The geo havo vwo coursebook by ThiemeMeulenhoff

www.degeo-online.nl

Coursebook 1 havo/vwo Geography for bilingual education

Coursebook 1 havo/vwo

Authors drs. W.B. ten Brinke drs. Chr. de Jong drs. J.H.A. Padmos

Editors drs. W.B. ten Brinke drs. Chr. de Jong drs. B.J. Maatman drs. J.H.A. Padmos

Overview of the English-language Geo course for 1-3 havo/vwo The Geo Guide

havo/vwo

9789006433883

The Geo coursebook 1 havo/vwo The Geo workbook 1 havo/vwo Teacher’s manual 1 havo/vwo

9789006433890 9789006433906

The Geo coursebook 2 havo/vwo The Geo workbook 2 havo/vwo Teacher’s manual 2 havo/vwo

9789006433913 9789006433920

Geo coursebook Geo workbook Teacher’s manual

9789006433937 9789006433944

3 havo/vwo 3 havo/vwo 3 havo/vwo

All teacher’s manuals, including tests and answers, can be found at www.degeo-online.nl (restricted section for teachers).

The Geo coursebook 1 havo/vwo is part of the ‘De Geo’ geography course, which has been compiled by prof. dr. R. Tamsma, H. Dragt and W.A. Hofland (since 1968) and dr. J. Hofker and J. Bos (since 1970). Design and layout HollandseWerken, Zwolle Translation Kathleen McMillan for Taalcentrum-VU, Amsterdam English-language editors Caroline Sitskoorn and Jan Padmos Cartography EMK, Deventer Graphs and illustrations Tiekstra Media, Groningen Sittrop.nl, Nijmegen

About ThiemeMeulenhoff ThiemeMeulenhoff is the education media specialist and provides educational solutions for primary, secondary, vocational and higher education. These solutions have been developed in close cooperation with the education market and they contribute to improved learning results as well as individual talent development. ThiemeMeulenhoff brings out the best in each student. For more information about ThiemeMeulenhoff and an overview of our educational solutions: www.thiememeulenhoff.nl or call customer service at 088 800 20 15. ISBN 978 90 06 43389 0 First print, second edition, 2013 © ThiemeMeulenhoff, Amersfoort 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this edition may be reproduced, stored in an electronic database, or made public, in any form or by any means, be it electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or in any other way, without the prior written permission of the publisher. In as much as photocopying material from this edition is allowed according to article 16B of the Dutch Copyright Law 1912 j° ruling August 23rd 1985, statute 471 and article 17 Dutch Copyright Law 1912, one must pay the obligatory compensation to the PRO foundation – the Publication and Reproduction Rights Organisation, PO Box 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp (www.stiching-pro.nlwww.stiching-pro.nl). To be able to use a part of this edition in an anthology, reader or other compilation (article 16 Dutch Copyright Law) one must first contact the publisher. Further information about the use of music, film and photocopying in education can be found at www. auteursrechtenonderwijs.nlwww.auteursrechtenonderwijs.nl .

This edition has been printed on FSC® trademark paper. This paper is produced from environmentally responsible forestry.

The publisher has endeavoured to regulate the authors’ rights according to law. However, those who believe that certain rights can still be claimed, may contact the publisher.

Table of contents 4

Australia, close-up and far away ยง1 Overland through Australia ยง2 Australia on maps ยง3 Suzeโ s life in Perth ยง4 On top of the world with Google Earth ยง5 How far is it to โ ฆ? ยง6 Working with an atlas Menu of options Project Finish

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 26

Asia: devastating forces of nature ยง1 The Ring of Fire ยง2 Earthquakes in Kashmir ยง3 A sleeping giant ยง4 Deadly tidal wave ยง5 Durian sweeps across Asia ยง6 Dealing with disasters Menu of options Project Finish

94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 112 114

Natural landscapes on Earth ยง1 Living in the Amazon ยง2 The Inuit in Canada ยง3 The Alps around Grindelwald ยง4 The desert around Las Vegas ยง5 Drought in Kenya ยง6 Climate and natural zones Menu of options Project Finish

28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 46 48

Differences in Europe ยง1 Highs and lows in France and Europe ยง2 Landscape and climate in France and Europe ยง3 People in France and Europe ยง4 Work and land use ยง5 Paris โ a metropolis ยง6 Focus on Romania Menu of options Project Finish

116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 134 136

The Islamic world ยง1 The Islamic world, a cultural region ยง2 Rich and poor in the Islamic world ยง3 Focus on Turkey ยง4 Water ยง5 Dubai, a rich Gulf State ยง6 Indonesia, Muslim country in South-East Asia Menu of options Project Finish

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 68 70

Cities and countryside in the Netherlands ยง1 The threat of the water ยง2 Major water projects ยง3 Water in Bangladesh ยง4 Water and urbanization ยง5 Conurbations ยง6 Rural regions Menu of options Project Finish

72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 90 92

To the student 1

138 140 144

Read this first Six main sections Each chapter contains six main sections split into subsections.

This is the geography coursebook for 1 havo/vwo. These pages are important because they explain how it works.

How is the coursebook organized?

Globe: which region are we looking at?

There are six chapters in the coursebook. Each chapter has a Start, six sections, a Menu with options to choose from, and a Finish.

Introductory text: what is this section about?

Start The Start explains what the chapter is about and tells you what you’re going to do. It shows you photos of topics and regions that you will read more about in the chapter.

100

Chapter 5 • Asia: devastating forces of nature

§3

Skills Risk map of Mount Merapi forbidden zone first risk zone second risk zone road river contour line monitoring station

Lots of tourists go on holiday to the Indonesian island of Java. Most of them visit the Mount Merapi volcano, which looks spectacular, but is very dangerous. p FIGURE 8 Mount Merapi.

-A

O ce

ian

ras

ian

Pla

Sea Banda

Pla

Eu In

of Fire, the Indo-Australian tectonic plate collides with the Eurasian tectonic plate. But this collision does a lot more than cause earthquakes in Kashmir. A long time ago it also caused the Indonesian archipelago and all its volcanoes. You can see how it happened in figure 9. Every year the Indo-Australian tectonic plate moves a few centimetres under the Sunda tectonic plate, which is part of the Eurasian tectonic plate. Because the temperature is very hot in the deepest parts of the earth, the tectonic plate that is underneath melts and produces liquid rock called magma. When magma rises it causes volcanic eruptions on the earth’s surface. Mount Merapi and all the other volcanoes on Java are the result of this process.

