity to take charge of their lives. NAFTA, EU, ASEAN When the value of a country’s exports is less than the value of its imports. The movement towards removing barriers that restrict the importation and exportation of goods and services (flow of trade) between countries. Restrictions on the imports of goods and services from other countries in order to protect local producers from overseas competition. This may be through tariffs, subsidies and quality assurance standards, or labelling, safety and packaging requirements TNCs- are corporations that trade in many countries. TNCs in their most basic sense are firms that not only export their products to other 12
Transparency
Transport systems Underemployment United Nations
countries but have also established sourcing supplies of materials, production, marketing, and managerial operations in countries other than their home base. The basic idea is not new but in recent years TNCs have become so big and powerful that authors such as Hertz (2001) argue they may be a threat to democracy. TNCs seek to illuminate competition and typically including amongst their operations as many activities as necessary to enable them to have total control over the production and sale of their products. E.g. a clothing manufacturer (Nike)will also control a packaging and shipping company. Their size and power mean they can (and do) change the location of their factories and other production units at will. If governments try to enforce environmental controls or workers try to claim higher wages or better working conditions they simply move to another country. Evolving global standard for state institutions and international organizations, requiring open processes according to general rules subject to monitoring; regarded as basis of accountability, diminishing corruption The means by which people materials and products are transferred from place to place. A situation where people are working less than they would like to and need to in order to earn a reasonable living. The United Nations was formed from the former League of Nations in 1945, at about the same time as the Bretton Woods institutions. Its main aim is to persuade countries to resolve their differences without resorting to violence by establishing the norms and framework that would lead to ‘the economic and social advancement of all people's’. The UN has a democratic structure – the General Assembly, however Assembly decisions can be over-ruled by a veto from one of the Security Council’s five Permanent Members (China, France, Russia, the UK and USA). The UN is funded by its member states but it is currently owed over 2.5 billion US dollars, over half of which is due from the USA alone. Most of its work is carried out by specialist bodies such as UNDP (UN Development Programme), UNICEF (children) or UNCTAD (UN Council for Trade and Development). It has debated and adopted the world’s major international standards e.g. the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Conventions on Women, Children, Refugees, Genocide. The UN has also sent peace keeping forces to several countries. Some Western nations seem happy to use the UN when it suits their foreign policy objectives but have undermined it by pulling out of crucial UN development agencies, favoring instead non-democratic bodies such as the World Bank, World Trade Organization and IMF, in which they enjoy unchallenged power.
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Voluntary aid Wallerstein
Westernized World Bank
World- systems theory
World Trade Organization
Funded by the public through NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations). E.g. Oxfam Immanuel Wallenstein’s World- systems theory (1970s) – the distinction between different types of world region and attempting to explain the interactions between them- Core Periphery. Adoption of western ideas and lifestyles by other countries Language Music Art Dress Food and Technology. The spread of consumer culture The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (better known as the World Bank) was founded in 1944 as a means of reviving war-damaged European economies, a mandate that was later extended to developing nations. The Bank is funded by dues from members and by money borrowed in international markets. It makes loans to member nations at rates below those of commercial banks to finance development ‘infrastructure’ projects (power plants, roads, hydro dams) and to help countries ‘adjust’ their economies to globalization. Like the IMF, the Bank was an early and enthusiastic supporter of the neo-liberal agenda. The World Bank group also includes: the International Development Association (IDA) which makes ‘soft’ loans (no or very low interest) to the poorest nations; the International Finance Corporation (IFC) which tries to attract private-sector investment to Bank-approved projects; and the Multilateral Insurance Guarantee Agency (MIGA) which provides risk insurance to private investors in member countries. Like the IMF, voting rights are allocated according to financial contributions so the countries with the largest economies have control. Immanuel Wallerstein - the distinction between different types of world region and attempting to explain the interactions between them- Core Periphery. The WTO replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1995. GATT was one of the original Bretton Woods initiatives which established a set of rules to govern world trade. Its aim was to reduce national trade barriers and to stop the ‘beggar-thy-neighbor’ actions that had hobbled trade in the pre-World War Two period. Seven rounds of tariff reductions were negotiated under the GATT treaty; the final ‘Uruguay Round’ began in 1986. The WTO vastly expands the GATT’s mandate in new directions. It includes the GATT agreements, which mostly focus on trade in goods. But it folds in the new General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) which covers areas like telecommunications, banking and transport. There are also agreements covering trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIMS) and trade-related investment measures (TRIPS). These new treaties have far-reaching implications for environmental standards, public health, cultural diversity, food safety and many other areas.
