g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
I
k':ts M g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g n]vg M afns[i0f k|;fO{+ / ljdnk|;fb 9sfn ;+:s/0f M klxnf] k|sflzt M sf7df8f}+, @)&@ d+l;/ k|sfzs M 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn — g]kfn -6LcfO{ g]kfn_ 5s'as' dfu{, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gM (&&–!–$$&%)^@, $$&%!!@ ˆofS;M $$&%!!@ kf]i6 aS; gDa/M !!$*^ E-mail: trans@tinepal.org Web: www.tinepal.org
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;jf{lwsf/ M 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn — g]kfndf ;'/lIft cfO{P;aLPg M (&*–((#&–()^*–@–! TofuaGbM of] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] k|sfzs ;+:yfsf] wf/0ff k|ltlalDjt ug]{ 5}g . II
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
cu|syg of] g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t–;fdu|L dfWolds / OR5's cGo z}lIfs txsf cWoogstf{nfO{ g}lts lzIff;DaGwL k|lzIf0f lbg] p2]Zo lnO{ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . g}lts lzIff;DaGwL r]tgf ;dsIfLx¿df k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;Sbf g]kfndf hfu/0f ;+:sf/ :yflkt x'G5 . To;sf nflu ;bfrf/ k|j4{g cleofg lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug{' cfjZos 5 eGg]df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfn ljZj:t 5 . o:tf ;+:sf/ / cleofgsf d"ne"t kIf g}ltstf, Gofo, c;n rfnrng, ;b\Jojxf/, cfrf/;+lxtf, ;bfrf/, >dsf] ;Ddfg, dof{bf, cfr/0f, cg'zf;g, ;b\u'0f, lzi6frf/ / c;n afgL k|j4{g ugf{n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;bfrf/L JolStŒj lgdf{0f x'G5 eGg] klg xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
oL ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf, ;an / ;'b[9 eP b]zsf] rl/q / gful/s :jefj e|i6frf/lj?4 lg/Gt/ c8fg lng] l:yltdf k'U5 . e|i6frf/h:tf s'sd{ lg?T;flxt x'g] 5g\ . Toltdfq xf]Og ;bfrf/L lzIffk|fKt JolStx¿ a9] eg] /fi6«sf] hLjg kf]lift x'G5 . x/]s gful/sdf ;dfh, /fi6«k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'k5{ eGg] efj klg j[l4 x'G5 . k|:t't ;|f]t–;fdu|L tof/ kfg]{ cWoog 6f]nL / ;Dkfbs, / cGo sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ ;a}hgfk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfn xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . e/taxfb'/ yfkf cWoIf
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
uIII
IV
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
ljifo ;"rL cu|syg ................................................................................................................................................................. u ;f/–;ª\If]k .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 efu !M kl/ro != k[i7e"ld ................................................................................................................................................................1 !=@ p2]Zo .................................................................................................................................................................1 !=# k':ts lgdf{0f ljlw .............................................................................................................................................1 !=$ ;Ldf .................................................................................................................................................................1 !=% ;+/rgf ...............................................................................................................................................................2 efu @M g}lts lzIff @=! g}lts lzIffsf] d"ne"t kIf ..................................................................................................................................3 @=!=! g}lts lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL........................................................................................................3 @=!=@ xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf / xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult ................................ 4 @=!=# xfd|f wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf.................................................................................................................. 8 @=!=$ xfd|f ;dfhsf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult ....................................................................................................... 9 @=@ ;Rrl/q lzIff ..................................................................................................................................................12 @=@=! ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] <.................................................................................................................12 @=@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj ................................................................................................12 @=@=# ;Rrl/q lzIffk|fKt JolStsf ;b\u'0f ......................................................................................................13 @=@=$ u'0f:t/Lo JolStŒj lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ < ..................................................................................................13 @=# ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj ........................................................................................................................... 14 @=#=! ;dfhk|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj ......................................................................................................................... 14 @=#=@ /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj ........................................................................................................................... 14 @=$ ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f ........................................................................................ 15 @=$=! ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/ ....................................................................................................................... 15 @=$=@ ljBfno, u'?ju{ / cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo.......................................................... 16 @=% lzIfssf] e"ldsf ............................................................................................................................................ 17 @=^ cleefjssf] e"ldsf ....................................................................................................................................... 18 @=& d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ............................................................................................. 19 efu # M ;'zf;g #=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL........................................................................................................................21 #=!=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff ............................................................................................................................21 #=!=@ ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f ...................................................................................................................................22 #=!=# ;'zf;g / s'zf;gdf leGgtf...................................................................................................................22 #=!=$ ;'zf;g;DaGwL zAbfjnL .....................................................................................................................22 #=@= ;'zf;gsf tŒj ...............................................................................................................................................23 #=@=! ljlwsf] zf;g ......................................................................................................................................23 #=@=@ kf/blz{tf ........................................................................................................................................... 24 #=@=# hjfkmb]xL ........................................................................................................................................... 24 #=@=$ ;xeflutf........................................................................................................................................... 24 #=@=% pQ/bfoL÷k|To'lQmbflotf........................................................................................................................ 24 #=@=^ ;Ddlt cled'v .................................................................................................................................. 24 #=@=& ;dtf / ;dfj]lztf............................................................................................................................... 24 #=@=* ldtJolotf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf........................................................................................................... 24 g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
V
#=# ;'zf;gsf ;"rs.............................................................................................................................................. 24 #=#=! hgcfjfh tyf hjfkmb]xL..................................................................................................................... 24 #=#=@ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf .................................................................................................. 24 #=#=# ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf.......................................................................................................................... 25 #=#=$ lgodgsf] u'0f:t/ ................................................................................................................................ 25 #=#=% sfg'gL zf;g....................................................................................................................................... 25 #=#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ................................................................................................................................. 25 #=$ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo........................................................................................................... 25 #=$=! sfo{kflnsf ........................................................................................................................................ 25 #=$=@ Gofokflnsf ....................................................................................................................................... 27 #=$=# Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_ ........................................................................................................................... 27 #=$=$ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ ........................................................................................................................... 27 #=$=$=! clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u ..................................................................................... 28 #=$=$=@ dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no ............................................................................................... 28 #=$=$=# nf]s;]jf cfof]u ................................................................................................................. 28 #=$=$=% /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u................................................................................................. 28 #=$=% lghL If]q ........................................................................................................................................... 28 #=$=^ gful/s ;dfh .................................................................................................................................... 28 #=$=& ;~rf/dfWod ...................................................................................................................................... 28 #=% kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg ............................................................ 29 #=%=! gful/s a8fkq ................................................................................................................................... 29 #=%=@ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg ................................................................................................................................ 29 #=%=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ............................................................................................................................... 29 #=%=$ ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f ....................................................................................................................... 29 #=%=% ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq -l;l6hg :sf]/ sf8{_...................................................................................... 30 #=%=^ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq............................................................................................................................. 30 #=%=& ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df ............................................................................................... 30 #=%=* ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h -6«Øflsª\_ ................................................................................................ 30 #=%=( ;bfrf/ k|lta4tf ............................................................................................................................... 30 #=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ............................................................................................................................................. 30 #=^=! e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff ............................................................................................................................. 30 #=^=@ e|i6frf/k|]/s jftfj/0f ......................................................................................................................... 30 #=^=# e|i6frf/sf] juL{s/0f .............................................................................................................................31 #=^=$ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfo ....................................................................................................................31 #=^=$=! lg/f]wfŒds pkfo...................................................................................................................32 #=^=$=@ pkrf/fŒds pkfo .................................................................................................................33 efu $M dfgjclwsf/ $=! dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff .............................................................................................................................. 35 $=@ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw............................................................. 35 tflnsf !M g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw ........................................... 36 $=# s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw .............................................................................................................. 36 $=#=! dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* / o;df ePsf Joj:yf .......................................................... 36 $=#=@ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq, !(^^ / o;df ePsf Joj:yf .................. 37 $=#=# dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf .................. 38 $=#=$ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf................................................................. 39 $=$ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfo{/t /fli6«o ;/sf/L lgsfo ........................................................................................... 41 $=$=! /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u................................................................................................................. 41 $=$=@ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u........................................................................................................................... 41 efu %M lgisif{ %=! lgisif{ ............................................................................................................................................................. 43 cg';"rLM g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd ...............................................................................................45 lts lzIff / ;'zf;g ;Gbe{g};fdu| L .........................................................................................................................................................46 VI k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
;f/–;ª\If]k g]kfnsf ;+ljwfg @)&@ cg';f/ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfŒds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfŒds /fHo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfsf cfwf/df d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rflnt x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} P]g–sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿df d'n'ssf /fhgLlts, gful/s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . ;'zf;gljgf s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/, st{Jolgi7, g}lts, rl/qjfg hgzlQm rflxG5 . t/, clxn] g]kfndf OdfGbf/ tyf g}lts rl/q ePsf dflg;sf] cefj v8\lsPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf ePsf OdfGbf/ / g}lts dflg; cf]e]mndf 5g\ . /fi6«n] o:tf dflg;sf] klxrfg / k|j4{gdf Wofg lbg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 . ljBfnodf k9\b} u/]sf afnaflnsf g} eljiodf /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, pBf]uL, Jofkf/L, ;fdflhs cu'jf x'g] x'g\ . ltgn] g} ef]ln ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L If]qsf] g]t[Tj lng] x'g\ . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}ltstfsf] lzIff ljBfno:t/b]lv g} lbg cTofjZos b]lvG5 . dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, (, / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ pd]/sf lx;fan] klg s'g} gofF s'/f a'‰g, l;Sg tyf l;sfpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'g] ePsfn] ;djo k|lzIf0fdfkm{t\ pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] 1fg / g}lts lzIff lbg]] x]t'n] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ of] ;djo k|lzIf0f k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsaf6 cGo txsf ljBfyL{ Pj+ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] If]qdf cle?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xL JolQm tyf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿n] klg nfe lng eg] ;Sg]5g\ . o; k|lzIf0f k':tssf lgDg p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\M n ljBfyL{nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIf hfgsf/L lbg]Ù JolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh, / /fi6«k|ltsf st{Josf] af]w u/fpg]Ù / c;n, of]Uo tyf rl/qjfg gful/s aGg ltgnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ . n dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ ljifodf cfwf/e"t 1fg lbnfpg], dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0fk|lt ;r]t agfpg] / ltgdf ;'zf;gsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{Ù /
of] k':ts lgDg ljlw ckgfO{ tof/ ul/Psf] 5M n g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljljw ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / cWoog ul/Psf], n 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf ;DalGwt clws[tx¿;Fu ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIff;DaGwL ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/g] ljifoj:t' ;DaGwdf 5nkmn÷cGtlqm{of ul/Psf] / n ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tssf] d;f}bf tof/ u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] /fo;'emfj k|fKt u/L tL /fo–;'emfj;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tsnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOPsf] . o; k':tsdf % efu /x]sf 5g\ . efu ! df kl/ro /flvPsf] 5 . o; efudf k[i7e"ld, p2]Zo, lgdf{0f ljlw, ;Ldf / ;+/rgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . efu @ df g}lts lzIffsf d"ne"t kIf, ;Rrl/q lzIff, ;dfh / /fi6«k|ltsf] xfd|f] bfloTj, ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, sTf{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f / lzIfs Pj+ cleefjssf] e"ldsf tyf d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd / k|ltof]lutfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . efu # df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL, ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒj, ;'zf;gsf ;"rs, ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo, kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . efu $ df dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwsf] ;"rL / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf afnclwsf/ P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . efu % df lgisif{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu ;djo k|lzIf0fsf] nflu agfOPsf] kf7oqmd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g / g}lts lzIffsf] aLrdf 3lgi7 ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . g}lts lzIffsf] k|j4{glagf d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ c;Dej 5 . xfn d'n'sdf g}lts rl/qjfg dflg;x¿sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿sf] g}ltsdf cToGt} x|f; cfPsf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / u'0fjfg agfpg] cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffn] g} xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffcGtu{t afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L c;n gful/s agfpg], s;/L
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
5 VII
g}ltsjfg agfpg], s;/L :j:y / hfu?s agfpg], s;/L st{Jolgi7 agfpg], s;/L ;fdflhs ¿kdf ;':yflkt x'g ;Sg] JolStsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;sfpg] x'gfn] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . g}lts lzIffleq xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No–dfGotfx¿, ljBfyL{n] /fi6«k|lt, ljBfnok|lt, u'?ju{k|lt, cleefjsk|lt ug{'kg]{ st{Jox¿, ljBfyL{sf xs clwsf/x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . To:t}, afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lzIfs / cleefjsn] ug{'kg]{ Jojxf/ / e"ldsf klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . P]g–sfg'gåf/f ljBfyL{nfO{ y'k|} xs clwsf/ k|bQ 5g\ . To:t}, /fi6«sf] gful/ssf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{n] s]xL st{Jo tyf bfloTjx¿ lgjf{x ug{'kb{5 . P]g–sfg'gsf] kfng ug'{, dtbfgdf ;xefuL x'g', ;/sf/L s/ b:t'/ ltg'{, /fli6«o lxt tyf hgsNof0f x'g] sfddf ;+nUg x'g', ;fdflhs Gofodf an k'¥ofpg', :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' cflb o;/L lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ st{Jo tyf bfloŒjx¿ x'g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm, ljBfyL{x¿n] ljBfno, cleefjs / lzIfsk|lt klg s]xL st{Jox¿ lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|rlnt z}lIfs lgodx¿åf/f ljBfnox¿df ;':yflkt k4ltcg';f/ cfk"mn] l;Sg] / cfˆgf] z}lIfs sfo{s'zntf ;kmntfk"j{s b;f{pg] ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . ljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] dfkb08 jf cfrf/;+lxtfx¿sf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo tyf bfloŒj x'G5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu ;'zf;g ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ;'zf;g gePsf] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ cTolws x'g] / To; b]zsf gful/sx¿n] sfg'g k|bQ dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/ / pRr g}ltstf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] pTkfbg g}lts lzIff k|bfg u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . cfh xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj 5, ljBfyL{df g}lts lzIffsf] sdL 5 . ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fg lbO{ d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos sd{7, of]Uo, nugzLn, OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg cTofjZos ePsf] 5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 dfq tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;Dej gb]lvPsfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff cyf{t\ ;djo ;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlwdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIffsf af/]df z'¿df dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, ( / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ / eljiodf pRrdfWolds ljBfnodf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . vf; u/]/ /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk / ;Daf]wg ul/g] dfldnfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL k|flwsf/ -cyf]l/6L_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} ;'zf;g jf c;n zf;g elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut gLltut jf sfo{d"ns lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf gLlt–lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofn] ;'zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] kof{o xf]Og .
h VIII
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf aLrdf x'g] ;Djfb, cGtlqm{of, 5nkmn, ;DaGw / ;~hfnaf6 o;sf] l;h{gf x'g] / s;n], s], slxn], s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Plsg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr x'g] lg0f{ox¿, ;f}bfjfhL, ljleGg zlSt ;DaGwx¿ o;df ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . ;'zf;gsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ljZj a}+sn] u/]sf] / ;g\ !(() b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf], pQm ;dob]lv o;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j{ zt{sf ¿kdf /fVg nfluof] . ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lgsfon] cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZjJofkL, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut, ;+:yfut:t/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gn] ljZjsf dfldnfx¿ Joj:yfkg ug]{ tf}/tl/sfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljZjsf] nflu Pp6} ;/sf/ gePsf] x'gfn] ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gdf ljleGg /fHox¿nufot If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . If]qLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] If]qsf dfldnfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;df ;Da4 If]qdf a;f]jf; ug]{ cfd–gful/snufot ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnftxsf dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg ju{, tyf hfltsf dflg;x¿ tyf :yfgLo:t/df sfo{/t ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ lg0f{o tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fO{ :yfgLo dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o;df cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s b'j} lgodx¿ lg0f{o ubf{ ckgfOG5 . o;df cfd–gful/s, ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g eGgfn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gsf nflu Tof] zf;g Joj:yfdf ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutf, u|x0fzLntf, dt}Sod'vL, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]lztfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿ jf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g'kb{5 . oL u'0fn] o'Qm gePsf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g Joj:yf eGg ;lsGg . s'zf;gdf cbIftf, l9nf;':tL, s'k|zf;g, e|i6frf/ / rflxg]eGbf a9L uf]klgotf x'G5, hgtfnfO{ u'd/fxdf /flvG5 . ;'zf;g dflg;n] rfx]sf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] eg] s'zf;g dflg;n] 3[0ff ug]{ jf grfxg] zf;g Joj:yf xf] . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cËx¿ – sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, / Joj:yflksf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf
dxŒjk"0f{ u'0f x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL j[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–k/LIf0f, ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq, gful/s k|ltj]bg– kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfsf]] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ ;'zf;gsf] afwssf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn Ps ;o 5AaL;f}F :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( dfq kfPsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf kg]{ b]vfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/n] sfg'gsf] zf;gdf x|f; cfpg], Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr gx'g], ljt/0ffTds Gofoaf6 hgtf jl~rt x'g k'Ug], pkrf/fŒds Gofo klg k|efljt x'g], dfgjclwsf/sf Jofks pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿ a9\g ;Sg], gful/ssf ljsf;sf clwsf/ u'Dg] vt/f a9\g] / ul/aL emg\ a9\g] ePsfn] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pGd"ng ug{ ;lsFb}g . To;y{, o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 d"ntM b'O{ lsl;dsf /0fgLltx¿– lg/f]wfŒds / pkrf/fŒds pkfo cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, Gofo kl/ifb\, ljz]if cbfnt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs n]vf;ldlt, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuh:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu bafad"ns tyf gful/s ;dfhsf]
k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;lqmo¿kdf sfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]xL clej[l4sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdsf af/]df jsfnt ug]{, ;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf bft[lgsfox¿;Fu alnof] sfo{ut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug]{, hgr]tgf hufpg], cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf k|rf/ ug]{, gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df g}lts d"No tyf dfGotf k|lzlIft ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o; ;+:yfn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] x/]s jif{ k|sflzt ug]{ …e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff ;"rsfª\sÚ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf dflg; ePsf] gftfn] dflg;n] :jtM k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ x/]s dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ jf g};lu{+s clwsf/ xf] . ;'zf;g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 . g]kfn xfn;Dd !^ j6f dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwx¿sf]] kIf /fi6« ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x x'g] tyf /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, dxf;lGwx¿n] l;h{gf ug]{ bfloŒjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{' tyf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{' ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno / ljefu, ;'/Iff lgsfo tyf cbfnt lqmofzLn 5g\ . /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ / /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]uh:tf lgsfo dfgjclwsf/s} /Iffy{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg g]kfndf ce}m dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{¿kdf ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
em IX
X
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
efu ! kl/ro !=! k[i7e"ld d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;a} ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] e"ldsf /xG5 . d'n'ssf] ljsf;sf] nflu g}lts tyf rl/qjfg gful/sx¿sxf] cfjZostf kb{5 . ljBfnodf clxn] k9\b} u/]sf afnaflnsf g} eljiosf s0f{wf/ x'g\ . eljiodf pgLx¿n] g} d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf Joj:yfksLo If]qsf] sfo{ef/ axg ub{5g\ . lghL, gful/sh:tf u}/–;/sf/L If]qdf klg ltg}n] e"ldsf v]Ng] xf] . o;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff;DaGwL 1fg ckl/xfo{ 5 . dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff *, ( / !) df cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{ pd]/sf lx;fan] klg s'g} gofF s'/f hfGg, l;Sg tyf l;sfpg pT;'s x'g;Sg] ePsfn] pgLx¿nfO{ ;djo k|lzIf0fdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 lj1x¿sf] ;xof]u lnO{ of] ;djo k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . cGo txsf ljBfyL{ Pj+ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] If]qdf cle?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xL JolQm tyf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿n] klg o; k':tsaf6 nfe lng ;Sg] :ki6} 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgcg';f/ g]kfn Ps :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfŒds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfŒds /fHo ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;f];Fu ;';ª\ut g]kfn sfg'g, /fHosf] gLlt tyf of]hgfsf cfwf/df d'ns ' sf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rflnt x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . oL ;a} P]g–sfg'g, gLlt tyf of]hgfx¿df d'ns ' sf /fhgLlts, gful/s, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts If]qdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug{ tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . sltko ;+j]bgzLn ljifodf ljBfyL{n] u'?ju{ jf k|lzIfs;Fu cfk"mn] ga'em]sf jf cfk"mnfO{ nfu]sf s'/fsf af/]df v'n]/ /fVg g;Sg] t/ ToxL s'/f ;djo ;xhstf{n] k|:t't u/]df s'g} ws ;ª\sf]r gdfgL 5nkmndf efu lng ;Sg] ePsfn] To:tf ljifodf ;djo–;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlw k|efjsf/L x'g] dflgPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf kf/:kl/s l;sfO cf}krfl/s /÷jf cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf Ps–csf{ ;djoLaf6 l;Sg] l;sfpg]] ug'{ g]kfnsf] nflu Psbd} gofF lsl;dsf] k|lzIf0f ljlw xf] . lxhf]cfh ljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df of] z}lIfs ljlw k|rngdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ljlw ckgfO{ ;'zf;g tyf g}lts lzIff ;DaGwL 1fg ljBfyL{nfO{ k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm x'g]
b]vL 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnaf6 of] ;djo k|lzIf0f ;xof]uL k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] xf] .
!=@ p2]Zo of] k|lzIf0f k':tssf lgDg p2]Zox¿ /x]sf 5g\M n g}lts lzIffsf] cfwf/e"t kIfdf ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ JolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh, / /fi6«k|ltsf] st{Josf] af]w u/fO{ c;n, of]Uo / rl/qjfg gful/s aGg pTk|]l/t ug]{ . n dfWolds txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t 1fg lbnfpg]Ù dfgjclwsf/k|lt ;r]t agfpg] / ;'zf;gsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{Ù /
!=# k':ts lgdf{0f ljlw o; k':tssf] tof/L lgDg ljlw ckgfO{ ul/Psf] 5M n g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/sf ljljw ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng / cWoogÙ n 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf ;DalGwt clws[tx¿;Fu k':tsn] ;d]6\g] ljifodf ul/Psf 5nkmn÷cGtlqm{ofsf ;Gbe{df k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] ;DkfbgÙ / n ;djo k|lzIf0f k':tssf] d;f}bf tof/ u/L d;f}bfpk/ 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] /fo–;'emfj k|fKt u/L tL /fo;'emfj ;dfj]z u/L d;f}bfsf] clGtd ;Dkfbg .
!=$ ;Ldf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn tyf cGo ljleGg lgsfox¿ Pj+ OG6/g]6af6 pknAw x'g ;s]sf] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] cWoog / 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf kbflwsf/L tyf clws[tx¿ Pj+ lj1x¿;Fu ul/Psf] 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{sf] cfwf/df ;djo k|lzIf0f k':ts tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf] ;DaGwdf ljBfnox¿df g} uO{ lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{x¿sf] /fo lng ljljw sf/0fn] ;Dej x'g g;s]sf]n] ;f]sf] nflu k':tsdf :yfg lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g .
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
1
!=% ;+/rgf o; k':tsdf % efu /x]sf 5g\ . efu ! df kl/ro /flvPsf] 5 . o; efudf k[i7e"ld, p2]Zo, lgdf{0f ljlw, ;Ldf / ;+/rgf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . efu @ df g}lts lzIffsf d"ne"t kIf ;Rrl/q lzIff, ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj, ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f / lzIfs Pj+ cleefjssf] e"ldsf tyf d"No lzIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd / k|ltof]lutfsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . efu # df ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL, ;'zf;gsf tŒj, ;'zf;gsf ;"rs, ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo,
2
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf ;DaGwdf k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5 . efu $ df dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff, g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwsf] ;"rL / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf afnclwsf/ P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfsf ;DaGwdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . clGtd efu cyf{t\ efu % df lgisif{, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / cg';"rL -g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd_ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
efu @ g}lts lzIff @=! g}lts lzIffsf d"ne"t kIf @=!=! g}lts lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL g}lts zAb lzIff zAb;Fu;Fu} hf]l8P/ c;n hLjg– ofkgsf] lglDt afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ /fd|f] afgL–Jojxf/ tyf u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] lzIffsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . cª\u|]hL efiffsf] df]/n zAb n]l6g efiffsf] d"n zAb df];, df]l/;af6 cfPsf] xf], h;sf] cy{ dflg;x¿n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f Jojxf/, /Llt–lylt, rfnrng x'G5 . g}lts lzIffn] ;fdflhs hLjgdf s;/L Pstfa4 eP/ a:g'kb{5 eGg] bzf{pF5 . ;fy}, o; lzIffn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ cfk"m a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfg, ;d'bfo jf ;dfhdf /fd|f] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg / l;h{gzLn x'g l;sfpF5 . o;af6 afnaflnsfx¿n] ;dfhdf d]nldnfksf ;fy s;/L a:g'kb{5 l;S5g\ . g}lts lzIffk|fKt afnaflnsfx¿ OdfGbf/, ;lxi0f', c¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] / cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w ug]{ :jefjsf x'G5g\ . dfgj hLjgsf] x/kIfdf ;bfrf/ tyf g}lts cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] dxŒj x'G5 . s'g} klg JolSt g}lts cGt:s/0f;lxt s'g s'/f 7Ls xf] / s'g s'/f 7Ls xf]Og eGg] 1fg tyf hfgsf/L;lxt hGd]sf] x'Fb}g . t/, x/]s dflg; h}ljs / k|fs[lts lx;fan] g}ltsjfg dfgj x'g;Sg] Ifdtf;lxt hGd]sf] x'G5 . dflg; hGd]kl5 x'ls{b} a9\b} hfFbf cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, ;dfhdf h]–h:tf] b]Vb} / l;Sb} hfG5, l;sfOFb} nluG5 To;}af6 p;sf] cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPsf] x'G5 . afnaflnsfn] ;fg}b]lv cfˆgf] 3/ / 5/l5d]saf6 w]/} s'/f l;Sb}cfPsf x'G5g\ . ljBfno, ;fdflhs ;+:yf, Sna jf wfld{s k|lti7fgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 c;n s'/f l;Sb} hfG5g\ . ljBfyL{n] cf}krfl/s¿kdf lzIff lng] 7fpF ljBfno xf], t/ klg cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf lzIff lng] 7fpF kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f g} xf] . afnaflnsfx¿n] ;'g]sf] s'/feGbf b]v]sf] / u/]sf] s'/f l56f] l;S5g\ . k9]/eGbf b]v]/ jf u/]/ l;Sg] cj;/ pgLx¿n] 3/ / ;dfhaf6 g} kfpg'k5{ . o;sf/0f 3/fo;L tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f ljBfyL{sf nflu cg's"n x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .
;fdfGo zAbfjnL n g}ltstfM g}ltstf eg]sf] JolSt g}lts x'g] u'0f xf], s] ug{{ x'G5 / s] ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} lgod, l;4fGt cflbdf cfpg] / kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f
tyf Jojxf/sf] kl/:s[t / g}lts ¿k xf] . o;nfO{ JolStsf] Jojxf/nfO{ lgoGq0f jf k|efj kfg]{ g}lts l;4fGtx¿ klg elgG5 . n ;bfrf/M ;bfrf/ eg]sf] s'g} klg JolStdf cGtlg{lxt OdfGbf/L / g}lts¿kdf l;4fGtlgi7 x'g] u'0f jf ljz]iftf xf] . cfrf/zf:qcg';f/ ;bfrf/nfO{ s'g} JolStsf] sfd–sf/afxLdf x'g] OdfGbf/L, ;Totf jf z'4tfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . JolSt s'g} sfddf ;kmn / s'g}df c;kmn klg x'g;S5, t/ ;bfrf/ lr/:yfoL x'g'kb{5 . ;w}+el/ ;a} kl/l:yltdf ;xL / ;To Jojxf/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ;bfrf/L elgG5 . n >dsf] dof{bfM >dsf] dof{bf eGg'sf] tfŒko{ /fd|f] p2]Zsf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{ xf] . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'Fb}g . t/, >dsf] plrt d"No lbg'kb{5 / s;}sf] >dsf] zf]if0f x'g'x'Fb}g . n rl/qM ;fdfGotM JolStdf x'g] / g}lts b[li6n] x]l/g] /fd|f] g/fd|f] ;a} sfd s'/fnfO{ rl/q elgG5 . JolSt s;/L lqmofzLn x'G5 To;af6 p;sf] rl/q yfxf x'G5 . cfr/0f JolStsf] cfGtl/s ¿k xf] h;n] sf] s:tf] 5 eGg] b;f{pF5 . cfr/0f JolStsf] JolQmTj / VoflteGbf leGg s'/f xf] . JolStsf] rl/q l:y/ / cljrlnt x'G5 . o;nfO{ cGt/cfTdfsf] afgL klg eGg] ul/G5 . s;}n] gb]Vg] cj:yfdf klg cfk"m s:tf] xf]OG5 cyf{t\ s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/G5 ToxL Jojxf/af6 JolStsf] rl/q :ki6 x'G5 . n cg'zf;gM cg'zf;g JolStsf] clws OR5fpk/sf] k|lt1f jf b[9 lgZro xf] . lgod kfng ug]{ cEof; xf], lgolGqt Jojxf/ xf] . s'g} JolStsf] Jojxf/ tyf sfo{nfO{ lgolGqt ug]{ Ps k|lqmof xf] . of] sfd :jtM pTk|]l/t eP/ jf lzIf0f jf ;hfosf] dfWodåf/f x'G5 . cg'zf;gn] g}lts ;Gb]z k|jfx ub{5, h;n] ubf{ ljBfno tyf k7g kf7gsf] sfd ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . cg'zf;g lzIffsf] k|dv ' cª\u ag]sf] x'G5 . cg'zf;g ePg eg] lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmof cj?4 x'G5 . cg'zf;gn] ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/nfO{ dfu{bz{g ub{5 / s] ug{ x'g] / s] ug{ gx'g] eGg] s'/fsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ cg'zfl;t x'gk' b{5 g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
3
/ lzIfsn] klg cg'zf;gsf] kfng u/fpg'kb{5 . of] g} lzIfsx¿sf] k|fylds bfloŒjleq k5{ . n ;b\u'0fM :jtM :ki6 5 ls o;nfO{ c;n u'0f ePsf], g}lts u'0f ePsf] eGg] cy{df lnOG5 . pRr g}lts:t/ bzf{pg] Jojxf/ jf k|j[lQ ePsf] dflg;nfO{ ;b\u'0f ePsf] JolSt elgG5 . pTs[i6 afgL–Joxf]/f tyf Jojxf/ ePsf] ljBfyL{nfO{ u'0fjfg ljBfyL{sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . n lzi6tfM lzi6tfnfO{ c¿k|lt bzf{Og] gd| Jojxf/sf ¿kdf lnOG5 . h:t}M ljBfyL{n] u'?ju{nufot ;a}l;t lzi6tfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . h:t}M s'g} cf}krfl/s sfo{qmddf cfof]hsn] cfuGt'snfO{ lzi6tfk"j{s :jfut ub{5g\ . n c;n cfbtM o;nfO{ /fd|f] afgL–Joxf]/f klg elgG5 . h:t}M pRr nIo /fVg], :j:y /xg], ;dosf] kfngf ug]{, ghfg]sf s'/f lzIfs jf ;fyLefO;Fu ;f]Wg], Ps ;dodf Pp6} sfddf s]lGb|t x'g], laxfg ;a]/} p7\g] / cWoogdf nfUg], unt;Fu ;ª\ut gug]{, b'Jo{;gdf gnfUg], of]u;fwgf ug]{, c¿sf] dof{bf ug]{, ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug]{, cfjZos kbf{ ;xof]u ug]{ cflb ljBfyL{sf c;n cfbt jf afgL x'g\ . c;n afgL–Joxf]/f ePsf] ljBfyL{sf] eljio ;w}+ ;kmn tyf pHHjn x'G5 . c;n afgL–Joxf]/fnfO{ ;f]dt klg elgG5 .