The Indo-Australian and the Eurasian tectonic plate plates that move past each other plates that move under each other (subduction) movement of the plate

p FIGURE 9

Chapter 2 • Natural landscapes on Earth

Start

u FIGURE 10

Natural landscapes on Earth

A B

Dinesh lives in Sri Lanka, an island near the coast of India. The temperature in Sri Lanka is around 25 °C all year. So it’s always warm there. Dinesh describes what she does at the weekend: ‘I like to swim in the sea with my friends. There’s a lovely little beach nearby. And the water is warm. A great place for ball games and splashing around.’ Atuat lives in a completely different place, the icy north of Canada, where the winters are long and the summers are short. And there is almost always a thick layer of snow on the ground. C

Bahar lives in the dry desert of Iran, where the land is high, rocky and bare. There are three completely different landscapes: tropical beaches, snowfields and dry deserts. In this chapter you will find the charackteristics of these natural landscapes. Where are they? And why are they there?

Pak Sarwondo, born on Mount Merapi.

Study text

most active volcanoes in the Indonesian archipelago. It has erupted around six times since 1985. In spring 2006 Mount Merapi was in the news again. It was restless for months. People expected a big eruption because they had already seen small eruptions and big clouds of gas. If there was a big eruption and if the top of the volcano collapsed, a lot of volcanic rock, lava and debris would flow downhill and kill thousands of people who lived near the crater and in the valley. The Indonesian government was worried about this and declared a state of emergency. The people were evacuated to mosques, government buildings and schools. After months of uncertainty they returned to their homes. Mount Merapi didn’t erupt. In autumn 2010 it did erupt. Although the population was evacuated, more than 300 people died.

Of course, volcanoes are dangerous. They can cause enormous amounts of damage, but they also have good points. l Lava is soft rock that slowly breaks apart because of weather and vegetation. It contains a lot of substances that are good for the soil. After thousands of years,

The volcano is erupting: stay or go? Pak Sarwondo (54): ‘I was born on Mount Merapi and I have lived there all my life. Mount Merapi is a dangerous volcano but it doesn’t erupt very often. I’ve got my own ideas about the government’s evacuation plans. No-one warned us about the eruption in 1994 and many of our friends and neighbours were killed by a cloud of hot gas. A few years later, things were different: we were warned then of a possible eruption and we stayed in shelters for a few days. The volcano was quiet but thieves emptied my house while I was away. So I preferred to listen to Marijan, the keeper of the volcano. He understood the volcano spirits better than anyone.’

The keeper of the volcano Marijan was the keeper of the volcano. He lived in a little house at the foot of the south side of Mount Merapi. Every year he brought offerings to the volcano. That is a tradition on Java. The people who live on the slopes listened to what he said. In 1994 he became famous when he predicted an eruption. He saw it all in a dream the night before it happened. In 2006 some people predicted a new eruption, but Marijan said there was no need for an evacuation and stayed home. The government and the experts disagreed. Marijan was one of the more than 300 victims of the eruption in 2010. He was eighty-four years old.

t FIGURE 11

Good points about volcanoes

u Not all things about volcanoes are bad.

volcanic lava turns into fertile land. That’s why people grow crops on volcanic slopes. l Lava often contains important minerals such as gold, silver, diamonds, copper and zinc. l Many people find volcanoes fascinating and pay lots of money to go on holiday to see them. Volcano tourism brings jobs and money to the people who live in volcanic regions.

Make your mind up Step 1 What is the problem? Step 2 Who is affected? Step 3 What do they think of the problem? Step 4 What do you think?

p FIGURE 12

Geo Guide G 11

G 60

Skills: what you should be able to do

Symbols: u Main heading: what the passage is about l Sub-heading: more information, important points about the main heading n Example(s) or extra explanation(s) When you see a word in black letters, it means that you have seen this word before in the coursebook or the Geo Guide. 76

Title: the topic and the region

summit

u The Mount Merapi volcano is one of the

u In Section 2 you read that, in the Ring

town/village

Mount Merapi

Melting plates

Photos: introduction to the topic and the region

101

§3 • A sleeping giant

A sleeping giant

Chapter 4 • Cities and countryside in the Netherlands

§2

§2 • Major water projects

Major water projects Major water projects in the Netherlands Zuiderzee Works Room for the River

North

Sea

Delta Works flood barrier test polder

dam

t FIGURE 7

bridge

The most impressive part of the Delta Works is the eight-kilometrelong flood barrier in the Oosterschelde. It is made of enormous

Text: information on the topic and the region

concrete fifty-metre-high pillars and 62 45-metre-wide sliding steel

Eastern Flevoland

doors. The doors are closed only when there is a risk of flooding.

Southern Flevoland New Waterway

q FIGURE 8 GERMANY

Land use Land use in %

Zandmaas project

farming

BELGIUM Grensmaas project

t FIGURE 5

The Dutch are always busy with water – improving protection or reclaiming land. This section is about three large water projects: the Zuiderzee Works, the Delta Works and Room for the River.

The Zuiderzee Works

u In the heart of the Netherlands are

the IJsselmeer Lake and the IJsselmeer polders. Until 1932 this whole area was covered by the Zuiderzee, which flowed straight into the North Sea. During storms the water in the Zuiderzee rose so high that many towns and villages along the coast were in danger. In 1916 disaster struck when the dykes broke in many places and caused an emergency. It happened in the middle of the First World War. The Netherlands was neutral, so it didn’t do any fighting. But the war made it difficult to import food. It was

these two factors – food shortages and the threat of flooding – that led to the Zuiderzee Works. l The Zuiderzee Works consisted of two parts: the Afsluitdijk between Friesland and North Holland, and five large polders (polderized lakes) along the coast. Most of the work was done between 1927 and 1968. l The Zuiderzee Works lowered the risk of flooding and increased the land surface of the Netherlands by five percent. You can grow a lot of food there. At the same time, the water management improved greatly: an enormous freshwater lake was created. Distances were shortened thanks to the Afsluitdijk and new roads were built through the polders. It takes less time to get to places than before.

North-East Polder Rest of Flevoland 88,2

64,6

woods and nature

5,5

21,0

living and working

3,6

8,2

traffic

1,8

2,7

leisure

0,9

3,5

p FIGURE 6 Modern farming in Flevoland.

The Delta Works

u During the night of 1st February 1953

there was a spring tide and a northwesterly storm was blowing against the Dutch coast. The water rose dangerously high in the wide tidal inlets of Zeeland and Zuid-Holland. The dykes were under a lot of pressure and broke in many places. The water flowed through the gaps and flooded the land. 1,835 people died. l The Delta Works were built to protect the south-west of the Netherlands from floods forever. The tidal inlets were closed off by dams. At the same time, flood barriers were built, which were closed during flood risks. The Delta Works made the coastline a lot shorter. And it was much easier to get to Zeeland.

