Islamic Mughal Garden Shalimar garden of Lahore
Chinese Garden Garden of Cultivation
Figure 1: 66
Figure 2: Plan View
Figure 3: View of the Moon gate and Zig Zag Bridge
The garden of cultivation, also known as Yi Pu, is a Ming dynasty private garden. [1] The Garden has been constructed in the 1541 CE by Yuan Zugeng, and first known as the hall of delight or Drunkard hall. At this stage it only consisted only of a few halls and the ponds. [2] It was later purchased by Wen Zhenmeng, who was the grandson of Wen Zhenmeng the designer of the Humble Administrator’s Garden[3] who added on certain key features and called it Herb garden. Follow by the purchase of Jiangcai and is now know by it know name “Garden of cultivation. [4]
1. 2. 3. 4.
Figure 4: Map of Suzhou
Figure 5: Circulation plan
Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), Page 10 Fang Huawen, ZhongGou YuanLin (Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, 10 Jan. 2014) section 33 Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou, Page 10 Fang, ZhongGou YuanLin, section 33
Figure 8: Entrance Pathway
Figure 6: Stone feature
The garden is known for the cultural features such as the moon gates, rockery, pavilions and framed views. [5] that were added by Wen Zhenmeng that resemble the design of that in the humble administrator’s garden. The rockery, framed and hidden views, pavilions [6] which have symbolism and follow the Chinese balance of Yin and Yang and Feng Shui.[7] The concept of the rockery and ponds is as such, due to the cultural [8] believes of the Chinese people, Rock being static and water being dynamic thus a balance is achieved. [9] The aesthetic theory of Xu Shi can also be seen, by the opposite qualities played off against each other. The entrance pathway can be represented by this, Narrow paths with high walls leading to Wide open views spaces. [10] The moon gates and pavilion are also a key Chinese garden feature as they frame certain view and are inter connected to each other. [11]
Figure 7: Plan View
Figure 10: Moon Gate of the Sweet House Garden
Figure 11: Moon Gate Framing the view of the Longevity Pavillion
Figure 9: Hidden Entrance Pathway
Figure 12: Moon Gate Framing the view of the Bathing Gull Pond
5. “China and Japan 2017”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melboure, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://app. lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6141932-dt-content-rid-24462984_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/China%20 and%20Japan2017.pdf 6. Fang, ZhongGou YuanLin, section 33 7. Donia Zhang, Courtyard Housing and Cultural Sustainability: Theory, Practice, and Product (Routledge, 2016), page 2067 – 2069 8. YI XueLing, The tangible and in tangible value of the Suzhou Classical Gardens, Last accessed, (https:// www.icomos.org/quebec2008/cd/toindex/77_pdf/77-ZeEQ-132.pdf) pages 1,2 and 3 9. Donia Zhang, Classical Chinese Gardens: Landscapes for Self-Cultivation (Oxford Brookes University, 2017), page 38 10. Zhang, Classical Chinese Gardens, page 37 11. Maggie Keswick, Alison Hardie, The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture, (Harvard University Press, 2003) “page 138
Figure 13: Framed View from inside the Longevity Pavillion
Figure 14: Plan Views
The Longevity pavilion and garden’s names is speculated to have come from the Scholar Yuan Ji’s phrase: “Cultivation of one’s mind brings about longevity, which enables one to be as admirable as the great nature” [12] in addition to that pavilion were coloured red due to it being that way in the Ming dynasty and may have been a symbol of Good Luck .[13]
Figure 15: View of the Longevity pavilion and Fry Pavillion
12. 13.
Zhang, Classical Chinese Gardens, page 40 Fang, ZhongGou YuanLin, section 33
Japanese Garden Ninna-ji Temple
Figure 1: View of the tea house, garden pond and pagoda.