@=!=@ xfd|f ;fdflhs, wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf / xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult @=!=@=! xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No tyf dfGotf ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf ;dfhsf clnlvt lgod x'g\, h;n] s'g–s'g kl/l:yltdf sxfFsxfF s:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ eGg] af6f] b]vfpF5g\ . s] ug{ x'G5 s] ug{ x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f :ki6 u5{g\ . ;dfh dfgjLo hLjgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'Fbf pm ;dfheGbf aflx/ uP/ a:g ;Sb}g . ;dfhdf /xFbf–a:bf p;n] ;fdflhs d"No– dfGotfleq /xg'kb{5 . x/]s ;dfhsf cfˆg} k/Dk/f, snf, ;flxTo, pT;j, wd{, /Llt–l/jfh, ljZjf;, k|rng, ;+:s[ltx¿ x'G5g\ . ;di6Lut¿kdf oL ljifox¿nfO{ ;+:sf/sf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fdflhs¿kdf o; lsl;dsf] ;+:sf/ lgdf{0f 5f]6f] ;dodf x'Fb}g, nfdf] ;do nfUg ;S5 . x/]s gful/ssf ;dfg xs–clwsf/ tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ x'G5g\ . x/]s JolStn] ;dfhsf] lgodleq /xg' / ;dfhsf] lxtdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . dftf–lktf / u'?x¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg'kb{5 . ;a}l;t ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfn] g} dflg;nfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] x'G5 . h'g ;dfhdf al;G5, ToxfFsf] rfnrng tyf Jojxf/eGbf aflx/ hfg ;lsFb}g . sf]xL JolStn] ;dfheGbf leGg Jojxf/ b;f{pF5 eg] p;nfO{ c;fdflhs elgg ;S5 . lglZrt ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfnfO{ 4
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
sfg'gL ¿k lbOPsf] x'G5 . w]/}h;f] d"No–dfGotf cgf}krfl/s eP klg alnof x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps ;dfhdf :yflkt dfkb08 csf]{ ;dfhdf d]n gvfg ;S5 . ;fdfhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf JolStn] d"No–dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs cfbz{x¿ ljZjJofkL x'G5g\, t/ klg To:tf cfbz{ tyf dfGotfx¿ ;dfh–;fk]If x'g] x'gfn] ;dfg dxŒjsf gx'g ;S5g\ . ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotf tyf cfbz{n] dflg;nfO{ cfTd–lgolGqt / ;dfhnfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] x'G5 . s'g} ;fdflhs dfkb08 ePg eg] ;dfhdf c/fhstfsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g;S5 . dflg; cfk"mv';L Jojxf/ ug{ yfNg]5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu 3/df, ljBfnodf, k':tsfnodf, sIffsf]7fdf, gu/ tyf j8f Snax¿df ul/g] Jojxf/ lgZro klg km/s–km/s x'G5g\ / x'g'kb{5 klg . cfdf–afa', u'?ju{ / ;fyLefOl;tsf] Jojxf/ kSs} klg Ps}gf;sf] x'Fb}g . To;}n] cj:yf x]/]/ cfˆgf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;Rofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf cfˆg} d"No–dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . @=!=@=@ ldqtf tyf ;b\efj g]kfnL ;dfh ljleGg efiff, wd{–;+:s[lt, /Llt–l/jfh, Jojxf/ ePsf ljleGg k];fdf cfa4 dflg;x¿ ldn]/ a;]sf] ;dfh xf] . cfk;L ;xof]u, ;b\efj / ;djo ;dfh ;~rfngsf] cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf dflg;x¿aLr ;xof]usf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug]{ / d]nldnfkk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf a:g] ljlzi6tfnfO{ g} ;fdflhs aGw'Tj elgG5 . o;/L aGw'Tj efjdf /x]sf ;dfhsf dflg;x¿ Ps–csf{df lge{/ ub{5g\ . s'g} klg JolStn] cfˆgf lqmofsnfkx¿ cfk"m PSn} ;~rfng u5'{ eg]/ ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . Ps–csf{l;t e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5, h:t}M Jofkfl/s k];fdf ;+nUg ePsf JolStx¿ pkef]Uo kbfy{sf lglDt ls;fgx¿l;t e/ kb{5g\ . ls;fgx¿ klg nQfsk8f / cGo b}lgs hLjgsf cTofjZos ;fdUf|Lsf lglDt Jofkf/Lx¿;Fu e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} Pp6f k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolSt csf]{ k];fdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolStl;t lgs6 ;Dks{df /xg'kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 . ;Dks{df g/xLsg hLjg rnfpg ;Dej x'Fb}g . aLpaLhg dnvfb vl/bsf nflu ls;fgx¿ Jofkf/Ldf e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ . Jofkf/Ln] ls;fgnfO{ rflxg] pTkfbg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fof] eg]dfq ls;fgn] pTkfbgsf] sfd ug{ ;S5 . o:t}u/L, slxn] kIfsf/sf] ¿kdf jlsnsf] e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 t slxn] lj/fdL eP/ lrlsT;ssf] e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . ofqf ubf{ ;jf/L–;fwgsf] k|of]u ul/G5 / ckl/lrt rfnssf] e/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
t:jL/M stflt/ hfg] eGg] s'/f ;Rrl/q lzIffn] atfpF5
cfk;L ;xof]u / ;b\efjljgf ;dfh rNg ;Sb}g . s'g} klg JolSt afFRg / cfˆgf] hLljsf rnfpg ;dfh rflxG5 . JolSt hGdg'eGbf cl3b]lv d[To'kl5;Dd klg ;dfh rflxG5 / ;dfhlagf sf]xL klg /xg ;lsFb}g . h;/L cfk"mn] c¿nfO{ ;3fOG5, To;/L g} c¿n] cfk"mnfO{ ;3fpg] x'gfn] c¿af6 cfk"mn] s:tf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff ul/G5 cfk"mn] klg c¿nfO{ To:t} Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . cfk"m ;Ddflgt x'g c¿sf] ;Ddfg ug{ hfGg'kb{5 . ;]jfsf], ;xof]usf], ;xsfo{sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ klg ;d'bfo g} rflxG5, ;dfh g} rflxG5, cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf lglDt klg ;dfh g} rflxG5 . t;y{, ;dfhsf] dxQfnfO{ sd cfFSg x'Fb}g . Ps xftn] tfnL aHb}g eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 .
lzIffk|b k|;·;Fu dnfO{ ;Demgf 5 Û ha d k|fylds sIffdf lyPF, ljBfnodf Pp6f j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] jf sfnf] 5 eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmnsf] ljifo o:tf] lyof]– sIffsf]7fdf lzIfs ljBfyL{lt/ kms]{/ pleg'ePsf] lyof] . pxfFsf] cufl8sf] 6]a'ndf Pp6f ckl/lrt j:t' /flvPsf] lyof] . d lzIfssf] afofFtkm{ plePsf] lyPF eg] csf{ ;fyL bfofFtkm{ plePsf lyP . lzIfsn] k|Zg ug'{eof]– 6]a'ndf /flvPsf] j:t'sf] /ª s:tf] 5 < d}n] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª sfnf] 5 . csf{ ;fyLn] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] 5 . d}n] cfk"m 7Ls 5' eGg] 7fg] / csf{ ;fyLn] pgL cfk"m g} 7Ls ePsf] bfaL u/] . lzIfsn] xfd|f] :yfg ablnlbg'eof] . d]/f] :yfgdf csf{ ;fyL cfP/ pleP eg] d ;fyLsf] 7fpFdf uP/ plePF . lzIfsn] k'gM k|Zg ug'{eof]– Tof] 6]a'ndf /flvPsf] j:t'sf] /ª s:tf] 5 < d}n] eg] pSt j:t'sf] /ª ;]tf] 5 . csf{ ;fyLn] eg] Tof] j:t'sf] /ª sfnf] 5 . d}n] klxnf sfnf] b]v]sf] clxn] ;]tf] b]v]F / csf{ ;fyLn] klxnf ;]tf] b]v]sf]df clxn] sfnf] b]v] . oyfy{ o:tf] lyof]– Tof] j:t'sf] Psftkm{ ;]tf] / csf]{tkm{ sfnf] /x]5 . d}n] sfnf] efu b]Vbf csf]{ ;fyLn] ;]tf] efu b]Vg] / csf]{ ;fyLn] sfnf] efu b]Vbf d}n] ;]tf] efu b]Vg]+ . lzIffk|b ;Gb]z s'g} klg ljifo jf ;d:ofnfO{ c¿sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]g'{ h¿/L x'G5 .
;fdflhs ;b\efj /fVg s;}k|lt klg 3[0ff jf å]if k|s6 ug'{x'Fb}g, c¿sf] s'/f a'‰g] sf]lz; ug'{kb{5 . cfk"mnfO{ lrQ a'em]sf] 5}g eg]] klg c¿sf] dof{bfdf cfFr gcfpg] u/L cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg'kb{5 . 3[0ffn] w[0ff hGdfpF5, To;f] x'gfn] :g]x, ;b\efj / efOrf/f tyf ckgTjsf] efjgf /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . c¿sf] pGglt–k|ultdf l/; ug'{x'Fb}g . slt ;lsG5, cfˆgf] ;xof]u ub}{ hfg'kb{5, 3d08 ug'{x'Fb}g . c¿sf] /fd|f] u'0fsf] sb/ ug'{kb{5 . sf]xL JolQm unt af6f]df
nfu]sf] eP ;'wf/sf] nflu k|of; ug'{kb{5 . h];'s} xf];\, eGg'x'Fb}g . ;xof]usf] efjgf /fVg'kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;a} Ps} x}l;otsf dflg; x'Fb}gg\ . c;xfo / b'MvL dflg; klg x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5, x]nfsf] efjgfn] x]g'{x'Fb}g . sf]xL la/fdL tyf czSt x'G5g\ t sf]xL a[4a[4f x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;Ddfg / ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ / c1fgLnfO{ 1fgL agfpg kxn ug'{kb{5 .
k|]/s syf ljZj k|l;4 gf]a]n zflGt k'/:sf/ lah]tf ef/tLo gful/s >L s}nfz ;TofyL{ @)&! r}tdf sf7df8f}+ cfpFbf Pslbg lj/f6gu/ k'u]sf lyP . ToxfFsf] afnsNof0f ljBfdlGb/df pgsf] ;Ddfg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . Tof] sfo{qmddf pkl:yt eP/ af]Ng] qmdsf] cGtdf pgn] ljBfyL{nfO{ Pp6f syf ;'gfP, Tof] syf lyof]– Pp6f 7"nf] hª\undf cfuf] nfu]5 . ;a} hgfj/ s/fP/ efufefu ug{ yfn] . hª\unsf] /fhf elgg] l;+x klg efUg nfu]5 . efUbfefUb} p;n] Pp6f ;fgf] r/fnfO{ cfuf] ePlt/ hfFb} u/]sf] b]v]/ crDd dfGb} ;f]w]5– sxfF hfg nfu]sf] < Totf cfuf] blGs/x]sf] 5 . r/f]n] hjfkm lbof]– d d'vdf c6\g] hlt kfgL lnP/ cfuf] lgefpg] k|of; ul//x]sf] 5' . l;+xn] km]l/ 5Ss kb}{ ;f]w]5– ;a} Hofg hf]ufpg eflu/x]sf 5g\, ltdL lsg To;f] ub}{5f}+ < Tolt kfgLn] Toqf] 7"nf] cfuf] lgE5 / < r/f]n] eg]5– …c¿n] h] u¿g\, d}n] ug{ ;Sg] hlt d u5'{ ;a}n] u/] cfuf] lgEg ;S5 .Ú ;|f]tM sf]lknf, sflGtk'/sf] ;fKtflxs …afn sf];]nLÚ, r}t @@, @)&!
tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] k|]/s k|;· Pshgf bfz{lgsn] Ps 7fpFdf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] sIff lng] qmddf bz{s tyf >f]tfu0fsf] jl/kl/ 3'Dg] uy]{ . Psk6s 3'Dg] qmddf pgn] kfgLsf] lunf;nfO{ xftn] p7fP / ;a}lt/ kms]{ . dflg;n] ;f]Rb} lyP, e/L lunf; kfgL 5 jf cfwf kfgL 5 egL ;f]lwg] xf]nf eg]/ . t/, pgn] xFl;nf] x'Fb} ;f]w] ls of] lunf; slQsf] u?ª\uf] xf]nf < / pQ/ cfof], @)) b]lv $)) u|fd;Ddsf] . t/, pgn] eg]– o;sf] jf:tljs tf}n slt 5 . To;sf] s]xL s'/f xf]Og, t/ d}n] slta]/ xftdf c8\ofP/ /fVg;S5' . To;df e/ kb{5 . d}n] Ps ldg]6;Dd xftdf lnO/fVbf s]xL ;d:of gxf]nf, t/ Ps 3G6f;Dd lnO/fv]+ eg] d]/f] kfv'/f b'Vg yfNg]5 . o;nfO{ d}n] lbge/ p7fO/x]+ eg] d]/f] xftkfv'/f rNg g;Sg] x'g]5 . x/]s cj:yfdf lunf;sf] tf}n ablnFb}g Ps}gf; /x]sf] x'G5, t/ hlta]/ d}n] ;dflt/xG5' of] u?ª\uf] x'Fb} hfg]5 . pgn] eGb} uP– hLjgdf tgfj / g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
5
lrGtf klg kfgLsf] lunf;h:t} x'g\ . Psl5g ;f]Rg'xf];\ s]xL x'Fb}g . clns a]/ ;f]Rb} uOof] eg] To;n] gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg yfN5 . lbge/ ;f]Rg'eof] eg] tkfO{+ rNg g;Sg] ePsf] dx;"; ug'{x'g]5– s]xL klg ug{ g;Sg] . tgfjnfO{ lnO/fVg' x'Fb}g, 5f]8\lbg'kb{5 eGg] ;Demg' dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;nfO{ ;fFem;Dd / /ftL;Dd gtGsfpg'xf];\ . lunf;nfO{ tn /fVg gla;{g'xf];\ . g}lts ;Gb]zM ;d:ofnfO{ dgdf lnO{ /fVg'x'Fb}g, 5f]8\lbg'kb{5 / dg xNsf x'G5 .
@=!=@=# lgM:jfy{ ;]jf Ps cfbz{ JolStn] lgM:jfy{efjaf6 ;]jf ub{5 . To:tf] JolStnfO{ ;a}lt/ ;a}n] ;Ddfg / dfof ub{5g\ . :jR5 ;dfhsf] nflu To:tf cfbz{ / lgM:jfyL{ JolStsf] vfFrf] kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhn] lgM:jfy{ ;]jf ug]{ JolQmx¿nfO{ ;b}j ;Ddfg / cfb/ ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . d[To'j/0fkZrft\ klg To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;dfhn] :d/0f ul//xg] u/]sf] 5, pgLx¿ ;wF} cd/ /xG5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfh To:tf JolQmk|lt ;b}j s[t1 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k/f]ksf/ ug{'nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] wd{ ;DemG5 . @=!=@=$ kl/jf/sf] dxŒj kl/jf/ g} ;a}eGbf ;fgf] ;fdflhs OsfO xf] / kl/jf/nfO{ g]kfnL ;dfhn] 7"nf] dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . ;x/L If]qdf ;fgf] kl/jf/df /xg] d"No–dfGotfn] :yfg kfpFb} uPsf] eP klg u|fdL0f If]qdf cem} klg ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a:g] rng 5 . kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] ;'v–b'MvnfO{ g} ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] ;'v–b'Mvsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . a'9];sfndf afa'–cfdfsf] nfngkf]if0f 5f]/f5f]/Laf6 ul/g] ;+:sf/ 5 . @=!=@=% c¿sf] cfb/ ug{' g]kfnL ;dfhn] ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfb/ ug{'kg]{, ;Ddfg ug{'kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ hGdlbg] afa'–cfdf tyf cfkm"eGbf 7"nf dflg;sf] ;w+} pRr cfb/ u5f}{+ . afa'–cfdfn] g} xfdLnfO{ hGdlbg], nfngkf]if0f ug]{ / ;Ifd agfpg] / afa'– cfdfaf6} xfdLn] klxnf] lzIff kfpg] x'gfn] afa'–cfdfsf] u'0f xfdLn] slxn} la;{g x'Fb}g . To:t}, xfdLnfO{ c;n Jojxf/ / ;Eo gful/s aGg] lzIff lbg] u'¿ju{nfO{ klg xfdL ;w}+ ;Ddfg u5f}{+ / pxfFx¿ k|lt s[t1 x'G5f}+ . kfx'gfnfO{ klg xfdL ;w}F :jfut, ;Tsf/ / cfb/ u5f}{+ . xfdLx¿ pxfFx¿k|lt ;w}F s[t1 /xG5f}F, s[t£g slxNo} x'g ;Sb}gf}+ . xfdL cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ ;wF} dfof u5f}{ . afa' ;Ddflgt, afa'eGbf cfdf ;Ddflgt / cfdfeGbf klg u'?sf] ;Ddflgt :yfg x'G5 eGg] xfd|f] k"jL{o dfGotf /lxcfPsf] 5 . @=!=@=^ cg'zf;gdf a:g' g]kfnL ;dfhn] cg'zf;gnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . cg'zf;gdf a:g' eg]sf] ;dfhn] dfGotf lbPsf cfr/0f tyf sfg'gn] kfngf ug{'kg]{ eg]sf sfo{x¿ ug{' / gug{' eg]sf 6
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
sfo{x¿ gug{' xf] . cg'zf;gdf a:g' dflg;sf] ;b\u'0f xf] . o;n] g} xfdLnfO{ hLjgdf ;kmntf lbnfpF5 . cg'zf;g 3/, kl/jf/, ljBfno, sfof{no hxfF hfFbf, /xFbf–a:bf klg rflxG5 . cg'zfl;t dflg;nfO{ 3/, kl/jf/, ljBfno, sfof{no ;a}n} ¿rfpF5g\, k|z+;f / cfb/ ub{5g\ eg] cg'zf;gxLg JolQmnfO{ ;j{q l5Ml5M / lgGbf ul/G5, pm ;a}sf] x]nfsf] kfq aG5 . t;y{, xfdL ;a} cg'zf;gdf a:g', /xg'kb{5 . cg'zf;gn] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, wfld{s, g}lts, /fhgLlts, ;f+:s[lts cflb lgodsf] dof{bf jf ;f] dof{bfleq /xg] sfo{nfO{ hgfpF5 . cfTdfg'zf;g JolStdf cGtlg{lxt Ps To:tf] Ifdtf xf], h;n] sl7g kl/l:yltdf klg cfF6]sf] sfd k"/f ug{ ;Sg] agfpF5 . csf]{ zAbdf cfTdfg'zf;g jf :jfg'zf;g eg]sf] ;'wf/sf nflu cfkm}n] cfk"mnfO{ ;Rofpg] jf lgoGq0f ug]{ k4lt xf], cfk}mF cg'zfl;t x'g] s'/f xf] . cfk}mF cg'zfl;t x'g Tolta]nf ;Dej x'G5, hlta]nf xfdL /fd|f] cfr/0f /xG5f}+ / c;n ;fdflhs Jojxf/ bzf{pF5f}+ . cfbz{ cfr/0f / To;sf] kfngf ug]{ JolSt cg'zfl;t x'G5 . cfTdfg'zf;g Ps cToGt zlStzfnL ;fwg xf], h;af6 cfˆgf] kl/nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, cfTdfg'zf;g sfod /fVg dgleq}af6 pTk|]l/t / :jlgolGqt x'g'k5{, lglZrt nIo lnP/ To;k|lt b[9tfk"j{s nflu kg'{k5{ . xfdLdf pTkGg ljrf/, efjgf, cleJolSt / lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ cfk}mFn] lgoGq0fleq /fVg'k5{ . leqL dgb]lv g} cfTd;+odL x'g] k|of; ug'{kb{5 . cfTd;+od, ;xL–;To Jojxf/, cfk;L ljZjf; / ;b\efj, ;lxi0f''tf, w}o{tf /fvL cfk"mnfO{ lhTg ;Sg' eg]sf] 7"nf] ljho xf] . dflg; l/;fpg' x'Fb}g . lzv u'? gfgsn] …l/; eg]sf] cfk}mFnfO{ hnfpg] cfuf] xf]Ú eGg'ePsf] 5, . To:t}u/L, u|Ls bfz{lgs ;'s/ftn] klg …l/;af6 aRg ;s] hLjg ;'vL x'G5Ú eGg'ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f dflg; ;w}F xF;d'v tyf ldng;f/ x'g'kb{5 . lxGb" dxfsfJo dxfef/tsf s'GtL / kf08'sf h]i7 ;'k'q o'lwli7/ OdfGbf/L / ;Totfsf nflu ;bf :d/0fLo /x] . elgG5, pgn] hLjgdf slxNo} klg e"m6f] af]n]gg\ . To:t}u/L, ;"o{j+zsf #^ cf}+ /fhf xl/:rGb| klg cfbz{jfbL /fhf lyP . pgL ;w}F Gofosf kIfdf pleGy] . cfˆgf] argdf kSsf lyP, ;TojfbL lyP . cd]l/sL e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt hh{ jfl;ª\6gn] eGg] uy]{– …dflg;sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kb tyf pkflw OdfGbf/ dflg; elgg' xf]Ú .
cg'zfl;t JolSt ;w}F gd| x'G5 . c¿l;t ljgd|tfk"j{s af]N5 / Jojxf/ u5{ . pm lzi6 / ;xgzLn tyf w}o{ x'G5 . p;df cfTd}b]lv ;RrfO x'G5, e"m7f] s'/f ub}{g . p;n] ;t\dfu{df nfUgfn] ;kmn eOG5 / unt dfu{df nfUgfn] gf]S;fg k'U5, k|lti7f u'D5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'em]sf] x'G5 . pm ;a}sf] lxt}ifL, ldng;f/, ljZjfl;nf] x'G5 . c¿sf] z'elrGts x'G5 . p;df pbf/tf, bof, dfof, s[kf, IfdfzLntfh:tf /fd|f u'0fx¿
x'G5g\ . p;n] c¿sf] lxt / enfO{ rfxG5 . s;}sf] s'enf] ub}{g . c¿sf] clxt lrtfpFb}g . pm OdfGbf/ x'G5 . ;fFrf] / ;To s'/fdfdfq ljZjf; u5{ . p;n] c¿nfO{ wf]sf lbFb}g / c¿af6 klg wf]sf kfO{+b}g eGg] ljZjf; u5{ . pm cfTdljZjf;L / zfGt :jefjsf] x'G5 . o:tf u'0f ePsf] JolStnfO{ dg gk/fpg] sf]xL x'Fb}gg\ . syd\–sbflrt\ e"n x'g uof], uNtL x'g uof] eg] ;xh} :jLsf/ u5{ . lha|f] xf]Og, hLjg af]Ng'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . p;n] w]/} ;fyL agfpgdf eGbf yf]/} / c;n JolStnfO{ ;fyL agfpF5 . dflg;sf] OdfGbf/L p;sf] sfd / af]nL–Jojxf/af6 k|ltlalDat x'G5 . @=!=@=& ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg g]kfn ;fg} d'n's eP klg ef}uf]lns, ;fdflhs, hftLo, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, wfld{s lx;fan] ljljwtfk"0f{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . sltko ljifox¿ s'g} vf; :yfg ljz]ifl;t cfa4 5g\ . ef}uf]lns b[li6n] t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfno If]qsf] ljljwtf 5 eg] lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtfx¿ 5g\ . d]nfkj{x¿df ljljwtf 5 . ljleGg ef}uf]lns agf]6, jg:klt, xfjfkfgL, /d0fLo tfn–tn}of / gbLx¿ 5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfx¿ 5g\ . afUdtL pkTosfleq ljleGg hfqf dgfpg] rng 5 . t/fO{ If]qdf 57 kj{, df3L kj{ eJotfsf ;fy dgfOG5 . s]xL jif{b]lv /fhwfgL tyf kxf8L If]qdf klg 57 kj{ dgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . k"j{lt/ ;s]nf kj{, p3f}nL tyf pef}nL kj{ dgfOG5 . bz}+, ltxf/, kmfu'h:tf kj{x¿ d'n'ssf] ljleGg efudf dgfOG5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o em08f
Ps j0f{ Pshft . xfdL ;a} g]kfnL .. Ps–csf{aLrsf] ;dembf/L, ljZjf;, :g]x, ;Ddfg, >4f g} g]kfnL hghLjgsf cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . dflg;x¿sf km/s–km/s hLjgz}nLx¿ 5g\ . ltg} d"No–dfGotfn] xfdLnfO{ Pstfa4 agfPsf] 5, ;lxi0f' agfPsf] 5 . ljleGg efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, k/Dk/fx¿ 5g\ . hg;d'bfosf ljljw k/Dk/f tyf ;+:s[ltsf] cfb/ ;Ddfg x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . e]ife"iff klg km/s–km/s 5g\ . cfk;L Pstfaf6 g} o:tf ljljwtfnfO{ u|x0f ug{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ;femf d"No k4ltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . cgflbsfnb]lv xfdLn] …j;'b}j s'6'Dasd\Ú cyf{t\ …ljZj g} Ps kl/jf/ xf]Ú eGg] dfGotfdf
/x]/ Ps–csf{k|lt ul/g] ;Tsf/, cfltYotf, ;dGjo, s[kf, s?0ff, dfgjLo Jojxf/h:tf ljifo xfd|f] ;dfhsf cleGg kIf ag]sf 5g\ . oL s'/f xfd|f afnaflnsfsf] ef}lts, zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, af}l4s ljsf;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ 5g\ . ljZjs} b"n{e k|f0fL /ftf] kf08f g]kfndf pknAw 5 . 6f6]af3, Psl;ª\u] u}+8f, hª\unL e}+;L, rf}+/LufO{, ljleGg hftsf r/fr'?ª\uL / k'tnLx¿ kfOG5g\ . oL s'/f g]kfnsf ljlzi6tf x'g\ . To;}n] ljleGg d'n'ssf dflg;x¿ a;]{gL g]kfnsf] e|d0fdf cfpg] ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljleGg wd{– ;+:s[lt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, pTklQ / efiff–efifLx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf Pjd\ ;xcl:tTjsf cfwf/df :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L ;a}sf] efiff, ;flxTo, lnlk, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;dfg ljsf;åf/f b]zsf] ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf sfod /fvL /fli6«o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug{]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a} g]kfnL Pstfa4 eP/ ;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg'kb{5 . To;}df xfdL ;a}sf] lxt ;'lglZrt x'g]5 . @=!=@=* ;fbf hLjgM pRr ljrf/ xfd|f] ;dfhn] ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg] u/]sf] 5 . xfd|f k"vf{x¿sf] hLjgz}nL ;fbf lyof], ;/n lyof] clxn]sf] h:tf] el8\snf] / cf8Da/L lyPg . pgLx¿n] ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/ cFufNg ;a}nfO{ k|]l/t uy]{ . ;fbf hLjg z}nLsf] klxn] hlQs} clxn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . t/, clxn]sf] xfd|f] hghLjg el8\snf] / vlr{nf] af6f]tkm{ pGd'v x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . dflg; a9L pkef]ud'vL ePsf] 5 . pkef]usf j:t'x¿ klg dx+uf 5g\ . ld;fj6 / k|b"if0faf6 pkef]Uo kbfy{x¿ klg vfg cof]Uo x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . dflg;n] a9L dfqfdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] bf]xg ug{ nfu]sf 5g\ . jg–hª\un dfl;b} uP/ kxf8sf 8fF8f–kv]/fx¿ phf8 x'Fb} UfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ tNnf] t6df a:g]x¿df kl//x]sf] 5 . s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] pj{/fzlSt klg x|f; xF'b}5 . clt pkef]u ug]{] k|j[lQn] dflg;sf] k|ult xf]Og, cwf]ult x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . hLjgnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ pRr ljrf/ / ;/n hLjgz}nL g} rflxG5 . pRr ljrf/ eg]sf] cfˆgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh, d'n's / ljZjs} nflu / ;lsG5 eg] ;di6Lut ¿kdf dfgjtfsf] lxtdf /fd|f] sfo{ ub}{ hfg] b[li6sf]0f /fVg' xf] / ;fdflhs cfbz{ d"No–dfGotf cg';/0f ub}{ ;di6Lut enfOsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg cu|;/ x'g' xf] . jf:tjdf ljrf/ ;a}eGbf anafg\ x'G5 / ljrf/n] g} xfdLnfO{ 8f]¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLh:tf] ;f]R5f}+, cfk"m To:t} x'G5f}+ . wg–;DklQ y'kf/]/ dfq s]xL x'Fb}g, k|s[ltsf] /d0fLotfaf6 cfgGb lng klg hfGg'kb{5 . ef]uljnf;df nfUgfn] z/L/ :j:y / dg :jR5 /xg ;Sb}g . w]/]} vfP/ /fd|f] nufP/ dfq x'Fb}g . ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ s]xL g s]xL of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] x'g'kb{5 . c¿nfO{ s'g} k|sf/sf] xfgL–gf]S;fgL gk'¥ofO{ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
7
cfˆgf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug]{ dflg;sf] hLjg g} ;fbf hLjg x'G5 . oxL g} cfbz{ hLjg xf] . pRr ljrf/ /fVg] lalQs} ;fbf hLjg latfpg dg nfU5 . lsgeg] ;fbfhLjg / pRr ljrf/aLr ;x;DaGw x'G5 . pRr ljrf/ ePsf] dflg;n] dfq ;fbf hLjg latfpg ;S5 . xf], dgdf pRr ljrf/ pTkGg x'g klg ;fbf hLjg g} rflxG5 . b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf dxfTdf ufGwL, :jfdL ljj]sfgGb, ca|fxd lnª\sg, Dof8d So'/L, hh{ jfl;ª\6g, s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{, u0f]zdfg l;+x, dgdf]xg clwsf/Lh:tf JolStx¿sf] gfd hf]l8G5, ;/n hLjg / pRr ljrf/df . oL dxfg\ JolSt x'g\, h;n] d'n's / ;dfhnfO{ of]ubfg lbP/ cfˆgf] 5fk 5f]8\g ;s] . ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] ;f]rfO Ps ;fdfGo k|lqmof ePsf] x'gfn] xfd|f] dgdf /fd|f–g/fd|f b'j} ljrf/ cfpg ;S5g\ . /fd|f] ljrf/nfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg] / g/fd|f] ljrf/nfO{ x6fpg] ug'{kb{5 . cfˆgf] dgnfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . /fd|f ljrf/n] g/fd|f ljrf/nfO{ k/f:q ug]{ x'gfn] b[9 lgZrosf ;fy pTs[i6 pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ OR5f /fVg'kb{5 . To;af6 dfq c¿ pRr ljrf/x¿ pTkGg x'g ;Sg]5g\ . pRr ljrf/ /fVg ;Sg] dflg;sf] JolStTj klg pRr x'G5M kf/bzL{ / v'Nnf x[bosf] x'G5 . b[i6fGtsf nflu ljBfyL{n] k|f/Deb]lv g} c¿sf] lxtdf ;f]Rg yfNg' klg Ps pRr ljrf/ x'g;S5 . cfk"m;Fu ePsf] ;fwg–;|f]taf6 ;Gt'i6L / cfgGb lng ;Sg'kb{5 . To;}n] ;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/ 7"nf] dfgjLo u'0fjQf xf] eGg] s'/f dgdf lng'kb{5 . /fhf hgs, ;Ltf, c+z' jdf{, uf}td a'4, e[s'6L, z+vw/ ;fVjf, /fhf /fd zfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, eLd;]g yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| s'Fj/, dxfu'? kmfNu'0ffgGb, c/lgsf], df]lt/fd e§, kf;fª\ nfd' z]kf{ cflb g]kfnsf /fli6«o lje"ltx¿k|lt ulx/f] cf:yf / ;Ddfg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn /fi6«k|lt pgLx¿sf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
ljrf/M ;DklQeGbf lzIff 7"nf] ;GtfgnfO{ ;DklQ xf]Og, lzIff lbg'kb{5 . cfhsf] o'u eg]sf] j}1flgs o'u xf] . lzIffn] ;Gtfgsf] eljio lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ub{5 . JolStsf] c7f]6, lqmofzLntf / l;h{gf ;DklQaf6 xf]Og, lzIffaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . ;"o{sf] cufl8 aQL eg]h:t} ;"o{ lzIff xf], aQL ;DklQ xf] . aQLn] ;fgf] 7fpFdf dfq} pHofnf] lbG5 . ;"o{n] ;+;f/e/ pHofnf] 55{ . ;'s/ft, c/:t', Kn]6f] ;DklQn] xf]Og, lzIffn] c;n ePsf x'g\ . lzIffn] ubf{ g} pgsf bz{g cfh;Dd rrf{ ug{ nfos 5g\ . lzIffsf] zlQmsf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g . sIff–^, O{kLP; :s"n, sf7df8f} ;fef/M sf]lknf, sflGtk'/sf] ;fKtflxs …afn sf]z]nLÚ r}t @@, @)&!
