TI NEPAL NEWS BULLETIN ASAR 2071 by TINEPAL

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Corruption and Human rights: A connection Suvekshya Pudasaini

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;Sg'kg]{ x'Fbf e|i6frf/sf nflu af6f] v'Ng] ;Defjgf pkef]Qmfx?dfem /xg] u/]sf] 5 . of] cfz+sf lg/fwf/ klg 5}g . cfˆgf k|ltj]bgx?df k|ult ljj/0f pNn]v u/L cfk"m g]t[Tjsf] lgsfonfO{ ;kmn b]vfpgsf nflu sfuhft ldnfpg] ;+:s[lt sd{rf/Lx?df b]lvG5 . oL nfn;f / afWotfn] xfd|f] ljsf; cleofgnfO{ sdhf] / agfpF b } nu] s f] 5 . ;f] r ] h :tf] kl/0ffd xfdLn] slxNo} b] V g ;s] s f 5}gf} . ;/sf/sf k|ltj]bg, dGqL / pRr kbdf cf;Lg sd{rf/Lsf efif0fx?df ljsf;n] km8\sf] df/]sf b]vfOP klg gful/sn] ljsf;sf] cg'e"lt x'g] u/L 7"nf] kl/jt{g b]Vg eg] kfPsf 5}gg\ . :t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf cem} ;'ne ePsf] 5}g, PDa'n]G;sf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] ufFpx?sf] ;ª\Vof cTolws 5 . cfwf 3G6fdfq k}bn lxF8]/ lzIff xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ;d"xsf] ;ª\Vof cTolws 5 . ;Lk l;s]/ xf] ; \ jf ljb] z af6 kms] { / xf] ; \ , xftdf ePsf] ;Lksf cfwf/df / cfˆgf] z}lIfs k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? k|fKt ug{ g;Sg]x?sf] ;ª\Vof klg lgs} 7"nf] 5 . ;~rf/ / k|ljlwsf] k|of]u lgMz'Ns ug]{ :yfgLo gful/ssf] rfxgf k"/f x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu w]/} 7fFpdf ce}m klg ;8ssf] cefj g} b] l vG5 . s0ff{ n Lsf] :ofp–/S;L agfpg k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5, ljb]zL :ofpsf] h'; dx+uf]df

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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vr{ eO/xFbf klg gful/sn] lsg cg'e"lt ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsf; b]Vg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ t < of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hb} ljsf; cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] xf] eg] o;n] aNn kl/ 0ffd lbg ;Sg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . cfˆgf ;}4flGts?kdf eGg'kbf{ ljsf; k|ltj]bgx?df of]hgf agfpFbf Tof] of]hgf ;~rfng k|ult ljj/0f ug{sf nflu ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf;d]t pNn]v u/L cfk"m g]t[Tjsf] ;Fu–;Fu} agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . xfd|f] lgsfonfO{ ;kmn ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of eg]sf] oxL b]vfpgsf ;'zf;gsf] of]hgf agfpg g;Sg' / nflu sfuhft ag] klg To;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s?kdf ldnfpg] ;+:s[lt sfof{ G jog ug{ g;Sg' g} xf] . sd{rf/Lx?df cfly{s jif{sf] clGtddf cfP/ b]lvG5 . oL nfn;f em/Lsf aLrdf of]hgf ;DkGg ug]{ / afWotfn] xfd|f] / k|ult ljj/0f b]vfpgsf nflu ljsf; cleofgnfO{ sfuh ldnfg klg To;}u/L ug]{ sdhf]/ agfpFb} k|j[lQ eg]s} xfdLsxfF ;'zf;gsf] nu]sf] 5 . of]hgf klg 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ultnf] k|df0f xf] . ;'zf;gsf] gf/f nufP/ gyfSg] afgL klg xfdLsxfF 5, t/ sfo{;Dkfbg ubf{ ;'zf;gsf] gf/fnfO{ klxn] g} 8i6ljgdf ˆofSg] k| j [ l Q emg} alnof] ; F u y' k | } gful/sn] lkO/x] s f 5g\ . emfFluPsf] 5 . cy{dGqLn] gful/ssf] qmozlQm al9/x]sf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ul//x] lsg cg'e"t ug{ ;lsPg ljsf; < klg pTkfbg a[l4 x'g g;Sbf ePsf] ;' z f;gsf nflu ljZj;gLotf, ahf/ dx+uLn] Tof] qmozlQmnfO{ kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj, ;dfgtf, luHofO/x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf ;dfj] l ztf, ljlwsf] zf;gh:tf ljsf;sf] hlt;'s} k|rf/ u/] klg ljifosf] k|ltlglwTj clgjfo{ x'G5 . cg'et" ug{ ;Sg] u/L ljsf; ePsf] o;sf nflu alnof] ;+/rgf lgdf{0f 5}g eg]/ gful/sn] k|Zg ug{ ;Sg] x'g'k5{ . ljsf;sf nflu vlr{Psf] 7fpF k|z:t 5 . /sdsf] ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 ls ljsf;af/] olt 7"nf] k|rf/ ul/P 5} g eGg] s' / fdf rgfvf] eP/ klg / vaf}{+ ¿k}ofF ljsf;sf gfddf Tof] lgsfon] x]g'{k5{ . x]g]{ cfwf/

