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AST NIGHT THE STARS WERE POLISHED DIAMONDS ACCENTUATED BY THE LACK OF USUAL GLOW FROM THE CITY &OR THREE NIGHTS &LORENCE HAS BEEN IN STYGIAN DARKNESS 4HE TWINKLING DIADEM OF &IESOLE SEEMS ALMOST RUDE TAUNTING HER OVER GROWN DAUGHTER

SPRAWLING WOUNDED BELOW 4HE #ITY OF &LOWERS IS WOUNDED WORSE THAN EVER BEFORE 4HE mOOD HAS DWARFED THE DESTRUCTION OF 7ORLD 7AR )) (ORACE 'IBSON .OV

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ORTY YEARS AGO THE UNTHINKABLE HAPPENED AND THE !RNO m OODED &LORENCE IT SHOOK NOT JUST THE NATION OF )TALY BUT THE WHOLE WORLD )T S A STORY THAT NEEDS TO BE SHARED AND DESERVES TO BE TOLD )T WAS 3ATURDAY .OVEMBER

AND IT HAD BEEN RAINING NON STOP FOR OVER TWO DAYS IN 4USCANY AN INCREDIBLE CENTIMETRES IN HOURS 4HE !RNO BASIN HAD RECEIVED MORE THAN A QUARTER OF ITS ANNUAL RAINFALL IN JUST HOURS $ESPITE THE TORRENTIAL RAIN THE )TALIAN ARMY WAS l NISHING ITS PREPARATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC HOLIDAY THE FOLLOWING DAY TO COMMEMORATE AN )TALIAN VICTORY IN 7ORLD 7AR ) ,IFE CONTINUED AS NORMAL IN THE CITY OF &LORENCE AND THE SUR ROUNDING AREA 5PSTREAM FROM &LORENCE THE CONDITION OF THE !RNO RIVER WAS GIVING CAUSE FOR CONCERN AT THE ,EVANE AND ,A 0ENNA DAMS IN THE 6ALDARNO AS OVER CUBIC METRES OF WATER PER SEC OND WERE PASSING THROUGH AND POURING TOWARDS &LORENCE A$PSOFS #PSHP 4BO +BDPQP BOE WJB .BHHJP QSPWJEFE CZ .JMP #BMEJOJ

BANKS IN &LORENCE ITSELF HOWEVER !S DARKNESS DESCENDED ON &LORENCE

PEOPLE WENT TO BED 4HEY WOKE THE FTER FRANTIC MEETINGS THE FOLLOWING MORNING TO A VERY DIFFER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPART ENT VIEW FROM THEIR WINDOWS MENT AGREED THAT THERE WAS

@AN EXCEPTIONAL QUANTITY OF WATER AM 2EPORTS BEGAN TO REACH &LORENCE FROM VILLAGES FURTHER UP THE VALLEY %NGINEERS AT THE DAM IN 6ALDARNO THAT THE RIVER WAS m OODING AND CAUS RELEASED WATER THAT HAD BEEN BUILD ING INHABITANTS TO ABANDON THEIR ING UP AS THEY FEARED THE DAM WOULD HOMES AND SEEK SAFETY ELSEWHERE OTHERWISE BURST 4HIS WATER BEGAN TO )N &LORENCE CELLARS WERE BEGIN THUNDER DOWN THE VALLEY WATER THAT NING TO m OOD IN THE 3AN &REDIANO BETWEEN TWO AND THREE HOURS LATER AND 3ANTA #ROCE AREAS AND THE WOULD REACH THE OUTSKIRTS OF &LOR FORCE OF THE WATER WAS CAUSING MAN ENCE TRAVELLING BY THAT TIME AT A RATE HOLE COVERS TO m Y OFF AND FOUNTAINS OF MILES PER HOUR !S IT WAS THE RAINFALL OBSERVED ON OF WATER TO GUSH FORTH 4HE RIVER DID NOT SEEM LIKELY TO BURST THROUGH ITS .OVEMBER WAS MANY TIMES GREATER

