Presentation_Shri_K.R._Kranthi

Indian cotton under the lens K. R. Kranthi International Cotton Advisory Committee

THE COTTON CROP NEEDS

Good sunshine

600 mm Rain

NPK 45:12:15 Kg /ha

GOOD SEED & GOOD MANAGEMENT

To get 1000 Kg lint per hectare

India has all these in abundance

But the yields are just about 500 Kg/ha

Because of a gross

MISMATCH All inputs are channelized to produce wasteful Biomass

Instead of becoming a WORLD LEADER in cotton Indian cotton is now in a state of confusion

UNCERTAINTY & RISK

Five Big Changes 1.

2.

3.

4.

Seeds that fit Monsoon Climate resilient systems Canopy management Mechanization for high density 5. Soil health

Indian cotton is under constant attack

ACCUSATIONS 1.

2.

3.

4.

WATER CHILD LABOUR ORGANIC FRAUD? FARMER SUICIDES

CONCERNS 1. LOW YIELDS 2. RISING COSTS 3. PESTICIDES

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

1 WATER

22,500 L of water used to produce 1 Kg of cotton in India http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/freshwater_news/?uNewsID=9208

World Water Day: the cost of cotton in water-challenged water India 135 Trillion litres for 6.0 M tonnes

20th March 2015 India exported 7.5 million bales that were produced with 38 trillion litres of water enough to supply 1.0 billion people with 100 litres of water per day for a year

4000

3720

3500

IRRIGATION WATER (Litres)

3000

used to produce one kg lint

3503 2934

2500

661

2000 1500 1000

661

500 0

9

23

31

146

183

261

349

386

Sameer Safaya et al., (2016); Kranthi, (2018)

Irrigation water used to produce 1 Kg lint Sudan Iran Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Egypt Kazakhstan Mexico Pakistan Australia Spain Turkey Greece Colombia Vietnam World Argentina South Africa India USA Myanmar China Bangladesh Paraguay Nigeria Israel Ethiopia Kenya Bulgaria Brazil Zimbabwe Zambia Uganda Togo Thailand Tanzania Mozambique Mali Cote D’Ivoire Chad Ghana Senegal Malawi Benin Cameroon Burkina Faso

1214 Litres

India ranks low in IRRIGATION water usage 0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1. WATER

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

2 CHILD LABOUR

‘India has the largest number of child labour laws in the world’

• Article 23 of the Constitution prohibits and criminalises human trafficking and forced labour.

• The Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act in 1976 • The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act in 1986

‘Yet, India has the largest number of child workers’ -Hindustan Times (2015)

416,460 migrant children work in hybrid cottonseed farms in India -B Gulcubuk et al, (2003)

Almost half a million children—majority majority of them girls from Dalit and tribal families work on cotton-seed cotton farms.

-India India Committee of the Netherlands (2015)

Child labour is highest in cottonseed farms because 50% of the hybrid seed production cost is for labour

-Davuluri Davuluri Venkateswarlu, (2004, 2007, 2015)

20% of the workforce in Cotton in Gujarat are children –David Browne, (2015)

% Child (5-14 14 yrs) work force in cottonseed farms in India 60

53%

50 40 30 20 10 0 2006

2009

2014

-Venkateswarlu Venkateswarlu, 2015

25%

Girls & Boys (5-14 yrs)-Cottonseed Cottonseed Farms in Different States

62% GIRLS -Venkateswarlu, 2015

Hired Child labour - Cottonseed Farms in Different States

65% Hired

35% -Venkateswarlu Venkateswarlu, 2015

Family

School Drop-out -Cottonseed Cottonseed Farms in Different States

60% -Venkateswarlu, 2015

1. WATER 2. CHILD LABOUR

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

3

ORGANIC –FRAUD?