Figure 2: Statue of Kongoke Bosatsu, a bodhisattva associated with flower Figure 4: Map of the gardens in Kyoto
Figure 3: Plan View
Ninna-ji is a Shingon Buddhist sect temple estate in kyoto that was built in Heian period[1], by emperor Uda (867-931), in 886, which was commission by emperor Koko (830-87). The temple was destroyed and rebuild a few times over the years.[2] The garden is part of the Buddhist temple which is home to many Buddhist statues and follows the Japanese Shinden-zukuri style of construction. [3] The Main gate is known as Nio-mon(Buddhist temple gate)[4] and is guarded by the ”Aun no Nio”, the open mouth statue “agyo” and closed mouth “ungyo”. Symbolising the first and last syllables in Japanese, beginning and end, birth and death. [5]
Figure 5: Closed mouth “Ungyo”
Figure 6: Nio-mon, entrance gate of Ninna-ji temple
Figure 8: The open mouth statue “agyo”
1. Alison Main & Newell Platten, Lure of the Japanese garden (W.W Norton and Company inc 2002 Page 128 2. Daniell, Thomas. Houses and Gardens of Kyoto, (Tuttle Publishing, 2012.) Pages 79-81 3. By S. Katsumata, Gleams from Japan, (Routledge, 13 May 2013), Chapter “landscape Gardening in japan” 4. Dougill, John. Japan’s World Heritage Sites : Unique Culture, Unique Nature, (Tuttle Publishing, 2014.) Pages 172 and 178 5. “Kyoto Ninna-ji Temple- Aun No Nio”, Cruisebe(photo of signboards provided ninna-ji temple), last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.cruisebe.com/kyoto-ninna-ji-temple-and-daikaku-ji-temple
Figure 8: View of the garden pond, Shinden and courtyard Figure 9: South Courtyard - Nantei A Shinden (resting quarters of the head priest/emperor) is followed by north and south court with a garden and area.Contrary to many believes of a typical japanese garden, the raked gravel stone courtyard is not a zen garden, but is called a Nantei or Niwa(south court) and acts as an extension of the Shinden (quarters for the priest) building for public and spiritual events. This relates back to the Heian Era type of courtyard residential planning [6][7], The shape of the pond and location of the Shinden to the Pond is also seen as auspicious.[8] 6.
Seiko Goto, The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit (Peter Lang Publishing, Inc New York, 2003) 7. “An Austere Grandeur” ,Japanesegardening, last accessed 20 Oct 2017 http://www.japanesegardening.org/site/heian-estate-garden/ 8. “China and Japan 2017”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melboure, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/ bbcswebdav/pid-6141932-dt-content-rid-24462984_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/China%20and%20Japan2017.pdf
Figure 10: Perspective view of Ninna-ji
Figure 11: Borrowed view of the Pagoda from the Shinden and garden.
Figure 12: Borrowed view of the Pagoda from the Omuro cherry trees area.
The garden was later rebuilt in 1630 Edo where the cherry blossoms and Pagoda where added in. During this period the use of Borrowed scenery (“shakkei”) was shown further. The view of the pagoda was added on as a borrowed landscape from the existing north courtyard’s garden and pond This makes the garden seem larger than it really is.[9][10] In addition to that the cherry blossoms were added to garden due to the practice of flower viewing at the temple and is shown in the “Keijo Shoran” (a reference guide for Kyoto famous site) and was originally the favourite tree of emperor Uda. [11] and the space also uses the pagoda as a borrowed background.
9. Dougill, Japan's World Heritage, page 174 10. Daniell, Houses and Gardens of Kyoto, Pages 79 11. “omuro-zakura” ninnaji word press, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017 (https://ninnaji.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/ omuro-zakura/)
Figure 13: Perspective view of Ninna-ji
Italian Renaissance Garden Villa Di Castello
Figure 1: Perspective of the Villa Di Castello
Figure 2: Circulation
Figure 3: Axis lines
Villa Di Castello is an Italian renaissance villa garden in Florence. Owned by Cosimo I De Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1519- 1574).[1] The Villa Di Castello can be characterised by Florence’s geography of hilly area which translated into the design of the gardens, coming in the form of terracing and sloping features.[2] In addition, the planning of the garden using an axis from the house can be seen through geometric flower beds called Parterres[3] in the garden as well as the position of water features such as grottos and fountains.[4]
Figure 4: Perspective
Upper Terrace
MiddleTerrace
Lower Terrace
1. 2. 3. 4.