8
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
syfM ef]u–ljnf;sf] kl/0ffd g]kfns} s'g} Ps ufpFdf Pp6f kl/jf/ a:bYof] . To; kl/jf/n] Jofkf/ Joj;foaf6 dgUu} wg–;DklQ cfh{g u/]sf] lyof] . kl/jf/df gf]s/–rfs/ y'k|} lyP . k};fsf] cefj s:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f kl/jf/sf ;b:o s;}n] klg ef]Ug'k/]sf] lyPg . h;} Joj;fo a9\b} hfFb} lyof], kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿df a9L wg–;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ xf]8afhL / clt pkef]usf] k|j[lQ b]vfk¥of], s;}n]–s;}nfO{ guGg] / pgLx¿df cxdtf a9\b} uof] . x'Fbfx'Fbf Ps ;do o:tf] cj:yf cfOk'Uof], hxfF efO–efOdf dgd'6fjsf] l:ylt r'nLdf k'Uof], efOefOsf >LdtLx¿df klg emu8f / af]nrfn} aGbsf] l:ylt pTkGg eof] . cfk"mv';L dgnfUbf] vr{ ug]{ k|j[lQ / plrt ;dGjosf] cefjdf Joj;fosf] ;Gt'ng lau|Fb} hfg yfNof] . sfl/Gbfx¿n] klg sfd 5f8] . Joj;fosf] x/lx;fa klg uf]ndfn x'gyfNof] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] :jf:Yo lalu|b} uof] . afnaRrfsf] k9fO lau|g yfNof] . a}+sx¿af6 lnPsf] C0f ltg{ g;s]/ a}+sx¿n] pgLx¿sf] 3/–hUuf lnnfd laqmL u/] / To;kl5 Tof] kl/jf/sf] x]bf{x]b}{ larNnL x'g uof]] . of] lanf;L hLjg / clt pkef]usf] kl/0ffd lyof] .
@=!=@=( :jfjnDaL x'g' xfd|f] ;dfhn] :jfjnDaL x'g k|]l/t ub{5 . :jfjnDag eg]sf] c¿sf] ;xfotf glnOsg cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug]{, cfˆgf ;d:of cfk}mF ;dfwfg ug]{ Ps tl/sf xf] . :jfjnDagnfO{ cfTdlge{/ / :j;xfotfsf] cy{df klg lnOG5 . of] cfk}mFnfO{ cfk}mF ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] k|lqmof xf], dfWod xf], :jlgb]{lzt ;'wf/ xf] . xfdLn] ;s];Dd c¿sf] ;xof]u glnOsg cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] ana"tfeGbf aflx/sf] s'/fdf dfq c¿sf] ;xof]u lng' /fd|f] x'G5 . x/]s dflg; cjZo klg c¿eGbf c;n / /fd|f] aGg rfxG5 . cfk"m s:tf] x'g rfxg] xf], To:tf] aGgsf] nflu :jfjnDagsf] dfWod ckgfpg' pko'St x'G5 . rfxgf ul/of] eg] cfˆgf w]/} sfd cfk}mF klg ug{ ;lsG5 . t/, To;sf nflu ljZjf;sf ;fy nflu kg'{k5{ . ;fgf]–ltgf] s'/fdf klg c¿sf] ;xof]u vf]Hg] afgL 5f]8\g'k5{ . cfˆgf] ;f]rfO tyf lrGtgnfO{ pTyfg ug'{k5{, gofF 9Ëaf6 ljsf; ug'{k5{ . cfˆgf] lrGtg k|j[lQnfO{ cfTdlge{/ / :j;xfotfsf b[li6n] k'ghL{ljt ug'{k5{ . t/, xfdLn] ;a} s'/fdf :jfjnDaL x'g vf]Hof}+ eg] c;kmn x'G5f}+ . dfgjLo hLjgsf w]/} s'/fdf c¿sf] e/ ug'{kg]{ klg x'G5 . ;a} s'/fdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;lsFb}g . t/, ;s];Dd cfˆgf sfd cfk}mF ug{ l;Sb} hfg' >]o:sf/ x'G5 . ;kmn hLjgsf nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]r / :jfjnDagsf] cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . @=!=# xfd|f wfld{s d"No tyf dfGotf g]kfndf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . *) k|ltzteGbf a9L dflg;x¿ lxGb' wd{ dfGg] 5g\ . x/]s wd{sf cf–cfˆgf wfld{s u|Gyx¿ 5g\ . oL wfld{s u|Gyx¿df
dflg;n] kfngf ug{'kg]{ jf0fL, Jojxf/ / cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg lzIffk|b pkb]zx¿ lbOPsf 5g\, / tL dg'io hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg lgs} pkof]uL b]lvG5g\ . k|:t'lt / JofVof leGg¿kn] ljleGg wfld{s u|Gydf pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOP klg ;a} wd{df w]/} s'/f ;dfg /x]sf] kfOg'sf ;fy} ;f/tŒj Pp6} e]l6G5 . ;a} wd{n] z/L/, dg / cfTdfnfO{ z'4 /fVg'kg]{, /L;–cfqmf]znfO{ ax;df /fVg'kg]{ / zfGt / ;+oldt x'g'kg]{, gd|tf / lzi6tfk"j{s Jojxf/ ug{'kg]{, cfk"meGbf 7"nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{'kg]{, ;a} dflg;aLr k|]d ;b\efj x'g'kg]{ / emu8f ug'{ gx'g], ;To af]Ng'kg]{ / e"m7f] af]Ng' gx'g], rf]g{' gx'g], bofn' x'g'kg]{, Ifdf lbg', bfg ug{'kg]{ / nf]enfnrf ug{' gx'g], c¿sf] /L;–8fxf ug{' gx'g], lx+;f ug{' gx'g], s;}nfO{ cGofo ug{' gx'g], c;xfo / b'MvLsf] ;]jf ug{'kg]{, Jolerf/L x'g' gx'g], hftLo e]befj ug{' gx'g], hfF8–/S;L tyf r'/f]6 ;]jg ug{' gx'g] cflb s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . xfdLn] h'g;'s} wd{ dfg] klg xfd|f wfld{s u|Gydf pNn]v ePg';f/sf Jojxf/, rfnrng, cfr/0f ckgfpg ;Sof} eg] xfdLn] xfd|f] hLjg ;'vdoL / ;fy{s agfpg ;S5f}+ . ;xgzlQm a9fpg], qmf]wb]lv xf]lzof/ x'g], Jojxf/df OdfGbf/ x'g], kz'k|f0fLdfly bof ug]{, ;a};Fu ldqefj /fVg]h:tf s'/fnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . ;To, wd{, zflGt, k|]d / clx+;fnfO{ kfFr dfgjLo d"Nosf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . oL s'/fx¿ ljBfyL{sf] dfq xf]Og ;a}sf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf ;xfosl;4 x'g] b]lvG5 . dflg;n] c¿nfO{ lbg;Sg] tLg s'/f x'G5g\M ;do, of]Uotf / /mk}ofF–k};f . pbfx/0fsf nflu, tkfO{+ cfˆgf] of]Uotfcg';f/ cfˆgf] sIffsf] ;fyLnfO{ l;sfP/ ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . 3/df vfgf vfO;s]kl5 ;/;kmfO u/]/ ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d'bfodf a"9fkfsf l5d]sLsf] sfddf ;xfotf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . tkfO{+ cfˆgf] ;do 3/sf] ;–;fgf sfddf lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfnodf ljBfnosf] sf]7f ;kmf ug{ ;do lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . 3/df af–cfdfnfO{ pko'Qm cj;/df ljz]if pkxf/ lbg ;Sg'x'G5 . ljBfnosf] ;xfotf sf]ifdf s]xL /mk}ofF–k};f hDdf u/]/ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . ;d'bfodf vfFrf]df k/]sfnfO{ ;xfotf ug{;Sg'x'G5 . oL t s]xL pbfx/0fdfq x'g\ . oLafx]s y'k|} lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g] ljrf/ agfpg'xf];\ ;kmn x'g'x'g]5 .
@=!=$ xfd|f ;dfhsf ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult xfd|f] ;dfhdf clxn] klg y'k|} ljs[lt / lj;ª\ult /x]sf 5g\ . log} ljs[lt / lj;ª\ultn] ubf{ xfdL cfly{s, ;fdflhs ¿kdf w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf 5f}+ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf /x]sf s]xL ljs[lt / lj;ª\ult tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ . @=!=$=! xfd|f ;dfhdf /x]sf s'/Llt tyf cGwljZjf; xfd|f] ;dfh cem} y'k|} ljs[lt, s'/Llt / cGwljZjf;n] u|:t /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5'jf5't / hftLo lje]b sfod}
5 . af]S;L, wfdL–emfFqmL, e"t–k|]tk|lt w]/} dflg; ljZjf; ub{5g\ . 5'jf5't / hftLo e]befj ;x/df eGbf ufpFdf a9L 5 . af]S;L, e"tk|]tdf klg clzlIft / ufpFsf dflg;n] w]/} ljZjf; /fV5g\ . hfthflt dflg;n] g} l;h{gf u/]sf x'g\, sf]xL klg dflg; hftn] 7"nf] ;fgf] x'Fb}g, dflg; sd{n] dfq ;fgf] 7"nf] x'g;S5 . xfdLn] sd{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . To:t}, af]S;L, e"tk|]t x'G5 eGg] s'/f lj1fgn] cfh;Dd k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5}g . t;y{, o:tf s'/fsf] k5fl8 xfdLn] nfUg'x'Gg, o:tf s'/fsf] lj/f]w ug{'kb{5 . c¿x¿nfO{ klg o:tf s'/fsf] kl5 gnfUg ;Nnfx lbg'kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf afnljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx, ax'ljjfxh:tf s'/Lltx¿ cem} /x]sf 5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] OR5fljkl/t ljjfx ul/g' x'Gg / ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ k'u]sf -d'n'sL P]gcg';f/_ / s]6fs]6L b'j}sf] d~h'/L ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq laxfjf/L x'g'kb{5 . ljjfx ug]{ s]6fs]6LaLrsf] pd]/ klg w]/} km/s x'g'x'Gg . hftkft, wd{, j0f{, k];f Joj;fosf] lx;fan] s;}k|lt e]befj /fVg' x'Fb}g . o;sf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/Pdf ;fdflhs Pstf / ;b\efj;d]t vnalng k'U5 / ;dfh ljv08g x'g;S5 .
ljxfaf/L;DaGwL d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf laxfjf/L ubf{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L eP c7f/ jif{ / ;+/Ifssf] d~h'/L geP aL; jif{ gk'uL laxfjf/L ug{ u/fpg x'Fb}g . ljjfx u/]–u/fPdf ;f] ug]{–u/fpg]dWo] pd]/ k'u]sf d'VonfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd ;hfo x'G5M -s_ bz jif{ gk'u]sL aflnsfsf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgfb]lv tLg jif{;Dd s}b / Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofFb]lv bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -v_ bz jif{b]lv dfly rf}w jif{ gk'u]sL aflnsfsf] ljjfx u/]–u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] tLg dlxgfb]lv Ps jif{;Dd s}b / kfFr xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -u_ rf}w jif{b]lv dfly c7f/ jif{ gk'u]sL :jf:gL dflg;sf] ljjfx u/]–u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5, -3_ aL; jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf] :jf:gL dflg; jf nf]Ug] dflg;sf] ljjfx u/] u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bz xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5, -ª_ P]gn] ljjfx ug{ kfpg] xbleqsf] xf] egL 9fF6L ljjfx u/] ul/lbPsf] eP ghfgL ljjfx ug]{–u/fpg]nfO{ ;hfo x'Fb}g, -r_ ljjfx ug{ u/fpg gx'g]df hfgL–hfgL ljjfxsf] sfd ug]{ k'/f]lxt, ndL / c¿ d2tLx¿dWo] pd]/ k'u]sf]nfO{ Ps dlxgf;Dd s}b jf Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf x'G5, -5_ ljjfx eg] eO{ g;s]sf] /Lt b:t'/ k'¥ofO{ l5lg;Dd ;s]sf] /x]5 eg] ;f] s'/f l5Gg] d'VonfO{ kfFr ;o ¿k}ofF;Dd hl/dfgf u/L l5lg;s]sf] s'/f ab/ ul/lbg'k5{ .
jt{dfg ;dfhdf d"No–dfGotfsf] x|f; x'Fb}uPsf] 5 . l;4fGtljgf /fhgLltdf nfUg], s'g} k];f–Joj;fo gu/L wg cfh{g ug{ vf]Hg], g}ltstfsf] Vofn gu/L Jofkf/af6 a9L g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
9
nfe p7fpg vf]Hg], cfˆgf] Ifdtf ;fdYo{ gx'Fbf–gx'Fb} klg c¿sf] b]vfl;sL ug]{h:tf k|j[lQn] dfgjLo cfbz{ d"No– dfGotf IfL0f x'Fb}cfPsf] 5 . JolStjfbL k|j[lQ xfjL eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;nfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . @=!=$=@ >dsf] cgfbf/ g]kfnL ;dfhn] >dnfO{ cem} dof{bf ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . cfh klg >d ug{' jf sfd ug{'nfO{ sltko dflg; xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;fgf] x'g' 7fG5g\ . sfd gu/L a:g kfP cfkm"nfO{ 7fn' 7fGg] dflg;sf] ;+Vof xfd|f] ;dfhdf w]/} 5g\ . jf:tjdf, >dsf] sb/ tyf dof{bf ug'{ eGg'sf] tfŒko{ /fd|f] p2]Zosf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdnfO{ ;dfg¿kdf ;Ddfg ug{' xf] . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] x'Fb}g . >ldsn] >d ug{', ls;fgn] v]t hf]Tg', ljBfyL{n] k9\g', sd{rf/Ln] sfof{nodf sfd ug{', efG;]n] eft ksfpg'– oL ;a} dof{lbt sfd x'g\ . >dsf] plrt d"No lbg'kb{5 . sd kfl/>lds lbP;Dd >dsf] sb/ ug]{ afgL a:g d'l:sn k5{ . To;}n] kof{Kt Hofnf–dhb"/L lbg'kb{5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df sfdsf] sb/ x'G5 . sfdsf] sb/ gx'g] eP hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, l;+ufk'/h:tf d'n'sx¿ o;/L cufl8 a9]/ k|ult ug{ ;Sb}gy] . To;}n] s'g} klg sfdnfO{ ;fgf] sfd egL x]nf ug'{x'Fb}g, k"/f dg nufP/, kl/>d u/]/, OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd ug{'kb{5 . o:tf] sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ ;dfhdf ;a}n] dfg;Ddfg ub{5g\ . dxfTdf ufGwLn] af]nLdf xf]O,g Jojxf/df g} >dsf] sb/ ub{y] . cf>ddf a:g] pgLnufot c¿ ;a}n] a9fg]{–;kmf ug]{, w'g]–l;pg]h:tf sfd cfk}mF cu|;/ eP/ uy]{ . kl/>dsf] kmn dL7f] x'G5 eGg] xfd|f] pvfgn] g} >dsf] dxŒj :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . >dsf] dof{bf eGgfn] zf/Ll/s sfd jf xftn] ug]{ sfdsf] dof{bf eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . sfd g} k"hf xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fv]/ ;+nUg x'g] d'n'sx¿af6 g} ljZjdf cfw'lgs ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . s'g} JolStn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf] /fd|f] sfdaf6 c¿n] klg nfe lng ;Sg'kb{5 . kl/>dn] g} dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s agfpF5 . sfddf ;+nUg gx'g] dflg;sf] hLjg ;fy{s xf]Og, Joy{ x'G5 . To;}n] sfd gu/L a:g] dfgjLo hLjgsf] sNkgf klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . sfd gu/L a:g] dflg;sf] hLjg lg/; tyf pbfl;g x'gk'U5 . /fd|f] sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ h;n] klg >4f / k|z+;f u/]sf] x'G5 . pm ;Gt'i6 / v';L /xG5Ù cem /fd|f] ug{ k|f]T;flxt x'G5 . 7"nf–7"nf ;Eotfsf] ljsf; s8f kl/>daf6 g} ePsf] xf] . sfd g} k"hf xf] egL dxfTdf ufGwLn] eGg] uy]{ . x/]s st{Jo kljq x'G5 / st{Jok|ltsf] ;dk{0fefj g} O{Zj/sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k"hf x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fVy] . oxL cfzo :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] æx/]s st{Jo kljq 5g\ / st{Jok|ltsf] ;dk{0f g} eujt\elQm jf k"hgsf] pRrtd ¿k xf]Æ eGg] egfOaf6 k'i6L x'G5 . o; egfOn] s'g} klg sfd dof{lbt x'G5 eGg] k'i6L x'G5 . :jfdL ljj]sfgGbn] of] klg eg]sf lyPM p7 / rSsfdf 10
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
cfˆgf] sfFw yfk (Get up and set your shoulders to the wheels.) o;sf] tfŒko{ s'g} sfd lgwf{l/t ;doleq k"/f ug'{kg]{ 5 eg] s8f kl/>d ug'{k5{ eGg] xf] . ljj]sfgGbhLn] dflg;x¿nfO{ ljz]if ;Gb]z 5f8]/ hfg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] ;Gb]z 5– …of] hLjg slt ;dosf] lglDt xf] / o; w/ltdf hGd ePkl5 s]xL 5fk 5f]8\g'xf];\ . cGoyf tkfO{+ Pjd\ ?v / 9'ª\ufx¿df s] km/s x'G5 . ltgLx¿ cl:tTjdf cfpF5g\ / hfG5g\Ú . lgZro klg olb x/]s dflg;n] s8f ldlxgt ug]{ xf] eg] 5f]6f] ;dodf s'g} klg sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5, pNn]Vo sfo{ u/]/ :jfdLhLn] eg]h:t} /fd|f] 5fk 5f]8\g ;lsG5 . ;fFlRrs} s8f ldlxgt ug]{ afgL a;fNg] xf] eg] To;af6 cfZro{hgs glthf lg:sg ;do nfUb}g . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] jf 7"nf] eGg] x'Fb}g . 3/df xf];\ jf ljBfnodf w]/} k9\g] 7"nf] kbdf k'Ug] 7"nf] dfG5] aGg] eg]/ l;sfpg'eGbf c;n dfG5 aGg] eg]/ l;sfpg' pQd x'G5 . efOalxgLx¿ klg c;n dfG5] aGg clxn]b]lv g} sf]lz; ug'{k5{ . cleefjsx¿af6 klg >dsf] dxŒj / ul/dfsf] af/]df l;sfpg'kg]{ xf], t/ xfdL To;f] ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ . To;f] ug{ ;lsof] eg] cfhsf afnaflnsfdf sfdk|ltsf] efjgf ;sf/fTds eP/ hfG5 . xfdLn] a'‰g'kb{5, >d / ;]jf dfgjLo hLjgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] sfd dof{bfk"j{s k"/f ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf >dsf] k/Dk/fut h'g ljefhg 5, Tof] ljefhg klg /fd|/L sfd x'g ;sf];\ eGg] x]t'af6 ul/Psf] lyof], tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf . t/, kl5 cfP/ ljs[t ¿k lnof] / To;sf] kl/0ffd ;dfh hfthfltdf ljefhg x'g k'Uof] . ca ;do ablnPsf] 5, ljutsf] h:tf] 5}g . dflg;n] rfx]/ klg grfx]/ klg s'g} g s'g} sfd ug'{ g} kb{5Ù vfnL xft a:g'x'Fb}g . cfk"mn] cFufn]sf] sfdk|lt ?rL /fv]/ v'zL;fy ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;sf] k|ltkmn dL7f] x'G5 . To;}n] cfˆgf] Ifdtf tyf k|ltefcg';f/ k];f– Joj;fosf] 5g}6 ug'{kb{5 / h] sfd ul/G5, To;df k"/f dg nufP/ ug'{kb{5 . To;/L ul/Psf] sfdsf] k|ltkmn cfˆgf] 3/–kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og, ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ g} nfebfos x'g;S5 . ;f/f ljZjnfO{ g} pkof]uL x'g;S5 . ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy ul/Psf] kl/>dsf] k|ltkmn /fd|} lg:sG5 . To;af6 cfk"mnfO{ ;Gtf]if x'g'sf ;fy} c¿sf] k|z+;fsf] kfq klg eOG5 . c;n dgsf ;fy ul/Psf] sfdn] g} dfgjLo hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpF5 . ;DemL /fVg'kb{5M st{Jo O{Zj/ xf] / sfd O{Zj/sf] k"hf xf] eg]/ . jf:tjdf dflg; ;[li6sf] ;'Gb/ tfh xf], h;n] s8feGbf s8f / c;neGbf c;n sfd ug{ ;S5 .
vfnL lbdfu / vfnL xft /Xof] eg] gfgfyl/ gsf/fTds ljrf/x¿ cfpF5g\ . To;}n] cfk"mnfO{ v';L /fVg' 5 eg]
cN5L xf]Og k"mlt{nf] / hfFul/nf] x'g'kb{5 . cN5L dflg; slxn] klg v';L x'g ;Sb}g . xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sdf >dsf] plrt sb/ x'g;s]sf] 5}g . >dsf] dof{bfdfly p7fpg zf/Ll/s >dsf] plrt kfl/>lds lbg'kb{5 . cfk"mn] >d gug]{ / c¿nfO{ c/fO{–k/fO{ ug{df cfˆgf] k|lti7f ;lDemg] ;+:sf/sf] kl/Tofu gu/];Dd g t JolStsf] gt ;dfhsf] g} pGglt–k|ult x'G5 . lrlsT;s, jsLn, lzIfs, Ol~hlgo/sf] sfd hlt pRr / dof{lbt x'G5, emf8' nufpg] / kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] k];f klg Tof]eGbf sd dxŒjsf] x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f cfTd;ft ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . tL sfdnfO{ dof{bf lbg hfGg'kb{5 . s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf leGg x'Fb}g leGg eGg] s'/f xfd|f] x]/fOsf] xf], b[li6sf]0fsf] xf] . ;a} sfd dof{lbt / dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf >dsf] dof{bf ug{ ghfg]/ g} xfd|f] d'n's k5fl8 k/]sf] xf]eGbf km/s kb}{g .
dfgl;stf kl/Tofu gul/x'Fb}g . OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd u/]sf] v08df cfˆgf], ;dfhsf] / ;du| d'n'ss} eljio pHHjn kfg{ ;lsG5 . hfuf}+, p7f}+, h'd'{/fcf}+ / kl/>d u/f}+, cfˆgf] / d'n'ssf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofpF .
ljb]zdf uP/ s8feGbf s8f kl/>d ug{ ;Sg]n] cfˆg} 3/– ufpF / ;dfhdf a;]/ ug{ grfxg] h'g ;f]rfO 5, dgf]bzf 5, To;n] xfdLnfO{ cufl8 xf]Og, k5fl8 ws]ln/fv]sf] 5 . a8Kkg b]vfpg] / cfˆg} 3/5]pdf pknAw x'g] sfdnfO{ ;fgf] egL x]nf ug]{ k|j[lQ g} k|ultkysf] d'Vo afws xf] . s]xL cf}krfl/s lzIff xfl;n ub}{df s'g} ljifosf] l8u|Lk|fKt ub}{df >d ug{ 5f]8\g] h'g k|j[lQ 5, Tof] klg k|ultsf] afws xf] . k9fO / sfdnfO{ ;Fu} hf]8\g'k5{ . k9fOleq sfd b]Vg / sfddf k9fO b]Vg ;Sg'k5{, Ps–csf{aLrsf] ;DaGw bzf{pg ;Sg'k5{ . o;df lzIfssf] e"ldsf cu|0fL x'G5 . hfkfgLx¿ s8f kl/>d u5{g\ . sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/sf wgL ul/a s'g} klg dfG5] vfnL xft a:b}gg\ . lbg–lbgsf] sdfO tyf cfh{gaf6 vfg'k5{ eGg] b[li6sf]0f 5, pgLx¿sf] . art ?k}ofF–k};f 5 eGb}df sfd gu/L a:b}gg\ . hfkfgLx¿sf] ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ cEof; 5 . pgLx¿df sfd ;fgf]–7"nf] eGg] 5}g . xfdLn] ;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] 7fGg] sfdnfO{ klg pgLx¿n] pRr dxŒj lbG5g\ .
‘‘s'g} Ps ljrf/ agfpg' xf];\ . Tof] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg agfpg'xf];\– To;sf] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\, To;s} ;kgf b]Vg'xf];\, ToxL ljrf/df afFRg'xf];\ . dg dl:tis, df+;k]zLx¿, g;fx¿, z/L/sf x/]s efudf ToxL ljrf/ el/g lbg'xf];\, / x/]s c¿ ljrf/nfO{ h:tf] 5 To:t} 5f]8\g'xf];\ . oxL g} ;kmntfsf] dfu{ xf] .ÚÚ –:jfdL ljj]sfgGb
hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof] lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf dfgfy{ k|fWofks 8f= >L gf]l/ofsL vfgf]n] eGg] u5{g\M hfkfgL gful/s kl;gf gaufP/ lqmofzLn gePsf] eP, hfkfg clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ug] lyPg . pgL kl;gf, kl;gf, kl;gf eGg ¿rfpF5g\ .
hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof] lj1fg ljZjljBfnosf dfgfy{ k|fWofks 8f= >L gf]l/ofsL vfgf]n] eGg] u5{g\M hfkfgL gful/s kl;gf gaufP/ cys¿kdf lqmofzLn gePsf] eP, hfkfg clxn]sf] l:yltdf cfOk'Ug] lyPg . pgL kl;gf, kl;gf, kl;gf eGb} pGglt / k|ultsf nflu kl;gf aufpg'k5{, eG5g\ . >dsf] dxŒj ga'em]/ To;k|lt clgR5's x'g] hgtf ePsf d'n'sx¿ k5fl8 kg]{ / cljsl;t cj:yfdf g} /xg] lglZrt 5 . clg To;af6 k5f}6]kg, ul/aL, b'Mv–si6afx]s c¿ s] g} ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 / To;}n] >dsf] plrt sb/ gug]{
t:jL/ M :jfdL ljj]sfgGb
sltko dflg;x¿ lglZrt ljrf/ agfpg / uGtJo klxNofpg g;s]/ cNdlng] ub{5g\ . To:tf dflg;x¿nfO{ :jfdL ljj]sfgGbsf] k|:tfj 5– …s'g} Ps ljrf/ agfpg'xf];\ . Tof] ljrf/nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg agfpg'xf];\– To;sf] af/]df ;f]Rg'xf];\, To;s} ;kgf b]Vg'xf];\, ToxL ljrf/df afFRg'xf];\ . dg dl:tis, df+;k]zLx¿, g;fx¿, z/L/sf x/]s efudf ToxL ljrf/ el/g lbg'xf];\, / x/]s c¿ ljrf/nfO{ h:tf] 5 To:t} 5f]8\g'xf];\ . oxL g} ;kmntfsf] dfu{ xf]Ú . Ps lrQ eP/ cfˆgf] sfddf nfUof}+ eg] cjZo klg pxfFsf] egfOcg';f/sf] ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . @=!=$=# ;dosf] dxŒj a'‰g g;Sg' g]kfnL ;dfhn] ;dosf] dxŒj /fd|/L a'‰g;s]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] ;do To;} v]/ kmfln/x]sf x'G5f}+ . ;do / 5fn cfpF5, s;}nfO{ klg kv{b}g eGg] o'lQm g} 5 . s'g} klg sfd clxn] ul/xfnf}F gegL ef]lnsf nflu ;fFRg] xfd|f] ;+:s[lt 5 . ;do d"Nodfg 5 eGg] a'‰g ;lsPsf] 5}g . xfd|f] d'n's kl5 kg{'sf] sf/0f Pp6f of] klg xf] . cfh hlt /fi6«n] pGglt–k|ult u/]sf 5g\, ;donfO{ Wofg lbPsfn] g} Tof] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ljBfyL{n] ef]ln k9fpFnf egL ;do v]/ kmfln/x]sf] x'G5, sd{rf/Ln] ef]ln cfpgf];\ egL ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ kG5fO/x]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s ;]s]08sf] d"No a'‰g ;lsof] eg] ;kmntf kfpg ;lsG5 . ;dodf ug{ g;lsPsf] sfdsf] s'g} d"No x'Fb}g, To;}n] x/]s sfd 7Ls ;dodf ug{'kb{5 . ls;fgn] v]ltkftL nfpg] ;dodf afnL nufOPg eg] afnL leœofpg kfpFb}g . ;dosf] ;a}n] kfngf ug{' kb{5 . ljBfyL{n] laxfg ;a]/} p7\ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
11
g'kb{5, xftd'v w'g'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf vfgf vfg'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf :s"n hfg'kb{5, 7Ls ;dodf 3/ kms{g'kb{5 / 7Ls ;dodf u[xsfo{ u/L ;'Tg'kb{5 .