Room for the River

u The sea is not the only threat. In the past, rivers have caused serious flooding as well. A huge disaster almost happened in 1993 and 1995 when the water rose almost to the top of the dykes. The government was so afraid the dykes would break that it evacuated 250,000 people and millions of animals. The dykes didn’t break; they held back the water – but only just. l After this near-disaster the government made a plan to prevent floods in the future. This plan is called Room for the River. n One of the most important parts of the Room for the River plan is to strengthen

and raise the river dykes. But higher dykes alone are not enough. More space is needed to drain the river water: more room for the river. n When a river flows it takes along sand and silt. At high tide it leaves this sand and silt behind in the flood plain, which is the space between the river dykes. The sand and silt slowly becomes higher

and higher until there is no room for the water to flow away. Many flood plains are lowered by digging out sand and clay. Buildings, woods and other obstacles are also cleared away to make the water flow faster. The Room for the River projects have reorganized large parts of the river landscape.

u FIGURE 9 On the left of the photo you can see a channel in the flood plain. At high tide a lot of river water is drained through this channel. Geo Guide G 23 G 161

When you see a word in blue letters, it means that you see this word for the first time. References to passages in the Geo Guide that contain important background information for this section.

Workbook

Menu You will find a menu of options after the last section of each chapter. The last option is always a project with links to other school subjects. 42

Chapter 2 • Natural landscapes on Earth

Options

Alone or in pairs

What you need

Option A The Arctic and the Antarctic How can you recognize the differences between the Arctic and the Antarctic in photos? 1:25,000,000

In pairs

Atlas and the Geo Guide

Option A

Questions about a text in the coursebook and/or Geo Guide

Option B Population distribution in mountainous regions Alone or in pairs Do many people or very few people live in mountainous regions? Look for the answer on maps of Bolivia and Switzerland. Pa c i f i c

Pa c i f i c

Ocean

Ocean land use forests and grazing land fields tropical rainforest city with a population of more than 100,000

Flying over the Amazon Where have all the forests disappeared to? Find out with Google Earth.

C. Landscapes in Bolivia

less than 1

C Atlas

Option C

number of inhabitants per km2

mountainous vegetation

Questions about figures in the coursebook and/or Geo Guide

The Arctic and the Antarctic

It’s very cold in both the North Pole (Arctic) and the South Pole (Antarctic) regions. But there are huge differences between the two regions. Use the Geo Guide to find out what they are. Can you also see the differences in the photos?

1:25,000,000

B. Population density in Bolivia

You always start work from the workbook. Your workbook contains questions on the text, photos and maps in the coursebook and/or the Geo Guide. You will also do tasks, such as colouring a map or making a graph.

Options

Menu of options

25,000,000

an 100,000

Read this first

Alone or in pairs

§6

Climate and natural zones

F 1 S k Lees in je lesboek Weer en klimaat

B Alone

§6 • Climate and natural zones

W27 Bevolkingsdichtheid, neerslag en hoogteligging Kenia

Option D More about weather Make a crossword puzzle about the weather.

Hoofdstuk 2 • Natuurlandschappen op aarde

Computer

Geo Guide

Wat zijn de kenmerken van het klimaat in Nederland? 1

Geef een beschrijving van het weer vandaag. Temperatuur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

city with a population of more than 100,000

Zon / wolken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Option E The weather where you are Is it sunny where you live? Or do you get more rain than most other places? What was the warmest and coldest day on record? All the information you need is on the KNMI site.

Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In groups of 2-4

Computer

Option F Yanomami Indians in the Amazon Describe the life of the Yanomami Indians.

In groups of 4-6

Geef er een verklaring voor.

W29 Uittreksel Basisboek

.............................................................................

B42 Natte tropen, droge woestijnen Bij de evenaar stijgt de lucht door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................................................................

Atlas + Computer

Tussen 20° en 40° NB en ZB:

F 12S

Rainfall rainfall in millimetres per year

............................................................

p SOURCE 1

W28 Uittreksel §5

Kenia ligt in het . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . van Afrika.

Er zijn twee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . per jaar. Droogte in het noorden Nomaden: op de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in het noorden van Kenia.

• • • •

De nomaden hebben zich aangepast aan de droogte. Voorbeeld: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..........................................................................

Definitions of important terms from the chapter

Noodhulp en structurele hulp Er zijn twee soorten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hulp bij een hongersnood of andere rampen: ..........................................................................

Hulp waar bewoners blijvend iets aan hebben: ..........................................................................

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

Finish

9006-43344-9_Geo-1hv_wbA_3ePr.in50-51

Hoe is de neerslag in Kenia? Hoe passen nomaden zich aan aan de droogte? Welke soorten hulp zijn er?

Topografie van Kenia en droge gebieden op aarde (W21 en W23) Kijkvragen film Cordaid Mensen in Nood Drie kaarten vergelijken (W27) W28 Uittreksel W29 Uittreksel

Welk werelddeel heeft voor het grootste deel een droog klimaat?

Op de kaart hebben grote berggebieden als de Alpen en de Himalaya dezelfde kleur als het poolgebied. Geef daarvoor een verklaring.

.............................................................................

............................................................................. ............................................................................. .............................................................................

Basisboek In de opdrachten 4 en 5 gebruik je het Basisboek.

F 4S j Lees in het Basisboek B53 Klimaatdiagrammen a

Welke drie klimaten zijn vooral door de temperatuur bepaald? 1

........................................................................

Welk klimaat komt voor op hoge breedte?

Geef er een verklaring voor.

.............................................................................

Welk klimaat komt voor op lage breedte?

Geef er een verklaring voor.

.............................................................................

Begrippen Lesboek: evenaar, steppe, nomaden, noodhulp, structurele hulp Basisboek: stijgingsregen, tropisch regenwoud, heterogeen bos, etages, savanne, (woestijn)steppe, woestijn

Aan de linkerkant van het diagram kun je de

............................................................................. .............................................................................

aflezen. Aan de

rechterkant de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c

.............................................................................

B42 Natte tropen, droge woestijnen B74 t/m B77 Verschillen tussen tropisch regenwoud, savanne, steppe en woestijn

Wat is een klimaatdiagram?

..................................................

.............................................................................

Basisboek • •

........................................................................

.............................................................................

Werkboek

..........................................................................

........................................................................

F S k Bekijk figuur 26 in je lesboek 3

Wat is het belangrijkste verschil tussen weer en klimaat?

F 2S k Bekijk figuur 26 en 31 in je lesboek

Lesboek

Nomaden zijn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.............................................................................

Wat moet je leren?

• • •

........................................................................

.............................................................................

Ongeveer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . % woont op het platteland.

Finish Every chapter finishes with a list of key terms and definitions.

lucht ➝

F 13S g Maak de proeftoets op De Geo-online

Regio in beeld: Kenia

more than 900

.............................................................................

warmer ➝ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maak de uittreksels in W28 en W29 af.

less than 700

Er vallen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . regens.