Georgina Masson, Italian gardens (Thames and Hudson Ltd London 1961) page 37 Sylvia Crowe, Garden Design, (Garden Art Press, 1994), page 29 Geoffrey Jellicoe, Gardens and Design, Gardens of Europe, (Garden Art Press, 1995) 82 Sylvia, Garden, page 28
Figure 5: Section of terrace
The retaining pond at the top terrace was used to pump water using bronze pipes to the grottos and fountains at lower terraces. [5] Figure 7: The Fountain of Appenino
Parterres and terraces are consider an extension from the house[6] as seen on plan rather than just a garden. This is show by the paths which are formed along the axis lines connected directly to the house. [7] Terracotta pots with citrus trees and herb shrubs are also seen in the garden as it was use for cultivation of crops also[8]
Figure 8: 1 out of the 3 Grotto (middle)
Figure 6: Plan view 6. 7. 8.
Sylvia, Garden, page 28 Sylvia, Garden, page 29,30 Patrick Bowe, Gardens of Roman World, (Getty Publication 2004) page 13
Figure 9: View of the middle and lower terraces
Figure 10: Citrus tree in terracotta pot
Figure 12: Ortaccio - Herb Garden with Statue
Figure 13: The fountain of Hercules and Antaeus
It was said Cosimo I De Medici was influence by renaissance humanism and the tenets of Alberti[9] “a man can do all things if he will.”[10][11] which was an inspiration for the garden to act as a place in which man can further better his skill, this translated to the morphing of the land to show man’s power, in this case it was the display of terracing, planting of citrus trees and parterres.[12] Other than that, the garden was symbol of political power in that period. The many statues in the garden representing Cosimo achievements as Duke such as the Fountain of Hercules in which represents Cosimo defeating his enemy using his intellect. [13][14]
Figure 11: Plan view
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
Masson, Italian gardens, page 37 “renaissance man”, Britannica, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017 (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Renaissance-man) Anthony Grafton, Leon Battisa Alberti: Master builder of the renaissance ,Harvard University Press, 2002 Jellicoe, Gardens and Design, page 81 Sylvia, Garden, page 30 Masson, Italian gardens, page 38
Australian Garden Mawallok
Figure 1: Elevated fish pond
Figure 4: Section the Ha-ha
Figure 3: View of homestead from below the Ha-ha Mawallok Is an Australian homestead garden with picturesque style planned by William Guilfoyle (a style that he was known for) [1][2]and commission by owner Phillip Russell, the garden in Mawallok was planned to be an extension of the house with the use of vistas, forming a picturesque view with the artificial lake. [3] William Guilfoyle planning of the garden was as such, the view of the vista would be narrowed down with planting composition to create a “framed view”[4] of the lake and mountains ending at a Ha-ha. This terracing created a border between space yet forming a seamless view from the cottage house thus giving a picturesque visa view.[5][6][7]
Figure 2: Plan View 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Figure 5: View from the homestead towards the vista
Richard Aitken, Michael Looker, The Oxford companion to Australian Gardens (Oxford University Press, 2002) page 128 Howard Tanner, The great gardens of Australia (Macmillan Company of Australia Pty Ltd 1976) page 122 Aitken, Looker, “The Oxford..” page 128 “Heritage Issues with Mawallok”, Dr Peter Watts, square space, last modified 30 January 2017, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594b52ed37c581fa1843961b/t/5950cba94c8b03ee09c09fe4/1498467245573/Peter+Watts+%28Heritage%29+-+Submitter+No+3.pdf page 5,6,7 Australian Gallery Directors' Council, BP Australia, Brisbane Civic Art Gallery, The Art of Gardening in Colonial Australia: Converting the Wilderness (Australian Gallery Directors Council, 1979) page 70 Aitken, Looker, “The Oxford..” page 286, 402 Tanner, The great gardens, page 124