@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIff @=@=! ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] < /fli6«o lzIffsf] d"n p2]Zo /fli6«o ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] hgzlQm tof/ ug'{ xf] . o:tf] hgzlQm ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfcg's"n ;bfrf/, lzi6frf/ / g}ltstf sfod /fVgsf nflu x'g'k5{ . o;sf nflu ljBfnox¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ub}{ u'0f:t/o'Qm lzIffsf] ljsf; x'g h¿/L 5 . ;Rrl/q lzIff eg]sf] afnaflnsfnfO{ c;n sfd s'/fx¿ a'‰g], yfxf kfpg], hfGg]–l;Sg] / /fd|f] s'/f hfGg OR5f ug]{ / /fd|f] ug{] ljifo xf] . of] Ps 5ftf cjwf/0ff xf], h;df dflg;sf] Jojxf/sf ljleGg kIfnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;Rrl/q lzIffn]] c;n gful/s tof/ ug{ hf]8 lbG5 . afnaflnsfx¿sf] cfr/0f ljsf;sf lglDt pgLx¿nfO{ cfr/0f ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿df ;l/s u/fpg ;lsG5 . ljBfnox¿df ;~rfng ul/g] :sfp6, h'lgo/ /]8qm;, ljBfyL{ u'0fjQf lgoGq0f rqm -P;So";L ;s{n_sf sfo{qmddfkm{t\ cfr/0f ljsf;sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;dflji6 ug{ ;lsG5 . dflg;sf] st{Jo s] xf], lhDd]jf/L s] xf], hLjgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg s] s:tf] afgL–Joxf]/fsf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 eGg] s'/f l;sfpg ;lsG5 . o;af6 klg cfr/0f ljsf;df of]ubfg k'Ug;S5 . o;sf lglDt lzIfsx¿ klg cg'zfl;t / st{Jolgi7 x'g'kb{5 . To;f] ePdf dfq ljBfyL{df c;n afgL–Joxf]/f / /fd|f u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; u/fpg ;lsG5 . 7Ls–a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg l;Sg kfpg' ljBfyL{sf] clwsf/ klg xf] . h'g dfWod ckgfpgfn] afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;x[boL, lhDd]jf/ tyf OdfGbf/ agfpg ;lsG5, To:tf] dfWod ckgfpg'kb{5 . ljBfyf{x¿n] v'nfkg, ;xof]uL efjgf / OdfGbf/Ltfsf] ljsf; ug'{'kb{5 . af]nL–Jojxf/df ;'wf/ Nofpg'kb{5 . ;a}df ldqefj /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . ;Rrl/q lzIff d"ne"t¿kdf g}lts d"No–dfGotfx¿ a'‰g, To;af/] ;d'lrt Wofg lbg / Jojxf/df tb\g'¿k sfo{ ug{ dflg;x¿nfO{ ;3fpg] ;'ljrfl/t k|of; xf] . xfd|f afnaRrfx¿sf] xfdLn] rfxg] cfr/0fsf] af/]df ha xfdLn] ;f]R5f}F, of] :ki6 5 ls pgLx¿ s] 7Ls xf] eGg] 5'6\ofpg ;s"g\, s] 7Ls xf] eGg]df ulx/f] Vofn ug{ / To;kl5 s] 7Ls x'G5 u?g\ eGg] rfxG5f}+– leq jf aflx/af6 k|nf]egsf] bafa eP klg . – 8f= yf]d; lnsf]gf
ljBfyL{sf] c;n afgL Joxf]/f / pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs pknlAw cGt/;DalGwt x'G5g\ . cg'zfl;t eP/ cfˆgf] k7gkf7gdf 12
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
;l/s x'g], ;dosf] kfng ug]{, ljBfnodf lgoldt xflh/ x'g] / ljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] u'0f:t/Lo sfo{qmdx¿df efu lng ?rL /fVg] / efu lng] ljBfyL{sf] z}lIfs k|ult x'Fb} hfG5 . c¿eGbf s;/L cem /fd|f] jf pTs[i6 x'g ;lsG5 To;tkm{ ;sf/fTds¿kdf ;f]r]/ cfˆgf] k9fOk|lt ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 . c;n zLn :jefj / afgL–Joxf]/f ePsf afnaflnsfdfq eljiosf c;n / r]tgzLn gful/s aGg ;S5g\ . dflg; hlGdbf zfGt / lgZrn :jefjsf] eP klg pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf aflx/L ;+;f/af6 p;n] rfnrng l;Sb} / ljsf; ub}{ uPsf] x'G5 . olb JolStn] cfˆgf OR5f–cfsfª\IffnfO{ lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]g eg] ef}lts ;+;f/sf ultljlwn] cfsf]{lt/ 8f]¥ofpg a]/ nfUb}g . o;d afnaflnsf ;r]t / ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 geP axlsP/ df}lnstf eGg] s'/f g} x/fP/ hfg ;S5 .
@=@=@ ;Rrl/q lzIffsf] cfjZostf tyf dxŒj jt{dfg ;dodf cfr/0f Jojxf/sf] l;sfO / lzIf0fsf] dxŒj sd 5}g . dflg;nfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / u'0fjfg agfpg] g} ;Rrl/q lzIffn] xf] . ;Rrl/q lzIffcGtu{t afnaflnsfnfO{ s;/L c;n gful/s agfpg], s;/L g}ltsjfg agfpg], s;/L :j:y / hfu?s agfpg], s;/L st{Jolgi7 agfpg], s;/L ;fdflhs¿kdf ;':yflkt x'g;Sg] JolStsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ eGg] s'/f l;sfOsf] Ps k|lqmof ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] dxŒj 7"nf] 5 . k|f]= 8f= dlj{g asf]{ljh (Dr. Marvin Berkowitz) n] ljBfnodf k|efjsf/L ;Rrl/q lzIffsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ yk ug]{eGbf c;n ;+:sf/ a;fNg ljBfnosf] hLjgdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fV5g\ . afnaflnsfsf] cfr/0fut ljsf;sf nflu ljBfnox¿sf] jt{dfg lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofdf kl/jt{g tyf ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 . c;n rfnrngsf] ljsf;sf lglDt lgDg lnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5M s_ ljBfyL{sf] k7gkf7g / cfr/0f ;'wf/df ljBfnon] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cleefjs, lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf k|ltlglwx¿ Ps} 7fpFdf h'6L Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;xdt x'g] . v_ ljBfnosf] hLjg / ;+:sf/df ;Rrl/q lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ ljifodf lzIfsx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg] . u_ cleefjsx¿ / gful/s ;dfhsf JolStx¿;Fu ljBfyL{sf] cfr/0f Jojxf/sf ljifodf ;xsfo{ ug]{ . ljBfno ;'zf;gsf lglDt oL kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . ljBfnosf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿, h:t}M cleefjs, /fhgLlt1, lzIfs, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf JolStx¿, ljBfnonfO{ ljleGg sf]0faf6 of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] gful/sx¿, jf bftfx¿, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿, :yfgLo tx / lgsfosf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/L, ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf]
cfk;L 5nkmn / k/fdz{af6 ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmd, k7gkf7g / d"Nofª\sgk4lt, ljBfnosf] ef}lts ;+/rgf / ;/;'ljwfx¿, lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL / cfk"lt{ Joj:yf, ljQLo ;|f]tsf] k|aGwh:tf dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf 5nkmn u/L ;'wf/ ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . ;do–;dodf o;k|sf/sf] cEof; x'Fb} uof] eg] ljBfnosf] ljleGg kIfdf ;'wf/ eP/ hgck]Iffcg'¿k ljBfnosf] ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug{ g;lsg] x'Fb}g . cd]l/sL e"tk"j{ /fi6«klt ljlnod h]km/;g lan lSnG6gn] ;Rrl/q lzIff;DaGwL ;Dd]ngx¿sf] cfof]hgf u/fP/ dflg;sf] cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/ ;'wf/ ug{ /fd|} k|of; u/] . kl5 ha hh{ 8ANf"= a'z /fi6«klt ag] pgn] klg cl3Nnf] lSng6g k|zf;gn] ;'? u/]sf] cfr/0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cem lj:tf/ u/] / lzIff If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] sfo{;"rLdf ;Rrl/q lzIffnfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fVg yfn] . o; lsl;dsf] k|of;af6 cd]l/sfdf c;n gful/s tof/ ug{ 7"nf] d2t k'u]sf] lyof] .
@=@=# ;Rrl/q lzIffk|fKt JolStsf ;b\u'0f ljBfyL{df ;Rrl/q lzIffaf6 ljsf; x'Fb} hfg] ;b\u'0f tyf ljlzi6 nIf0fx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M s_ ;fxl;s u'0fM ;fg} pd]/b]lv cfr/0fo'St lzIffk|fKt afnaflnsfx¿df c;n u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; x'Fb}cfPsf] x'G5 . pgLx¿df sl7g kl/l:yltsf] klg ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] cfF6 x'G5, Xofp x'G5 . v_ Gofok"0f{ Jojxf/M ;fyLefO tyf O:6ldql;t /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{, cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L tyf st{Joaf]w u/L lglZrt ;Ldfleq /xg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . u_ OdfGbf/LM Jojxf/df ;/ntf tyf lgisk6tfsf] ljsf; x'Fb} uPkl5 pgLx¿dflysf] ljZjf; a9\5 / e/–kTof/ kg{ ;lsg] x'G5 . 3_ cg'zfl;t Jojxf/M c:jfefljs nf]e–nfnr gu/L ;+oldt / dof{lbt /xg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ª_ lhDd]jf/Laf]wM af]nL / Jojxf/ Psgf;sf] x'g], st{Joaf]wsf ;fy lqmofzLn /xg] x'G5 . r_ ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/M c¿k|lt cfb/efj /fVg] tyf c¿sf] ts{ ;'Gg] / ljrf/nfO{ dxŒj lbg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 5_ s[t1 x'g]M c¿af6 k|fKt ;xof]u k|lt s[t1 /xg], wGojfb lbg ?rfpg] :jefj a:b} hfG5 . h_ ;x[boLM c¿sf] Vofn /fVg], bofjfg, pbf/, IfdfzLn tyf c¿sf] lxt–enf] lrtfpg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . em_ nugzLn :jefjM /fd|f] p2]Zosf nflu w}o{tfk"j{s tyf b[9tfk"j{s lg/Gt/ nflu kg]{ u'0fsf] ljsf;
x'G5 . `_ b]zelQmsf] efjgfM dft[e"ldnfO{ dfof ug]{ Ps jkmfbf/ gful/ssf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 6_ dfgjLo Jojxf/M cfˆgf] :jfefljs ;Ldfleq /xg / c¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{ ?rfpg] u'0fsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 7_ k/f]ksf/sf] efjgf /fVg]M leqL dgb]lv c;xfo tyf b'MvL dflg;x¿sf] ;xof]u tyf pksf/ ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 9_ k|fyldstfsf] Vofn /fVg]M s'g} klg s'/fsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj a'emL Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] sfo{s'zntf tyf Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . 0f_ tYoåf/f Joj:yfkg ug]{M oyfy{ j:t'l:ylt / ;To– tYosf cfwf/df s'/f ug]{ / lqmofzLn x'g] JolQmTj lgdf{0f x'G5 . t_ of]hgf agfpg]M s'g} sfo{ ug'{eGbf klxn] of]hgf agfpg], sfof{Gjog ug]{, r]s ug]{ / ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg] cfbt a;]sf] x'G5 . oL s'/fx¿ u'0fjQf ljBfyL{sf nIf0f x'g\ .
@=@=$ u'0f:t/Lo JolQmTj lgdf{0f s;/L ug]{ < clxn]sf] w"ldn jftfj/0fdf u'0fjQf JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ 5g\ . t/ klg JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf nflu lglZrt sfo{of]hgf agfO{ k"0f{ k|lta4tfsf ;fy cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 / To;af6 cfŒd–;'emfj k|fKt eP/ qmdzM JolQmTj lgdf{0f x'Fb} hfg ;S5 . To;sf nflu lglDglnlvt lsl;daf6 cfŒd–;'emfj lng ;lsG5M s_ d kl/>d ug{ / c¿sf] ;xof]u ug{ k5fl8 klb{g . v_ d}n] c¿n] eg]sf] af]n]sf] s'/f Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] u5'{ . u_ d}n] c¿sf] ;'v–b'Mvsf] Vofn ug]{ / c¿k|lt rf;f] /fVg] u5'{ . 3_ d}n] g/fd|f] afgL Joxf]/f Tofu u/L /fd|f] afgL–Joxf]/f a;fN5' . ª_ d 3d08 ulb{g, ;a};Fu ldqjt\ Jojxf/ u5'{ . r_ d OdfGbf/ tyf ljZjf;of]Uo 5', d]/f] e/ kg{ x'G5 . 5_ d cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/Lk|lt ;r]t 5', k|fKt lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ tTk/ 5' . h_ d cfF6L tyf ;fx;L 5' / d}n] d]/f] kl/jf/, ;dfh / d'n'snfO{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5' . b}lgs¿kdf oL s'/fx¿sf] leqL dgn] cEof; ub}{ hfg] xf] eg] dxŒj"0f{ s'/fx¿sf] af]w x'Fb} hfG5 / cfTdansf] ljsf; x'G5 . lsgeg] ljrf/ anjfg x'G5 . cfk"m s'g} klg sfd ug{ ;S5' eGg] c7f]6sf ;fy nflu kg]{ xf] eg] ;'?df sl7g g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
13
nfUg] sfd klg ;kmntfk"j{s k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 k"0f{ JolQmTjsf] ljsf; x'G5 . of] u'0f:t/Lo JolQmTj lgdf{0fsf] Ps pQd cEof; x'g ;S5 . dxfTdf ufGwLn] …;wF} cfˆgf] ljrf/, af]nL / Jojxf/df ;fd~h:o Nofpg] p2]Zo /fv . ;wF} cfˆgf ljrf/x¿nfO{ z'4Ls/0f ug]{ p2]Zo n]pm clg x/]s sfd /fd|f] x'g]5 Ú eGg] ug'{ x'GYof] .
t:jL/M gjfuGt'snfO{ :jfut ub}{ Ps afns
ljBfyL{df c;n rfnrngsf] ljsf; ug{ ljBfno kl/jf/, cleefjs, ljBfyL{, ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ ;a}sf] ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 . c;n rfnrng tyf rfl/lqs ljifonfO{ ljBfnosf] kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]z ug'{kb{5 / ljBfnosf] hLjgz}nL tyf ;+:sf/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kb{5, hxfF k|rlnt d"No–dfGotf, ljZjf;, k/Dk/fdf jfl~5t kl/jt{g Nofpg'kb{5 .
@=# ;dfh / /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj @=#=! ;dfhk|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj ljBfyL{ hLjg cfk"mnfO{ /fd|f] agfpg] ;do xf] . c;n u'0fx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ ;do klg oxL xf] . t;y{, klxnf] k|fyldstf k9fO g} x'g'kb{5 . t/, To;f] eGb}df Ps ;Ifd gful/ssf b[li6n] ;fdflhs st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g ldNb}g . cfˆgf] 3/ kl/jf/nufot ;dfhk|ltsf lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kb{5 . dfgj hLjg ;jf]{Ts[i6 hLjg xf] . ;dfhdf /xFbf xfdLn] cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfPsf x'G5f}+ . cfjZos kbf{ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿af6 ;xof]u kfO/x]sf x'G5f}+ . PSnf] dx;"; ug'{kg]{ cj:yf kb}{g . ;Fu;Fu} ;fdflhs sfddf nfUbf /dfOnf] x'G5 / v';L klg eOG5 . ;dfhdf ljleGg ;d'bfo x'G5g\ . tL ;d'bfox¿ ldn]/ g} ;dfh ag]sf] x'G5 . dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'Fbf ;dfhk|lt p;sf s]xL lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTjx¿ x'G5g\ . tL lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjx¿ p;n] k"/f ug'{kb{5 . ;dfhdf ;Sbf] ;]jf k'¥ofpg' x/]s JolStsf] st{Jo xf] . dflg;dfq Ps To:tf] ;r]t k|f0fL xf], h;n] ;d:t hLjhGt'sf] ;]jf ug]{ / v';L;fy hLjg latfpg] cd"No cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'Fbf h:tf] cfgGb c¿ s]xL x'Fb}g . hLjgnfO{ ;kmn agfpg' 5 14
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
eg] cfˆgf] nflu dfq sfd u/]/ k'Ub}g, 6f]n–5/l5d]s / cfk"m a;]sf] ;dfhsf c¿ dfl;x¿sf] lxtdf klg sfd ug'{kb{5 . ;fdflhs lxt / enfOsf nflu klg s]xL ;do lbg'kb{5 . ;dfh ;]jf ug{ ?k}ofF–k};f rflxG5 eGg] klg 5}g . ;dfh ;]jfk|ltsf] b[9 OR5f ePdfq klg k'U5 . ?k}ofF–k};f geP klg dfgj ;]jfdf ;+nUg x'g ;lsG5 . dflg;n] ;fdflhs sfdsf nflu klg ;do 5'6\ofpg'kb{5, cfˆgf]dfq} sfddf nfu]/ x'Fb}g . ;fdflhs ;]jf ;Ddflgt sfd ePsf] x'Fbf o;df nfUg] dflg;x¿nfO{ ;a}n] cfb/ ub{5g\ . db/ 6]/];f, ˆnf]/]G; gfOl6ª\un ljZj k|lz4 ;dfh;]jL x'g\ . lgM:jfy{ ;]jfsf nflu pgLx¿ ;bf :d/0fLo / cfb/of]Uo 5g\ . ef/tdf cGgf xhf/], ljgf]bf efj], bofgGb ;/:jtL k|lz4 ;dfh;]jL x'g\ . g]kfnsf :j= bofjL/ l;+x s+;fsf/nufot y'k|} gfd rn]sf ;dfh;]jLx¿ 5g\ . xfdLn] 7"nf–7"nf ;dfh ;]jfsf sfdx¿dfq ug'{kb{5 eGg] 5}g . ;dfhdf cfOk/]sf ;;fgf sfdaf6 klg 7"n} of]ubfg k'Ug;S5 . clxn] afUdtL gbLsf] ;kmfO cleofgn] 7"nf] rrf{ kfPsf] 5 . o;df s] ljBfyL{, s] sd{rf/L, s] Jofkf/L ;a} g} pT;fxk"j{s ;+nUg 5g\ . of] klg ;dfh ;]jfsf] ultnf] pbfx/0f xf] . of] cleofg b]v]/ sf7df8f}+ aflx/sf gbL gfnfx¿df klg ;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . of] ;a}sf nflu v';Lsf] ljifo xf] . o;df g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj nLnfd0fL kf}8]nsf] ;x|fgLo ;dGjofŒds e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
@=#=@ /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] bfloŒj dft[e"ld :ju{eGbf klg dxfg\ x'G5 . g]kfn ;'Gb/ / wd{–;+:s[lt, / k/Dk/fsf b[li6n] ljljwtfsf] d'n's xf] . xfdLx¿nfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ljljwtfsf] uj{ 5 . h;/L xfdLnfO{ hGd lbg] cfdfn] lgM:jfy{ efjaf6 xfd|f] x]/ljrf/ ePsf] x'G5, 7Ls To;}u/L dft[e"ldn] xfdLnfO{ /fli6«o klxrfg lbPsf] x'G5 . ljZjdf st} uOof] eg] ToxfF xfdLn] g]kfnL eg]/ zL/ 7f8f] kfg{ ;Sg] x'G5f}+ . To;}n] cfˆgf] dft[e"ldk|lt s]xL g s]xL g}lts st{Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . To:tf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ / st{Jo kfng ug{ cfk"m klg ;Ifd / OdfGbf/ x'g ;Sg'kb{5 . Pp6f lhDd]jf/ gful/sn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] pGglt–k|ultsf nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] e"ldsf lgefpg ;Sg'kb{5M @=#=@=! P]g–sfg'gsf] kfng ug'{ cfw'lgs nf]stflGqs d'n'sx¿df /fHodf ;'zf;g sfod /fVg] k|d'v cfwf/ eg]sf] sfg'gsf] zf;g xf] . /fHosf] b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf] kfngf ug'{ / c¿nfO{ kfngf ug{ ;3fpg' gful/ssf] bfloŒj xf] . sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{af6 c¿nfO{ /f]Sg' x'Fb}g, ;3fpg' kb{5 . @=#=@=@ dtbfgdf ;xefuL x'g' d'n'ssf] ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd dtflwsf/ k|fKt gful/sn] /fli6«o / :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rgdf
cfˆgf] dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . ;Ifd pDd]bjf/ 5fgL uf]Ko dtbfg ug'{kb{5 . cfk"mnfO{ dg k/]sf] of]Uo pDd]bjf/ 5fGg kfpg' gful/ssf] xs xf] . @=#=@=# ;/sf/L s/ b:t'/ ltg'{ /fHosf] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd ;/sf/åf/f lgwf{l/t s/, z'Ns tyf b:t'/ ;dod} ltg'{ ;a} gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . ;/sf/sf] cfDbfgLsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿dWo] s/ Ps ;|f]t xf] . hgtfåf/f lt/]sf] s/af6 ;/sf/n] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ug{ / gful/snfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ ljleGg zLif{sdf /sd ljlgof]hg ub{5 . kf/bzL{ lx;faaf6 Joj;fo ug]{ / /fHonfO{ w]/} s/ ltg]{sf] 7"nf] ;Ddfg x'G5 . @=#=@=$ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ ;8s, af6f], jg–hª\un, P]ltxfl;s ejg, d7–dlGb/, dl:hb, gbL gfnf, :t'kf, kfs{, rf}/, :s"n, sn]h, k':tsfno, v]nd}bfg, a;kfs{, ljdfg:ynh:tf ;Dkbf ;fj{hlgs k|of]usf ;Dkbf x'g\ . o; lsl;dsf ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf] pkof]u ug'{ ;a} gful/snfO{ ;dfg xs x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs ;DklQx¿ ;/sf/ tyf ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg gful/sn] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQ / c¿ dflg;sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;DklQsf] x:tIf]k / lxgfldgf x'g lbg'x'Fb}g . @=#=@=% /fli6«o efjgf hfu[t kfg'{ x/]s dflg;n] cfˆgf] dft[e"ldk|lt jkmfbf/ x'g] / cGo gful/sx¿k|lt ;b\efj /fVg] sfd ug'{kb{5 . Ps–cfk;df Pstfsf] efjgf hufpg' kb{5 . cfhLjg dft[e"ldk|lt ;dlk{t /x]/ dft[e"ldsf nflu hLjg alnbfg lbg] elSt yfkf, cd/l;+x yfkf, aneb| s'Fj/h:tf xfd|f of]4f k"vf{x¿ uj{ ug{ nfos 5g\ . xfdL pgLx¿k|lt k"0f{tM C0fL 5f}+, gtd:ts 5f}+ . pgLx¿sf] C0f slxNo} r'Stf ug{ ;lsFb}g . cfbz{ gful/sn] ;w}F dft[e"ldsf] lxtdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿df /fli6«o efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g' cfjZos 5 . cfˆgf] /fi6« / /fli6«otfk|lt uj{ ug'{kb{5 . @=#=@=^ /fli6«o lxt tyf hgsNof0f x'g] sfddf ;+nUg x'g' c;n gful/sn] cfˆgf] d'n'ssf nflu cfGtl/s jf afXo¿kdf s'g} lsl;dsf] vt/f pTkGg x'g] l:yltsf] d"Nofª\sg / ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] ;fdYo{ /fVg'kb{5 . ljkGg tyf c;xfo dflg;x¿k|lt x]o b[li6n] x]g'{ x'Fb}g . cfGtl/s tyf afXo d'n'saf6 cfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] ;Tsf/ ug'{kb{5, pgLx¿;Fu /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . @=#=@=& ;fdflhs Gofodf an k'¥ofpg' /fi6«df cdg–r}g / ;d[l4 x'Fb} uof] eg] gful/s klg v';L–/fhL;Fu a:g ;S5g\ . To;sf/0f /fi6«sf] pGglt–k|ult x'g] / ;fdflhs Gofo :yflkt x'g] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
s;}k|lt lyrf]ldrf] ug'{ x'Fb}g . s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] cGofo ;a}lt/sf] cGofo xf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dgg\ ug'{kb{5 . @=#=@=* :jR5 jftfj/0f sfod /fVg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' cfˆgf] 3/, 6f]n–l5d]ssf] ;/;kmfOdf plrt Wofg lbg'kb{5 . jftfj/0f :jR5 /fVg ;Sg'kb{5 . lglb{i7 :yfgdf dfq kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] Tofu ug'{kb{5 . kmf]x/ hDdf ug]{ /fVg] plrt k|aGw ug'{kb{5 . jftfj/0f :jR5 gx'Fbf dflg;df ljleGg /f]ux¿ nfUg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . oL t eP gd'gfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] /fi6«k|ltsf gful/s bfloŒj . o;sf cltl/St gful/ssf y'k|} st{Jo / bfloŒjx¿ x'G5g\ ,h;sf] lgjf{x ;a} ;Rrf gful/sn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . -;xhstf{n] gful/s lhDd]jf/Lsf] lj:t[tLs/0f ug{ / s]–s] 5g\, cEof; u/fpg ;Sg]_
@=$ ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf kfng ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f @=$=! ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/ ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf xs–clwsf/x¿af/] hfgsf/L /fVg'kb{5 . ;fdfGotof ljBfyL{sf clwsf/x¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M n g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgåf/f lgwf{l/t g]kfnL gful/sn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;a} xs–clwsf/x¿ ljBfyL{sf nflu klg ;'/lIft 5g\ . ljBfyL{sf nflu cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf, wfld{s :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s ljBfno kl/;/df hDdf e]nf x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf x'G5 . n dof{lbt hLjg afFRg kfpg] clwsf/, jfs\ tyf k|sfzg :jtGqtf, zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] jf ;ª\3 / ;+:yf;Fu cfj4 x'g kfpg] :jtGqtf 5 . ljBfyL{sf] hft jf ;d'bfo, efiff jf wd{sf cfwf/df pgLx¿nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g' x'Fb}g . s'g} ljBfyL{sf] hft jf 5'jf5"tsf cfwf/df s;}k|lt j:t', ;]jf jf ;'ljwfx¿df lje]b ul/P Tof] b08gLo x'G5 . n g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf lgMz'Ns k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffsf] clwsf/ ;dfj]z 5 . afnaflnsf / dlxnfsf] lglDt ljz]if clwsf/x¿ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf 5g\ . n ;a}nfO{ cfˆgf] wd{ dfGg kfpg] clwsf/ 5, t/ of] clwsf/ cfk"m hGdFbfsf] wd{df dfq nfu" x'G5 . ljBfyL{nfO{ s'g} lsl;dsf] kIfkft tyf e]befj/lxt Jojxf/ kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . s'g} hft, wd{, lnË, pd]/, tf}n, cUnf] xf]rf], kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgL, kfl/jfl/s k];f–Joj;fo, s'g} lsl;dsf] c;Ifdtf, /fhgLlts cf:yf ljZjf;h:tf j}olSts ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ kfO{+b}g . n ljBfyL{nfO{ ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf] ;"rgfk|fKt ug{ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
15
kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$ cg';f/ cfd–ljBfyL{ af/]sf ;"rgf jf cfˆgf] JolStut¿kdf cfjZos k/]sf] / ljBfnoaf6 k|fKt x'g] ;"rgf kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . n ljBfyL{nfO{ k|fl1s :jtGqtf x'G5 . ljBfnodf cfˆgf] sIff sf]7fdf cfk"mn] hfg]sf] ljifodf c¿nfO{ l;sfpg / cfk"mn] l;Sg rfx]sf] ljifo c¿af6 l;Sg kfpg], l;Sg ;Sg] clwsf/ x'G5 . n ljBfnodf cleJolStsf] :jtGqtf x'G5 . JolStut ¿kdf jf ;fd"lxs¿kdf ljBfyL{sf xs clwsf/sf] ljifodf :jtGq¿kdf 5nkmn ug]{, ;f]wk'5 ug]{, / cfˆgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . n ljz'4 z}lIfs sfo{s"zntfsf] cfwf/df s'g} lsl;dsf] kIfkft/lxt ¿kdf cfk"m d"Nofª\lst x'g kfpg] xs x'G5 . o; ;DaGwdf s;}n] kIfkft ug{ ldNb}g . n ljBfyL{sf xslxt;DaGwL ;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng jf vf]lnPsf ;+3–;+:yfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg], hDdf e]nf eP/ a}7s ug{, 5nkmn ug{ ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{ :jtGq /xG5g\ . n ljBfyL{sf cfjlws k|sfzgx¿df z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ljifodf :jtGqtfk"j{s n]v–/rgfx¿ k|sfzg ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf /xG5 . cfˆgf] ?rLsf ljifodf n]Vg / k|sfzg ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . t/, c¿nfO{ nf~5gf nfUg] u/L n]Vg / k|sfzg ug{ x'Fb}g . o;df 5'6 x'g ;Sb}g . n ljBfnosf] jftfj/0fdf s'g} afwf–Jojwfg gx'g] u/L ljBfyL{n] zflGtk"0f{¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] lxtljk/Lt x'g nfu]sf] jf ePsf] ljifosf] lj¿4df k|bz{g ug{ jf lj/f]w ug{ kfpF5g\ . t/, o:tf] lj/f]w u/fO{ ;Eo / dof{lbt¿kdf x'g'kb{5 . n ljBfyL{nfO{ JolStut zf]if0faf6 ;+/lIft x'g kfpg] xs x'G5 . s;}n] s'g} k|sf/af6 zf]if0f ug{ kfpFb}g . -;xhstf{åf/f ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/sf ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsg]_
@=$=@ ljBfno, u'?ju{ / cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo @=$=@=! ljBfnok|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jox¿ n k|rlnt z}lIfs lgodx¿åf/f ljBfnox¿df ;':yflkt k4ltcg';f/ cfk"mn] l;Sg] / cfˆgf] z}lIfs sfo{s"zntf ;kmntfk"j{s b;f{pg] ljBfyL{sf] lhDd]jf/L x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] k|ultsf nflu o; lsl;dsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . n ljBfnoåf/f lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofsf] ;Gbe{df z}lIfs Sofn]08/, ;dotflnsf, 5fqj[lQsf] k|fjwfg, 16
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
k/LIff k4lt, glthf k|sfzg, cltl/St lqmofsnfk cflb ljifosf s'g} dfkb08 jf cfrf/;+lxtfx¿ lgdf{0f u/L hf/L ul/Psf] eP ;f]sf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo tyf bfloŒj x'G5 . n sIff sf]7fdf jf ljBfno kl/;/df ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/ lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofk|lt ;sf/fTds x'g'kb{5 . k|Œo'Tkfbs Jojxf/ x'g'x'Fb}g . z}lIfs lgod / k];fut dof{bfsf] Vofn ug'{kb{5 . n ljBfnodf s'g} kf];fs tf]lsPsf] eP pSt kf];fs nufpg' ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . ljBfnoaf6 ljz]if ;df/f]x, kl/l:ylt / cj;/df hf/L ePsf] ;"rgfsf] kfngf ug'{ ljBfyL{sf] st{Jo x'g]5 . n s'g} x8\tfn, wgf{ jf ¥ofnLsf] qmddf s'g} JolSt jf ;d"xnfO{ nlIft u/L ufnL–unf}h ug{ kfO{+b}g / s'g} lsl;dsf] zf/Ll/s xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . n ljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf] ;DklQsf] ;+/If0f ug'{kb{5, xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg' x'Fb}g . xfgL–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofP b08gLo x'G5 . ljBfnosf lqmofsnfkdf hfgL– hfgL Jojwfg pTkGg ug'{x'Fb}g . s;}nfO{ wDSofpg t;f{pg x'Fb}gÙ ldqefj /fVg'kb{5 . -;xhstf{åf/f ljBfyL{sf st{Jo tyf bfloŒjsf ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg ;lsg]_
ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%(sf] lgod !#$ df b]xfocg';f/sf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5M s_ lzIfssf] cf1fkfng / cfb/ ug'{kg]{, v_ ljBfnodf jf aflx/ hxfF;'s} cg'zf;gdf /xg'kg]{, u_ /fli6«otf, efiff / ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf] lgldQ ;w} k|oTgzLn /xg'kg]{, 3_ ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf ;lqmo¿kdf efu lng'kg]{, ª_ ;a};Fu lzi6 Jojxf/ ug'{kg]{, r_ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cGo cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{ . ljBfyL{n] hfgL /fVg'kg]{ lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( df ePsf] cGo Joj:yf /fli6«o ufg ufpg kg]{M ljBfnodf dgfOg] ;df/f]xsf] k|f/Dedf /fli6«o ufg ufpg' kg]{5 . em08f]Qf]ng ug'{kg]{M ljBfnodf dgfOg] k|To]s ;df/f]xsf] k|f/Dedf /fli6«o em08f]Qf]ng ug'{ kg]{5 . ljBfyL{sf] kf]zfsM ljBfnon] ljBfyL{sf] nflu Ps} lsl;dsf], sd vlr{nf], ;fwf/0f, /fli6«otf emNsfpg]
/ xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] kf]zfs tf]Sg ;Sg]5 . ljBfnon] ljBfnoaf6} kf]zfs lng ljBfyL{nfO{ afWo u/fpg x'Fb}g .