Herhaling 1:2,500,000

Twee uitspraken. I De Middellandse Zeelanden hebben warme, droge zomers en zachte, vochtige winters. II In De Bilt is het droog, de temperatuur is 20-25 °C en er is een zwakke wind uit het zuidwesten. Vul in: weer of klimaat.

........................................................................ ........................................................................

Neerslag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hoe groot is het verschil tussen de temperatuur overdag en ’s middags in De Bilt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F 5S j Bekijk nog eens B53 Klimaatdiagrammen

Je gaat nu zelf een klimaatdiagram in W30 tekenen. In het Basisboek lees je hoe je dat stap voor stap moet doen. In W31 staan de klimaatgegevens van Nice. a Geef de temperatuur aan met rode stippen in het midden van de twaalf staafjes. Verbind de stippen tot een lijn. (Zie figuur 3.29 in het Basisboek.) b Geef de neerslag aan met blauwe streepjes in de twaalf staafjes. Kleur onder die streepjes de staafjes blauw. (Zie figuur 3.29 in het Basisboek.)

50-51

04-10-2007

12:24:02

Things you should know Absolute distance Distance measured in a straight line (as the crow flies). Area See region. Bar chart A statistical diagram that uses bars. Circle of latitude See parallel Circle of longitude See meridian Eastern longitude Easterly distance (in degrees) between a specific place and the prime meridian. Emigrant A person who leaves his own country to live permanently somewhere else. Equator An imaginary line that divides the world in two halves: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. General map Map that gives a general overview of a specific region. High latitude Indicates that a place is far from the equator. Immigrant Someone from abroad who comes to live permanently in a country. Latitude The distance (in degrees) of a place from the equator. Legend The legend explains the meaning of the colours and symbols on the map. Line chart A set of statistics presented as a line or lines on squared paper. Longitude The distance (in degrees) of a place from the prime meridian. Low latitude Indicates that a place is near the equator. Man-made elements Man-made elements in a landscape, such as houses, roads, fields and grazing land. Man-made landscape Landscape where people have built houses, roads etc. or re-organized land into fields and farmland.

Map A scale drawing of a region. Map-reading Understanding what you see on a map. You need four main tools: the title, the legend, the north arrow and the scale. Meridian or circle of longitude Imaginary line that passes through places with the same longitude. Natural elements Original elements in a landscape, untouched by humans, such as mountains, rivers and desert. Natural landscape Landscape that is still in its original state, untouched by humans. Northern hemisphere The upper half of the Earth. Northern latitude Latitude in the northern hemisphere Parallel or circle of latitude An imaginary line that passes through places with the same latitude. Pie chart A circular diagram divided into percentages. Population density The number of inhabitants per square kilometre (km2). Population distribution The spread of people across a country or region. Prime meridian The longitudinal line that runs through Greenwich (near London). Region A small or large part of the earth’s surface. Relative distance Distance measured in travel time. Scale level The level of detail in a map: local, regional, national, international, global. Scale The scale shows how far an area has been downsized on a map. Southern hemisphere The lower half of the Earth.

Southern latitude Latitude in the southern hemisphere. Suburb A spacious area on the outer edges of a city with many detached houses and green spaces in-between. Thematic map A map that deals with one specific topic, e.g. climate or population density. Topographic map A map that gives a precise description of a specific region.

Western longitude Westerly distance (in degrees) between a specific place and the prime meridian. Zooming-in Looking at a specific place in more detail. Moving from the bigger picture to the smaller picture. Zooming-out Moving further away from the Earth. Moving from a small area to a larger area.

What do you need? Atlas

Coursebook

Geo Guide

Computer

Geo Guide p FiguRE 28

p FiguRE 29

Photo: What is the connection between the photo and the topic and region you looked at in this chapter?

You will use the Geo Guide for three years. So you will need it in year 2 and year 3 as well. The Geo Guide contains important information about geography and all the key terms you will meet. But it also tells you how to read a map. And why volcanoes erupt. And why it is so cold at the North Pole. And it gives you lots of ideas and information for projects.

The digital Geo

A next to an assignment or text means that you can do something on www.degeo-online.nl, for example: • an assignment for which you need a computer; • work out a project or a whole section on the computer; • watch animations of key terms; • a mock test to find out if you have fully understood a chapter or section; • make a puzzle.

Start

Australia, close-up and far away

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

‘G’day, I’m Suze Rijks. I’m fifteen. Six years ago I lived in the Netherlands. Now I live ‘down under’ in Australia. I love it here. Australia is such a beautiful country. And mega-sized. We live in Western Australia, in a city called Perth. Western Australia is so big that you could fit the Netherlands into it 110 times. The sun shines here almost all the time. Our house is near the sea, so we spend lots of time on the beach. Last Christmas I came back to the Netherlands for a holiday. It’s summertime in Australia at Christmas. I loved Dutch cooking so much that I put on weight. It was great to see snow again. I prefer the shops in the Netherlands. In Australia we only have big, covered shopping malls. Handy, I suppose, but not nearly as friendly as the shops in the Dutch village where we lived. The trouble with the Netherlands is that everything is so cramped. Not like Australia, where there is masses of space.’

A B C

This chapter is about the immense country of Australia. You will find out what the terrain is like, where the people live, and what the land is used for. You will also learn how to read a map, work out a scale and use an atlas.

§1

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

Overland through Australia u FIGuRE 2

Australia

q FIGuRE 1

There is enough rainfall in the coastal areas for

Our journey starts at the world-famous Sydney

vegetation to grow. The landscape there consists

Opera House. There is it is, on the left of the

of fields, pasture and forests (see photo). The

photo, on the very edge of the Pacific Ocean.

land gets drier as you go inland. Farmers can

Sydney, with a population of 4.3 million, is the

only keep cattle or sheep in dry areas if they

biggest city in Australia. The second-biggest is

have plenty of land. When the herds have eaten

Melbourne, which, like Sydney, is in the south-

all the grass in one place they move on to the

east. When you add up the population of Sydney

next place. These huge sheep and cattle farms

and Melbourne you get almost 8 million. That

– called stations – are sometimes very isolated.

equals forty percent of all Aussies (the people

So isolated that the people who live there need

who live in Australia).

miniplanes to go to the outside world!

What does Australia look like in photos? You can find that out in this section. You will also learn to recognize landscapes that are still natural and landscapes that have been changed by people.

So there are 2.5 people for each square kilometre. The number of people per square kilometre in a country is called the population density.

A sparsely populated country

u FIGuRE 4

u Geography is about areas and regions.

An area or region is a specific part of the Earth’s surface. Some are small; others – like continents – are huge. Figures 1 – 4 show photos of parts of Australia. l You need to travel overland through Australia to get a good idea of how big it is – 185 times as big as the Netherlands. But the population is only twenty million.