Figure 8: Grape arbor, path toward the lake
Figure 9: Allee of Tillia toward the lake
Through this planned frame view and serpentine type of pathway [8], William Guilfoyle was able to invoke curiosity in visitors to want to walk towards the end of these framed views, in which when they reached the end they would be mesmerised by the widening of the actual view, which in this case was the entire view of the lake and mountains behind it which was a borrowed landscape. [9] [10]
Figure 6: Plan Vew
Figure 7: Vista planning view
Figure 10: Mountain and lake vista
“Mawallok”, Open Gardens Victoria, last accessed 20 October 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf pages 1,2,3 9. Aitken, Looker, “The Oxford..” page 402 10. “Heritage Issues with Mawallok”, Dr Peter Watts, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594b52ed37c581fa1843961b/t/5950cba94c8b03ee09c09fe4/1498467245573/Peter+Watts+%28Heritage%29+-+Submitter+No+3.pdf, page 5,6,7 8.
Figure 12: Plant composition
In addition to this Williams Guilfoyle’s planting palate was also a of the reasons for the success of the garden. Different planting and tree composition can be seen through the entire site and created a unique walking experience along the pathways towards the lake and around the lawn areas giving depth as can be seen in comparison to his other work at the Royal Botanic Garden. [11] [12] [13][14]
Figure 11: Plan view
11. 12. 13. 14.
Figure 13: Elevated fish pond with plant composition to create depth
Aitken, Looker, “The Oxford..” page 281,282 Tanner, The great gardens, page 124 “Week Eight: Colonial Landscape”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melbourne, https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6335922-dt-content-rid-26628783_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/i.%20The%20Colonial%20Landscape2017.pdf “Mawallok”, Open Gardens Victoria, last accessed 20 October 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf pages 1,2,3
Bibliography ISLAMIC MUGHAL GARDEN - SHALIMAR GARDEN OF LAHORE 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.
“Shalimar “ Mughal gardens, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html 2 D. Fairchild Ruggles, Islamic gardens and landscapes (University of Pennsylvania Press, 16 Jan. 2008), 216 3”Shalimar Garden Lahore” Wikipedia, last modified 14 September 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore 4”Charbagh” Wikipedia, last modified 14 September 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh 5”Persian Gardens: Meanings, Symbolism, and Design” Leila Mahmoudi Farahani*, Bahareh Motamed, Elmira Jame, Landscape online, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.landscapeonline.de/wp-content/uploads/DOI103097-LO201646.pdf, page 2. 6”Traditional Islamic garden” People of our everyday lifes, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/elements-traditional-islamic-gardens-4542.html 7”The Islamic Garden” Nazia Ansari, medomed, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://medomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NAnsari_Islamic_Garden_r.pdf, page 28 8”Traditional Islamic garden” People of our everyday life, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/elements-traditional-islamic-gardens-4542.html 9”The lotus garden palace of “, Elizabeth B. Moynihan, Asia.si.edu, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/downloads/the-lotus-garden-muqarnas.pdf, page 138. 