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THAN THAT RECORDED IN THE PREVI OUS l VE DAYS )N "ADIA !GNANO FOR EXAMPLE CENTIMETRES FELL IN THAT ONE DAY AS OPPOSED TO CENTIME TRES PREVIOUSLY 4HIS WAS TO PROVE A DEADLY COMBINATION IN SOME CASES ! NIGHT WATCHMAN ON THE 0ONTE 6ECCHIO WAS ONE OF THE l RST PEOPLE TO RAISE THE ALARM IT WAS TOO LATE FOR OTHERS 4HE l RST VICTIM WAS A YEAR OLD MAN WHO WORKED FOR THE DAMS (IS BODY WAS FOUND TWO DAYS LATER IN A MUD CLOGGED TUN NEL 4HE !RNO l RST BROKE ITS BANKS AT 0IAZZA 0OGGI AND A RADIO REPORTER MANAGED TO PHONE HIS COLLEAGUES TO TELL THEM THAT HE WOULDN T MAKE IT TO WORK THAT DAY AS THE WATER GUSHING DOWN VIA 'IAMPAOLO /RSINI HAD JUST

ENGULFED HIS CAR 4HEN THE PHONE WENT DEAD

AM 'AS WATER AND ELECTRICITY SUPPLIES WERE CUT OFF AND THE CITY S ELECTRIC CLOCKS SIMULTANEOUSLY STOPPED "Y THIS POINT THE @WAVE OF WATER FROM THE DAM HAD ARRIVED AND A HUGE PART OF THE !RNO S NORTHERN EMBANKMENT HAD GIVEN WAY !S THE NIGHTMARE ENSUED PERCENT OF &LORENCE S INHABITANTS SLEPT UNAWARES !T 2!) RADIO HEADQUARTERS THE MAYOR OF &LORENCE "ARGELLINI WAS GETTING READY TO RECORD THE RADIO S l RST EVER NEWSm ASH $ESPITE 2!) S BEING A PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY IT

TH !NNIVERSARY OF THE &LORENCE m OOD

.OVEMBER TH

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(OW THEY SAVED #HRIST AND OTHER WORKS OF ART 2ESTORERS CONFRONT THE AFTERMATH CZ &E )BZFT

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MMEDIATELY AFTER THE m OOD THE TASK THAT FACED RESTORERS WAS IMMENSE &IVE PAN ELS OF 'HIBERTI S @'ATES OF 0ARADISE AT THE "APTISTERY WERE RIPPED OUT OF THEIR FRAMES THE WATER l LLED BASEMENT OF THE !RCHAEOLOGICAL -USEUM EXPLODED UPWARDS IN TWO PLACES AND A KIND OF TIDAL WAVE RAN NORTH OUT FROM THE !RNO ALONG "ORGO 0INTI REACHING 3ANTISSIMA !NNUNZI ATA AND THE 5NIVERSITY 4O THE WEST THE CLOISTERS OF 3ANTA -ARIA .OVELLA AND THE /GNISSANTI WERE SUBMERGED )N 3ANTA #ROCE THE WATER HAD RISEN TO NEARLY SIX METRES )N THE AREAS TO THE NORTH OF THE 0IAZZA DEL $UOMO THE m OOD WORKED WHIMSICALLY !T 3AN TISSIMA !NNUNZIATA DESPITE EXTENSIVE m OOD ING IN THE FORECOURT AND THE CLOISTER NO SERIOUS HARM WAS DONE BUT THE !RCHAEOLOGICAL -USEUM NEARBY SUFFERED IN THE WORDS OF *OHN 0OPE (EN NESSY DIRECTOR OF THE 6ICTORIA AND !LBERT -USEUM IN ,ONDON @MORE GRAVELY THAN ANY OTHER MAJOR &LORENTINE MUSEUM 4ERRIBLE WAS THE DEVASTA TION IN THE %TRUSCAN GALLERIESˆA UNIQUE REFERENCE POINT FOR THE CIVILISATION THAT THRIVED IN 4USCANY UP TO THE 2OMAN CONQUEST ! VAST NUMBER OF FRAGILE OBJECTS WERE SMASHED OR DISPLACED )N THE 5Fl ZI RIGHT ON THE BANK OF THE !RNO THE m OODWATERS DID NOT RISE TO THE LEVEL OF THE MAIN GALLERIES ON THE SECOND m OOR BUT THEY DID m OOD STOREROOMS DAMAGING MORE THAN MEDIEVAL AND 2ENAISSANCE PAINTINGS SCULPTURES AND FRES COES 4HE GROUND m OOR RESTORATION ROOMS WERE ALSO m OODED BUT CERTAIN MAJOR PICTURES UNDER RESTORATIONnAMONG THEM &ILIPPO ,IPPI S #ORO NATION OF THE 6IRGIN WERE RESCUED BEFORE BEING OVERWHELMED