;fdfGotof ljBfno÷pRr dfWolds ljBfnox¿df ljBfyL{ egf{ ubf{ ljBfyL{n] ckgfpg'kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf ljifodf olb ljBfyL{n] ljBfnosf] lgod gdfg]df ljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ h'g;'s} sf/afxL u/] klg d]/f]–xfd|f] d~h'/ 5 egL cleefjssf] d~h"/L lng] u/]sf] kfG5 . b[i6fGt tn k|:t't 5M
cd/ Hof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno :o"rf6f/–%, sf7df8f}+
ljBfnodf ljBfyL{n] ckgfpg'kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf != lzIfssf] cf1f kfng / cfb/ ug'{kg]{5 . @= /fli6«otf, efiff, / ;+:s[ltsf] pTyfgsf] lgldQ ;w}F k|oTglzn /xg'kg]{5 . #= ljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmdf ;lqmo¿kdf ;xefuL x'g'kg]{5 . $= ljBfyL{n] ;w}+ lzi6 Joxf/ ug'{kg]{5 . %= ljBfnodf cfpFbf ljBfnon] tf]s]sf] kf];fs -8«];_ clgjfo{ nufpg' kg]{5 . ^= ljBfno cfO{ 3/ hfg' k/]df jf labf a:g' k/]df sIff lzIfs jf O~rfh{nfO{ clgjfo{ ;"rgf lbg'kg]{5 . &= 5fqn] skfn 5f]6f] agfpg' kg]{5 . *= ljBfnoleq jf ljBfno aflx/ cg'zf;gsf] kfngf gu/L s'g} cg'zf;gljk/Lt sfo{ u/]sf] kfOPdf ljBfnoaf6 lgsflng]5 . (= ljBfyL{x¿n] cf}F7L, 6k, afnfh:tf s'g} klg j:t'sf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg]5}g . oL dflysf ;t{x¿ d~h'/ 5 . olb ljBfnosf] lgod gdfg]df ljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ h'g;'s} sf/afxL u/] klg d]/f]–xfd|f] d~h'/ 5 . cleefjssf] gfdM 7]ufgf M kmf]g g+= df]jfOn g+=M = ;|f]tM cd/ Hof]lt pRr dfWolds ljBfno @=$=@=@ u'?ju{k|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jox¿ ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf lzIfs jf u'?ju{k|lt s]xL st{Jo lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ s]xL st{Jox¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M n ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf lzIfsx¿nfO{ cfb/efj bzf{pg'k5{ . n lzIfsk|lt g/fd|f] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g .
n lzIfssf] cufl8 lh2L ug'{ /fd|f] x'Fb}g . n cfjZostfcg';f/ lzIfsnfO{ ;3fpg'k5{ . n cfk"mn] ghfg]sf] s'/f lzIfsl;t lzi6tfk"j{s ;f]Wg'k5{ . n lgoldt¿kdf u[xsfo{ u/L lzIfsnfO{ hFrfpg'k5{ . n lzIfssf] s'/f sf6\g], lgGbf ug]{ jf r'SnL nfpg]h:tf] Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . n sIffsf]7fdf cg'zfl;t eP/ a:g'k5{ . n cfˆgf] sIffdf lgoldt¿kdf pkl:yt x'g] / lzIfsn] k9fpFbf Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg'k5{ . n lzIfssf] ljifodf uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg l;Sg'k5{, hyfefjL af]Ng]] ug'{ x'Fb}g . n lzIfsnfO{ ;Ddfgsf ¿kdf clejfbg ug'{k5{ . n lzIfsn] k9fO/x]sf] ;dodf xNnf ug]{ / afwf k'¥ofpg] sfd ug'{ x'Fb}g . @=$=@=# cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsk|lt ljBfyL{sf st{Jo cfˆgf cfdf–afa'k|lt slxNo} r'Stf ug{ g;lsg] C0f x'G5 eGg] s'/f a'‰b} ljBfyL{n] cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿k|lt k"/f ug'{kg]{ st{Josf s]xL b[i6fGt tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M n ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿sf] cf1f kfng ug'{k5{ . n cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿k|lt cfb/ tyf ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ . n cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg] / dgdf lng] ug'{k5{ . n cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjssf] lrQ b'vfpg' x'Fb}g, v';L /fVg'k5{ . n cfˆgf] k9fOsf] af/]df cfdf–afa' tyf cleefes;Fu s'/f ug]{ ;Nnfx ug]{ ug'{k5{ . n a[4fj:yfdf cfdf–afa'sf] /fd|f] :ofxf/–;Dxf/ ug'{k5{ . n cfdf–afa'n] cfˆgf ;Gtfgsf] clxt lrtfpFb}gg\ eGg] s'/f dgdf lng'k5{ . n s'g} klg sfd cfk}mFdf ;fgf] x'Fb}g . cfˆgf] k9fOsf] ;fy–;fy} 3/sf] sfddf ;do lbP/ c¿nfO{ ;3fpg'k5{ . n 3/df cfˆgf] sfd cfk}mF ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ 3/sf ;b:ox¿n] cGo sfddf Wofg lbg EofpF5g\ .
@=% lzIfssf] e"ldsf ljBfnodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ljBfno k|zf;gsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /xG5 . z}lIfs ;'zf;g sfod /fVg lzIfsx¿sf] klg plQs} e"ldsf / bfloŒj x'G5 . lzIf0f / l;sfO k|lqmofnfO{ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
17
bIf / k|efjsf/L agfpg pgLx¿sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . pgLx¿ klg cfk}mF cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt x'g'kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] klg cfr/0f / Jojxf/ /fd|f] x'g' kb{5 . ljBfnodf pgLx¿sf] lgoldttfn] k7gkf7g k|lqmofdf 7"nf] k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . sIffdf x'g] pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ lgikIf / ;dfj]zL x'g'kb{5 . ;a} ljBfyL{k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ x'g'kb{5 . lzIfs sIffsf]7fdf hfg'eGbf klxn] k9fpg'kg]{ ljifodf k"0f{ tof/Lsf ;fy hfg'kb{5 . cfˆgf] ljifodf ljBfyL{af6 k|fKt lh1f;fnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ;Sg'kb{5 . cl3Nnf] lbgsf] sIffsf] ljifosf] k|ltkf]if0f lnFb} gofF kf7 ;'? ug'{kb{5 . lzIfsx¿n] klg cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . ljBfyL{sf k9fOsf ;DaGwdf k|f= 8f= ljBfgfy sf]O/fnf eGg'x'G5– ælzIfsnfO{ ;a} ljBfyL{n] lg/LIf0f ug'{k5{ . To;f] ePdf lzIfs ;hu x'G5 . ljBfyL{n] k9\b}gg\ eGg] lzIfssf] u'gf;f] cfpg] u/]sf] 5, lsg k9\b}gg\ eGg] lzIfsn] g} cWoog ug'{k5{ / ;dfwfgsf] af6f] b]vfpg'k5{ . ljBfyL{df k|Zg ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . ljBfnodf /fhgLlt gx'g], /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g] / lzIfsn] /fd|f];Fu k9fpg] xf] eg] glthf w]/} /fd|f] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos ljBfnonfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf klxn] lzIfsnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ . lzIfsn] kf7\ok':ts, kf7\oqmd ePg eg]df lzIfsnfO{ g} ljsNk s] xf], Tof] ug{ nufpg'k5{ . /fd|f] k9fpg] lzIfssf] /fd|f] d"Nofª\sg ug'{k5{ .Æ
lzIff lgodfjnLdf plNnlvt cfrf/;+lxtf b[i6fGtsf ¿kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M
lzIfsn] kfng ug'{kg]{ cfrf/;+lxtf lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b–@@ lgod !## df lzIfsn] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cfrf/;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5M -s_ cfk"mnfO{ v6fPsf] 7fpFdf uO{ tf]lsPsf] sfd ug'{kg]{, -v_ lgwf{l/t ;dodf lgoldt¿kn] ljBfnodf cfP uPsf] ;do hgfO{ xflh/ x'g'kg]{ / klxn] labfsf] cg'dlt glnO{ ljBfnodf cg'kl:yt x'g' gx'g], -u_ cfˆgf] ;]jf;DaGwL s'/fdf dtna ;fWo ug]{ dg;fon] s;}dfly klg s'g} /fhgLlts jf cjf~5gLo k|efj kfg{ jf k|efj kfg]{ k|oTg ug'{ gx'g], -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfnL hgtfsf] kf/:kl/s ;DaGwdf jf s'g} ljb]zL /fi6«;Fusf] ;DaGwdf vnn kg{ ;Sg] u/L cfˆgf] jf:tljs jf sfNklgs gfdaf6 jf a]gfdL s'g} n]v k|sflzt ug{ jf k|];nfO{ s'g} va/ lbg jf /]l8of] jf 6]lnlehg cflbh:tf ;"rgf dfWodåf/f efif0f k|;fl/t ug{ jf s'g} ;fj{hlgs efif0f lbg jf jQmJo k|sflzt ug{ gx'g], 18
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-ª_ ljBfyL{nfO{ of]Uo gful/s agfpg] p2]Zo lnO{ cWoog / cWofkgnfO{ cfˆgf] d'Vo nIo ;Demg'kg]{, -r_ cf1fsfl/tf, cg'zf;g, ;b\efjgf, ;xof]u, ;bfrf/, ;xfg'e"lt, w}o{ / ;Rrl/qtfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'kg]{, -5_ s'g} efiff, ;Dk|bfo tyf wd{lj/f]wL efjgf lzIfs tyf ljBfyL{ ju{df km}nfpg gx'g], -h_ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsn] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lhNnf lzIff clwsf/Lsf] :jLs[lt glnO{ cfk"m jxfn /x]sf] ljBfno aflx/ sfd ug{ gx'g], -em_ ljBfno jf z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] dfWodåf/f /fli6«o efjgf hfu[t u/L b]zdf efjgfTds Pstf Nofpg sfd ug'{kg]{, -`_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / cv08tfdf cfFr cfpg] u/L b]zsf] zflGt, ;'/Iff, j}b]lzs ;DaGw / ;fj{hlgs dof{bf tyf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf s'g} klg sfof{no jf clws[tsf] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t st{Jo k"/f ug{df afwf–lj/f]w x'g] u/L k|bz{g, x8\tfn, y'g5]s tyf 3]/fp ug{ gx'g] . pSt lgodfjnLdf …o; cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfng eP– gePsf] clen]v lzIfsx¿sf] xsdf k|wfgfWofksn] / k|wfgfWofkssf] xsdf Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] /fVg'kg]{5 / cfrf/;+lxtf kfng gePsf] eP To;sf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5Ú eGg];d]t pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
@=^ cleefjssf] e"ldsf cWoog/t cfˆgf afnaflnsfx¿k|lt cfdf–afa' tyf cleefjsx¿sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . b[i6fGtsf nflu s]xL e"ldsfx¿ lgDgcg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M s_ afnaflnsfnfO{ pgLx¿sf] ?rLcg';f/sf] ljifo 5fGg / k9\g ;3fpg], v_ u[xsfo{ u/]–gu/]sf] hfgsf/L lng] / To;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug]{, u_ cfˆgf afnaflnsfnfO{ v/fa ;ª\ut / cfr/0faf6 hf]ufpg cWoog / cGo /rgfTds sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg], 3_ ;kmn l;sfOsf lglDt cleefjs, ljBfyL{, / lzIfsx¿aLr ljleGg dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/ ;~rf/;DaGw sfod /fVg] -e]63f6, kmf]g, Od]n cflb_, ª_ 3/df afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOsf] pko'St jftfj/0f agfpg], l;sfOdf ;3fpg], r_ afnaflnsfsf] 1fg, ;Lk / ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ tyf c;n afgL–Joxf]/fsf] ljsf; ug{ pgLx¿sf ;d:of a'‰g] / ;dfwfg ug{ ;3fpg],
5_ afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ljBfno jf cGoq s'g} lsl;dsf] lx+;fdf kg{af6 hf]ufpg ;r]t /xg], ljBfno hfg gdfg]df To;sf] sf/0f kQf nufpg] / ljBfno hfg] jftfj/0f agfpg], h_ afnaflnsfsf] ;Gt'lnt vfgf, ef}lts lqmofsnfk, cf/fd tyf k"0f{ lgb|faf/] ;d'lrt Wofg lbg], em_ ljBfnosf] lgodx¿af/] /fd|f] hfgsf/L /fVg] / ;dosf] kfngfdf d2t ug]{, `_ ljBfnosf k|frfo{ / lzIfsx¿;Fu kl/lrt x'g] / lgoldt ;Dks{df /xg] cflb .
@=& d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ljBfnodf d"No lZfIffdf cfwfl/t ljleGg sfo{qmd tyf k|ltof]lutfx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\M -s_ k|bz{gL, l;sfO cfbfg–k|bfg -v_ jfbljjfb÷kIf ljkIfdf ax; -u_ k|jrg tyf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf
-3_ 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of -ª_ ;flxlTos sfo{qmd -sljtf jfrg, syf, gf6s_ -r_ ;fdfGo 1fg k|ltof]lutf -5_ snf tyf ;f+uLlts sfo{qmd -h_ ljBfno aflx/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t sfo{qmd -em_ cWoog e|d0f tyf v]ns"b sfo{qmd -`_ s'g} ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t eP/ k':ts cWoog -6_ k':tsfno cWoogsf] cEof; cflb . ljBfnodf o:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ljBfyL{ tyf cleefjsx¿nfO{ hLjgdf d"Nosf] dxQfsf] ljifodf hfu?s agfpg, ljifoj:t'pk/ ;+j]bgzLn x'g] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 . lzIfsx¿sf ljifok/s (Thematic) ;d"x lgdf{0f u/L hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf b[li6n] To:tf tYok/s;d"x dfkm{t ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . To;af6 ljBfyL{df d]nldnfk, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, ;d'bfo ;]jf, ;sf/fŒds k|lt:kwf{, cfTdljsf;, JolStŒj ljsf; tyf ;dfhLs/0fsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'Fb}hfg] dxŒjk"0f{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . o;df lzIfsx¿sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ljBfyL{sf] klg ;djo ;xhsf/L ;d"x lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
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19
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efu # ;'zf;g #=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL #=!=! ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff vf; u/]/ /fHoaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk / ;Daf]wg ul/g] dfldnfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf sfg'gL k|flwsf/ -cyf]l/6L_ sf] k|of]u ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} ;'zf;g jf c;n zf;g elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs jf ;+:yfut gLltut jf sfo{d"ns lg0f{o ug]{ / o:tf gLlt–lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|lqmofn] ;'zf;gnfO{ hgfpF5 . of] ;/sf/ jf ;/sf/ ;~rfngsf] kof{o xf]Og . ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf aLrdf x'g] ;Djfb, cGtlqm{of, 5nkmn, ;DaGw / ;~hfnaf6 o;sf] l;h{gf x'g] / s;n], s], slxn], s;/L k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] Plsg ug{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿aLr x'g] lg0f{ox¿, ;f}bfjfhL, ljleGg zlSt ;DaGwx¿ o;df ;dflji6 x'G5g\ . ;'zf;gsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ljZj a}+sn] u/]sf] / ;g\ !(() b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf], pQm ;dob]lv o;nfO{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] k"j{ ;t{sf ¿kdf /fVg nfluof] . ;'zf;gnfO{ ljleGg lgsfon] cf–cfˆg} tl/sfn] kl/eflift ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . ljwfyL{n] ljBfno uP klg x'G5, guP klg x'G5 . lzIfsn] s:tf] k9fPsf 5g\ eg]/ s;}n] x]b}{g . k|wfgfWofksn] dgv';L ljBfno aGb u5{g\ . ljBfnodf cfDbfgL / vr{sf] lx;fa klg /fd|/L /fVg] ul/Psf] 5}g . k|wfgfWofksn] lghL sfddf ljBfnosf] /sdsf] vr{ u5{g\ . ljwfyL{n] k9fO{ /fd|f] ePg eGbf klg ;'g'jfO{ x'g] u/]sf] 5}g . ljBfnodf ljwfyL{nfO{ vfg]kfgL / zf}rfno tyf a:g] a]~rsf] /fd|f] k|aGw klg 5}g . 5fqfx¿sf] nflu 5'§} zf}rfnosf] Joj:yf klg 5}g . lzIfsx¿n] 5fq / 5fqfdf klg e]befj ub{5g\ . ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf] pQ/ k'l:tsf slxn] x]g{ kfpFb}gg\ . ga'em]sf] s'/f ;f]Wbf lzIfs ems{G5g\ . glhs}sf] ljBfnonfO{ 5f]8]/ cGo ljBfnodf hfg] ljsNk klg 5}g . of] ljBfnodf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < of] ljBfnodf ;'zf;g 5}g eg]/ xfdL eGg ;S5f}+ .
;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut tyf ;+u7gfTds:t/df klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < xfd|f] ljBfnodf ;'zf;g s:tf] 5 < eGg]af/]df 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 / ;'zf;gdf ;d:of ePdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
pbfx/0f @M s'g} ufpFdf Pp6f dfWolds ljBfno 5 . o; ljBfnodf jflif{s ;do–tflnsf cg';f/ lgoldt¿kdf k9fO{ x'G5 . s'g} lzIfs gcfP klg csf]{ lzIfsn] k9fpg] Joj:yf ul/G5 . ;a} sIffsf] kf7\of+z ;dodf g} k"/f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;do–;dodf k/LIff x'G5 / k/LIffkmn klg lgwf{l/t ;dodf k|sfzg ul/G5 . ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ pgLx¿n] k/LIffdf s:tf] u/] eg]/ k[i7kf]if0f ul/G5, ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ / ;fy} n}hfg kfpF5g\ . ztk|ltzt ljBfyL{x¿ k/LIffdf /fd|f] cª\s NofO{ pQL0f{ x'G5g\ . k|wfgfWofksn] dlxg}lkR5] s'g lzIfsn] s:tf] k9fpg] ub{5 eg]/ x]g]{ u5{g\ . ljBfyL{x¿af6 klg lzIfssf] d"Nofª\sg x'g] Joj:yf 5 . /fd|f] gk9fpg] lzIfsnfO{ ljBfnon] x6fpg] u/]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL, zf}rfno / 8]:sa]~rsf] /fd|f] k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . :s"nsf] jftfj/0f /fd|f] 5 . cleefjs, lzIfs / ljwfyL{aLr lgoldt¿kdf cGtlqm{of x'g] ub{5 . ljBfnonfO{ k|fKt x'g] u/]sf] ;a} /sd tyf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljBfno lhNnfs} gd"gf ljBfnodf kb{5 . of] ljBfnodf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < o; ljBfnodf ;'zf;g /fd|f] 5 eg]/ xfdL eGg ;S5f}+ .
pbfx/0f !M s'g} ufpFdf Pp6f ljBfno 5 . ljBfnodf lzIfsx¿ ;dodf cfpFb}gg\, k7gkf7g klg lgoldt¿kdf
pbfx/0f #M s'g} Pp6f ufpF 5, hxfF dflg;x¿ gful/stf tyf ljleGg sfdsf] nflu l;kmfl/; lng, hGd–d[To'
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ljsf;sf] lglDt d'n'ssf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;|f]t–;fwg Joj:yfkgdf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;'zf;g elgG5 . —ljZj a}+s, !((@ n ljleGg txdf d'n'ssf] dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'zf;g elgG5 . —;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, !((& n ;dfhnfO{ zfl;t ug]{ k|lqmof jf tl/sfnfO{ g} ;'zf;g elgG5 . —jftfj/0f tyf ljsf;;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yf
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ljjfx btf{ ug{, ;fdflhs eQf lng, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] dfu ug{ hfG5g\ . t/, ufpFsf] sfof{nodf ;lrj slxNo} e]l6Fb}gg\, e]l6Oxfn] klg k};f glnO{ pgL s;}sf] klg s'g} sfd ub}{gg\ . pgL ufpFsf] 5fk, Kof8, r]sa's cfˆg} uf]hLdf /fvL lxF8\5g\ . ufpFsf] 7]Ssfk§f klg pgL cfˆgf dflg;nfO{ lbG5g\ . a[4a[4fn] eQf gkfPsf] klg w]/} eO;Sof] . /fhgLlts bn / 7"nf dflg;x¿ cfˆgf] ;fy ePsf] pgL wfs nufpF5g\ . pgsf] lj¿4 ph'/ ug{ ;a} 8/fpF5g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd klg cfkm"v';L afF8\5g\ . ufpFdf slt k};f cfof], s] df vr{ eof] < ufpFdf p7]sf] /sd cfˆg} k]jfh:tf] u5{g\ . ufpFsf dflg;nfO{ hfgsf/L lbFb}gg\ . ufpFdf w]/} jif{b]lv vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of 5 . ufpFdf nfvf}+ ¿k}ofF cfpF5, vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfdf vr{ ug{ eg]kl5 g;'g]e}mF u5{g\ . oL ;lrjb]lv ufpFsf ;a} dflg; jfSs–lbSs ePsf 5g\ . of] ufpF ;|f]t;fwgn] ;DkGg eP klg lgs} kl5 k/]sf] 5 . of] ufpFdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < of] ufpFdf ;'zf;g g} 5}g eGbf x'G5 .
lg0f{o ubf{ ckgfOG5 . o;df cfd–gful/s, ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] ;+nUgtf /xG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g eGgfn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 .
#=!=# ;'zf;g / s'zf;gdf leGgtf ;'zf;gdf tn lrq @ df b]vfOPsf] jfs;df plNnlvt ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, ;xeflutf, hjfkmb]xL, lbuf]kgh:tf u'0fx¿ kfOG5g\ eg] s'zf;gdf tL u'0fx¿sf] cefj x'G5 . s'zf;gdf cbIftf, l9nf;':tL, s'k|zf;g, e|i6frf/ / rflxg]eGbf a9L uf]klgotf x'G5, hgtfnfO{ u'd/fxdf /flvG5 . ;'zf;g dflg;n] rfx]sf] zf;g Joj:yf xf] eg] s'zf;g dflg;n] 3[0ff ug]{ jf grfxg] zf;g Joj:yf xf] . s'zf;gnfO{ x6fO ;'zf;g Nofpg sltko b]zsf hgtfx¿ zf;s ju{sf lj¿4 xltof/ p7fO{ jf gp7fO{ ;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 5g\ .
#=!=@ ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f eg]sf] o;n] ;d]6\g] If]q xf] . ;'zf;gsf] If]q km/flsnf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ tn lrq ! df b]vfPe}mF ljZjJofkL, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut, ;+:yfut:t/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gn] ljZjsf dfldnfx¿ Joj:yfkg ug]{ tf}/tl/sfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ljZjsf] nflu Pp6} ;/sf/ gePsf] x'gfn] ljZjJofkL ;'zf;gdf ljleGg /fHox¿nufot If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . If]qLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] If]qsf dfldnfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;df If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ cfd–gful/snufot ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfox¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnftxsf dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . :yfgLo lgsfon] ufpF, gu/ tyf lhNnfdf a;f]af; ug]{ ljleGg ju{, tyf hfltsf dflg;x¿ tyf :yfgLo:t/df sfo{/t ljleGg ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L ;+3–;+:yfnfO{ lg0f{o tyf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf ;+nUg u/fO{ :yfgLo dfldnfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ub{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;g eGgfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o;df cf}krfl/s cgf}krfl/s b'j} lgodx¿ ljZjJofkL ;'zf;g /fli6«o ;'zf;g cfly{s ;'zf;g
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#=!=$ ;'zf;g;DaGwL zAbfjnL ;xeflutfM of] ;'zf;gdf geO{ gx'g] u'0f xf] . hgtfnfO{ c;/ ug]{ x/]s ljifodf pgLx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg'nfO{ g} …;xeflutfÚ elgG5 . lg0f{odf ;xefuL agfP/, sfof{Gjogdf ;+nUg u/fP/ :jfldTj x:tfGt/0f u/]/, hgtfnfO{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] dfGotf lbP/ tyf lgu/fgLsf] sfo{ hgtfnfO{ ;'Dk]/ hg;xeflutf a9fpg ;lsG5 . kf/blz{tfM ;fj{hlgs sfd–sf/afxLdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr eGg] a'lemG5 . lgjf{lrt, dgf]gLt jf lgo'lQmjfnf h] eP klg tL hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿ x'g\ / ltgn] u/]sf lqmofsnfk tyf lg0f{ox¿sf] hfgsf/L hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ wf/0ffnfO{ g} kf/blz{tf elGg5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolStn] ;a} lg0f{o / sfo{nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd v'nf / kf/bzL{ ug{' kb{5 . Jofks ;fj{hlgs lxtsf nflu uf]Ko /fVg'kg]{ cj:yfdf afx]s cfk"mn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] sf/0f pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . hjfkmb]xLM ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] sfd jf lhDd]jf/Lsf] af/]df lbg] ;fj{hlgs :ki6Ls/0f
jf hjfkmnfO{ g} hjfkmb]xL jf pQ/bfloTj a'lemG5 . lgh cfk"mn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf sfdk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'kb{5 tyf tf]lsPsf] pQ/bfloTj k"/f gu/]df 5fglagsf] nflu tof/ klg x'g'kb{5 . ljlwsf] zf;gM sfg'gdf cfwfl/t zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ g} sfg'gsf] zf;g jf ljlwsf] zf;g elgG5 . /fHozlQm k|of]u ug]{ k|To]s JolQm, ;+:yf, lgsfo, jf kbflwsf/Ln] sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL cfr/0f, Jojxf/ / lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug]{ k4lt ljlwsf] zf;g xf] . o;sf] cy{ ;/sf/ sfg'gåf/f zfl;t / clwg:y x'g'kb{5, ;/sf/sf x/]s sfo{sf sfg'gL cfwf/ x'g'kb{5 / To:t} hgtfn] klg sfg'g dfGg' kb{5 / sfg'gåf/f g} zfl;t x'g'k5{ eGg] xf] . o;n] ;/sf/ / gful/saLr ;dfg sfg'gL b[li6sf]0f / Jojxf/ /xg'kg]{ cfjZsotf klg b;f{pF5 . ;"rgfsf] xsM ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf ljifodf gful/sn] /fHo, ;/sf/, jf ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L;Fu ;"rgf dfu u/]df To:tf] ;"rgf ;dodf ;'ne tl/sfn] kfpg] gful/ssf] clwsf/nfO{ ;"rgfsf] xs elgG5 . ldtJolotfM cfly{s ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ubf{ nfut sd tyf nfe a9L x'g] tl/sf ckgfpg'nfO{ ldtJolotf elgG5 . k|efjsfl/tfM 7Ls sfd ug]{ / cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n ug{'nfO{ k|efjsfl/tf elgG5 . bIftfM yf]/} k'FhL, >d / ;do k|of]u u/L w]/} pTkfbg ug{'nfO{ bIftf elgG5 . :jfy{/lxttfM ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmn] ug]{ k|To]s lg0f{o k"0f{tM ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] x]t'n] x]g{' kb{5 . pgLx¿n] ug]{ To:tf] lg0f{o s'g} klg cfˆgf] jf cfˆgf] kl/jf/ jf ldqnfO{ s'g} cfly{s jf cGo s'g} kmfObf k'Ug] u/L ug{' x'Fb}g . :jfy{sf] åGåM ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] cfˆgf] cf]xbfsf] x}l;otaf6 s'g} lqmofsnfk jf lg0f{o ubf{ JolQmut nfe kfpg] cj:yf x'g'nfO{ :jfy{sf] åGå elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQm :jfy{sf] åGåaf6 6f9f /xg' kb{5 . ;bfrf/M ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmn] cfkm"nfO{ cGo s'g} JolSt jf ;+:yfsf] cfly{s jf cGo ultljlwaf6 cnu /fVg' kb{5, h;af6 pgLx¿sf] kbLo st{Jokfngdf s'g} lsl;dsf] c;/ gk/f];\ . j:t'uttfM ;fj{hlgs sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{, ;fj{hlgs kbdf s;}nfO{ lgo'lQm ubf{, 7]Ssfk§f k|bfg ubf{ jf s;}nfO{ k'/:sf/ jf kmfObfsf] l;kmfl/; ubf{ ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ JolQmn] u'0f–bf]ifsf] cfwf/df j:t'ut lg0f{o lng'kb{5 . ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLM ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLn] ;fj{hlgs sfof{nox¿sf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfk tyf lg0f{ox¿sf] kf/blz{tf / tL lgsfox¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] cfof]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿ tyf
j:t' Pj+ ;]jf s'g} lsl;dsf] u}/–sfg'gL nfe glnOsg} k|bfg ug]{ ;'lglZrttf ub{5 . e|i6frf/M ;fdfGo cy{df kltt jf v/fj cfr/0f ug{'nfO{ e|i6frf/ elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] kl/R5]b–@ cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;'/nfO{ …e|i6frf/Ú eGg] ul/G5 .
#=@ ;'zf;gsf tŒj s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gsf nflu Tof] zf;g Joj:yfdf tn lrq # df pNn]v ul/Psf ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutf, pQ/bfoL, ;Ddltcled'v, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]lztfh:tf d"ne"t tŒjx¿ jf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g' kb{5 . cGoyf, To:tf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g Joj:yf eGg ;lsGg . oL tŒjsf af/]df tn ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . dt}Sotf
;xeflutf
ljlwsf] zf;g
hjfkmb]xL
kf/blz{tf
;'zf;g
k|efjsfl/tf Pj+ bIftf
pQ/bfoL
;dtf / ;dfj]lztf
lrq #M ;'zf;gsf tŒj
#=@=! ljlwsf] zf;g ;fdfGotM hgtfn] v'nf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df cfˆgf] zf;s 5fGg kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ g} nf]stGq elgG5 . nf]stGqdf hgtf g} /fHo;Qfsf] ;|f]t / ;jf]{Rr dflgG5g\ / /fHo;Qfsf] k|of]u hgtfn] cfk}mF jf cfkm"n] lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ k|of]u ub{5g\ . nf]stGqdf sfg'gL zf;g x'G5 . ;/sf/ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 . ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, aGw'Tj, ;dfj]lztf, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, cfjlws lgjf{rg, nf]stflGqs zf;gsf cfwf/ dflgG5g\ . nf]stGqsf] bfo/f lgs} Jofks / km/flsnf] x'G5, o;sf] ;DaGw dfgj hLjgsf] x/]s kIf;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;sf] cefjdf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, g}lts, wfld{s s'g} kIfsf] pGglt Pj+ ljsf; c;Dej x'G5 . lgikIf tyf :ki6 sfg'gL ;+/rgf / ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g] cj:yfnfO{ sfg'gL zf;g elgG5 . sfg'gL¿kdf sf]xL 7"nf], ;fgf] klg x'Fb}g, ljz]iftM cNk;ª\Vos tyf lk5l8Psf ;d'bfosf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ul/G5 / sfg'gsf] b[li6df g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
23
;a} JolQmnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 tyf sfg'gadf]lhd afx]s s;}nfO{ sf/afxL klg x'Fb}g . sfg'gL Joj:yfk|lt gful/sx¿sf] ljZjf; /x]df / sfg'gsf] kl/kfngfdf ;xof]u u/]df k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfg'gL zf;g nfu" x'g;Sg] cj:yf /xG5 . sfg'gL zf;gsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :jtGq Gofokflnsf / e|i6frf//lxt k|x/L ;+3–;+u7gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
#=@=@ kf/blz{tf hgtfn] cfˆgf]af/]df /fHon] s]–s] sfd s;/L ug{ nfu]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;dodf hfgsf/L kfPdf dfq zf;g Joj:yf s;/L rn]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ . ;'zf;gdf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ;a} sfd–sf/afxLx¿sf] af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf rf;f] /fVg]x¿n] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;y{, ;'zf;gdf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfox¿n] cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd–sf/afxLsf] hfgsf/L ;/f]sf/jfnf tyf cfd–gful/snfO{ ;do–;dodf lbg'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L /xG5 .