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

eg]sf pNn]lvt s'/fx? g} x'g\ . sfo{;Dkfbgsf cfwf/sf ?kdf of]hgf ;Dkfbg h]–h:tf s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|lqmofdf dfq x}g, Jofjxfl/s?kdf x]bf{ oL s'/fnfO{ of]hgf 5gf}6df klg sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/ xfdLn] ca km/s agfOPsf] kfOFb}g . 9·n] ;f]Rg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . cNksfnLg of]hgf ;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf dfq x}g, / bL3{sfnLg ljsf; of]hgf 5gf}6df klg xfdLn] ca of]hgfsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ km/s 9¨n] ;f]Rg' cfjZos ePsf] lglZrt cfwf/x? 5 . cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg klg xfdLn] klxNofpg' ljsf; of] h gfsf] 5gf} 6 ug] { kb{5 . lglZrt cfwf/x? klg xfdLn] klxNofpg' kb{5 . tTsfnLg ;d:of / ul/aLsf] lrTsf/ cNksfnLg of]hgfsf cfwf/df to x'g'kb{5 . To:t}, s;}nfO{ v';L kfg]{eGbf k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ bL3{sfnLg klg ;Defjgfsf cfwf/x?nfO{ of]hgfx? tof/ ug]{ s'/fdf klg

:ki6tf ;fy cufl8 a9\g' kb{5 . oL s'/fx?df ;Demf}tf ul/of] / cNksfnLg tyf bL3{ s fnLg cfwf/x?df cfk"m :ki6 x'g ;lsPg jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] /fd|f] kl/0ffd lbg ;Sb} g . g t ;' z f;gsf] of]hgf k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog g} x'g;S5 . Tolta]nf ljsf;sf] ult clxn]sf] eGbf vf;} leGg x'g ;Sb}g . sfuhdf ljsf;sf s'/f n]v]/ k|ltj]bg agfpg] cfwf/ t aGnfg\, t/ gful/sn] cg'e"lt ug]{ k|sf/n] ljsf; cleofg cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g . -kf]v|]n bfªl:yt /]l8of] :ju{åf/Ldf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 ._

;"rgfsf] xs s] xf] < ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] ;"rgf dfUg] / kfpg] xs g} ;"rgfsf] xs xf] . s'g} lnlvt ;fdu|L jf sfd–sf/afxLsf] cWoog jf cjnf]sg ug]{, k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk lng], e|d0f ug]{ h:tf] xs klg xf] . of] ;~rf/sdL{x?sf] dfq geP/ cfd–gful/sn] ;d]t rf;f] lnO/xg'kg]{ ljifo xf] . o;sf] pkof]un] ;dfhdf kf/blz{tf, pQ/bfloTj / 1fg clej[l4 ug{ dbt k'¥ofpg] lglZrt 5 . ;a}n] pkof]u u/f}F .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

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sfg"gsf] zf;g / Gofofnosf] e"ldsf Zofds'df/ e§/fO{

kl/ro …sfg" g sf] zf;gÚ ;'zf;gsf] dxÎjk"0f{ cfwf/ :tDe xf] . zf;gdf pQ/bfloTj, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, ;xeflutf, cg' d fgof] U otfsf] k| e fjsf/L cjnDjgsf nflu sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . To;}n] sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;' z f;gsf c? cfwf/x?nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpg] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf lng] ul/G5 . sfg" g sf] zf;gsf nflu Gofo;Ët sfg"gsf] ljj]s;Ddt k|of]u cfjZos kb{5 . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gn] pk]Iff ub{5 . To;}n] of] gful/s ;jf]{kl/tfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Lsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ sfg"gL b[li6sf]0f xf] . lxnf/L jfg]6{ n] 1 2

sfg"gsf] zf;gsf nflu Gofo;·t sfg"gsf] ljj]s;Ddt k|of]u cfjZos kb{5 . s'g} klg k|sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gn] pk]Iff ub{5 . To;}n] of] gful/s ;jf]{kl/tfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotfdf k|hftflGqs kl/kf6Lsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug]{ sfg"gL b[li6sf]0f xf] .