)N THE IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH THE CONSERVA TION WORK TO BE DONE WAS BROAD AND COMPLEX 4HE WATERS OF THE m OOD CHARGED WITH CORROSIVE OILS CALCITES AND PHOSPHATES HAD SET IN MOTION A SERIES OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN THE WORKS THEY HAD TOUCHED !RTWORKS WERE WET AND COVERED WITH MUD AND FUEL OIL -OULD WAS FAST COLLECTING ON THE FRESCOES 3TAINING BLACK OIL WAS SINKING DEEPER INTO THE MARBLE OF STATUES 4HE WOODEN SUPPORTS OF PANEL PAINTINGS WERE BUCKLING AND DISTORTING WITH THE DAMPnTHE PAINT THREATENING TO DETACH ITSELF AND PEEL OFF $IFl CULTIES WERE COMPOUNDED BY THE SHEER VARIETY OF WORK 4HE &LORENTINE 2ENAISSANCE WAS A TIME OF GREAT ARTISTIC EXPERIMENTATION AND THIS TRANSLATED INTO WORK THAT WAS STYLISTICALLY

BUT ALSO TECHNICALLY VARIEDnPOSING DIFl CULTIES TO RESTORERS 4O GIVE ONE FAMOUS EXAMPLE $ONATEL LO S STATUE OF -ARY -AGDALENE SALVAGED FROM THE "APTISTERY AND RESTORED BY 0ELLEGRINO "ANELLA

REQUIRED MUSH MORE SKILL THAN SIMPLY WORK ING WITH WOOD 4HE STATUE HAD GILDED HAIR AND $ONATELLO HAD ALSO USED A COMBINATION OF PLASTER AND TOW IN ITS CONSTRUCTION

A1JB[[B 4BOUB $SPDF VOEFSXBUFS QSPWJEFE CZ .JMP #BMEJOJ &RESCOES POSED SOME OF THE GREATEST TECHNI CAL CHALLENGES !T l RST THE PAINTINGS ON WALLS SEEMED TO HAVE ESCAPED LIGHTLY FROM THE m OOD (OWEVER AS SOON AS THE FRESCOES BEGAN TO DRY OUT IT BECAME CLEAR THAT THE SITUATION WAS VERY UGLY 4HE PHOSPHATES SALTS AND NITRATES CARRIED

BY THE WATERS HAD ACTUALLY ALTERED THE CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF THE FRESCOES WHICH BEGAN AS A SLIGHT BLISTERING IN THE COLOUR OF THE FRESCO AND TURNED INTO COMPLETE DISINTEGRATION %VEN MONTHS AFTER THE ORIGINAL CLEANUP EFFORT PROBLEMS WERE CAUSED