The outback is the homeland of the Aboriginals, the original inhabitants of Australia. The word ‘Aboriginals’ means people who were here from the beginning. Around 450,000 Aboriginals still live in Australia. Most of the other Aussies are descended from Europeans who started settling in Australia in the eighteenth century.

§1 • Overland through Australia

q FIGuRE 3 The dry, almost deserted Australian hinterland is called the outback. When you travel through the outback you only see grasses, shrubs and a few trees. There are no shops or petrol stations. So, you always take along food and a few jerry cans of water and petrol. And you can’t drive fast because you have to watch out for kangaroos, especially at twilight. Sometimes, heavy rain makes the dirt tracks muddy and almost impossible to drive on (see photo).

Two types of landscape

u The Netherlands is a densely-populated

country where almost every piece of land has been reorganized by people. This kind of landscape is called man-made landscape. Wherever you look in the Netherlands, you see cities full of houses, roads and parks. You also see farms, fields, grazing land, wind turbines and electricity pylons – all the work of human beings. Man-made objects in a landscape are known as man-made elements. l Australia has man-made landscapes as well, especially along the coast, where most of the people live and where you find the biggest cities. But on our overland trip

through the sparsely populated parts of Australia we see a lot of natural landscape – landscape that has not been changed by people. The mountains, rivers and deserts have been formed only by nature. The elements in these landscapes are called natural elements. n When you study geography you look at what people have changed and what is left of nature.

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

§2

Australia on maps General map of Australia

Thematic maps of Australia

Australia. A map is a downsized drawing of an area or region. l The map of Australia in figure 5 is a general map. A general map shows the topography in a specific area, such as a province, a country or even a continent. It shows important cities, rivers, seas and mountains. Different heights in the landscape are shown by different colours. This map already tells you quite a lot about Australia. You can see the location of the main cities, the heights of the mountains, and the motorway and railway routes.

information on one particular aspect of Australia. These maps are called thematic maps. l The map in figure 6 shows how the population is spread across the country. Most Australians live on the coast. Inland Australia is more or less empty. So the population distribution in Australia is very uneven. l The map in figure 7 shows what the land is used for. You can see where crops are grown and where sheep and cattle graze. You can also see that vast pieces of land are unused by people.

u Figures 5, 6 and 7 each show a map of

Australia

The photos in section 1 gave you a general idea of what Australia looks like. Now it’s time to get to know Australia better. Time to get out the maps. But first you must be able to read them.

Australia towns, cities less than 100,000 inhabitants 100,000 - 250,000 inhabitants 250,000 - 1 million inhabitants more than 1 million inhabitants

Arnhem Land

an ce

u The maps in figures 6 and 7 provide

Kimberley Plateau

altitude 0-100 m 100-200 m

Great Sandy Desert

200-500 m

Tanami Desert

500-1000 m more than 1,000 m other

Gibson Desert

motorway main railway provincial border

Simpson Desert

Great Victoria Desert

capital

Lake Eyre

Ind ian

cif

li t ra p s A u s Al

north arrow

Oc ea n The Netherlands at the same scale level

p FIGuRE 5

§2 • Australia on maps

Skills

Map skills

Circles and squares that mark the cities are two common symbols on maps. Without a legend it would be impossible to understand a map. l The scale tells you how much the area has been downsized. If the scale is 1:100,000 (we say 1 to 100,000), it means that one centimetre on the map represents 100,000 centimetres in actual distance. That works out at 1000 metres or one kilometre. So, when you know the scale you can work out the true distance between places.

u You will never understand a map well if

you can’t read it. Map-reading begins with four key indicators: the title, the legend, the scale and the north arrow (see the list in figure 8). l The title tells you the theme and/or the area shown in the map. In the coursebook the title of the map is always in bold letters above the legend. l The legend tells you the meaning of the different colours and symbols on the map.

pointing upwards. This is called the north arrow because it points in a northerly direction. If there is no north arrow, the top of the map is north.

l On some maps you see an arrow

fic

p FIGuRE 8

title legend scale north arrow

fic

q FIGuRE 7

q FIGuRE 6

Needed for good map-reading

less than 1 1-10

city with more than 1 million inhabitants

10-50

provincial border

more than 50

reservation for Aboriginals

ean

Population density number of inhabitants per sq. km

Land use agriculture livestock farming, few animals per ha livestock farming, many animals per ha woodland

wine citrus fruits cows sheep

not in use

Flying doctors save Ryan’s life It’s almost a miracle that 14-year-old Ryan is alive today. When he was on holiday in Monkey Mia he suddenly had breathing problems. His parents panicked. He needed help. But the nearest hospital was in Perth, 850 kilometres away! Luckily there was a first-aid post nearby. The nurse quickly called the flying doctors – medical teams that fly to the sparsely populated parts of Australia to treat sick people. Ryan was picked up and given oxygen on the flight to Perth. He reached the hospital just in time. The doctors said that he had a throat infection that was making it hard for him to breathe. “I wouldn’t be here if it wasn’t for the flying doctors,” he says. p FIGuRE 9 You can swim with dolphins at Monkey Mia.

§3

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

Suze’s life in Perth

p FIGuRE 10 Skyscrapers in Perth city centre.

Suze Rijks emigrated from the Netherlands to Australia. She now lives in a neighbourhood on the edge of Perth called Kallaroo. What is her new life like? Let’s find out from some maps and photos.

Perth

u Perth is the capital of Western Australia. It has a population of 1.5 million and is situated a very long way from the other big cities. l Perth city centre lies on the banks of the wide River Swan. The skyline shows skyscrapers of different heights. Outside the centre there are neighbourhoods where people live and where the buildings are much lower. The neighbourhoods get more spacious as you go from the centre of Perth to the suburbs (the outer districts of a city). You see lots of detached houses with gardens and many green spaces. Altogether, the suburbs of Perth cover a huge area. In fact, the total surface area of the city of Perth is almost the same size as the province of Utrecht.

p FIGuRE 11 Suburb Kallaroo.

Kallaroo

u Suze Rijks lives in the northernmost

part of Perth, in a neighbourhood called Kallaroo. The name Kallaroo means ‘road that leads to the sea’ in Aboriginal language. Figure 12 shows a map of Kallaroo with all the streets, parks and blocks of housing. l Kallaroo is a quiet neighbourhood. The houses are detached with large gardens

and many have their own swimming pool. Suze’s house is in Narrabeen Place, which lies on the edge of the Indian Ocean. Suze can see the sea, beautiful beaches and palm trees from her bedroom window. n Kallaroo has a large shopping mall. In figure 12 you can see the route that Suze takes when she goes from her home to the shopping mall on her bike.