#=@=# hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/, lghL If]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfsf lg0f{o stf{x¿ cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdsf ;DaGwdf cfd–hgtf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfk|lt lhDd]jf/L x'g] cj:yf g} hjfkmb]xLsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;fj{hlgs hjfkmb]xL axg ug{'kg]{ s'/f sfg'gdf g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 / lg0f{ostf{sf] sf/0fn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ dsf{ kg{ uPdf plrt Ifltk"lt{sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 .
#=@=^ ;Ddlt cled'v ;dfhdf ljleGg ;d"x jf ju{ lqmofzLn /x]sf x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿sf cf–cfˆgf rfxgf / cfjZostf x'G5g\ . ;'zf;gn] ;d'bfosf rfxgfx¿sf ;DaGwdf dWo:ytf u/L ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf] ;a}eGbf a9L lxt ug]{ rfxgf tyf cfjZostfdf ;a}sf] ;xdlt h'6fpF5 .
#=@=& ;dtf / ;dfj]lztf ;'zf;gdf ;dfhsf ;a} dflg;nfO{ ju{, hflt, wd{, j0f{, lnª\u, If]qsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L ;dfg Jojxf/ ul/G5 . ;a} k'¿if tyf dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf] pGgltsf] nflu ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . /fi6«sf ;a} ;+/rgf tyf lqmofsnfkdf ljleGg sf/0fn] cj;/ gkfPsf ;d'bfonfO{ ;dfj]z u/L d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ul/G5 .
#=@=* ldtJolotf, bIftf / k|efjsfl/tf ;'zf;gn] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ldtJooL, bIftf / k|efjsf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ug{df hf]8 lbG5 . zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] d'n'sdf hyfefjL jf dgk/L 9Ën] ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{df k"0f{¿kdf /f]s nufOG5 .
#=# ;'zf;gsf ;"rs s'g} d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] 5 ls 5}g jf ToxfF ;'zf;g 5 ls 5}g eg]/ dfkg jf d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljZj a}+sn] lgDg ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf] dfkg ug]{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng] u/]sf] 5 .
#=@=$ ;xeflutf
#=#=! hgcfjfh tyf hjfkmb]xL
cfˆgf] hLjg tyf eljionfO{ c;/ ug]{ /fHosf dfldnfdf hgtfn] ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpg' kb{5 . ;xeflutf eGgfn] cfd–dflg;n] /fHoåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] x/]s sfdsf] gLlt– of]hgf th{'dfb]lv ;|f]t–;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8 tyf pkof]u Pj+ d"Nofª\sg ug]{ sfo{df eflubf/ aGg] cj:yf a'lemG5 . /fHosf] sfddf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf 5}g jf gfddfqsf] 5 eg] ToxfF ;'zf;g x'g ;Sb}g .
af]Ng kfpg] / ;+ul7t x'g kfpg] hgtfnfO{ :jtGqtf 5–5}g, ;~rf/dfWod :jtGq 5g\–5}gg\ / cfkm"n] rfx]cg';f/sf] ;/sf/ 5fGg jf agfpg hgtf slt xb;Dd ;fdYo{ 5g\ eGg] s'/fn] s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf b]vfpF5 . hgtfn] af]Ng klg gkfpg] / ;+ul7t x'g klg gkfpg], ;~rf/dfWod klg :jtGq gePsf / lge{ok"j{s hgtfn] hgk|ltlglw jf ;/sf/ 5fGg kfpg] cj:yf geP ToxfF ;'zf;g 5 eg]/ eGg ;lsGg .
#=@=% pQ/bfoL÷k|To'lQmbflotf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] dfu / cfjZostfk|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'g] / To;nfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ g} pQ/bfloTjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . /fHo hgtfsf] dfu / cfjZostfk|lt sltsf] ;+j]bgzLn x'g] u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ b]vfpF5 . ;'zf;gdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿ ;]jfd'vL x'g'kb{5 / oL lgsfox¿n] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ plrt ;doleq ;]jf k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
24
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
#=#=@ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿df clxn] klg /fhgLlts cl:y/tf ljBdfg 5 / lx+;fsf 36gfx¿ /fHo / ljb|f]xL kIfaf6 eO/x]sf 5g\, ;/sf/ h'g;'s} a]nf klg u}/–sfg'gL tl/sfaf6 x6\g ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . lx+;f JofKt x'g', tyf ;/sf/nfO{ u}/–;+j}wflgs jf lx+;fsf] dfWodaf6 cl:y/ agfpg] jf x6fpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'g'n] tL d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf gePsf] b]vfpF5 .
#=#=# ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf ;/sf/ slt r':t / k|efjsf/L 5 eGg] s'/f o;n] hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/af6 gfKg ;lsG5 . gLlt–lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog tyf ;]jf k|jfx sfo{df ;/sf/nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5, slt xb;Dd /fhgLlts bafaaf6 d'Qm jf :jtGq 5g\, gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] u'0f:t/ s:tf] 5 / oL gLltk|lt ;/sf/sf] k|lta4tfsf] ljZj;gLotf s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf k|ltlalDat ub{5 . sltko d'n'sdf k|zf;g oGqdf /fhgLlts x:tIf]k a9L x'g] u/]sf] / ;/sf/n] cfkm"n] k|lta4tf u/]sf] s'/f nfu" ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tf klg hgtfn] dx;"; ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ / ;/sf/n] eg]sf s'/fk|lt hgtfsf] sd ljZjf; x'g] u/]sf] 5 .
#=#=$ lgodgsf] u'0f:t/ ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfd eg]sf] ljleGg lgsfodfkm{t\ x'g] sfd–sf/afxLsf] lgodg ug{' klg xf] . ;/sf/n] lgodg ug{ sltsf] ;s]sf] 5, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ cg'dlt lbg jf k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu :jR5 gLlt tyf lgodx¿ th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;/sf/sf] Ifdtf s:tf] /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] ;'zf;gsf] cj:yf a'lemG5 .
#=#=% sfg'gL zf;g ;j{;fwf/0fn] sfg'gdf sltsf] ljZjf; /fV5g\ / sfg'gsf] kfngf ;j{;fwf/0f tyf zf;g Joj:yfdf ;+nUg lgsfo tyf clwsf/Lx¿af6 s;/L eO/x]5 tyf s/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog, cbfntsf]] Gofo ;Dkfbg tyf k|x/Lsf] ck/fw cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/ Pj+ ck/fw / lx+;f x'g;Sg] cj:yf sltsf] k|an /x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] sfg'gL zf;gsf] l:ylt atfpF5 . sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\ / uNtL jf ck/fw u/]df ;fgf]–7"nf s]xL gegL ;a}nfO{ ;dfg¿kn] sf/afxL x'g] cj:yf ePdf sfg'gL zf;g ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 . hxfF ck/fwLnfO{ sf/afO{ x'Fb}g / lg/k/fwLdfly sf/afxL x'g] cj:yf x'G5, ToxfF ;'zf;g x'g ;Sb}g .
#=#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f e|i6frf/ s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yfsf] dxf/f]u xf] . zf;g Joj:yfdf ;fgf tyf 7"nf lsl;dsf e|i6frf/nufot JolQmut nfesf] nflu ;fj{hlgs clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u s'g dfqfdf x'g] u/]sf] 5, lghL rfxgf tyf ;dfhsf 7"nf– 7fn'n] /fHodfly sAhf hdfPsf 5g\–5}gg\ eGg] s'/fn] klg ;'zf;gsf] :t/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . e|i6frf/ JofKt ePsf] d'n'sdf ;'zf;g 5 eGg ldNb}g . g]kfnnufot ljZjsf sltko d'n'sx¿df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] sfo{ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
;'zf;g s]nfO{ dfGg ;lsG5 < Zff;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, sfg'gL / j}wflgs zf;gk4lt, hg–pQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ k|zf;goGq, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, hgtfsf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, zflGt–;'Joj:yf / cdgr}g, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;Dj[l4d'vL, e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;'zf;g eGg ;lsG5 .
#=$ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngdf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtf x'G5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cª\ux¿ -sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf_, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
#=$=! sfo{kflnsf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df sfo{kflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /xG5 . sfo{kflnsfcGtu{t dGqLkl/ifb\, ;/sf/sf dGqfno, ljefu, If]qLo tyf :yfgLo sfof{nox¿ kb{5g\ . g]kfndf tLg txsf ;/sf/ /xg] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf, k|b]zdf k|b]z sfo{kflnsf / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{kflnsfn] Jofjxfl/s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog u/]/, ;fj{hlgs ;|f]t–;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx;DaGwL sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]/, zflGt–;'/Iff sfod u/]/, dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt u/]/, pGgltsf nflu ;a} gful/snfO{ cj;/df ;dfg kx'Fr k|bfg u/]/ / ;dfhsf sdhf]/ ju{sf] lxt tyf rfxgfsf] ;+/If0f u/]/ ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . g]kfndf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df lgDg lgsfox¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿n] ug]{ d'Vo sfo{x¿ tn pNn]v ul/Psf 5g\ .
#=$=!=! k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no of] sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf d'n'ssf] k|wfgdGqLn]] g]t[Tj ug]{ ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ dGqfno:t/sf] sfof{no xf] . k|b]zdf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ¿kdf d'Vo dGqLn] sfo{ ug]{ Joj:yf ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . o; sfof{non] ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ljefhg / dGqfnox¿sf] u7g, lj36g tyf ;+u7g ;+/rgf x]/km]/, n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg lgodfjnLsf] sfof{Gjog n ljleGg dGqfnosf] sfdsf] /]vb]v, lgoGq0f, lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f, ;dGjo tyf cg'udg d"Nofª\sg g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
25
n
dGqLkl/ifb\sf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg n ljw]os, cWofb]z, lgod tyf cfb]zsf] th{'df, :jLs[lt jf hf/L n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sflng gLlt tyf /0fgLltsf] th{'df, :jLs[lt, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg n b]zsf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k|zf;lgs ultljlw tyf zflGt ;'Joj:yfsf] cBfjlws hfgsf/L tyf cg'udg n zf;sLo ;'wf/, ;'zf;g n dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g n e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] gLlt, of]hgf tyf To;sf] sfof{Gjog n cbfntsf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg #=$=!=@ /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb| e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( adf]lhd e|i6frf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf lgoGq0f ug{ tyf e|i6frf/lj¿4 hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ k|wfgdGqLsf] k|ToIf /]vb]v / lgoGq0fdf /xL sfo{ ug]{ u/L lj=;+= @)%( ;fndf dGqfno:t/sf] /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . d'n'ssf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df o; sfof{nosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] o; s]Gb|nfO{ tf]s]sf sfo{x¿ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M n g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g'kg]{ sfdx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf ePgePsf] ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ / lgoldt ¿kdf ePsf] gkfOPdf ;ts{ ug]{, n ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd lbPsf] ;DklQ ljj/0f / cfosf] cg'udg ug]{, n e|i6frf/ x'g;Sg] :yfg jf sfddf lgoldt lgu/fgL /fVg], 58\s] hfFr / cGj]if0f ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg], n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, /0fgLlt / tt\;DaGwL sfg'gdf s'g} ;'wf/ ug{'kg]{ b]lvPdf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj lbg], n g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqfno÷ljefu÷sfof{no jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf ph'/Lk]l6sf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg], n e|i6frf/ /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] cfjZostfg';f/ ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ;'emfj jf lgb]{zg lbg], n e|i6frf/;DaGwL s;'/df cg';Gwfg ug]{ lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Laf6 e|i6frf/;DaGwL cfjZos ljj/0f jf ;"rgf k|fKt u/L cBfjlws u/fO{ /fVg], n e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|fKt s'g} hfgsf/L ;DalGwt 26
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg], n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf cfOkg]{ cGo sfd ug]{ jf u/fpg], n g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf cGo sfo{ ug]{ u/fpg] . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% n] o; s]G›nfO{ e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf ul/Psf cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf k|of;nfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg yk lhDd]jf/L ;'Dk]sf] 5 .
#=$=!=# ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no vl/b sfo{sf] cg'udg ug{ k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nocGtu{t /xg] u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfof{nosf] k|d'vdf ;lrj:t/sf] sfof{no k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfof{nosf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M n vl/b;DaGwL gLlt jf k|rlnt sfg'gdf ;'wf/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, n vl/b;Fu ;DalGwt k|fljlws dfu{bz{g / lgb{]lzsf hf/L ug]{, n vl/b;DaGwL ljleGg sfuhftsf] :6ofG88{ gd"gf tof/ ug]{, n ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 x'g] jf ePsf] vl/b sf/afxLsf] tYofª\s ;ª\sng u/L k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd eP–gePsf] cg'udg jf k|ljlws k/LIf0f ug]{ jf u/fpg], n vl/b P]g, lgodfjnL, / lgb{]lzsfsf af/]df ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] /fo–k/fdz{ dfu u/]df /fo–k/fdz{ lbg], n af]nkqbftf, k|:tfjbftf, k/fdz{bftf, ;]jfk|bfos, cfk"lt{stf{, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, jf cGo JolQm, kmd{, ;+:yf jf sDkgLnfO{ lghsf] sfo{sf] ufDeLo{tfsf] cfwf/df ! b]lv # jif{;Dd sfnf];"rLdf /fVg ;Sg] . #=$=!=$ /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u ;"rgfsf] xssf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g, / cEof;sf nflu Pp6f :jtGq ;"rgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgf;DaGwL clen]v tyf b:tfj]hsf] ;"rL agfpg tyf Joj:yf ug{ Pj+ gful/ssf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;"rgfsf] ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfonfO{ cfb]z lbg;Sg] tyf s;}n] s'g} ;"rgf kfpg lgj]bg lbPdf ;"rgf lbg'kg]{ ;do;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/L tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;"rgf lbg cfb]z ug{ ;Sg] cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ /x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/;DaGwdf tyf ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo lgsfonfO{ cfof]un] ;'emfj tyf l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ klg /x]sf] 5 .
#=$=!=% ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f tyf cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL lgjf/0f;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg ug]{ k|d'v lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu g]kfn ;/sf/af6 #! c;f/ @)^* df :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL / cGo ljgf;sf xftxltof/ lj:tf/df ;xof]u ug]{ s'g} klg k|sf/sf u}/–sfg'gL sdfO / of]ubfgsf lj¿4 cg';Gwfg ug]{ Ps cflwsfl/s lgsfo xf] .
#=$=!=^ /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu cy{ dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] o; ljefusf] :yfkgf @)%) ;fndf ePsf] xf] / o; ljefunfO{ /fh:j r'xfj6 -cg';Gwfg tyf lgoGq0f_ P]g @)%@ adf]lhd s/ tyf u}/s/ /fh:j r'xfj6sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft / lgoGq0f Pj+ ljb]zL ljlgdo lgoldt ug]{ P]g, @)!( adf]lhd ljb]zL ljlgodsf] ckrngsf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkPsf] 5 . #=$=!=& lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no cfˆgf] lhNnf tyf If]qleq /x]sf ;fj{hlgs sfof{nodf ;'zf;g sfod ug{df oL sfof{nox¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] g]t[Tj ug]{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L lhNnfsf] k|d'v k|zf;s tyf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw;d]t ePsfn] lhNnfdf zflGt–;'/Iff tyf cdg– rog sfod ug]{ tyf ljleGg ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿af6 x'g] sfo{x¿sf] ;dGjo / /]vb]v cg'udg ug]{ tyf hgtfsf kL/dsf{ u'gf;f ;'gL To;sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ sfo{df lghsf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;}u/L, cfˆgf] If]qdf zflGt–;'/Iffnufot ;'zf;g sfod ug{df k|efjsf/L Pj+ ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{nodf ;lrj:t/s} If]qLo k|zf;s k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . #=$=!=* s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{no cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g tyf cGo sfg'gadf]lhd lhDd]jf/ JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{'kg]{ /sd / g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu u/]sf] ;t{gfdfcg';f/ a'emfpg'kg]{ /sd ga'emfPsf] / ;/sf/L gubL tyf lhG;L ;dfg lxgfldgf ug]{ JolQmaf6 c;'n ug{'kg]{ /sd c;'n ug]{ bfloŒj cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, @)%% n] o; sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] 5 . ;fy}, cw{Goflos lgsfosf k|d'vn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] km};nf adf]lhd p7fpg'kg]{ b08–hl/jfgfsf] ljj/0f k7fO{ c;'npk/ ug{ eg]df ljj/0fadf]lhd nut s;L ;DalGwt JolQmaf6 km};nfadf]lhdsf] b08–hl/dfgf ;/sf/L afFsL;/x c;'npk/ u/L ;l~rt sf]ifdf hDdf ug{'kg]{ lhDd]jf/L klg o; lgsfonfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . o; sfof{non] c;'npk/ ug{'kg]{ /sd c;'npk/ ubf{ ;DalGwt JolQm, ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/L;Fu cfjZos k|df0f a'‰g], aofg u/fpg], ;fIfL
lemsfpg]nufot k|rlnt sfg'gsf] clwgdf /xL y'gfdf /fvL sf/afxL ug]{ cbfntnfO{ eP;/xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . #=$=!=( g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljQLo PsfO ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f, cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnfkdf ljQLo nufgL tyf ;Da4 s;'/;DaGwL zª\sf:kb sf/f]af/sf k|ltj]bg tyf cGo ;"rgfk|fKt ug{, ljZn]if0f ug{ / ljZn]if0fsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ sfof{Tds¿kdf :jfoQ tyf :jtGq PsfO g]kfn /fi6« a}+sdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 .
#=$=@ Gofokflnsf /fHosf] Gofo;DaGwL sfd ug]{ cË Gofokflnsf xf] . sfg'gL zf;g, Gofo tyf lgikIftfsf] k|j4{g tyf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfgsf] ;'lgZrtf ub}{ Gofokflnsfn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . Gofokflnsf :jtGq tyf lgikIf¿kdf Gofo lbg ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 . Gofokflnsfsf] ;lqmotf ;fdflhs c;dfgtf tyf cGofonfO{ lgd{"n kfg{df ;xfosl;4 x'g] / o;n] ;b\efjo'Qm ;dfh lgdf{0fdf klg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . xfn g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, !^ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / &% lhNnf cbfntaf6 Gofo;DaGwL sfo{ eOcfPsf] 5 eg] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntaf6 Gofo;DaGwL sfd x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#=$=# Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_ Joj:yflksfn] gofF P]g–sfg'g agfpg] / k'/fgf P]g–sfg'gsf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] cf–cfˆg} Joj:yflksf x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Joj:yflksfn] ;/sf/n] agfPsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;dLIff tyf 5fglag ug]{ sfo{ klg ub{5 . hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿af6 Joj:yflksf aGg] ePsf]n] Joj:yflksfn] hgtfsf rf;f] / rfxgfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ tyf ;f]nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg;d]t lbg] ub{5 . Joj:yflksfsf ljleGg ;ldltx¿n] ;/sf/sf k|ult k|ltj]bgdfly 5nkmn ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zg lbg];d]t sfo{ ub{5 . Joj:yflksfn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfkm"n] u/]sf lg0f{ok|lt hjfkmb]xL klg agfpF5 . o;n] gful/sx¿nfO{ ;dfg, bIftf tyf k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;]jf k|bfg eO/x]sf] 5–5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf d"Nofª\sg;d]t ub{5 .
#=$=$ ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ ;/sf/sf] sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljleGg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿n] ;/sf/sf] k|efjdf gk/L :jtGq tyf lgikIf¿kdf cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL ;'lDkPsf] sfo{x¿ ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
27
#=$=$=! clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u s'g} ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] e|i6frf/ u/L clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/]sf] ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / txsLsft ug{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu :jtGq¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;jf]{Rr lgsfosf] ¿kdf of] cfof]u /x]sf] 5 / o; cfof]un] e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd–sf/afxLsf] hg:t/df k|z+;f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] u/]sf] cg';Gwfg txsLsftaf6 ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] sfg'gadf]lhd e|i6frf/ dflgg] s'g} sfd u/]df ljz]if cbfntdf d'2f bfo/ ug{ jf u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]un] axfnjfnf ;}lgs sd{rf/L, ljleGg txsf Gofofnosf GofofwLzx¿ tyf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lafx]s cGo ;a} lgsfosf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] u/]sf] clVtof/ b'¿kof]usf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf txsLsft ug]{ clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd o; cfof]unfO{ lghL If]qdf x'g] clVtof/ b'¿kof]usf 36gfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
5 . o; cfof]un] lgikIf¿kdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf}6 ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; cfof]usf] k/fdz{lagf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf :yfoL lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/Ln] cfkm"df ePsf] ;Lk 1fgsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lgikIf¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf pknAw u/fO{ ;'zf;g sfod ug{df 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥of{pF5g\ .
#=$=$=@ dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no /fi6«k|lt / pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\, k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo tx, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo jf ;f]sf sfof{nox¿, cbfnt / dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{no / g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L jf ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn nufotsf ;a} ;ª\3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{non] /fv]sf] n]vfsf] lgoldttf, ldtJolotf, sfo{bIftf, k|efjsfl/tf, / cf}lrTo;d]tsf] ljrf/ u/L n]vf–k/LIf0f ug{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfn]vf–k/LIfsn] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL;dIf k]; ug]{ / k|wfgdGqLn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+;b\;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dxfn]vf–k/LIfsn] lbg] k|ltj]bgdf n]vf–k/LIf0f u/]sf lgsfox¿sf] ljj/0fx¿, n]vf–k/LIf0faf6 b]lvPsf a]¿h'sf] l:ylt, a]¿h' km:of{}6 ug{ ul/Psf k|of;x¿ tyf k|fKt pknlAw tyf n]vf–k/LIf0fdf eljiodf ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ul/g] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/sf] 9's'6Laf6 vr{ x'g] Ps k};fsf] klg b'¿kof]u x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] g} n]vf–k/LIf0fsf] k|d'v p2]Zo xf] .
#=$=% lghL If]q
#=$=$=# nf]s;]jf cfof]u ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf] bflxg] xftsf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{ lghfdtL ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jfsf kbdf lgo'lQmsf] lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/x¿ 5gf}6 ug{ k/LIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgn] nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ ;'Dk]sf] 5 Û o; cfof]unfO{ jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, cGo ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnOg] lnlvt k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L klg ;'lDkPsf 28
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
#=$=$=% /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u ;'zf;g ePsf] cj:yfdf JolStsf dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{¿kdf ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f klg x'g] x'Fbf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ¿kdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]unfO{ JolQm jf ;d"xsf] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g jf To;sf] b'?T;fxg ePsf]df 5fglag tyf cg';Gwfg u/L bf]ifLpk/ sf/afxL ug{ l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;'lDkPsf] 5 . gful/sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df lghL If]qsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lghL If]qn] cfkm"df ePsf] 1fg, ;Lk, / k'FhL kl/rfng u/]/ u'0f:t/Lo j:t' tyf ;]jf hgtfnfO{ k|bfg u/L ;'zf;gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .
#=$=^ gful/s ;dfh ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;lqmo gful/s ;dfhsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . /fHosf] gLlt–lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogdf gful/s ;dfhsf] klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . hglk|o gLlt th{'df tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ gful/s ;dfhn] bafa ;d"xsf] ¿kdf tyf To:tf gLltsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;fy}, /fHo ;~rfngdf b]lvPsf ljleGg ljs[lt tyf lj;ª\ult cf}+NofO{ To:tf ljs[lt tyf ;+ulj;ª\ultsf af/]df hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt u/L tL sfo{x¿ /f]Sgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm gful/s ;dfhn] cfk}mFn] ;]jf k|bfg u/]/ tyf ljleGg ;r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . d'n'sdf ;bfrf/ tyf ;'zf;g sfodf ug{df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnh:tf cGt/f{li6«o tyf /fli6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .
#=$=& ;~rf/dfWod ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ /fHosf] rf}yf] If]qsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ sfo{df ;~rf/dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . :jtGq ;~rf/dfWod k|hftflGqs Joj:yfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rs klg xf] . /fHon] u/]sf
/fd|f tyf g/fd|f s'/fsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ u/]/ ;~rf/dfWodn] ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . /fHon] Wofg glbPsf] tyf gk'¥ofOPsf] ljifo tyf /fHodf ePsf ljs[lt tyf ;+ulj;ª\ultsf af/]df ;To–tYo aflx/ NofO{ hgtfnfO{ ;';"lrt ug]{ tyf /fHozlQmsf] Wofgfsif{0f ug]{ sfd ;~rf/hut\n] ub{5 .
;'zf;g sfod ug{df s;sf] e"ldsf a9L x'G5 < ;'zf;g sfod ug{df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, k|zf;goGq, lghL If]q, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, ;~rf/dfWod, gful/s ;dfh, cfd–gful/s cflbsf] e"ldsf x'g] eP klg ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ;/sf/sf] g} /x]sf] x'G5 .
#=% kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug{ ljsf; ul/Psf s]xL ;fwg kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL j[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn k|rlnt s]xL d'Vo ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿sf] af/]df ;ª\If]kdf tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .
#=%=! gful/s a8fkq ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|bfos lgsfon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] lsl;d, ;]jfk|fKt ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns tyf b:t'/, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|jfxsf] zt{ tyf sfo{ljlw, ;]jf pknAw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg] Joj:yf pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf 6fFl;Psf] ;"rgfnfO{ gful/s a8fkq elgG5 . ;'zf;g P]gn] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ jf hg;Dks{ sfod ug]{ k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] ;a}n] b]Vg] :yfgdf gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#=%=@ u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg k|To]s dGqfno, ljefu tyf ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf sfof{nodf To:tf ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf lgsfon] cfkm"n] u/]sf] sfd–sf/afxLsf] u'0f:t/, k|efjsfl/tf / To;df x'g;Sg] clgoldttf ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ;'Gg ;a}n] b]Vg] :yfgdf u'gf;f]k]l6sf /fVg'kg]{, u'gf;f] x]g]{ clwsf/L tf]Sg'kg]{, # lbgdf Psk6s cGo sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df u'gf;f]k]l6sf vf]Ng'kg]{ / hfoh u'gf;f]sf] ;dod} ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ ;'zf;g P]g tyf lgodfjnLn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL
tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf Joj:yf ul/Psf] …x]nf] ;/sf/Ú ;j{;fwf/0fsf] u'gf;f] ;+af]wg ug{ /flvPsf] Pp6f gd"gf xf] . x]nf] ;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < ;j{;fwf/0fsf] u'gf;f], ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL dfux¿, e|i6frf/ / clgoldttf / ck/flws ultljlw;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ tyf cfkt\sfnLg ;xof]usf] dfunfO{ ;xh / ;/n¿kdf Joj:yfkg u/L ;/sf/sf] sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ cem a9L hg;+j]bgzLn agfpgsf] nflu #^% lbg / @$ ;} 3G6f ;~rfngdf /xg] u/L k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf @)^* sflQs & ut]b]lv x]nf] ;/sf/sf] sIf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . x]nf] ;/sf/df s;/L ;"rgf lbg ;lsG5 < b]xfosf dfWodaf6 x]nf] ;/sf/sf] sIfdf ;"rgf lbg ;lsG5M n 6f]n k|mL 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ !!!! df kmf]g u/L sIfsf sd{rf/LnfO{ l6kfP/, n sIfsf] ˆofS; gDa/ !!)) df ˆofS; u/]/, n sIfsf] !!!! gDa/df ;Gb]z -P;PdP;_ k7fP/, n sfof{nosf] j]a;fO6 www.opmcm.gov.np sf] ph'/ tyf ;'emfj k]l6sfdf ph'/ / ;'emfj k7fP/ .
#=%=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ;]jf k|bfos lgsfon] cfk"mn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf af/]df ;DalGwt ljz]if1, ;/f]sf/jfnf, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglw tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfdGq0f u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ pknAw u/fOPsf] ;]jfsf] af/]df pgLx¿sf] rf;f]nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ cfof]hgf ul/g] ;fd'bflos d~rnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ elgG5 . ;'zf;g P]gn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;a} sfof{nosf k|d'vn] sfof{nosf] sfdnfO{ :jR5, kf/bzL{ / j:t'lgi7 agfpg tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] sfg'g;Ddt ;/f]sf/nfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ u/fpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#=%=$ ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f :yfgLo:t/df ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf of]hgfx¿df ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmnsf af/]df ;/f]sf/jfnf, :yfgLo hgk|ltlglw Pj+ nfeflGjt ;d"xsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf n]vfhf]vf ul/g] ;+oGqnfO{ …;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0fÚ jf …;fdflhs n]vfhf]vfÚ elgG5 . ;fdflhs n]vf–k/LIf0f ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] nflu slt /sd, s'g ;|f]taf6, slxn] s;/L cfof], s]–slt /sd, s]–s'g sfo{df, sf]–sf] ;+nUg eP/ vr{ eof], s:tf] vl/b k|lqmof ckgfOof], vr{ ubf{ kf/bzL{9Ën] ul/of] ls ul/Pg tyf of]hgf ;~rfng ubf{ s]–s:tf sdL–sdhf]/L /xg uP eGg]af/]df of]hgf;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg]af6 k|ltkf]if0f k|fKt ul/G5 . o:tf] k/LIf0f g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
29
of]hgf:yndf g} ;~rfng ul/G5 . #=%=% ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq -l;l6hg :sf]/ sf8{_ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ gful/sn] cg'udg ug]{ ;+oGqnfO{ ;fd'bflos cª\s–kq elgG5 . o;df ;]jfu|fxL gful/sn] ;]jfsf] ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df ljleGg:t/df cª\s k|bfg ub{5g\ eg] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sd{rf/Ln] klg cfkm"n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfsf] ;"rsfª\ssf] cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg u/]/ cª\s k|bfg ub{5g\ . o; ljlwdf ;]jfu|fxL gful/s / ;]jfk|bfos sd{rf/Ln] 5'§f5'§} a;]/ lbPsf] cª\snfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf hf]8]/ yk ljZn]if0f u/L ;]jfsf] ;fd"lxs d"Nofª\sg ul/G5 . ljBfno tyf :jf:Yo rf}sLx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jfx¿ of] ;fwg k|of]u u/L d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
k|ltj4tfÚ elgG5 . g]kfndf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] s]xL :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tfsf] k/LIf0f u/]sf] / ;f] k|lta4tf nfu" ul/Psf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fn] ;]jf k|jfxdf ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd NofPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . ljleGg lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu agfOPsf cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;bfrf/ k|lta4tfdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg] ul/Psf] 5 .
#=^ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f #=^=! e|i6frf/sf] kl/efiff e|i6 / cfrf/ b'O{ zAbsf] ;lGw eP/ e|i6frf/ zAb ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL a[xt\ zAbsf]ifn] gLlt–lgodlj¿4sf] cfr/0f jf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] 3"; vfg', kIfkft ug{' / o:t} cg]s cg}lts sfd ug{'nfO{ e|i6frf/ atfPsf] 5 .
#=%=^ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq ;]jfu|fxL gful/sn] ;]jf lnFbf b]v]sf, ef]u]sf / cg'udg u/]sf s'/fnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns ;j]{If0fk4ltdfkm{t\ k|fKt x'g] k|ltkf]if0faf6 ;]jfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ ljlwnfO{ gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq elgG5 . gful/s k|ltj]bgsf nflu u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds b'a} cg';Gwfgk4lt ckgfOG5 .