BY UNANTICIPATED MOISTURE IN THE WALLS BEHIND THE FRESCOES DUE TO CAPILLARY ACTION IN THE POROUS STONE WALLS

$AMPNESS ATTACKED NOT ONLY THE COLOURED SURFACE BUT THE BACKING PLASTER AND THE VERY WALLS WHICH SUPPORTED THE FRESCO -OULD SPREAD AND CONTINUED TO DESTROY THE COLOUR THREATEN ING TO DESTROY THE ENTIRE FRESCO IF LEFT UNCHECKED 4O CONSERVE THE PAINTINGS RESTORERS HAD TO KILL THE MOULD TREAT THE DAMPNESS AND SOMETIMES DETACH THE FRESCO FROM ITS PLASTER IN ORDER TO WORK ON THE FRESCO AND REMOVE IT FROM A SUPPORT THAT HAD BECOME UNSTABLE OR HARMFUL 4HE OPERATION OF DETACHING A FRESCO INVOLVES LAYING DOWN A KIND OF GLUE WHICH WILL PICK UP THE COLOUR LEAVING THE BACKING BEHIND 4HE SUPPORT AND THE COLOUR CAN THEN BE RESTORED SEPARATELY AND REUNITED AND THE FRESCO CAN BE REMOUNTED "Y THE END OF

SQUARE METRES OF FRESCO HAD BEEN REMOVED FOR CONSERVATION

INCLUDING VAST FRESCOES LIKE 4ADEO 'ADDI S SQUARE METRE !RBORE 6ITAE FROM THE REFECTORY IN 3ANTA #ROCE 4HE PAINTING WAS REMOVED IN ONE PIECE RESTORED AND RETURNED TO ITS ORIGINAL WALL BY #HRISTMAS !S FOR PANEL PAINTINGS THEIR SUPPORTSnMADE OF ORGANIC MATERIALnARE LESS PHYSICALLY STABLE THAN FRESCOES ! PANEL PAINTING IS MOUNTED ON A @PREPARATION OF CHALK AND GLUE WHICH IS ITSELF MOUNTED ON THE WOODEN PANEL 0ANEL PAINTINGS EXPAND IN WATER AND CONTINUE TO TWIST AND WARP AFTERWARDS 4HE COLOUR THE PREPARATION AND THE PANEL REACT DIFFERENTLY TO THESE PROCESSES AND OFTEN BECOME UNSTUCK )N SOME CASES IT WAS NECESSARY TO REMOVE THE SUPPORT ENTIRELY AND REMOUNT ITnAN OPERATION THAT REQUIRES A NEW MOUNT TO BE CONSTRUCTED THAT MIMICS THE TINY VARIATIONS OF THE SURFACE OF THE ORIGINAL 4HE MOST FAMOUS PANEL PAINTING TO BE HIT BY THE m OOD WAS #IMABUE S #HRIST &OUND m OATING IN 3ANTA #ROCE WITH PERCENT OF ITS COLOUR SURFVACE GONE THIS PAINTING BECAME ONE OF THE CENTRAL SYMBOLS OF THE m OOD /VER THE COURSE OF ITS RESTORATION THE REMAINING COLOUR WAS PEELED OFF THE MOUNT AND THEN TREATED SEPARATELY FROM THE MOUNT )T WAS LATER TOURED TRIUMPHANTLY THROUGH %UROPE AND !MERICA TO SHOWCASE THE PROCESS OF CONSERVA TION

TH !NNIVERSARY OF THE &LORENCE m OOD

.OVEMBER TH

WWW THEm ORENTINE NET

! 7AVE OF 7/2+

4HE BACKBONE OF &LORENCE GETS SUPPORT &OREIGN BUSINESS ENDOWS ARTISAN LEGACY BY .JDIFMF #SFXFS .S "OESFX .BTTFU 1SFTJEFOU PG *UBMJBO 'PSE BOOPVODFT UP .BZPS #BSHFMMJOJ UIBU 'PSE .PUPS $PNQBOZ XJMM DPOUSJCVUF UIPVTBOE EPMMBST GPS 'MPPE SFMJFG