§3 • Suze’s life in Perth

School in Karrinyup

Kallaroo, so Suze has to go to Karrinyup, another suburb of Perth. When Suze lived in the Netherlands she always went to school by bike. She can’t do that now because the school is too far away. Her mother has to drive her there. The road to her school is next to the sea and Suze and her mother often see dolphins and whales in the distance. People often come to the beach to snorkel, swim or surf. l The road to Suze’s school doesn’t fit into the map of Kallaroo in figure 12. You need a bigger map to see it, like the map in figure 13.

Indian Ocean

u There are no secondary schools in

shopping mall

u FIGuRE 12 The route Suze takes to the shopping mall

see figure 12

cean Indian O The route Suze takes to school buildings Suze’s home park

route

school

main road

sea

motorway

beach

p FIGuRE 13

shopping mall

sea

route

park

beach

street

houses

Suze’s home

main road

other building

parking lot

Suze’s new life in Australia Suze’s life in Australia is nothing like her life in the Netherlands. ‘The sun shines here almost every day,’ she says. ‘The temperature can rise to forty degrees in the summer. I’m glad we’ve got a pool in our garden. It’s still warm in the winter, between fifteen and twenty degrees, but we get more rain then.’ School is different as well. Suze goes to St. Mary’s Anglican School, a private school for girls. Suze says, ‘I like my school. We do a lot of sport, drama and art. More than in my school in the Netherlands. We have an Olympic-size pool, fifty metres long, with high diving boards. And there are tennis courts, hockey pitches and a sport hall. Girls from sheep or cattle stations in the outback have to stay in a boarding house where they eat, sleep and do their

homework and all the other things they would normally do at home.’ Suze does a lot of sport in her free time as well. ‘People in Australia spend a lot more time on sport than people in the Netherlands,’ she says. ‘I train four times a week at my tennis club in Nollamara and I play in competitions at the weekend.’

p FIGuRE 14 Suze reads beside the pool in her garden.

§4

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

On top of the world with Google Earth

Google Earth is a programme on the internet. You can download it free. In this section you fly above Perth and your own part of the world. You’ll discover that it makes a big difference if you look at the world close-up or from a distance…

Zooming in and out

u Google Earth lets you look at the world

from way out in space and from close-up. When you zoom in, you move from a large to a smaller area. Step by step, you come closer to the Earth, to cities… so close that you can even see streets, houses and cars. When you zoom out with Google Earth you move further away from the Earth. You move from a small to a larger area. You can even zoom out so far that you feel like an astronaut looking down on Planet Earth from outer space.

p FIGuRE 15 Perth city centre from a distance (left) and Perth city centre from the inside (right).

Gibson Desert WESTERN AUSTRALIA Great Victoria Desert

Scale level

u You can also zoom in and out on maps. Indi Centre

Indi

an Ocean

In figure 17 you see four maps with Perth at the centre. You zoom out more and more as you move from A to D. Suze’s house, school and tennis club are marked in map A. So is Perth city centre and the River Swan. In maps B, C and D you gradually zoom out until Perth is only a tiny dot.

1:900,000

1 Suze’s house 2 Suze’s school 3 Suze’s tennis club

1:35,000,000

p FIGuRE 17 Perth from four scale levels.

l The scale level from which you look at

the world is very important in geography. When you zoom in on a town or city, you work from a local scale level. When you zoom out to the world as a whole you work from a global scale level. There are three more scale levels in-between. You will find them in figure 18.

n When you look at the population

density in Perth from a local scale level (figure 16) you see a big difference between the city centre and the suburbs. But when you look at it from a national scale level (the scale level of the country as a whole) you can’t see this difference any more (figure 6 on page 11). That is because the national map shows something else: the uneven population distribution in Australia.

§4 • On top of the world with Google Earth

Skills Population density Perth number of inhabitants per sq. km

1:650,000

less than 250 250-1,000 1,000-1,750 more than 1,750

Ind

ian Ocean

centre Perth

p FIGuRE 16

ASIA

D ASIA

i Pac

Indonesia

O fic

AUSTRALIA

ce a

India

dia

n Ocea

Paci fi

cO cea n

AFRICA

ce n O

1,000

New Zealand

2,000 km

Scale levels zooming in • local scale level (town, city) • regional scale level (province, county, state) • national scale level (country) • international scale level (several countries, continent) • global scale level zooming out (several countries, world)

1:140,000,000

p FIGuRE 18

Suze on holiday Suze loves holidays. ‘Once we drove all the way to Monkey Mia,’ she says. ‘That was brilliant. You can actually swim with dolphins there!’ But the drive took a very long time and Suze was bored. There wasn’t much to see on the way. The outback is almost empty. Hardly anything grows there. Driving south is much more fun. Suze has also been to Albany, a pretty harbour town on the south coast. ‘You drive through some nice

places on the way,’ she says. ‘And it isn’t so warm. The further south you go in Australia the cooler it gets.’ But usually they take a plane to go on holiday. Suze explains: ‘When you leave Perth by car, you’re in the outback within a couple of hours. If you want different scenery you have to fly. Once we flew to Adelaide and then drove to Melbourne in a camper. We’ve been to New Zealand as

well. That was really awesome. We did all sorts of scary things like bungee-jumping, wild-water rafting and canyoning. And we flew to the Gold Coast, near Brisbane, where there are beautiful beaches and coral reefs.’ Another time Suze went on a school trip and flew to Canberra and Sydney. She has been back in the Netherlands once. ‘I had a great time,’ she says. ‘There was snow on the ground. I had forgotten what that was like.’

§5

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

How far is it to ...?

The first European settlers arrived in Australia in 1788. How long do you think it took them to get there? And how long does it take now? In this section you will work out the distance between Europe and Australia in kilometres and in travel time.

The first European settlers

u On 13th May 1787 Captain Arthur Philip

p FIGuRE 19 A dirt track. Relative distances

London departure: 13 May 1787 84 d ays

sailed from England with a fleet of eleven ships. He was heading for Australia. On board were 1530 passengers, including 736 convicts who were being shipped to labour camps in Australia instead of going to prison in England. The fleet arrived at Botany Bay on the east coast of Australia on 18th January 1788. Captain Philip and his crew went ashore to look for fresh water but couldn’t find any. Eight days later, they anchored further north. This time, they did find water and also the right kind of land for a labour camp. Here the convicts built the first settlement, which later grew into the city of Sydney. Every year on 26th January, Australians celebrate Australia Day, a public holiday like Queen’s Day in the Netherlands. l In the two centuries since 1788, millions of Europeans moved to Australia. There were still many English convicts at first, but after 1850, more and more people came to Australia because they wanted to. They made their homes mainly on the east and south-east coast. Later they moved further inland. People who leave their own country to live somewhere else are called emigrants. People who arrive from somewhere else to live in a country are called immigrants.