10”The lotus garden palace of “, Elizabeth B. Moynihan, Asia.si.edu, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/downloads/the-lotus-garden-muqarnas.pdf, page 140. 11“Babur Gardens” Asia.si.edu, Last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-09b.php 12 “plant based design in Islamic arts” amazonaws, Last accessed 17 September 2017, https://vanda-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/09/20/11/11/34/609b923f-fe4a-4cfa-8929-4cc99acb91a7/IAD_Plants.pdf
CHINESE GARDENS- GARDEN OF CULTIVATION
1. Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013) 2. Donia Zhang, Classical Chinese Gardens: Landscapes for Self-Cultivation (Oxford Brookes University, 2017) Last accessed 20 Oct 2017 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Donia_Zhang/publication/318987991_Classical_Chinese_Gardens_Landscapes_for_Self-Cultivation/links/59b0591f458515a5b484dea7/Classical-Chinese-Gardens-Landscapes-for-Self-Cultivation.pdf 3. Donia Zhang, Courtyard Housing and Cultural Sustainability: Theory, Practice, and Product (Routledge, 2016) 4. YI XueLing, The tangible and in tangible value of the Suzhou Classical Gardens, Last accessed, (https://www.icomos.org/quebec2008/cd/toindex/77_pdf/77-ZeEQ-132.pdf) 5. Fang Huawen, Zhōngguó yuánlín,(Anhui Science and Technology Publishing House, 10 Jan. 2014) 6. Dunzhen, Liu, and Frances Wood. “The Traditional Gardens of Suzhou (“Su Zhou Gu Dian Yuan Lin”).” (Garden History 10, no. 2, 1982) 7. Christopher Thacker, The History of Gardens (University of California Press, 22 Oct. 1985) 8. Joseph C.Wang, The Chinese Gardens (Oxford University press) 9. “China and Japan 2017”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melboure, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6141932-dt-content-rid-24462984_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/China%20and%20Japan2017.pdf 10. Maggie Keswick, Alison Hardie, The Chinese Garden: History, Art and Architecture, (Harvard University Press, 2003) JAPANESE GARDENS- NINNA-JI 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Seiko Goto, The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit (Peter Lang Publishing, Inc New York, 2003) Alison Main & Newell Platten, The Lure of the Japanese garden (W.W Norton and Company inc 2002) Joshiah Conder, Landscape Gardening in Japan (Dover publications, Inc 1964) Dougill, John. Japan’s World Heritage Sites : Unique Culture, Unique Nature, (Tuttle Publishing, 2014.) Daniell, Thomas. Houses and Gardens of Kyoto, (Tuttle Publishing, 2012.) Marc P. Keane, Japanese Garden Design, (Tuttle Publishing, 15 May 2012) By S. Katsumata, Gleams from Japan, (Routledge, 13 May 2013) Sylvia Crowe, Garden Design, (Garden Art Press, 1994) “China and Japan 2017”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melboure, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6141932-dt-content-rid-24462984_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/China%20and%20Japan2017.pdf “omuro-zakura” ninnaji word press, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017 (https://ninnaji.wordpress.com/2011/04/19/omuro-zakura/) “Kyoto Ninna-ji Temple”, Cruisebe (photo of signboards provided ninna-ji temple), last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.cruisebe.com/kyoto-ninna-ji-temple-and-daikaku-ji-temple “An Austere Grandeur” ,Japanesegardening, last accessed 20 Oct 2017 http://www.japanesegardening.org/site/heian-estate-garden/
ITALIAN GARDENS- VILLA DI CASTELLO 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 17.