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The old GATT had no legal teeth to enforce rules but the WTO can impose tough trade sanctions. The organization currently has 134 member countries. Global civics
Free markets Anti-racism Globalization Globalization world Interconnected Integrated
A social contract among all world citizens in an age of interdependence and interaction. The disseminators of the concept define it as the notion that we have certain rights and responsibilities towards each other by the mere fact of being human on Earth. an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses. The policy or practice of opposing racism and promoting racial tolerance. the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide Having all constituent parts linked or connected. with various parts or aspects linked or coordinated.
competitive capacity competitive edge
A theory of resource competition that essentially defines competitiveness on the basis of a species' ability to tolerate low levels of a limiting resource. A condition or circumstance that puts a company in a favorable or superior business position. A superior business capability that competition find impossible to duplicate over an extended period of time. It is how strong a company is within a competitive environment. The fact that a company has an advantage over its competitors.
Collapse Destructive
suddenly fall down or give way. Causing great and irreparable damage.
Undermining
lessening the effectiveness, power, or ability of someone or something, especially gradually or insidiously. is the process by which people in a country become wealthier, healthier, better educated, and enjoy quality housing. Any activity that enables exchange of differing ideas, beliefs, rituals, customs and traditions between people with different or similar ethnic or social backgrounds.
Competitive ability competitive advantage Competitive capability
Economic development Cultural enrichment
International trade
Is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP).
International investment
Is an investing strategy that involves selecting global investment instruments as part of an investment portfolio. People often invest internationally to broaden
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Property rights Information technology Democracy Creation Expansion Acceleration Awareness Industry Finance Global culture Liberalization Telecommunication Infrastructure Economic integration Self-determination Global marketing Global governance liberty capitalism Employment Product quality Gross domestic product (GDP) Global warming
diversification and spread investment risk among foreign markets and companies. Are theoretical socially-enforced constructs in economics for determining how a resource or economic good is used and owned. The study or use of systems (especially computers and telecommunications) for storing, retrieving, and sending information. A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. The action or process of bringing something into existence. The action of becoming larger or more extensive. Increase in speed or rate. knowledge or perception of a situation or fact. Economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories. The management of large amounts of money, especially by governments or large companies. Is culture which transcendent national borders and exists in many different places around the world. The removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system. Communication over a distance by cable, telegraph, telephone, or broadcasting. The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. Is an arrangement between different regions that often includes the reduction or elimination of trade barriers, and the coordination of monetary and fiscal policies. The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own government. The process of adjusting the marketing strategies of your company to adapt to the conditions of other countries. Is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. The state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state. The state of having paid work. Perception of the degree to which the product or service meets the customer's expectations. Is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually. a gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. 16
Corruption Climate change
Public health Poverty Water shortage Transportation Communication Technology Satellite technology Transnational company (TNC) Revenue Income Demand Bad influence Depletion Fund Degradation Deforestation Trade Disposable income Commodification Authenticity Americanization Homogenization Lifestyle Branding Paternalistic White Man's Burden
The process by which a word or expression is changed from its original state to one regarded as erroneous or debased. A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. The health of the population as a whole, especially as the subject of government regulation and support. The state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount. Water scarcity is the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet water needs within a region. The action of transporting someone or something or the process of being transported Means of sending or receiving information, such as telephone lines or computers. The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry. An object placed high enough above Earth's atmosphere to be moving at a speed of eight km/sec (17,280 miles/hour)—the successful launch, orbital insertion, and control of any satellite is extremely complex. Is a huge company that does business in several countries. Income, especially when of an organization and of a substantial nature. Money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments. Insistent and peremptory request, made as of right. Something or someone that teaches others to do wrong or to make them have bad thoughts about someone or encourages wrong actions and thoughts. Reduction in the number or quantity of something. A sum of money saved or made available for a particular purpose. The condition or process of degrading or being degraded. The action of clearing a wide area of trees. The action of buying and selling goods and services. Income remaining after deduction of taxes and social security charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes. The action or process of treating something as a mere commodity. The quality of being authentic. The action of making a person or thing American in character or nationality. The process of making things uniform or similar. The way in which a person lives. The promotion of a particular product or company by means of advertising and distinctive design. Treating or governing a people in a fatherly way, providing for them without giving those rights and responsibilities. Idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized. 17
Mercantilism Colonization Capitalism Pluralistic Society Marginalization Transnational Corporations Outsourcing Multiculturalism Integration Disparity Homogenization Internationalism Hybridization Globalization Standard of Living Capitalism Social Political Urbanization Crown Corporations Capitalism
To civilize
Colonialism
Form of international trade. You take resources from another place produce finished goods in your own country and then sell the finished goods back. Controlled by government. The process of establishing a territory or community that is under the control of another country. An economic system based on private ownership of capital, no or little government involvement. A society which consists of several distinct cultures and groups. When you push a group of people outside of your society. Business corporations located in two or more countries. The practice of using workers, supplies, or parts from an outside company instead of producing them yourself. The doctrine that several different cultures (rather than one national culture) can coexist peacefully and equitably in a single (cultures mixing together in a concentrated area). The bringing together of racial or ethnic groups into free and equal association. Inequality, the condition or fact of being unequal in age, rank, or degree. A trend to make everything the same. A national policy of actively trading with foreign countries to foster peace and prosperity. The blending of media and communication technology to make a new product pr form of expression. (Instant messaging and cell phones created text messaging). The process in which countries are increasingly linked to each other through culture and trade. A level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone. An economic system based on private ownership of capital. Living together in communities or organized groups. Involving or characteristic of politics or parties or politicians. The social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban. A business owned by the federal government. Capitalism is “the condition of possessing capital “[1]. It refers to an economic system whereby goods and services are exchanged on a for-profit basis. Exchange is generally mediated through money. This contrasts with other types of exchange and economic systems which may exchange goods or services directly for other goods or services without the goal of profit. The concept of civilizing a group of people literally means “to bring out of a state of barbarism”. The idea of civilizing a group of people stems from colonial mentalities whereby the colonists (occupiers) saw native or indigenous people as being a less intellectually and socially evolved form of people. Consider the concept of civilization when thinking about development projects occurring in developing nations. Colonialism refers to the practice of occupying land outside of the main nationstate (colony), but under the rule (direct or indirect) of the main nation-state.