Cape Verde Islands 18 June

Rio de Janeiro arrival: 5 August departure: 4 September

39 d

ays

ur s

Botany Bay arrival: 18 January 1788 67 da ys

Cape Town arrival: 13 October departure: 12 November

2,000

4,000 km

1:350,000,000

p FIGuRE 20

Distances, then and now

u In the past it took a very long time to

travel to Australia. Captain Philip and his crew were at sea for eight months. Nowadays, people go on holiday to Australia for a few weeks. They get on a plane in Europe and land in Australia twenty-four hours later. Could you say that the distance has become shorter? Yes and no.

l No, because the difference in

kilometres is exactly the same. The distance in kilometres as a straight line between two points (as the crow flies) is called the absolute distance. l Yes, because it takes a lot less time to get there. One or two days instead of months. The distance in travel time is called the relative distance. People use the word ‘relative’ when they compare one thing with another thing; for example:

§5 • How far is it to ...?

> Web assignment

Skills Four important tools for geography students A Line chart A diagram that shows statistics with lines on squared paper is called a line chart or line graph.

150

× 1000

120 90 60 30

4% 0 ’95 9% ’96 ’97 ’9818% ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04

Immigration and emigration, 1995 – 2004 20% immigrants 11% emigrants net result

B Pie chart 38% A diagram that shows percentages in a circle is called a pie chart.

-4

,03

0-1

2,2

-3

Oceania (New-Zealand)

Sub-Saharan Africa

ean

1,96 1,33

Asia

11%

,535

2,0

-2

North and South America

38%

0-2

,509

341 3,520 - 4, 3,200 - 3,958 2,660 - 3,41 7

Regions of origin Immigrants, 2004/5

,79

Europe

C Bar chartNorth Africa and the Middle East × 1000 25 Asia A diagram that uses blocks to show Oceania (New-Zealand) 20 statistics is called a bar chart.

Distances in Australia in kilometres 2,660 in a straight line 3,417 by road

Europe

1,9

18%

20%

cif

Regions of origin Immigrants, 2004/5 North Africa and the Middle East

- 1,49

n ia

a ce

1,300

Sub-Saharan Africa

500

North and South America

1,000 km

1:75,000,000

10 p FIGuRE 21

the travel time in a plane compared with the travel time in an 18th-century ship. n Relative distances can change. A new motorway can bring two places ‘closer’ together. What’s more, the relative distance may not be the same for everyone. It depends on your mode of transport. Some people cycle, others use the metro or the bus, others go by car etc.

5 0

New Zealand

China

Singapore

Top 5 countries of origin, 2004/5

D Table A list of statistics can also be presented in a table. Region of origin of Australians born outside Australia. Europe Asia Others Total p FIGuRE 22

1980

2005

75%

49%

26%

16%

25%

100%

India

§6

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

Working with an atlas

How do you use an atlas? Find out in this section. You will practise looking up maps and learn to locate places and countries in an atlas.

How do you use an atlas?

u You can’t do geography without an

atlas. There are four things you need to pay attention to when you work with an atlas. l Page guide The page guide is handy to find a place quickly if you have a good idea where it is situated. You’ll find it inside the back cover of the atlas. It shows maps divided into squares with the page numbers you need. l Contents You can also find maps in the Contents page in the front of the atlas. The Contents page lists the numbers and titles of all the maps in the atlas according to region (Netherlands, Europe etc.). l Index n The name index is in the back of the atlas. It lists alphabetically the names of all the places, rivers, mountains and other geographical objects in the atlas. Behind each name is the page and the section of the map where you can locate the object. For example, Amsterdam 40-41 C3 means that you can find Amsterdam on page 40-41 in section C3. The index is useful if you have no idea where to find a place or region. n The topic index in the back of the atlas is also very useful. Each topic is followed by a list of maps showing where it can be found.

p FIGuRE 23 Working with an atlas.

n The topic index in the back of the atlas

is also very useful. Each topic is followed by a list of maps showing where it can be found. l Legend Every map has a legend. Usually the legend is next to the map, but it is not always complete. Then you must look in the front of the atlas where you will find the legends for the different types of maps including general maps and thematic maps.

Locating places on the globe

u To locate the exact position of a place,

you need two pieces of information: the latitude and the longitude. l Latitude The Earth is a sphere with an imaginary line around the middle called the equator. The equator splits the Earth into two halves called the northern hemisphere

and the southern hemisphere. The northernmost point is called the North Pole and the southernmost point is called the South Pole. n The two hemispheres are divided into degrees of latitude. The latitude at the equator is zero degrees and the latitude at the North and the South Pole is 90 degrees. You can draw a circle around the globe at each degree of latitude. These lines are called circles of latitude or parallels, because they are all parallel to the equator. n When you know the latitude of a place you can measure its distance from the equator. Latitudes in the northern hemisphere are called northern latitudes (N) and latitudes in the southern hemisphere are called southern latitudes (S). Amsterdam lies at 52º northern latitude.

§6 • Working with an atlas

Skills

Locating Amsterdam and Perth

Equator

4,000

8,000 km

1:350,000,000

p FIGuRE 24 Locating Amsterdam and Perth.

North Pole 90° N

60° N

RTH

SOU

THE

ATI T

LAT

30° N

equator

ITU

What you need to use an atlas? page guide contents name index topic index legend

30° S

90° S South Pole

60° S

p FIGuRE 25 Geographical latitude. Geographical longitude North Pole

hem west isp ern her e

e pr

E AS

TU GI

30° E

LO N

i di

eas hem tern isp her e

latitude and places far away from the equator have a high latitude. l Longitude The earth is also divided longwise into degrees of longitude. Again you can draw a circle at each degree. These circles run from pole to pole and are known as meridians. The zero line passes through Greenwich near London and is known as the prime meridian. n Degrees of longitude are used to work out the distance of a place from the prime meridian. Places east of the prime meridian have an eastern longitude (E) and places west of the prime meridian have a western longitude (W). There are 180 meridians in each direction. Amsterdam lies at 5º E. Now you can exactly pinpoint Amsterdam on the map: 52° N and 5º E.

ere sph mi he

WESTER N LO NGI TUD E

n Places near the equator have a low

n hemisphere ther sou

no rth er

Geographical latitude

South Pole

p FIGuRE 26 Geographical longitude.

p FIGuRE 27

Chapter 1 â&#x20AC;˘ Australia, close-up and far away

Menu of options Alone or in pairs

What you need

Option A Draw the route you take to school How do you go from your home to school? Try to draw your route completely from memory.

Alone

an A4

Option B From aerial photo to map How does an aerial photo differ from a map? Try to find out. You might get some clues from a map of your own neighbourhood.