#=%=& ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df nlIft ju{sf gful/snfO{ ;dfj]z u/L pgLx¿sf] rfxgf / cfjZostfcg';f/sf] of]hgf agfpg] ljlwnfO{ ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df elgG5 . ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df ug]{ sfo{df ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tyf pkef]Qmf;DaGwL ;+3–;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh, :yfgLo lgsfo, /fhgLlts bnsf k|ltlglw, tyf ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglw ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o:tf] ljlwaf6 h'g ju{sf] nflu of]hgf agfOg nfu]sf] xf], pgLx¿n] of]hgfsf af/]df hfgsf/L tyf cfˆgf] ;/f]sf/sf af/]df s'/f /fVg] cj;/ kfpg], of]hgfdf ckgTj x'g], / gful/ssf] Ifdtf klg j[l4 x'g hfG5 .
#=%=* ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h -6«Øflsª_ :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 ;~rfng ul/Psf of]hgfx¿df s]–slt ah]6 /sd ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5, ah]6 /sd s]–s;/L vr{ ePsf] 5 jf x'Fb}5 / s] lsl;dsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt eof] eg]/ vf]hL ug]{ ljlwnfO{ …;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]hÚ elgG5 . o; ljlwaf6 ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf clgoldttf, sdL sdhf]/L tyf r'xfj6h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug{df ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 .
#=%=( ;bfrf/ k|ltj4tf ;fj{hlgs If]qn] :jR5, ldtJooL, k|efjsf/L, bIf, kf/bzL{ / cf}lrTok"0f{ tl/sfn] sfd ug]{ k4ltnfO{ …;bfrf/ 30
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
e|i6frf/ s] nfO{ elgG5 < …JolQmut nfesf] nflu ;'lDkPsf] clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]uÚ nfO{ g} e|i6frf/ elgG5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Ln] lgDg sfo{x¿ u/]df e|i6frf/ x'g] dfg]sf] 5M n l/;jt lng] lbg], n lagfd"No jf sd d"Nodf j:t' jf ;]jf lng], n bfg–bftAo, pkxf/ jf rGbf ;/sf/ jf ;+:yfsf] k"j{:jLs[tlagf lng], n ;/sf/L sfd ubf{ sldzg lng], n /fh:j r'xfj6 ug]{, n u}/–sfg'gL nfe jf xfgL k'¥ofpg] ablgotn] sfd ug]{, n unt lnvt tof/ ug]{, n unt cg'jfb ug]{, n ;/sf/L sfuh ;Rofpg], n ;/sf/L sfuhft gf]S;fg ug]{, n k|Zgkqsf] uf]klgotf eË ug]{ jf k/LIffsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ km]/abn ug]{ sfo{ ug]{, n u}/–sfg'gL Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug]{, n e"m§f ljj/0f lbg], n ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf ug]{, n unt n]vf–k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg lbg] .
#=^=@ e|i6frf/k|]/s jftfj/0f e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ a9\g] 36\g] s'/f jftfj/0fdf e/ kb{5 . s'g} jftfj/0fdf e|i6frf/ df}nfpg] x'G5 eg] s'g} jftfj/0fdf lgolGqt x'G5 .
e|i6frf/ s:tf] jftfj/0fdf df}nfpF5 < n cfd–hgtfdf ;fj{hlgs ljifosf ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr gePdf, n ;fj{hlgs sfd–sf/afxL kf/bzL{ tl/sfn] x'g] k/Dk/f gePdf, n cf]xbfdf a:g] dflg;nfO{ sd}dfq jf sf/afxL x'Fb} gx'g] kl/kf6L ePdf, n pQ/bfloŒjaf6 klG5g] k|j[lQ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf JofKt ePdf, n ;fj{hlgs kbdf /x]sf JolQmnfO{ :j]R5frf/L 9Ën] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] sfg'g, k/Dk/f jf dflyNnf] lgsfon] clwsf/ lbPdf, n ;bfrf/k4ltsf] :yflkt cEof; g/x]sf] cj:yfdf, n gftfuf]tf, lrghfg, / eg;"g ug]{ ;fdflhs kl/kf6Ln] a9fjf kfPsf] cj:yfdf, n e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;zQm¿kdf cfjfh p7fpg] ;lqmo gful/s ;dfhsf] cefj jf gful/sdf tt\;DaGwL r]tgfsf] cefj ePdf, jf e|i6frf/sf] ;"rgf lbg] JolQmsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf, n nf]stflGqs cEof; sdhf]/ /x]sf] cj:yfdf, n e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfosf] lgl:qmotf jf Ifdtfsf] cefj tyf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg'gsf] ckof{Kttf tyf sdhf]/ sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ePdf .
#=^=# e|i6frf/sf] juL{s/0f e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL b'j} If]qdf JofKt /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] k|efj tyf dfqf 7"nf] x'g] / hgtfn] s/ lt/]sf] /sdsf] b'¿kof]u x'g] x'gfn] o; If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/sf] af/]df w]/} rf;f] / lrGtf JoQm ul/g] / o; If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] nflu ljz]if dxŒj lbg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof e|i6frf/nfO{ dfqfsf] cfwf/df lgDg b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/G5M #=^=#=! ;fgf–ltgf e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lgsfodf sfo{/t tNnf] / demf}nf txsf sd{rf/L, larf}lnof, bnfn, jsLn, n]vgbf; cflbn] ldlndtf] u/L ;]jfu|fxLaf6 afWofTds kl/l:ylt agfO{ u}/–sfg'gL¿kdf c;"n ug]{ ;fgf] /sdnfO{ ;fgf] :t/sf] e|i6frf/ elgG5 . clen]v ;Rofpg], k|ltj]bg x]/km]/ ug]{, unt tYofª\sx¿ lbg], sfddf l9nfO ug]{, em~em6 x}/fg lbg], pkxf/lagf sfd ug{ gvf]Hg], lgodn] tf]s]eGbf a9L c;'n ug]{, /fh:j sd hDdf ug]{, sfd ul/lbPafkt vfhf lrof cflb vfgf vf]Hg] k|j[lt b]vfO{ ;]jfu|fxL gful/saf6 ;]jf lbPafkt 3';sf] cfzf /fVb5g\ . :yfgLo txsf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf ;]jf lng hfFbf 3'; glbO{ ;]jf kfpg
sl7g x'g] / ;]jf lnFbf w]/yf]/ 3'; v'jfpg'kg]{ cj:yfnfO{ o; lsl;dsf] ju{df /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] /sdnfO{ slxn]sfFxL 3'; gegL sfd l56f] ul/lbg lbPsf] /sd (Speed Money) jf sfd ul/lbPafkt ;]jfu|fxLn] v';L eO{ lbPsf] …alS;;Ú /sd klg eGg] ul/G5 . #=^=#=@ 7"nf e|i6frf/ o:tf lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/df dflyNnf] txsf sd{rf/L jf /fhgLlts g]t[Tj jf b'j}sf] ;+nUgtf x'g] / e|i6frf/ u/]sf] /sd klg 7"nf] x'g] ub{5 . 7"nf cfof]hgf tyf vl/b lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfo{x¿df x'g] ;+:yfut e|i6frf/ Pj+ s]xL ;Lldt JolQm / ju{nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] u/L ablgot /fvL ul/Psf gLltut lg0f{ox¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/ gLlt th{'dfsf] ;'¿ r/0fb]lv sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, tyf d"Nofª\sg;Ddsf r/0fx¿df ;'lgof]lht¿kdf ljleGg r/0fdf x'g] ub{5 . o:tf e|i6frf/df ;fgfb]lv dflyNnf]:t/sf sd{rf/L, 8g, lgdf{0f Joj;foL, Jofkf/L, ljz]if1, k/fdz{bftf, larf}lnof, bnfn, g]tf cflb ;+nUg x'G5g\ . ljZj a}+sn] o; lsl;dsf] e|i6frf/nfO{ /fHos} sAhfsf] ;+1f lbPsf] 5 .
#=^=$ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf pkfo e|i6frf/ Pp6f ;fdflhs dxf/f]u xf] . o;n] ;dfhsf x/]s If]qnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ P]ltxfl;s sfnb]lv g} k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . clxn] klg g]kfn e|i6frf/ a9L x'g] d'n'sdf kb{5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn !@^ cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( dfq kfPsf] 5 . o;n] g]kfn a9L e|i6frf/ x'g] d'n'sdf kg]{ b]vfPsf] 5 . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{df clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]G›, Gofo kl/ifb\, ljz]if cbfnt, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf sfof{no, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–;ldlt, ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefuh:tf ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf x'g] e|i6frf/ /f]syfd, lgoGq0f / Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu bafad"ns tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;lqmo ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o; ;+:yfn] kf/blz{tf tyf hjfkmb]xLtf clej[l4sf] nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdsf af/]df jsfnt ug]{, ;/sf/L tyf gful/s ;dfhsf ;+:yfx¿ tyf bft[ lgsfox¿;Fu alnof] sfo{ut ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf ;'wf/ ug]{, hgr]tgf hufpg], cWoog–cg';Gwfg tyf ;"rgf k|rf/ ug]{, gful/s ;dfh, ;/sf/L lgsfo tyf z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿df g}lts d"No tyf dfGotf k|lzlIft ug]{ sfo{x¿ ub{5 . o; ;+:yfn] 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] x/]s jif{ k|sflzt ug]{ …e|i6frf/ cjwf/0ff g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
31
;"rsfª\sÚ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ / ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ lsg lgoGq0f ug{ cfjZos x'G5 < e|i6frf/n] lgDg k|efj kfg]{ ePsfn] o;sf] lgoGq0f ug{ h¿/L b]lvG5M n sfg'gsf] zf;gdf x|f; cfpg], n Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr gx'g], ljt/0ffŒds Gofoaf6 hgtf jl~rt x'g k'Ug], pkrf/fŒds Gofo klg k|efljt x'g], n dfgjclwsf/sf Jofks pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿ a9\g ;Sg], n gful/ssf ljsf;sf clwsf/ u'Dg] vt/f a9g], n ul/aL emg\ a9\g] . e|i6frf/nfO{ k"0f{¿kn] pGd"ng ug{ ;lsFb}g, To;y{ o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu /fHoaf6 d"ntM lgDg @ lsl;dsf /0fgLltx¿ cjnDag ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5M n lg/f]wfTds pkfo n pkrf/fTds pkfo #=^=$=! lg/f]wfTds pkfo /f]u nfu]/ /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{'eGbf /f]u nfUg g} glbg' pQd pkfo xf] elgG5 . e|i6frf/sf] ;Gbe{df klg e|i6frf/LnfO{ sf/afO{ u/]/ lgoGq0f ug{'eGbf e|i6frf/ x'g glbg] pkfox¿sf] cjnDag ug{' g} ;jf]{Qd pkfo dflgPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu lgDg lg/f]wfTds pkfox¿ ckgfOg] u/]sf] 5M #=^=$=!=! hgr]tgf clej[l4 e|i6frf/sf lj¿4df ;j{;fwf/0fdf hgr]tgf a9fpg cfjZos x'G5 . e|i6frf/sf lj¿4df hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{df e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿, ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf Pj+ gful/s ;dfhsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . cf}krfl/s÷cgf}krfl/s lzIffs} dfWodaf6 hgtfnfO{ g}ltstf, OdfGbf/L, ;bfrfl/tf Pj+ e|i6frf/lj¿4 n8\g 1fg lbg ;lsg] ePsfn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f tyf ;bfrf/;DaGwdf ljBfnob]lv ljZj ljBfnosf ljleGg txsf kf7\oqmddf tt\;DaGwL ljifo ;dfj]z u/L k7gkf7g ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;/sf/L, u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf, tyf gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutfdf e|i6frf/;DaGwL ljleGg tflnd, uf]i7L, 5nkmn tyf cGtlqm{of cfof]hgf u/L jf e|i6frf/;DaGwL /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, kqklqsfdfkm{t\ ;dfrf/, n]v, /rgf, uLt, sljtf, syf, gf6scflb k|rf/– k|;f/ u/L e|i6frf/sf af/]df hgr]tgf a9fpg ;lsG5 . e|i6frf/;DaGwL krf{, kf]i6/h:tf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; tyf ljt/0f u/L tyf ;fj{hlgs :yfgdf xf]l8{ª af]8{ /fvL hg:t/df r]tgfj[l4 ug{ ;lsG5 . 32
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
#=^=$=!=@ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog /fHosf ljleGg cËdf sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog u/]df o;n] e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]Sgdf w]/} xb;Dd d2t k'¥ofpF5 . cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] s] ug{' x'g], s] ug{' gx'g] eGg] s'/f :ki6¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf w]/}h;f] ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] cfrf/;+lxtf agfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\ . lgDg ;/sf/L tyf u}/–;/sf/L lgsfox¿n] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf 5g\M n dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf n GofofwLzx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf n clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cfrf/;+lxtf n dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{nosf] cfrf/;+lxtf n lgjf{rg cfof]usf] cfrf/;+lxtf n ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf, @)^* n lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/;+lxtf n g]kfn pBf]u afl0fHo dxf;+3sf] cfrf/;+lxtf n u}/–;/sf/L dxf;+3sf] cfrf/;+lxtf n kqsf/ cfrf/;+lxtf #=^=$=!=# lg/LIf0f, lgodg, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf ljleGg ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ tL lgsfox¿n] ug]{ sfdsf] k|efjsf/L¿kdf lg/LIf0f, lgodg, cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfndf klg o:tf lg/LIf0f, lgodg tyf lgu/fgL ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] sfdsf] lg/LIf0f, cg'udg tyf lgu/fgL tt\;DaGwL lhDd]jf/L kfPsf lgsfon] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf u/]df e|i6frf/ /f]Sgdf w]/} ;xof]u k'Ug hfG5 . #=^=$=!=$ cWoog cg';Gwfg e|i6frf/sf /f]syfdsf nflu cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . e|i6frf/ lsg, s;/L, s], sf/0fn] eO/x]5 / o;nfO{ /f]Sg s] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]df lg/Gt/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{' kb{5 . e|i6frf/nfO{ a9fjf lbg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt–lgb]{zg, Joj:yf, k|lqmof cflbsf af/]df cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf gLlt– lgb]{zg, Joj:yf, k|lqmof cflbdf lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg ;s]df e|i6frf/nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5 . #=^=$=!=% /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4ltsf] th'{df /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4ltn] e|i6frf/sf] /f]syfd s'g} Pp6f lgsfon] dfq u/]/ ;Dej 5}g, o;sf] nflu ;a} lgsfosf] plQs} e"ldsf / bfloŒj x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;k4ltn] ;Dk"0f{tfsf] b[li6 /fVb5 / e|i6frf/nfO{ w]/} hf]lvd / yf]/} k|ltkmnsf] sfo{ agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;k4ltn]
e|i6frf/sf] sd{ eO;s]kl5 b08 lbg]df eGbf e|i6frf/ x'g} glbg] kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . ;bfrf/k4ltn] sfo{sfl/0fL, ;+;b\, Gofofno, lghfdtL ;]jf, lgodg tyf ;'k/Lj]If0f Pj+ e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf ;+nUg lgsfox¿, gful/s ;dfh tyf lghL If]q, ;~rf/dfWod tyf cGt/f{li6«o OsfOnfO{ cfwf/:tDesf] ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/sf] lgjf/0fsf] nflu oL ;a} :tDe plQs} alnof] / lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{df o;k4ltn] hf]8 lbG5 . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!$ df u/]sf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/k4lt cWoogn] g]kfnsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . #=^=$=@ pkrf/fŒds pkfo o; pkfocGtu{t e|i6frf/ u/]df e|i6frf/LnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] b08 lbg ;lsg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; pkfocGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿ kb{5g\M n d'2f bfo/ u/L sfg'gadf]lhdsf] ;hfo lbnfpg],
n /sdsf]
lxgfldgf u/]sf] eP c;'n ug]{, n ;r]t u/fpg], n ljefuLo sf/afxL ug]{, n b'ikl/0ffd ;Rofpg] cflb . ljZjsf ;a} d'n'sn] e|i6frf/ ug]{nfO{ s;'/sf] dfqf x]/L b08–;hfo lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . rLgdf ei6frf/ u/]df d[To'b08;d]t x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]gcg';f/ g]kfndf e|i6frf/ ug]{nfO{ a9Ldf !) jif{;Dd s}b / lauf]adf]lhd hl/dfgf x'g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt jf lgo'Qm x'g] kbflwsf/L, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj jf ;f];/xsf kbflwsf/L, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf k|d'v, dxfk|aGws jf ;f];/xsf kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;hfodf yk # jif{ s}b x'g] Joj:yf 5 . cbfntaf6 e|i6frf/L 7x/ ePsf] JolQmnfO{ lgjf{rgdf efu lng tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uo dflgG5 .
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
33
34
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
efu $ dfgjclwsf/ $=! dfgjclwsf/sf] cjwf/0ff dflg; ePsf] gftfn] dflg;n] :jtM k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ g} dfgjclwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/ x/]s dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ jf g};lu{+s clwsf/ xf] . dfgjclwsf/x¿ ljZjJofkL 5g\, cljefHo 5g\ / Ps–cfk;df cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . dfgjclwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt /fHon] ug{'kb{5 . cGwsf/n] cGwsf/nfO{ wkfpg ;Sb}g, pHofnf]n] dfq cGwsf/nfO{ wkfpg ;S5 . 3[0ffn]–3[0ffnfO{ wkfpg ;Sb}g, dfofn] dfq 3[0ffnfO{ wkfpg ;S5 . –8f=dfl6{g n'y/ lsª\u hgtfsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] OGsf/ ug{' eg]sf] pgLx¿sf] dfgjtfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg' xf] . –g]N;g d08]nf dfgjclwsf/ s] xf] < n dflg;n] dflg; eP/ dof{lbt¿kdf afFRgsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;a} clwsf/nfO{ g} dfgjclwsf/ elgG5 . dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g tyf cfk/flws 36gfaLr s] km/s 5 < n dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{df /fHokIfsf] k|d'v bfloŒj x'g] ePsf]n] s'g} klg JolQmsf dfgjclwsf/x¿ pNnª\3g ug{ sfo{df /fHokIf k|ToIf jf k/f]If¿kdf ;+nUg ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 36gfsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . ;fy}, olb JolQm jf ;d"xsf] clwsf/dfly /fHosf] s'g} jf k"/} e"– efu sAhf u/L cfˆg} k|zf;g rnfPsf] JolSt jf ;d"xaf6 x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 eg] To:tf] 36gfnfO{ klg dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] 36gfsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . n t/, s'g} JolQm jf ;d"xn] s;}sf] clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k ePsf] 5 eg] Tof] ck/flws 36gf x'G5 / To:tf] JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ /fHon] sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ sfg'gn] lbPsf] x'G5 .
e]nf x'g kfpFg] clwsf/
lzIffsf] clwsf/ cf:yf cFufNg kfpFg] clwsf/
;+3–;+:yf vf]Ng] kfpg] clwsf/ cfjt\–hfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
dfgj clwsf/
wfld{s :jtGqtf
5fkfvfgfsf] clwsf/
af]Ng kfpFg] ;"rgfdf clwsf/ kx'Fr lrq $M dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t kIf
$=@ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw g]kfn xfn;Dd lgDg !^ j6f -tflnsf !_ dfgjclwsf/sf cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGwx¿sf]] kIf /fi6« ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( -!_ n] g]kfn kIf ePsf ;a} ;lGwx¿ g]kfnsf /fli6«o sfg'g;/x x'g] tyf /fli6«o sfg'g / To:tf ;lGwx¿ aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;y{, dxf;lGwx¿n] l;h{gf ug]{ bfloŒjx¿ sfof{Gjog ug{' tyf dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{' ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg'gL st{Jo x'g cfpF5 . g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
35
tflnsf !M g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw g]kfnn] cg'df]bg l;= dxf;lGw÷k|lt1fkqsf] kfl/t ldlt ÷;lDdng u/]sf] g+= gfd ldlt !=
bf;Œj dxf;lGw
*=
bf;Œj dxf;lGwnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|f]6f]sn k"/s dxf;lGw bf;Œj, bf; Jofkf/ / bf;Œj ;dfg ;+:yf / cEof;x¿sf] pGd"ng;DaGwL k"/s dxf;lGw gf/Lsf] /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw hflt xTof–ck/fwsf] /f]syfd / ;hfo;DaGwL dxf;lGw ;a} lsl;dsf hftLo e]befj pGd"ng ug]{;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw /Ëe]b ck/fwsf] bdg / b08;DaGwL dxf;lGw v]ns"bdf /Ëe]blj¿4sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw
(=
afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw
@=
#=
$= %=
^= &=
dlxnflj¿4 x'g] !)= ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts !!= tyf clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq gful/s tyf /fhgLlts !@= clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq gful/s tyf /fhgLlts !#= clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kqsf] :j]lR5s k|f]6f]sn oftgf tyf cGo m/, cdfgjLo jf !$= q"ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08lj¿4 dxf;lGw hLp df:g]–a]Rg] tyf j]Zofj[lQsf] !%= c¿sf] zf]if0fsf] bdgsf nflu Joj:yf ePsf] dxf;lGw !^= d[To'b08 pGd"ng ug]{ p2]Zon] Joj:yf ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt– /f{li6«o :j]lR5s k|f]6f]sn 36
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
@% ;]K6]Da/ !(@^
& hgj/L !(^^ -;_
@# ;]K6]Da/ !(%#
& hgj/L !(^# -;_
& ;]K6]Da/ !(%^
& hgj/L !(^# -;_
@) l8;]Da/ @) clk|n !(^^ !(%@ -;_ ( l8;]Da/ !($*
!& hgj/L !(^( -;_
!(&! @! l8;]Da/ #) hgj/L -;_ !(^% #) gf]e]Da/ !@ h'nfO{ !(&& !(&# -;_ !) l8;]Da/ ! dfr{ !(*( -c_ !(*% @) gf]e]Da/ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !((! !(*( -c_ !* l8;]Da/ @@ clk|n !((! !(&( -c_ !^ l8;]Da/ !$ d] !((!-;_ !(^^ !^ l8;]Da/ !$ d] !((! -;_ !(^^ !^ l8;]Da/ !$ d] !((! -;_ !(^^ !) l8;]Da/ !$ d] !((! -;_ !(*$ @ l8;]Da/ @& l8;]Da/ !((% !($( -;_ !% l8;]Da/ $ h"g !((* -;_ !(*(
$=# s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/ dxf;lGw $=#=! dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, !($* / o;df ePsf Joj:yf ;g\ !($* sf] l8;]Da/ !) df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f;efn] dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff–kq cg'df]bg u/L hf/L u/]sf] xf] . of] g} dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf] . o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf #) wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g \. o; 3f]if0ff– kqdf /x]sf d'Vo k|fjwfgx¿ lgDg /x]sf 5g\M n ;a} JolQmx¿ hGdhft :jtGq 5g\, tL ;a}sf] ;dfg k|lti7f / clwsf/ 5 . pgLx¿ ljj]szlQm / cGt:s/0fn] o'Qm ePsfn] / k|To]sn] k/:k/df eft[Œjsf] efjgf lnP/ Jojxf/ ug{' kb{5 . n hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo dt, /fli6«o jf cGo ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ jf c¿ s'g} dof{bfsf] cfwf/df e]befj gu/L k|To]s JolQmnfO{ o; 3f]if0ff–kqdf pNn]lvt clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ j}olQms :jtGqtf / cfŒd;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n afFwf jf bf; agfO{ s;}nfO{ klg /flvg] 5}g / bf;Œj / bf;bf;Lsf] Jofkf/ k"0f{¿kdf lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . n s'g} JolQmnfO{ klg zf/Ll/s oftgf lbOg] 5}g, q"m/, cdfg'lifs, jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo ul/g] 5}g . n sfg'gsf] b[li6df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;j{q Ps JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ x'g] . n sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg 5g\, lagf e]befj ;a} sfg'gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L x'g]5g\ . ;a} o; 3f]if0ffnfO{ pNnª\3g u/L ul/Psf] e]befj jf To:tf] e]befj ug{ ul/Psf] pS;fx6lj¿4 ;dfg ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/L x'g]5g\ . n ;a}nfO{ ;+ljwfg jf sfg'gåf/f lbOPsf] df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] pNnª\3glj¿4 of]Uo /fli6«o cbfntsf] k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf] clwsf/ x'g] . n s;}nfO{ klg dgdfgL9Ën] b]z lgsfnf jf lu/ˆtf/ jf gh/aGb ul/g] 5}g . n s'g} JolQmpk/ nufOPsf] kmf}hbf/L cleof]ulj¿4 lghsf] clwsf/ / bfloŒjsf] lg/f]k0f ub}{ :jtGq / Gofoo'Qm cbfntaf6 lgikIf ;'g'jfOsf] xs x'g] . n b08gLo ck/fwsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ arfpsf] ;a} cfjZos k|Tofe"lt ePsf] v'nf cbfntsf] sfg'gcg';f/ ck/fwL g7x/fp~h]n lg/k/fw dflgg] . n s'g} JolQmn] u/] jf gu/]sf] s'g} sfd pQm ;dodf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gcGtu{t ck/fw dflgFb}g
eg] To:tf] sfdsf] nflu s'g} JolQmnfO{ klg bf]ifL g7x/fOg] / s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ pQm ;dodf lbg ;lsg] ;hfoeGbf a9L ;hfo lbg g;lsg] . n s'g} klg JolQmsf] uf]kgLotf, kl/jf/, 3/ jf kq Jojxf/df dgf]dfgL x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g / s;}sf] ;Ddfg tyf k|lti7fdf x:tIf]k ul/g] 5}g . x:tIf]k ePdf sfg'gL ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ b]zsf] ;Ldfgfleq :jtGqtfk"j{s ljr/0f / a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] . ;fy}, b]z jf c¿ s'g} b]zaf6 aflx/ lg:sg] / cfˆgf] b]zdf kmsL{ cfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ pTkL8gaf6 plDsg c¿ b]zdf z/0f vf]Hg] / lng] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ x'g], /fli6«otf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/af6 jl~rt gul/g], dgf]dfgL9Ën] /fli6«otfaf6 jl~rt gul/g] . n hflt, /fli6«otf jf wd{sf] e]befjlagf jo:s :qL–k'?ifnfO{ cfk;df ljjfx ug]{ / kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ PSn} jf c¿;Fu ldn]/ ;DklQ /fVg] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, cGt:s/0f / wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/, :jtGqtf / cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] ;ef ug]{ tyf ;+:yf vf]Ng] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;/sf/df k|ToIf¿kn] jf :jtGqtfk"j{s r'lgPsf k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ efu lng] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] k|lti7f / JolQmŒjsf] :jtGq ljsf;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿ pkof]u ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ sfd ug]{, :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /fVg], / sfd ug{sf] lgldQ plrt / cg's"n kl/l:ylt k|fKt ug]{ / a]sf/Laf6 ;'/Iff kfpg], ;dfg sfdsf] nflu ;dfg sfd kfpg] tyf p;sf] lxtsf] /Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o"lgog :yfkgf ug{ kfpg] / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ dgfl;j sfo{ ;dosf] d'gfl;j ;Ldf ;j}tlgs cfjlws labf;lxt cf/fd / lj>fdsf] Joj:yf . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;sf] / p;sf] kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo / sNof0fsf] nflu kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ x'g] / cfdf / lzz'x¿nfO{ ljz]if x]/rfx / ;xfotf kfpg]
clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s afnsnfO{ lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 . k|f/lDes lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{ x'g], k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIff ;j{;'ne x'g] / pRr lzIff of]Uotfsf cfwf/df ;a}nfO{ ;dfg¿kn] pknAw x'g] . n lzIffsf] nIo dfgjsf] JolQmTjsf] k"0f{ ljsf; / dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfk|ltsf] cfwf/nfO{ alnof] agfpg] / ;a} /fi6«, hflt / wfld{s ;d"xx¿aLr ;dembf/L, ;lxi0f'tf / d}qLsf] ljsf; ug]{ . n 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ lbOg] lzIff /f]Hg] k|fylds clwsf/ afa'–cfdfnfO{ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtfk"j{s ;dfhsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf efu lng], snfx¿sf] cfgGb lng] / j}1flgs k|ult / lj1fgn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfsf] pkof]u ug]{ . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ p;n] /rgf jf l;h{gf u/]sf] s'g} j}1flgs, ;flxlTos, jf snfTds s[ltaf6 k|fKt ePsf] g}lts / ef}lts :jfy{x¿sf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/ x'g] . n k|To]s JolQmsf] ;dfhk|lt st{Jo x'g] . n cfˆgf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ubf{ k|To]s JolQmn] c¿sf] clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] klg cfb/ ug{'kg]{ / k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] g}ltstf, ;fj{hlgs ;'Joj:yf / ;j{;fwf/0fsf] sNof0fsf] nflu rflxg] plrt cfjZostfx¿ xfl;n ug]{ p2]Zon] sfg'gåf/f lgwf{l/t ;Ldfleq /xg'kg]{ .
$=#=@ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{l{i6«o k|lt1f–kq, !(^^ / o;df ePsf Joj:yf dfgj hfltn] gful/s ePsf] gftfn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ag]sf] k|lt1f–kqnfO{ gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1f–kq elgG5 . o; k|lt1f–kqdf %# wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|lt1f–kqn] gful/sx¿nfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/ lgDgadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] of] k|lt1f–kq nfu" ePsf] Ps jif{leq / To;kl5 dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] avt ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj;dIf cfjlws k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kb{5 . n ;Dk"0f{ hgtfnfO{ cfTd–lg0f{osf] clwsf/ . To; clwsf/sf] sf/0faf6 g} pgLx¿ :jtGqfk"j{s cfˆgf] /fhg}lts x}l;ot lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ tyf :jtGqtfk"j{s cfˆgf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df nfUb5g\ . g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
37
n
k|To]s JolQmnfO{ hLjgsf] cGt/lglxt clwsf/ . :j]R5frf/L¿kn] s;}sf] klg hLjgx/0f gul/g ]. n oftgf jf q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfolj¿4sf] clwsf/ . ljz]ifu/L s;}nfO{ klg lghsf] :jtGq d~h'/Lljgf lrlsT;sLo jf j}1flgs k|of]u ef]Ug nufOg] 5}g . n bf;Œj jf ank"j{ssf] >dlj¿4sf] clwsf/ . n k|To]s JolQmnfO{ :jtGqtf tyf ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ . n s/f/Lo bfloŒj k"/f gu/]sf]df s}bdf g/flvg] clwsf/ . n :jtGq¿kdf cfjt–hfjt ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ . n sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf ul/g] clwsf/ . n sfg'gsf] cufl8 JolQmsf] ¿kdf dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ . n ljrf/, ;b\ljj]s tyf wd{ :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ . n uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ . n ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] clwsf/ . n zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] clwsf/ . n cfˆgf] lxtsf] nflu 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng kfpg] jf To;df ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ . n ;fdflhs, wfld{s, jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu ldnL cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] pkef]u ug]{, cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag ug]{ jf cfˆg} efiff k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ . n k|To]s afnsnfO{ hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fli6«o jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ jf hGdsf] cfwf/df s'g} e]befjlagf lgh gfafns ePsf] x}l;otaf6 cfjZos ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿sf] clwsf/, kl/jf/, ;dfh, tyf /fi6«af6 k|fKt x'g] / k|To]s afnsnfO{ hGd]kl5 tTsfn} btf{ ul/g] / lghsf] gfd /flvg] Pj+ k|To]s afnsnfO{ /fli6«otf k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ .
$=#=# dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw dlxnfsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ k|d'v dxf;lGw xf] . dlxnflj¿4 x'g] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ Pj+ dlxnf / k'¿ifaLr ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ o; dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwdf #) wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwdf kIf/fi6«x¿n] dlxnflj¿4 ul/g] ;a} e]befjsf] eT;{gf ub{5g\, dlxnflj¿4 ul/g] ;a} e]befjnfO{ pGd"ng kfg]{ gLlt pko'Qm tl/sfaf6 cljnDa ckgfpg d~h'/ ub{5g\ / o;sf] nflu ljleGg sbdx¿ rfNg'sf ;fy} dlxnfsf] k"0f{ ljsf; tyf k|j4{g ;'lglZrt u/L k'?if;/x ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] k|of]u 38
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
tyf pkef]unfO{ k|Tofe"lt lbnfpgsf] nflu ;a} ;Da4 If]q vf; u/]/ /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s Pj+ ;f+:s[lts If]qdf sfg'gL Joj:yfnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ pkfox¿ rfNg] elgPsf] 5 . dlxnflj¿4sf] e]befjnfO{ o; dxf;lGwn] s;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 < /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, gful/s jf c¿ s'g} ljifo;DaGwL dfgjclwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{, cfˆgf] j}jflxs l:ylt h]–h:tf] /x]sf] eP tfklg, k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df pkof]u jf k|of]u ug]{ sfo{df Jojwfg ug]{ jf To;sf] dfGotfnfO{ g} Iflt jf z"Gos/0f kfg]{ p2]Zo ePsf], lnª\usf] cfwf/df x'g] s'g} klg e]befj, jf alxisf/ jf k|ltaGwnfO{ dlxnflj¿4sf] e]befj x'g] dxf;lGwn] eg]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] k|To]s rf/ jif{df tyf dlxnflj¿4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] ;dodf cfjlws k|ltj]bg a'emfpg' kb{5 . o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿ o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\M n dlxnfsf] lsga]r tyf dlxnfsf] j]Zofj[lQsf] nflu ul/g] of}gzf]if0flj¿4sf] clwsf/ n dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts tyf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ n cGt/f{li6«o txdf ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwTj jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3–;+u7gdf sfd ug{ kfpg] ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/ n /fli6«otf;DaGwL clwsf/ . o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfsf] /fli6«otfsf] ;DaGwdf s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < n dlxnfnfO{ k'?if;/x /fli6«otfk|fKt ug]{, kl/jt{g ug]{ jf wf/0f ug]{ ;dfg clwsf/ n ljb]zL;Fu ljjfx ePsf] sf/0faf6 jf kltn] /fli6«otf kl/jt{g u/]sf] sf/0faf6 kTgLsf] /fli6«otf :jtM kl/jt{g gx'g] clwsf/ n kltsf] /fli6«otf h]–h:tf] eP tfklg dlxnfnfO{ cfˆgf] OR5fcg';f/sf] /fli6«otf wf/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ n ;GtfgnfO{ /fli6«otf lbnfpg] ;DaGwdf k'?if;/x dlxnfnfO{ klg ;dfg clwsf/ n lzIffsf] clwsf/ .
o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ lzIffsf If]qdf s]–s:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 < n cWoog ug]{ / pkflw kfpg] clwsf/ n ;a} k|sf/sf Jofj;flos k|lzIf0fsf] clwsf/ n ;dfg ef}lts ;'ljwfsf] z}lIfs clwsf/ n 5fqj[lQ ;DaGwdf clwsf/ n k9fO{ 5f]8\g] 5fqfx¿sf] ;lqmo¿kdf z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ n v]ns'b tyf zf/Ll/s lzIffdf efu lng kfpg] ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/ n kl/jf/ lgof]hg;DaGwL ;"rgf ;Nnfxnufot kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo tyf ;d[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xfos x'g] z}lIfs hfgsf/L kfpg] clwsf/ n /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/ . o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ /f]huf/L ;DaGwdf s:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 < n /f]huf/Ldf ;dfg cj;/sf] clwsf/, n /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq¿kdf rog ug{ kfpg] clwsf/, n ;]jfsf] ;t{ / ;'/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/, n ;dfg kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfsf] cj;/, k"/f tna;lxtsf] k|;'lt labfsf] clwsf/, ue{jtL ePsf] cfwf/df kbRo"t ug{ gkfpg] clwsf/, afn :ofxf/ ;'ljwf k|0ffnLsf] pkef]usf] clwsf/, ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ xflgsf/s sfddf nfpg gkfpg] clwsf/, n :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ . o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/df s]–s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < n dlxnfnfO{ kl/jf/ lgof]hg;Fu ;DalGwt s'/fx¿nufot :jf:Yo / :ofxf/;DaGwL ;]jflagf s'g} e]befj k'?if;/x k|bfg ug{'kg]{, n dlxnfnfO{ ue{jtL, k|;'lt / k|;'ltkZrft\sf ;dodf rflxg] cfjZos ;]jfx¿ pknAw u/fpg'kg]{, n ue{jlt / :tgkfgsf] ;dodf dlxnfnfO{ kof{Kt kf]if0f pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug{'kg]{ . cfly{s tyf kfl/jfl/s nfesf] clwsf/ n u|fdL0f dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ . o; dxf;lGwn] u|fdL0f dlxnfnfO{ s]–s:tf clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < n ljsf; of]hgfsf] lj:t[tLs/0f / sfof{Gjogsf] ;a} txdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/
n kl/jf/
lgof]hgsf ;"rgf, ;Nnfx / ;]jfnufot kof{Kt :jf:Yo ;'ljwf kfpg] clwsf/ n ;fdflhs ;'/Iffaf6 k|ToIf nfe kfpg] ;'ljwf n cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s tflnd / lzIffk|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ n :j/f]huf/Lsf nflu :jfanDjg ;d"xx¿ tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ u7g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ n ;d:t ;fd'bflos lqmofsnfkdf efu lng kfpg] clwsf/ n cfjf;, ;/;kmfO{, ljB't\, oftfoft, vfg]kfgL tyf ;~rf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ pkof]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ n sfg'gL ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ n ljjfx tyf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/ .
o; dxf;lGwn] dlxnfnfO{ ljjfx / kl/jf/sf ;DaGwdf s]–s:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 < n ljjfx ug]{ clwsf/ n cfˆgf] hLjg;fyL :jtGq¿kn] 5fGg kfpg] clwsf/ n ;DaGw–ljR5]bsf] clwsf/ n ;Dkltdf klt–kTgL b'j}sf] ;dfg clwsf/ n ;Gtfg slt hGdfpg], slxn] hGdfpg] eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ n ;Gtfgsf] ;+/IfsTj u|x0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ .
$=#=$ afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(*( / o;df ePsf Joj:yf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwnfO{ g} afn clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw elgG5 . of] dxf;lGw ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] dxf;efaf6 @) gf]e]Da/ !(*( df kfl/t eO{ @ ;]K6]Da/ !(() b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] o; dxf;lGwnfO{ ljgf s'g} zt{ !$ ;]K6]Da/ !(() df cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . o; dxf;lGwdf %@ wf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsf;DaGwL sfg'gn] klxn] g} aflnu x'G5 egL tf]s]sf]df afx]s !* jif{eGbf sd pd]/sfnfO{ afnaflnsfsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o; dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfnO{ lgDg clwsf/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf] 5M n afFRg kfpg] k|To]s afnssf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ n hGd btf{ / gfd /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ n /fli6«otfsf] clwsf/ n ;Dej eP;Dd cfˆgf afa'–cfdf yfxf kfpg] / pgLx¿af6 :ofxf/ kfpg] clwsf/ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
39
of] dxf;lGwcg';f/ cfdf afa'n] cfˆgf afnaflnsfk|lt s]–s:tf] bfloŒj lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ x'G5 < afnaflnsfsf] kfngkf]if0f tyf ljsf;sf] nflu afa'– cfdf jf kl/l:yltcg';f/ sfg'gL ;+/Ifssf] k|fylds bfloŒj x'g] / o;df /fHon] klg ;xof]u ug{'kb{5 . n
cfdf–afa';Fu a;f]af; ug]{ clwsf/ n kfl/jfl/s k'gld{ngsf] clwsf/ n afnaflnsfn] ljrf/ k|s6 ug{ kfpg] / ljrf/n] plrt dfGotf kfpg] clwsf/ n cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ n ljrf/, ;b\ljj]s, / wd{sf] :jtGqtfsf] clwsf/ n ;Ë7g ug]{ / zflGtk"j{s e]nf x'g] :jtGqtf n lghLkgsf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/, plrt hfgsf/L k|flKtsf] clwsf/ n ckfª\u afnaflnsfx¿sf] clwsf/ . czQm afnaflnsfn] ljz]if x]/rfx kfpg'kg]{ . dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s¿kn] czQm afnaflnsfsf] dof{bf ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{, :jfjnDag clej[l4 ug]{ / cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf lghsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf ;'ud agfpg'kg]{ . of] dxf;lGwcg';f/ afnaflnsfk|lt /fHon] lgjf{x ug{'kg]{ bfloŒj s]–s] x'g\ < n e]befj ug{ gx'g] n cfdf–afa' jf cGo lhDd]jf/ dflg;x¿n] a]jf:tf u/]df kof{Kt :ofxf/–;Def/ ug{'kg]{ n clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{'kg]{ n afa'–cfdfsf] dfu{ bz{g / afnaflnsfsf] pbof]Gd'v Ifdtf ;DaGwdf clej[l4 ug{'kg]{ n bL3{hLjg / ljsf; ug{'kg]{ n kl/ro ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ n afa'–cfdfaf6 la5f]8 ePdf ;+/If0f lbg'kg]{ n afnaflnsfx¿sf] ljb]zdf cj}w :yfgfGt/0f jf ckx/0f;DaGwL clwsf/sf] /Iff ug{'kg]{ n afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ 1fgjw{s hfgsf/L lbg'kg]{ n b"Jo{jxf/ / pk]Iffaf6 ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ n kl/jf/ljxLg afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ n z/0ffyL{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ n afn dhb"/sf] ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ n a]rlavg, ;f}bfjfbL / ckx/0f /f]syfd ug{'kg]{ n ;fdflhs k'g:yf{kgf ug{'kg]{ n plrt Goflos sf/afxL ug{'kg]{ n :jf:Yo / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] clwsf/ . :jf:Yosf] 40
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
pRrtd k|fKo:t/sf] pkof]u tyf /f]usf] pkrf/ ug{ kfpg] / :jf:Yosf] k'gnf{e ug{ kfpg] ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{ n ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ . zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s lx+;f, Iflt jf b'Jo{jxf/, pk]Iff jf pk]lIft Jojxf/, zf]if0f, of}g b'Jo{jxf/;d]taf6af6 ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ n afnaflnsfsf] lzIffsf] clwsf/ .
of] dxf;lGwn] afnaflnsfsf] lzIff;DaGwL s]–s:tf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < n k|fylds lzIff ;a}nfO{ clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] n k|To]s afnaflnsfnfO{ dfWolds lzIff pknAw u/fpg] / dfWolds lzIffdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] n Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;a}sf lglDt pko'Qm ;fwgåf/f pRrlzIff k|fKt x'g;Sg] u/fpg] n ;Dk"0f{ afnaflnsfnfO{ z}lIfs / Jofj;flos hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] n ljBfnox¿df lgoldt xflhl/nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ / k9fO{ kl/Tofu ug]{x¿sf] ;ª\Vof 36fpg ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg] n afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, cfWoflTds, g}lts / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] nflu rflxg] kof{Kt hLjg:t/sf] clwsf/ n ;fdflhs, wfld{s, jf eflifs cNk;ª\Vossf afnaflnsfnfO{ cfˆgf ;d"xsf cGo ;b:ox¿;Fu ldn]/ cfˆgf] ;+:s[ltsf] pkef]u ug]{, cfˆgf] wd{sf] cjnDag tyf cEof; ug]{ jf cfˆg} efiff k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ n cf/fd ug]{ / k'm;{b lng kfpg], cfˆgf] pd]/ ;'xfpFbf] v]n / dgf]/~hgk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g kfpg] / ;f+:s[lts hLjg tyf snfdf :jtGq¿kn] ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ n nfu" kbfy{sf] b'?kof]uaf6 aRg];DaGwL clwsf/ n of}gzf]if0faf6 ;+/If0f kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ n cfly{s zf]if0faf6 / hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g] jf cfˆgf] lzIffdf bVvn jf cfˆgf] :jf:Yo jf zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s . cfWoflTds, g}lts / ;fdflhs ljsf;df xflgsf/s x'g;Sg] s'g} sfo{af6 ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ kIf /fi6«x¿n] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf k|To]s afnaflnsfsf] jf lghsf] afa'– cfdfsf] jf sfg'gL ;+/Ifssf] hflt, j0f{, lnª\u, efiff, wd{, /fhgLlts jf cGo ljrf/, /fli6«o, hftLo jf ;fdflhs pTklQ, ;DklQ, czQmtf jf cGo x}l;otsf cfwf/df e]befj gu/L o; dxf;lGwdf plNnlvt clwsf/x¿nfO{ ;Ddfg tyf ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\, elgPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] kIf /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] o; dxf;lGwsf] cfjlws k|ltj]bg k|To]s % jif{df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrjdfkm{t\ afnclwsf/ ;ldltdf a'emfpg' kb{5 .
$=$ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ;/sf/L lgsfo
sfo{/t
/fli6«o
$=$=! /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u g]kfndf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;Ddfg, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g tyf To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o; cfof]usf] :yfkgf @)^& ;fn h]7 !# ut] ul/Psf] xf] . o; cfof]un] dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3gsf 36gfx¿sf] 5fglag / cg';Gwfg ug{'sf ;fy} dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePsf] nfu]df 7x/ u/L kLl8t JolQmnfO{ pkrf/ k|bfg ug{ / Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ nfu]df ;f];d]t 7x/ u/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ k7fpg ;Sb5 / cfof]un] To;/L n]vL k7fPdf ;f]adf]lhd sf/afxL ug{' ;/sf/sf] bfloŒj x'G5 . dfgjclwsf/ pNnª\3g ePsf] sf/0faf6 d[To' ePdf cfof]un] Ps nfvb]lv tLg nfv;Dd Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg ;Sb5 . o; cfof]un] uf]i7L, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, tyf ;~rf/dfWodaf6 dfgjclwsf/ lzIffsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{;d]t ub{5 . dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePdf sxfF–s;/L ph"/L lbg ;lsG5 < ph'/Ldf s]–s] s'/f pNn]v ug{' kb{5 < dfgjclwsf/sf] pNnª\3g ePdf /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]udf cfk}mF pkl:yt eO{ lnlvt jf df}lvs lgj]bg lbO{ jf 6]lnkmf]g jf x'nfs jf cGo dfWodaf6 df}lvs jf lnlvt lgj]bg k7fO ph'/L lbg ;lsG5 . ph'/Ldf ph'/ ug]{sf] gfd 7]ufgf, ph'/Lsf] ljifo / Joxf]/f, ph'/L ug{' k/]sf] sf/0f / ph'/LnfO{ ;dy{g jf k'i6L ug]{ k|df0f / cfk"mn] dfu u/]sf] pkrf/sf] ljj/0f pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
$=$=@ /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]usf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%* ;fndf dlxnfsf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Daw{g u/L ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf dlxnfnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;dflxt ug{ / dlxnfsf] ;du| ljsf; u/L n}lËs Gofo sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf o; cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cfof]usf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfsf] xslxt;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th{'df u/L g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]{, dlxnfsf] xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g jf g]kfn kIf ePsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tfcGtu{tsf] bfloŒj sfof{Gjog eP–gePsf] ljifodf cg'udg u/L ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] pkfo;lxt g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], dlxnfnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ tyf /fHosf ;a} lgsfodf ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ df}h'bf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] ;dLIff, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{ / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ tyf n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zlSts/0f tyf dlxnf;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L To:tf sfg'gdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf ;dalGwt lgsfonfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;f]sf] cg'udg ug]{ cflb sfo{ o; cof]unfO{ ;'lDkPsf] 5 .
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
41
42
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
efu % lgisif{ %=! lgisif{ Zff;gdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, sfg'gL / j}wflgs zf;gk4lt, hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/, kf/bzL{ k|zf;goGq, dfgjclwsf/sf] /Iff, hgtfsf] ;"rgfdf ;xh kx'Fr, k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, zflGt–;'Joj:yf / cdg–rog, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;Dj[l4d'vL, e|i6frf//lxt zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;'zf;g eGg ;lsG5 . ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f cToGt} km/flsnf] 5 . ;'zf;gsf] cj:yfnfO{ ljZjJofkL, /fli6«o, If]qLo, :yfgLo, If]qut, ;+:yfut:t/df d"Nofª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ljBfno ;'zf;g eGgfn] ljBfnosf] k7gkf7gsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a'lemG5 . o; k|lqmofdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg zf;g Joj:yf /fd|f] x'gsf nflu Tof] zf;g Joj:yfdf ljlwsf] zf;g, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;xeflutf, pQ/bfoL, ;Ddltcled'v, k|efjsfl/tf, bIftf, ;dtfd"ns / ;dfj]lztfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿ jf u'0fx¿ ljBdfg x'g' kb{5 . cGoyf, To:tf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] zf;g Joj:yf eGg ;lsGg . ;'zf;g sfod ug{df ;/sf/sf cËx¿– sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, / Joj:yflksf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿, tyf ;~rf/ dfWodsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL ;'zf;gsf] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0fx¿ x'g\ . kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a9fpg ;lsPdf w]/} xb;Dd ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{, ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿n] lbg] ;]jfdf u'0f:t/, hjfkmb]xL tyf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg g]kfndf sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug{'sf ;fy} kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xL a[l4 ug{ l;4 ePsf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{, ;fj{hlgs n]vf–k/LIf0f, ;fd'bflos u|fXofª\s–kq, gful/s k|ltj]bg kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th{'df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k|lta4tfsf]] k|of]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;glagf s'g} klg d'n'ssf] ljsf; ;Dej 5}g . ;'zf;g gePsf] cj:yfdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s7Lg x'G5 . g}lts lzIffsf] cefjdf d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ c;Dej 5 . xfn d'n'sdf g}lts rl/qjfg dflg;x¿sf] vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g gePsf] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ cTolws x'g] / To; b]zsf gful/sx¿n] sfg'gk|bQ dfgjclwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ gkfpg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . clxn] klg g]kfn
e|i6frf/ a9L x'g] d'n'sdf kb{5 . ;g\ @)!$ df 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn ;++:yfn]] !&% d'n'sdf u/]sf] ;j]{If0fdf g]kfn !@^ cf}+ :yfgdf /x]sf] / g]kfnn] !)) k"0ff{ª\sdf @( cª\sdfq kfPsf] 5 . cfh xfd|f] d'n'sdf ;'zf;gsf] cefj 5, ljBfyL{x¿df g}lts lzIffsf] sdL b]lvPsf] 5 . d'n'sdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{nfO{ OdfGbf/ / pRr g}ltstf ePsf JolQmx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o:tf JolQmx¿sf] pTkfbg g}lts lzIff k|bfg u/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / cfr/0f jf g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ 1fg lbO{ d'n'ssf] nflu cfjZos sd{7, of]Uo, nugzLn, OdfGbf/ / st{Jolgi7 gful/s agfpg ;lsG5 . cf}krfl/s lzIffaf6 dfq tt\;DaGwL 1fg lbg ;Dej gb]lvPsfn] cgf}krfl/s lzIff cyf{t\ ;djo ;xhstf{ k|lzIf0f ljlwdfkm{t\ ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/ / g}lts lzIffsf af/]df ljBfnosf efOalxgLx¿nfO{ 1fg lbg ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf, ;djo l;sfO k|lqmofsf] dfWodåf/f ;'zf;g / g}lts cfr/0f Jojxf/sf ljifodf ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿n] cfˆg} sIff jf csf]{ sIffsf jf csf]{ ljBfnosf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] hfg] a'em]sf], l;s]sf] s'/f atfpg ;S5g\ . o;/L hfg]–a'e]msf] s'/f atfpg] l;sfpg] sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt¿kn] ;fd"lxs¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGotM l;sfOg] s'/f ljBfno kf7\oqmdleqsf jf aflx/sf x'g ;S5g\, JolStut ;/f]sf/ tyf rf;f]sf ljifo klg x'g ;S5g\ . o;af6 cfˆgf] ljrf/, 1fg, cg'ej, bIftf, ;Lk cflb Ps–csf{aLr cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of] k|lqmof b'j} kIfnfO{ nfebfos x'G5 . ;fy}, k|ltkf]if0f lnP/ cfˆgf] l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg tyf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 lzIffsf] u'0f:t/ k|j4{g ug{ d2t k'U5 . o; k':tsdf, g}lts lzIff, ;'zf;g, dfgjclwsf/, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fh:tf kIf ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . of] k':ts tof/ ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo dfWoflds txdf cWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{df ;'zf;g tyf dfgjclwsf/ /Iffsf] dfu ug]{ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug'{, Jojxf/df ck]lIft kl/jt{g Nofpg pTk|]l/t ug'{ tyf g}lts lzIffsf] k|j4{g ug'{ xf] . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljBfyL{ :jfjnDaL aGg l;s"g\, kl/>dL aGg l;s"g\ / cfˆgf] v'§fdf cfk}mF cl8g ;s"g\ eGg] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 . o; k':tsdf ePsf ;fdu|Laf6 lzIfs, cleefjs, gful/s ;dfh tyf ;'zf;gdf ?rL /fVg] hf]–sf]xLn] klg kmfObf lng;Sg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
43
44
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
cg';"rL g}lts lzIff tyf ;'zf;g tflndsf] kf7Øqmd != PsfO PsM g}lts lzIffsf] k|f/lDes hfgsf/L klxnf] lbg ;qM klxnf] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnLsf af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnL $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf g}lts lzIffsf cjwf/0ffsf af/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .
@= PsfO b'O{M g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIf bf];|f] lbg ;qM klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIfsf af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM # 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n xfd|f ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf n ljBfyL{sf clwsf/, st{Jo tyf ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f n ljBfyL{sf xs–clwsf/ n ljBfno, cleefjs / u'?ju{k|lt ljBfyL{sf] bfloŒj n ;dfh / /fi6«k|ltsf]] lhDd]jf/L n ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug'{kg]{ cfr/0f n lzIfs / cleefjssf] e"ldsf $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{
cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf g}lts lzIffsf cfwf/e"t kIfdf hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .
#= PsfO tLgM ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff, tTj / ;"rs t];|f] lbg
#=! PsfO PsM ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff tyf zAbfjnL ;q klxnf] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff / zAbfjnLaf/] 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n ;'zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff n ;'zf;gsf] bfo/f n ;'zf;g / s'zf;gdf leGgtf n ;'zf;g;DaGwL zAbfjnL $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gsf]] cjwf/0ff / ZfAbfjnLaf/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .
#=@ PsfO b'O{M ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒj ;qM bf];|f] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿af/] 1fg lbg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM ! 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n ;'zf;gsf /fhgLlts, Joj:yfksLo, ;fdflhs, / cGt/f{li6«o cfofdx¿ g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
45
n sfg'gL
zf;g, pQ/bfloŒj, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]xL, ;dfj]lztf, ;xeflutfh:tf ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t tŒjx¿, $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gsf cfofd, d"ne"t tŒj Pj+ ;"rssf af/]df 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .
#=# PsfO tLgM ;'zf;gsf d"ne"t ;"rs ;qM t];|f] / rf}yf] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gsf ;"rsx¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M hgcfjfh / pQ/bfloTj, /fhgLlts l:y/tf / lx+;f/lxt cj:yf, lgodgsf] u'0f:t/, sfg'gL zf;g, e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f, ;/sf/sf] k|efjsfl/tfh:tf ;'zf;gsf ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;g ;DaGwL jt{dfg ;"rsaf/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g]5g\ .
$= PsfO rf/M ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo rf}yf] lbg ;qM klxnf] / bf];|f] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfox¿ / tL lgsfon] ug]{ sfo{x¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n sfo{kflnsfcGtu{tsf lgsfox¿sf]] e"ldsf -k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|, ;fj{hlgs vl/b cg'udg sfof{no,
46
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
/fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, ;DklQ z'l4s/0f cg';Gwfg ljefu, /fh:j cg';Gwfg ljefu, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, s]Gb|Lo tx;Ln sfof{no, g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ljQLo PsfO_ n ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] e"ldsf -clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf–k/LIfssf] sfof{no, dxfGofoflwjStfsf] sfof{no, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u_ n Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf n Joj:yflksf -;+;b\_ sf] e"ldsf n lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf n gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsf n ;~rf/dfWodsf] e"ldsf $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f -lkm8Aofs_ lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf ;'zf;gdf d'Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfox¿ / tL lgsfosf] sfd st{Josf / e"ldsfsf af/]df 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .
%= PsfO kfFrM kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwg ;qM t];|f] / rf}yf] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{nfO{ kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwgaf/] 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿ M ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ k|rlnt ;fwgx¿– gful/s a8fkq, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg, x]nf] ;/sf/, ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fd'bflos cskq, gful/s k|ltj]bg–kq, ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf tyf ah]6 th'{df, ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;f]wvf]h, ;bfrf/ k4lt, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf kf/blz{tf / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]xL clej[l4 ug]{ ;fwgx¿af/] 1fg k|fKt u/]sf x'g] 5g\ .
^= PsfO 5M dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ kfFrf} lbg ;qM klxnf] / bf];|f] !_ p2]ZoM k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGw tyf cg'aGw tyf afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf Joj:yf / dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿sf] af/]df 1fg lbnfpg' x'g]5 . @_ ;dofjlwM @ 3G6f #_ k|lzIf0fdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿M n dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff !($* df ePsf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿ n gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o k|lt1fkq !(^^ df ePsf afnaflnsf;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ n dlxnflj¿4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw !(&( sf d'Vo Joj:yf
n ;+o'St
/fi6«;+3Lo afnclwsf/ dxf;lGw !(*( df ePsf Joj:yf n afnaflnsf;DaGwL P]g, @)$* df ePsf Joj:yf n dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t /fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ $_ k|lzIf0f ljlwM kfj/KjfOG6 k|:t'lt, n3'k|jrg, k|Zgf]Q/, ;d"x cEof;, xflh/Lhjfkm, 5nkmn cflb . %_ ;xhstf{nfO{ ;'emfjM ;xhstf{n] ;d"x ljefhg u/L ljleGg cEof; u/fpg ;Sg] . ^_ k|lzIf0f ;fdu|LM cWoog ;fdu|L, n]vgk'l:tsf, sDKo"6/, k|f]h]S6/, lˆnkrf6{, XjfO6af]8{, dfs{/k]g, d]6fsf8{ cflb . &_ k|ltkf]if0f / d"Nofª\sgM k|ZgfjnL dfkm{t k|lzIffyL{x¿af6 k|ltkf]if0f lnO{ k|lzIf0fsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . *_ ck]lIft k|ltkmnM k|lzIffyL{x¿n] ;qsf] cGTodf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfx¿sf af/]df 1fg k|fKt ug]{5g\ .
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
47
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L != clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, -@)%(_, e|i6frf/sf ;DaGwdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg'gL Joj:yf, sf7df8f}+ . @= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, -@)&)_, ;+:yfut /0fgLlt -;g\ @)!$–@)!(_, sf7df8f}+ . #=cgf}krfl/s If]q ;]jf s]Gb| -OG;]s_, -@)%&_, k];fut lzIffdfnf, sf7df8f}+ . $= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lzIff P]g @)@*, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . %= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lzIff lgodfjnL @)%(, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . ^= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)^#_, ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . &= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt -@)^$_, cfly{s sfo{ljlw P]g, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . *= sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, aa/dxn, sf7df8f}+ . (= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ . !)= k//fi6«dGqfno, -!((*_, dfgjclwsf/, g]kfn kIf ePsf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hx¿sf] ;ª\u|x, sf7df8f}+ . !!= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, -@)^(_, jflif{s k|ltj]bg, cfly{s jif{ @)^*÷^(, sf7df8f}+ . !@= k|f]klAns, -@)^)_, c;n zf;gsf nflu jsfnt, ;|f]t–;ª\ufnf], sf7df8f}+ . !#= e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{of]hgf, @)^% . !$= e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;o'St /fi6« ;ª\3Lo dxf;lGw, ;g\ @))# . !%= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, afnaflnsf;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt @)^(, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . !^= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, afnaflnsfsf nflu /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf g]kfn, -cf=j=@)^!÷^@–@)&!÷&@_, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+ . !&= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, s]Gb|Lo afnsNof0f ;ldlt -@)&@_, afnaflnsfnfO{ lbOg] ;hfo / s]xL ljsNkx¿ ;r]tgf k'l:tsf, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ . !*= dfgjclwsf/ tyf zflGt ;dfh, -@)%*_ cGt/f{li6«o dfgjLo sfg'g / dfgjclwsf/ sfg'g–;Ddfg / kfngf . !(= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn -;g\ @)))_, 6L=cfO{= ;f];{ a's -g]kfnL ;ª\If]k_, sf7df8f}+ . @)= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)^)_, ;'zf;g;DaGwL s]xL l;4fGtx¿, dGqLkl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf tyf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL ;'emfjx¿, sf7df8f}+ .
48
g}lts lzIff / ;'zf;g k|lzIf0f ;|f]t;fdu|L
@!= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)^#_, e|i6frf/lj¿4 k|lzIf0f k'l:tsf, sf7df8f}+ . @@= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn -@)&)_, k|j[lQ -syf ;ª\u|x_, sf7df8f}+ . @#= 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn, -@)!$_, /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL cWoog, sf7df8f}+ . @$= /f0ff, ;=k|=, >]i7, ;'j0f{bf;, l;jfsf]6L, dx]Gb|k|sfz -@)^@ ;fn_, g}lts lzIff, dw'jg k|sfzg, l8NnLahf/, 3§]s'nf] sf7df8f}+, k|yd ;+:s/0f . @%= /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u g]kfn, -@))#_, dfgjclwsf/ k|Zg pQ/ ;ª\ufnf], nlntk'/ . @^= ljZj a}+s, g]kfn -@)^)_, g]kfndf hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd, ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf @! ;+oGq -;|f]tk':ts_ 1. Adhikari, Y.P. (2014), Vidhyarthi Civics and Moral Education, Book 8, Vidyarthi Prakashan (P.) Ltd. Publisher and Distributor, Kamalpokhari, Kathmandu. 2. Central Board of Secondary Education, Values Education: A Handbook for Teachers, New Delhi: 2012. 3. EDUCATION for PEACE PROGRAMME AND REFERENCE MATERIALS of First National Convention on Student's Qualiy Circle, 2005, organized by World Council for Total Quality and Excellence in Education-Nepal in association with Interreligious and International Federation for World Peace-Nepal under the aegis of Kathmandu University, Network for Quality, Productivity and Competitiveness of Nepal, Private and Boarding School Organization Nepal and productivity and Quality Committee/FNCCI, Kathmandu. 4. Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, GoN, The Rights of Child, 2013. 5. Nepal, Ram Babu, Development Governance and Management, 2007. 6. Transparency International Nepal, Integrity Pact: Bhaktapur Framework, 1999. 7. The World Bank, Helping Countries Combat Corruption, 2000. 8. Transparency International Nepal, A Study on Codes of Conduct, July 2013. 9. Transparency International Nepal, Strategic Plan (20132017), 2013. 10. UNDP, Corruption and Development, AntiCorruption Interventions for Poverty Reduction, Realizations of the MDGs and Promoting Sustainable Development, 2008. 11. UNDP, Tackling Corruption, Transforming Lives, Accelerating Human Development in Asia and the Pacific, 2008.