Georgina Masson, Italian gardens (Thames and Hudson Ltd London 1961) Sylvia Crowe, Garden Design, (Garden Art Press, 1994) Geoffrey Jellicoe, Gardens and Design, Gardens of Europe, (Garden Art Press, 1995) Elisabeth Blair MacDougall, Fountains, Status and Flowers, (Dumbarton oaks, 1994) Anthony Grafton, Leon Battisa Alberti: Master builder of the renaissance ,Harvard University Press, 2002 “The Idea and Invertion of the Villa, Met museums, Last accessed 20 October 2017, (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/villa/hd_villa.htm) “renaissance man”, Britannica, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017 (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Renaissance-man) “INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION SHEET ON THE GARDEN OF VILLA CASTELLO” Comune, Last accessed 20 October 2017,(http://wwwext.comune.fi.it/servizi_pubblici/scuola/calamandrei/versionefinale.htm) “Early Baroque gardens Italy”, garden visit, Last accessed 20 October (https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/early_baroque_gardens_italy) Shepherd, J C and Jellicoe, G A, Italian Gardens of the Renaissance, (Alec Tiranti Ltd, London. 19530) Patrick Bowe, Gardens of Roman World, (Getty Publication 2004) Ballerini, Isabella. The Medici Villas: The Complete Guide. Florence: Giunt (2003
AUSTRALIAN GARDENS - MAWALLOK 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Richard Aitken, Michael Looker, The Oxford companion to Australian Gardens (Oxford University Press, 2002) Australian Gallery Directors’ Council, BP Australia, Brisbane Civic Art Gallery, The Art of Gardening in Colonial Australia: Converting the Wilderness (Australian Gallery Directors Council, 1979) Howard Tanner, The great gardens of Australia (Macmillan Company of Australia Pty Ltd 1976) “Mawallok”, Heritage Council, last modified 20 October 2017, http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/1888/download-report “Heritage Issues with Mawallok”, Dr Peter Watts, square space, last modified 30 January 2017 “Mawallok”, Open Gardens Victoria, last accessed 20 October 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf
“Week Eight: Colonial Landscape”, Andrew Saniga, University of Melbourne, https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/pid-6335922-dt-content-rid-26628783_2/courses/MERGE_2017_243/i.%20The%20Colonial%20Landscape2017.pdf
List of Figures ISLAMIC MUGHAL GARDEN - SHALIMAR GARDENS OF LAHORE Figure 1 “Shalimar “ Mughal gardens, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://mughalgardens.org/html/shalamar.html Figure 2 D. Fairchild Ruggles, Islamic gardens and landscapes (University of Pennsylvania Press, 16 Jan. 2008), 216 Figure 3 ”Shalimar Garden Lahore” Wikipedia, last modified 14 September 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore Figure 4 ”Charbagh” Wikipedia, last modified 14 September 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbagh Figure 5 ”Persian Gardens: Meanings, Symbolism, and Design” Leila Mahmoudi Farahani*, Bahareh Motamed, Elmira Jame, Landscape online, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.landscapeonline.de/wp-content/uploads/DOI103097-LO201646.pdf, page 2. Figure 6 ”Traditional Islamic garden” People of our everyday lifes, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/elements-traditional-islamic-gardens-4542.html Figure 7 ”The Islamic Garden” Nazia Ansari, medomed, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://medomed.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/NAnsari_Islamic_Garden_r.pdf, page 28 Figure 8 ”Traditional Islamic garden” People of our everyday life, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://peopleof.oureverydaylife.com/elements-traditional-islamic-gardens-4542.html Figure 9 ”The lotus garden palace of “, Elizabeth B. Moynihan, Asia.si.edu, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/downloads/the-lotus-garden-muqarnas.pdf, page 138. Figure 10 ”The lotus garden palace of “, Elizabeth B. Moynihan, Asia.si.edu, last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/downloads/the-lotus-garden-muqarnas.pdf, page 140. Figure 11 “Babur Gardens” Asia.si.edu, Last accessed 17 September 2017, http://www.asia.si.edu/explore/babur-gardens/memoir-09b.php Figure 12 “plant based design in Islamic arts” amazonaws, Last accessed 17 September 2017, https://vanda-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/2016/09/20/11/11/34/609b923f-fe4a-4cfa-8929-4cc99acb91a7/IAD_Plants.pdf