Alone or in pairs

Option C Your own neighbourhood on maps and photos In groups of 2-4 What does your neighbourhood look like? Take your own photos to give your classmates an idea.

Map

Option D Route planners on the internet How does a route planner on the internet work? Alone or in pairs Take a trip in the Netherlands or in another European country or even the USA or Australia.

Geo-online

Option E Fit the pieces into the puzzle Try to find these map fragments in the atlas. What does the atlas tell us about them?

Alone or in pairs

atlas

In groups of 2-4

an A4

Option F Isla Bonita Draw a map of a fantasy tropical island.

Option

Option Option

A Draw the route you take to school

Draw the route you take when you go to school. Draw it from memory without looking at a map of your neighbourhood. It isn’t as easy as it sounds. And it will only work if you include landmarks, like a petrol station, a railway viaduct, your cousin’s house, the swimming pool… Get some tips from the maps that Suze Rijks drew.

q SOuRCE 2

The route Suze takes to the shopping mall

Roads My house Traffic lights Roundabout My route

Housing Park Church supermarket Doctor and dentist Whitford’s Shopping Mall

The route Suze takes to school

p SOuRCE 1

Housing Park Club 1. North Shore Country 2. Hillary’s 3. Small shopping mall 4. Aristride Park 5. Trigg Park

p SOuRCE 3

Dunes Whitford’s Shopping Mall Roads My house My school My route

Chapter 1 • Australia, close-up and far away

Option Option

B From aerial photo to map

t SOuRCE 1 Topographic map of Rhenen Grazing land with ditches Woodland Water

Heath Fields Orchards Dual carriageway Motorway Railway Buildings (housing, businesses) Church without tower

Church tower Altitude in metres Scale 1:25,000

Maps are made from aerial photos. The photos on this page were taken from above, through an opening in a special plane. The aerial photo in source 2 shows you everything in the landscape, but you can’t always see what an object actually is. The photo was converted into a map to make it more ‘readable’. You can see the map in source 1. It is a typical topographic map, so it shows every road and house. The word ‘topography’ comes from the Greek word topos, meaning place, and grapho meaning I write. So, a topographic map is a map with place-names written on it.

1 2

8 4

p SOuRCE 2

Option

C Your own neighbourhood on maps and photos

What does your neighbourhood look like? Find out by taking photos. Then paste them at the correct locations on a map of your neighbourhood.

Option

D Route planners on the internet How do you travel from your own town to other places in the Netherlands? And how long does it take you to get there? Work it out with a Dutch route planner on the Internet. If you feel adventurous, take some trips abroad using route planners for other countries.

p SOuRCE 1

Option

p SOuRCE 2

E Fit the pieces into the puzzle Do you like looking things up in an atlas? If you do, then youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll love this assignment. Here are three fragments from a map. Your task is to find out different things about each fragment. You will also look at a map of your own surroundings.

p SOuRCE 1

Chapter 1 â&#x20AC;˘ Australia, close-up and far away

Project Option

F Isla Bonita

Brilliant white sand. Clear blue sea. You can go scuba-diving if you like or you can grab a scooter and explore the whole island. What kind of island is Isla Bonita? Read the info below and draw it yourself.

ISLA BONITA Your dream island Isla Bonita lies in the South Pacific. It is 20 kilometres wide at the furthest point from east to west and 15 kilometres long at the furthest point from north to south. There are also narrower areas. The north of the island is very rocky. A few kilometres inland on the east is a 2,000-metre-high volcano called Fugo. The crater is full of water, so when you look down from above you see a wide lake. At the foot of the volcano is some thick forest which has been turned into a wildlife reserve for tigers. The south coast has wide beaches with palm trees. In the south there is only a holiday park called Palm Village, which lies in the flat area of coast between the fields and the grazing land. There are two roads leading from Palm Village, one goes along the beach to the lighthouse at the most easterly point of the island, the other goes through the fields towards Fugo. It goes up the side of the volcano and ends at the volcanic lake. There are a few small villages on the west side of the island.

u SOuRCE 1

Project

q SOuRCE 2

Multi-subject project When you do this project you can use other school subjects besides geography: • Art: to draw the island, the volcanic lake, the holiday park, the wildlife reserve and the other elements look like. • Maths: to work out a scale. • Handicraft: to make your own holiday island.

Chapter 1 â&#x20AC;˘ Australia, close-up and far away

Finish Things you should know absolute distance Distance measured in a straight line (as the crow flies). area See region. bar chart A statistical diagram that uses bars. circle of latitude See parallel circle of longitude See meridian eastern longitude Easterly distance (in degrees) between a specific place and the prime meridian. emigrant A person who leaves his own country to live permanently somewhere else. Equator An imaginary line that divides the world in two halves: the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. general map Map that gives a general overview of a specific region. high latitude Indicates that a place is far from the equator. immigrant Someone from abroad who comes to live permanently in a country. latitude The distance (in degrees) of a place from the equator. legend The legend explains the meaning of the colours and symbols on the map. line chart A set of statistics presented as a line or lines on squared paper. longitude The distance (in degrees) of a place from the prime meridian. low latitude Indicates that a place is near the equator. man-made elements Man-made elements in a landscape, such as houses, roads, fields and grazing land. man-made landscape Landscape where people have built houses, roads etc. or re-organized land into fields and farmland.

map A scale drawing of a region. map-reading Understanding what you see on a map. You need four main tools: the title, the legend, the north arrow and the scale. meridian or circle of longitude Imaginary line that passes through places with the same longitude. natural elements Original elements in a landscape, untouched by humans, such as mountains, rivers and desert. natural landscape Landscape that is still in its original state, untouched by humans. northern hemisphere The upper half of the Earth. northern latitude Latitude in the northern hemisphere parallel or circle of latitude An imaginary line that passes through places with the same latitude. pie chart A circular diagram divided into percentages. population density The number of inhabitants per square kilometre (km2). population distribution The spread of people across a country or region. prime meridian The longitudinal line that runs through Greenwich (near London). region A small or large part of the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. relative distance Distance measured in travel time. scale level The level of detail in a map: local, regional, national, international, global. scale The scale shows how far an area has been downsized on a map. southern hemisphere The lower half of the Earth.

Finish

southern latitude Latitude in the southern hemisphere. suburb A spacious area on the outer edges of a city with many detached houses and green spaces in-between. thematic map A map that deals with one specific topic, e.g. climate or population density. topographic map A map that gives a precise description of a specific region.

p FIGuRE 28

p FIGuRE 29

western longitude Westerly distance (in degrees) between a specific place and the prime meridian. zooming-in Looking at a specific place in more detail. Moving from the bigger picture to the smaller picture. zooming-out Moving further away from the Earth. Moving from a small area to a larger area.