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HE MAJOR WORKS OF ART OF &LORENCE AND ITS LIBRARIES ARE THE CONCERN OF THE WHOLE WORLD "UT THESE MINOR ARTS WHICH HAVE BEEN THE BLOOD AND BONES OF &LORENCE FOR SEVEN HUNDRED YEARS MUST ALSO COME BACK TO LIFE OR &LORENCE IS A DEAD CITY A MUSEUM

)SIS /REGO 7ASHINGTON 0OST $EC

7

HEN THE RAGING WATERS OF THE !RNO SWEPT THROUGH THE CITY OF &LORENCE THEY ALMOST TOOK WITH THEM THE HEART AND VITALITY THAT IS THE ARTISAN INDUSTRY OF THE CITY "ESIDES ITS DESTRUCTION OF MUSEUMS CHURCHES AND LANDMARKS

THE OILY CANAL OF RAGING MUD TOOK NO NOTICE OF THE HOMES AND BUSINESSES IT DESTROYED ON ITS WAY THROUGH THE STREETS 3OME TO THOUSAND WORKSHOPS WERE WIPED OUT ALONG WITH MANY OF THE TOOLS RECORDS RAW MATERIALS STOCKS AND HOMES OF THE OWNERS !LL AREAS OF INDUSTRY WERE EFFECTED INCLUDING SILVER AND GOLD SMITHS LEATHER WORKERS CABINET MAKERS SILK AND LINEN EMBROIDERERS

MOSAIC MAKERS BOOKBINDERS PRINT ERS AND WEAVERS !FTER YEARS OF WORK PASSING THEIR SKILLS DOWN THROUGH GENERATIONS SOME

CRAFTSMEN WERE NOW OUT OF COMMIS SION AND SO TOO SEEMED THE CITY )N RESPONSE TO THE OBVIOUSLY DIRE SITUATION MANY COMPANIES AND INDI VIDUALS RESPONDED /NE SUCH ORGANI ZATION WAS THE !MERICAN #HAMBER OF #OMMERCE HEADED BY 'IUSEPPE &ANTACCI 4HE #HAMBER WORKED IN CLOSE ACCORDANCE WITH THE )TALIAN .ATIONAL "UYERS !SSOCIATION AND ITS PRESIDENT %NZO 4AYAR 4HROUGH THEIR COLLABORATION THEY FORMED THE !MERICAN ,OANS TO &LORENTINE !RTI SANS &UND !,&!

4HIS BUSINESS LIKE PLAN WAS FOCUSED DIRECTLY ON REBUILDING THE ARTISAN INDUSTRY 4HE PLAN CALLED FOR 53 COMPANIES AND MERCHANTS

ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO BUY SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITIES OF GOODS FROM &LORENCE

TO DONATE MONEY FOR THEIR REJUVENA TION 4HE FOUNDATION WAS INSPIRED BY 7ILLIAM &RENCH CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF !SSOCIATED -ERCHANDIS ING #ORPORATION IN .EW 9ORK (E GENEROUSLY GRANTED TO THE CRAFTSMEN AS WELL AS A COMPLETE GIFT OF (IS DONATION MOTIVATED &ANTACCI AND 4AYAR TO ORGANIZE A FUNDRAISER DIRECTED AT OTHER !MERI CAN BUSINESSMEN 7ITH THE HELP AND DIRECTION OF %MILIO 0UCCI THE WELL KNOWN )TALIAN FASHION DESIGNER )TAL IAN 0ARLIAMENT MEMBER AND AFFECTED ARTISAN OF THE m OOD A FUND RAISING LUNCHEON WAS ORGANIZED TO KICK START THE ENDOWMENT )NVITATIONS WERE SENT OUT TO SOME PRESIDENTS OF !MERICAN DEPART MENT STORES SMALL BUSINESSES AND OTHER PROMINENT CITIZENS TO ATTEND THE LUNCHEON TO BE HELD IN THE 2EGENCY (OTEL IN .EW 9ORK )T WAS HELD ON $EC AND WAS HOSTED BY &ANTACCI AND 4AYAR WHO PRESENTED THE PLAN AND ITS INTENTION TO REORGA NIZE THE CRAFTSMEN S SHOPS BY USING THE MONEY TO PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS

TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT ALL OF WHICH WERE DESPERATELY NEEDED TO RESUME PRODUCTION &ANTACCI WAS ADAMANT ABOUT THE FUNDS EXTREME IMPOR TANCE SAYING @)F THESE CRAFTSMEN MOVE AWAY AND TAKE OTHER JOBS WE MAY NEVER BE ABLE TO REPLACE THEM 4HE MONEY PLEDGED BY !MERICAN BUSINESSMEN WILL ENABLE PEOPLE TO START THEIR TRADES AGAIN 0HILADEL

PHIA $AILY .EWS $EC 5LTIMATELY THE BUSINESSMEN AND THE PUBLIC ALIKE SHOWED THEIR APPRECIATION OF THE ARTISANS AS THE LUNCHEON ALONE RAISED

ALREADY HALF OF THE ENTIRE GOAL !MONG THOSE TO DONATE WERE 2 ( -ACY AND #O

!LEXAN DER S )NC

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AS WELL AS OTHER LARGE AND SMALLER DONATIONS 4HE MONEY WOULD BE DISTRIBUTED VIA TWO )TALIAN BANKS THE "ANCA .AZIONALE DEL ,AVORO AND THE "ANCA D !MERICA E D )TALIA WHICH IS AN AFl L IATE OF THE "ANK OF !MERICA 4HESE BANKS WOULD DISTRIBUTE THE 53

PLEDGED MONEY WITH PLANS TO REPAY THE AMOUNT IN THREE YEARS 4HE ONLY THING THAT THE PLEDGES THEMSELVES WOULD ASSUME WAS THE ALREADY LOW ERED INTEREST RATE AND THE GENERAL RISK INVOLVED !S IT WOULD TURN OUT LATER THE DONATIONS WOULD BE MADE TAX DEDUCTIBLE 7ITH THE VASTLY UNEXPECTED START OF THE LUNCHEON !,&! CONTINUED TO GROW AND WITHIN A YEAR l RMS WERE HELPED BY THE FUND WHICH TOTALED

4HOUGH !,&!

WAS PRIMARILY FOR THOSE ARTISANS WHO HAD DEVELOPED BUSINESS RELATION SHIPS WITH !MERICAN COMPANIES

THOSE ARTISANS WITHOUT A BASE FOR CREDIT WERE ALSO HELPED 4HE !MERI CAN %MBASSY IN 2OME DEVELOPED A FUND WITH A BASE START AT

4HE FUNDS WERE ORGANIZED BY !MBAS SADOR 2HINEHART 4HE !MERICAN #HAMBER OF #OM MERCE DID MUCH TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE REPAIR PROCESS OF &LORENCE FOLLOWING THE m OOD 4HROUGH THEIR GENEROUS SUPPORT THE EXTREME IMPORTANCE OF &LORENCE TO !MERICAN FASHION BUSINESSES AND INDIVIDUALS CAN BE SEEN .OT ONLY THE !MERICAN #HAM BER BUT THE PUBLIC FROM STUDENTS TO HIGH END FASHION COMPANIES

DONATED TIME AND OR MONEY TO THE m OOD RELIEF 4HE FACT IS THAT THE ARTI SANS REPRESENTED MORE THAN JUST A HISTORICAL BASE FOR THE CITY THEY REP RESENTED ITS VERY FOUNDATION

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.OVEMBER TH

TH !NNIVERSARY OF THE &LORENCE m OOD

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