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Commodification Deterritorialization GATS GATT
Imperialism
Industrial revolution
Industrialization International Monetary Fund
Modernization Nation-state
Patriarchy SPS
TBT
Commodification is the commercialization of an object or activity that is not inherently commercial. Deterritorialization and the loss of the nation-state is an important concept to globalization. It refers to the increasing loss of literal and figurative borders between nation-states. The General Agreement on Trade in Services is a multi-lateral agreement under the World Trade Organization. It is one of five multi-lateral agreements under the WTO relevant to health (see also GATT, SPS, TBT, TRIPS The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a multi-lateral agreement under the World Trade Organization. It is one of five multi-lateral agreements under the WTO relevant to health (see also GATS, SPS, TBT, TRIPS). It is important to health because it contains a provision for certain situations where a ban on a product of import will protect public health Imperialism describes the expansion of 19th-century Britain geographically and politically. The creation of the British empire involved acquiring colonies which were valuable, most commonly for economic advantage. Consider how the concept of imperialism and expansion for political and economic purposes may impact on health through the exploitation of people and natural resources. The industrial revolution occurred in late 18th- to early 19th-century when there was a rapid development in technology allowing for increased production through mechanization and large-scale production methods. The resultant changes impacted on health through occupation, urbanization, and social change. Industrialization is the development of organizing systems of labor, manufacturing, and production. See industrial revolution. The IMF is an American-based organization with 184 member countries. “It was established to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, and orderly exchange arrangements; to foster economic growth and high levels of employment; and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustment. Modernization is the act of making something current. That is, bringing something from the past into the present. See “to civilize “ A nation-state is generally an independent political state [1]. It can be used synonymously with country, or nation, but is more inclusive and can include individuals who share a common identity (e.g., an indigenous or Aboriginal nation-state within a country). Patriarchy is a hierarchical system of social organization whereby men hold positions of power over women. The role of patriarchal systems are important when considering issues of gender and health disparities. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures is a multi-lateral agreement under the World Trade Organization. It is one of five multi-lateral agreements under the WTO relevant to health (see also GATS, GATT, TBT, TRIPS). The SPS applies to food safety. The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade is a multi-lateral agreement under the World Trade Organization. It is one of five multi-lateral agreements under the WTO relevant to health (see also GATS, GATT, SPS, and TRIPS). It applies to foodstuffs, consumer products, biological agents, and pharmaceuticals, 19
Depopulation
The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights is a multi-lateral agreement under the World Trade Organization. It is one of five multi-lateral agreements under the WTO relevant to health (see also GATS, GATT, SPS, TBT The United Nations (UN) evolved out of the League of Nations in 1945. The UN is involved in many aspects of global assistance and development, but is best known for providing humanitarian relief and peacekeeping Urbanization is a process of organizing people, processes, activities, and labor in cities or towns. The World Bank is an American-based organization with 184 member countries. “The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world “The two development institutions owned by the World Bank “provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications and many other purposes “ (WTO) is an international body which creates and deals with the rules of trade between nations. “The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business “The WTO is the essential creator, promoter, and enforcer of rules and contracts with respect to economic globalization The gap that separates people who do -- and do not -- have access to up-to-date digital technology. A reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces.
Deindustrialization
The reduction in or loss of industries.
Cultural Mosaic
A society that is made up of many distinct cultural groups.
Cultural Diversity
Variety in cultures and identities.
Ecological Footprint
The area of the earth's surface necessary to sustain the level of resources a person uses and the waste they create. The process of affirming and promoting people's individual and collective cultural identity. Laws passed by a government to prevent a group's cultural identity -- including its artists, performers, songs, movies, and literature -- from being overwhelmed by the media of a more dominant culture.
TRIPS United Nations Urbanization World Bank
World Trade Organization
Digital Divide
Cultural Revitalization Cultural Content Laws
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