CHINESE GARDENS- GARDEN OF CULTIVATION Figure 1 : “View of the pavilion and rockries”,Bradjpgoldberg, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017 http://cdn.bradjgoldberg.com/static/img/photography/album/suzhou-china/39-garden-of-cultivation.jpg?v=1482676217021046 Figure2: “Plan view” Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), page 94 Figure 3: “View of the Moon gate and Zig Zag Bridge”, Bradjpgoldberg, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://cdn.bradjgoldberg.com/static/img/photography/album/suzhou-china/40-garden-of-cultivation.jpg?v=1482676217021046 Figure 4: “Map of Suzhou”, Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), page XVI Figure 5: “Plan Circulation”, Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), page 94 Figure 6 : “Stone feature“, Wikimedia, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Cultivation_garden_hall_of_elegance.jpg/200px-Cultivation_garden_hall_of_elegance.jpg Figure 7: “Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), page 94 Figure 8: “Entrance Pathway”, Orientalarchitecture, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/125/china/suzhou/garden-of-cultivation Figure 9: “Hidden Entrance View Pathway”, Orientalarchitecture, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/125/china/suzhou/garden-of-cultivation Figure 10: “Moon gate of the Sweet Grass House”, Orientalarchitecture, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/125/china/suzhou/garden-of-cultivation Figure 11: “Moon gate framing the view of the Longevity pavilion”, Orientalarchitecture, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/125/china/suzhou/garden-of-cultivation Figure 12: “Moon gate framing the view of the Bathing Gull Pond”, Alamy, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-yipu-garden-in-suzhou-a-world-cultural-heritage-listed-by-the-unesco-38425936.html Figure 13: “Framed View from inside the Longevity pavilion”, Alamy, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017,http://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-tourists-sip-tea-at-waterside-pavilion-of-yipu-garden-in-suzhou-a-38430866.html Figure 14: “Plan View” Ron Henderson, The Gardens of Suzhou (University of Pennsylvania, 2013), page 94 Figure 15: “View of the Longevity pavilion and Fry Pavillion”, Orientalarchitecture, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/sid/125/china/suzhou/garden-of-cultivation JAPANESE GARDENS- NINNA-JI Figure 1: “View of the tea house, garden pond and pagoda.”, Getty images, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017,( http://www.gettyimages.com.au/detail/photo/landscape-garden-of-ninnaji-temple-kyoto-high-res-stock-photography/567067715?esource=SEO_GIS_CDN_Redirect) Figure 2: “Statue of Kongoke Bosatsu, a bodhisattva associated with flowers” Cruisebe, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017 (https://www.cruisebe.com/sites/default/files/images2/2kyoto-ninnaji-temple-and-daikakuji-temple.jpg) Figure 3: “Plan View”, Ninna-ji.jp, Last Accessed 20 Oct, http://www.ninnaji.jp/img/multi_info/maps.jpg Figure 4: “Map of the gardens in Kyoto”, travels with Shelia, Last Accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://travelswithsheila.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/japan-map-along-randen-in-kyoto.jpg Figure 5: Closed mouth “Ungyo”, pinimg, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/236x/40/dc/d6/40dcd6b4ed5acf947f75b717581e7717--kyoto-japan-temples.jpg Figure 6: Nio-mon, entrance gate of Ninna-ji temple, tripadvisor, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g298564-d591803-i228023203-Ninna_ji_Temple-Kyoto_Kyoto_Prefecture_Kinki.html Figure 7: Open mouth “agyo”, pinimg, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/236x/79/11/da/7911dae8b16f215c5f5990fad1f5d8a2--kyoto-japan-temples.jpg Figure 8: “View of the garden pond, Shinden and north court”, pingimg, last accessed 20 Oct 2017” https://i.pinimg.com/736x/b0/7e/06/b07e06f5cf5a2969c2f82b0f234a8b91--japan-trip-temples.jpg Figure 9: “South Courtyard – Nantei”, Musubi, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.musubi.tv/main/files/20141128/ninnaji_01.jpg Figure 10: “Perspective view of Ninna-ji”, Kinukake, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://kinukake.com/en/img/sights-map/ninnaji.jpg Figure 11: “Borrowed view of the Pagoda from the Shinden and garden”, tripadvisor, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/84/28/bd/caption.jpg