2009 Indian Organic cotton contains GM-Bt GM -Fraud Fraud of gigantic proportions –Sanjay Dave (APEDA) -30% 30% Fabric samples contained GMGM Lothar Kruse (Impetus)

2017 GM-Bt contamination Saldo;; Financial Times, 2017, Cotonea:: GOTS to examine

DNA TESTING METHODS ON YARN, FABRIC & APPAREL ARE STILL UNRELIABLE

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

ROW

2004

2000

1999

1998

India

1997

1996

1995

1994

1993

1992

ORGANIC COTTON (Mt) - INDIA

250000

Global

200000

150000

100000

50000

0

1. WATER 2. CHILD LABOUR 3. ORGANIC FRAUD? SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

4 FARMER SUICIDES

FARMER SUICIDES V/S NET PROFITS -COTTON (2003-2014) Suicide No. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Net Profit 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

Annual Average Suicides and Net Profits Ten years before and after Bt introduction Difference in suicide numbers 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 -200 -400 -600 -800

Additional profits 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0

400

MAHARASHTRA

4000

300

Suicide cases

3500 3000

250

2500

200

2000

150

1500

100

1000 500 0

1990

50

Suicide cases

1995

2000

Yield Kg/ha

2005

2010

3500 3000

Yield kg/ha

350

0

2015 800

AP+TELANGANA

700 600

2500

500

2000

400 1500

300

1000

200

500 0

1990

100

Suicide cases 1995

2000

Yield Kg/ha 2005

2010

0

2015

Yield kg/ha

4500

Suicide Cases

FARMER SUICIDES V/S YIELDS –NO NO LINK

5000

1.

2.

3.

4.

WATER CHILD LABOUR ORGANIC FRAUD? FARMER SUICIDES

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

5 LOW YIELDS

Yield Stagnant at 500 Kg/ha for 14 years 14

600 Bt Area (M ha)

Non-Bt (M ha)

Yield (Kg/ha)

12

500

10

400

8 300 6 200

4

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

2002

2001

2000

1999

0 1998

0 1997

100

1996

2

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

WATER CHILD LABOUR ORGANIC FRAUD? FARMER SUICIDES LOW YIELDS

6 RISING COSTS

Data: Government of India

300% RISE IN PRODUCTION COSTS

80000

10000

60000

8000

40000

6000

PRODUCTION COSTS

FERTILISER COSTS

4000

20000

2000 0

0

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 3500

30000 25000

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

LABOUR WAGES

20000 15000

3000 2500 2000 1500

10000

1000

5000

500

0

0

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

INSECTICIDE COSTS

1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE

7

1. WATER 2. CHILD LABOUR 3. ORGANIC FRAUD? 4. FARMER SUICIDES 5. LOW YIELDS 6. RISING COSTS

PESTICIDES

Whitefly Resistance 2015 Resistance Ratios

Triazophos: Bifenthrin: Imidacloprid: Diafenthiuron: Fipronil: Acetamiprid: Acephate: ICAC

2237 1400 512 347 340 331 131

Rishi & Kranthi, Unpubl.

OUTBREAK IN INDIA 2015 Losses US$ 600 million TIMES OF INDIA 2016

Pink Bollworm

ICAC

OUTBREAK IN INDIA 2017 Losses US$ 1.28 billion

INDIA-2017 -35 FARMERS DIED, 479 POISONED

Source: Down to earth, India. November 2017.

SUMMARY

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

WATER –FALSE FALSE ATTACK CHILD LABOUR – SERIOUS ISSUE ORGANIC FRAUD –BE BE VIGILANT FARMER SUICIDES -CONCERN LOW YIELDS –NEEDS NEEDS ACTION RISING COSTS –NEEDS NEEDS ACTION PESTICIDES –NEEDS NEEDS ACTION

ACTION PLAN 2025

• India has to clean the blots to create a brand ‘Indian-cotton’ • India needs to work towards sustainability (yields, water, agrochemicals, labour & farm profits) • India needs to regain its integrity through robust traceability

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

INDUSTRY

BE THE

WATER CHILD LABOUR ORGANIC FRAUD? LOW YIELDS RISING COSTS PESTICIDES FARMER SUICIDES

* SAVIOURS

*FUND RESEARCH -TO SAVE YOURSELF

Thank you Atul Ganatra

Thank you CAI

Thank you Vinay Kotak