Figuer 12: “Borrowed view of the Pagoda from the Omuro cherry trees area.”, Japan Guide, last accessed Oct 2017, https://www.japan-guide.com/g3/3929_02.jpg Figure 13 “Perspective view of Ninna-ji”, Kinukake, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://kinukake.com/en/img/sights-map/ninnaji.jpg ITALIAN GARDEN - VILLA DI CASTELLO Figure 1: “Perspective of the Villa Di Castello”, pinmg, last accessed, 20 Oct 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/736x/8b/3f/77/8b3f77ec9fbacecfa993736b7ee1c471.jpg Figure 2: “Circulation”, gardenvisit, last accessed 20 Oct 2017https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/early_baroque_gardens_italy Figure 3: “Axis line”, gardenvisit, last accessed 20 Oct 2017https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/early_baroque_gardens_italy Figure 4: “Perspective of the Villa Di Castello” pinmg, last accessed, 20 Oct 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/736x/8b/3f/77/8b3f77ec9fbacecfa993736b7ee1c471.jpg Figure 5: “Section of the terrace” by Timothy Tan Sing Yee Figure 6: “Plan view” gardenvisit, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/early_baroque_gardens_italy Figure 7: ”Fountain of Appenino” Wikipedia, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Ammannati%2C_statua_dell%27appennino_%28o_gennaio%29_06.JPG Figure 8: “1 out of the 3 grottos (middle)”,wikpedia, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Castello#/media/File:Villa_di_Castello,_Grotta_degli_animali_03.JPG Figure 9: View of the middle and lower terraces, Wikipedia, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Castello#/media/File:Parco_di_Castello_5.JPG Figure 10: Citrus tree in terracotta pot, Wikipedia, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Castello#/media/File:Villa_Castello_Florence_Apr_2008_(13).JPG Figure 11: “Plan view” gardenvisit, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/early_baroque_gardens_italy Figure 12: “Ortaccio - Herb Garden with Statue”, Wikipedia, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_di_Castello#/media/File:Villa_di_Castello_-_walled_garden.JPG Figure 13: “The fountain of Hercules and Antaeus” Pinimg, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://i.pinimg.com/originals/e4/ba/a5/e4baa5201093b11ab528cca77600b42b.jpg AUSTRALIAN GARDEN - MAWALLOK Figure 1: “Elevated fish pond”, Flickr, last acce ssed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.flickr.com/photos/karlgercens/8221638443/ Figure 2: “Plan View” Open Garden, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf Figure 3: ”View of Homestead from below the Ha-ha, aystatic, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://images2.aystatic.com/events/305157/414682_home_hero.jpg?1478842635 Figure 4: “Section of the Ha-ha”, Australian Gallery Directors’ Council, BP Australia, Brisbane Civic Art Gallery, The Art of Gardening in Colonial Australia: Converting the Wilderness (Australian Gallery Directors Council, 1979) page 70 Figure 5: “View from the homestead towards the vista”,homelife, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://cdn.homelife.com.au/images/51050/garden-20160219131019~q75,dx2400y-u0r1g0,c--.jpg Figure 6: “Plan View” Open Garden, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf Figure 7: “Vista planning view” squarespace, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/594b52ed37c581fa1843961b/t/5950cba94c8b03ee09c09fe4/1498467245573/Peter+Watts+%28Heritage%29+-+Submitter+No+3.pdf page 6 Figure 8: “Grape arbor, path towards lake”, flickriver, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.flickriver.com/photos/karlgercens/8221654241/ Figure 9: “Allee of Tillia toward the lake”, flickriver, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.flickriver.com/photos/karlgercens/8222735038/ Figure 10: “Mountain and lake vista”, flickriver, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, Vista https://www.flickr.com/photos/karlgercens/8221624211/ Figure 11: “Plan View” Open Garden, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, http://www.opengardensvictoria.org.au/uploads/Mawallok_Garden_Notes_with_logos_and_map.pdf Figure 12: “Plant composition” , flickriver, Last accessed 20 Oct 2017, Vista https://www.flickr.com/photos/karlgercens/8222736730/ Figure 13: “Elevated fish pond with planting composition”, Flickr, last accessed 20 Oct 2017, https://www.flickr.com/photos/karlgercens/8221638443/