eg]h:t} o;n] sfg"gn] ck]Iff u/]cg'?ksf] gful/s Jojxf/sf] nflu lgb]{zg ub{5 / ;/sf/sf sfd sf/afxLnfO{ sfg"gåf/f ;Lldt u/L gful/sx?sf] ;+/If0f ub{5 .1 sfg"gL zf;gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ P=eL=8fo;Ln]2 :j]R5frf/L zf;gsf] cGTo, sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] pkhsf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !**% df k|sflzt pgsf] k':ts

and amenable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals.'3

kl5Nnf] ;dodf cfP/ sfg"gsf] zf;g ;+ljwfgsf] cleGg cËsf] ?kdf /Xof] eg] s'g} zf;g Joj:yf slt k|hftflGqs 5 eGg] s'/f dfkg ug]{ k|d'v ;"rssf] ?kdf o;nfO{ lng yflnof] . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf nflu sfg"gL ;jf]{Rrtf / ;jf]{kl/tf ckl/xfo{ 5 . sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf cfjZos 5 . 'An introduction to the study of zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tfsf] cefj the law of the constitution' df ckl/xfo{ 5 . sfg"g Goflos x'g' pgn] of] l;4fGtsf af/]df ljifb o;sf] k"j{zt{ xf] . rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfˆgf] l;4fGtsf] k|of]usf af/]df 8fo;Ln] eg]sf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gsf] 5g\– Every man, whatever be zf;g his rank or condition, is subject ;+ j }wflgs ;jf]{ R rtf lnlvt to the ordinary law of the realm ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t kIf xf] . o;n]

Hilaire Barnett, Constitutional and Administrative law, Lawman(India) private limited - 1996 p.79 8fo;Lsf] k':tssf] b;f}+ ;+:s/0fdf kl/rofTds l6Kk0fL n]Vb} E.C.S. Wade n] n]v]sf 5g\,"The supremacy of the law of the land was not a novel doctrine in the nineteenth century. Let no one suppose that Dicey invented the rule of law. He did of course put his own interpretations upon the meaning of that rule." A.V. Dicey, The law of the constitution, 193 cited by T.R.S. Allan, constitutional justice, Oxford University Press, 2005, P. 17

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sfg"gL zf;gsf] dd{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'G5 . k|hftGq / sfg"gsf] zf;g Ps–csf{ s f kl/k" / s x'g\ . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf ePsf] cj:yfdf sfg" g sf] zf;gsf] k| o f] u , kl/rfng / cEof;sf] k/LIf0f ug]{ clVtof/L GofofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf nflu :jtGq Gofokflnsf k"j{zt{sf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . t/ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf eg] s f] Goflos ;jf] { R rtf eg] xf] O g . s] j n GofokflnsfnfO{ sfg" g L zf;gsf] ;+ / Ifssf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] dfq xf] . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfdf ;+ljwfgn] g} /fHosf cËx?sf] l;h{ g f ub{5 / clVtof/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt u/] s f] x' G 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgjfbsf cGt/j:t'x?sf] Jofjxfl/s k|of]u x'G5 . ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffn] d" t { ? k lnG5 / ;'zf;gsf] k|j4{g x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfleq ljsf; ePsf] kl5Nnf] ;+j}wflgs cjwf/0ff xf]– cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGt . ;+ l jwfg ;+ z f]w g ug]{ ljwflosL clwsf/leq ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf jf cfwf/e"t d"No–dfGotfnfO{ k]m/abn ug]{ clVtof/L x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgn] g} l;h{gf u/]sf] / clwsf/ lbPsf] ljwflosfn] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t 4 5 6

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

:j?k / ;+ / rgf kl/jt{ g ug] { clVtof/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] of] l;4fGtsf] ;f/ xf] – h;n] ljwflosL :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f u/L sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] kIfkf]if0f ub{ 5 . ;+ j } wflgs ;jf] { Rrtfsf] hu]gf{ ug{sf nflu :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 / Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ug{sf nflu ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] dxÎjk"0f{ dfu{bz{g u/]sf] 5 . Pp6f cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf s'g} lg0f{o jf sfd–sf/afxL ubf{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lglZrt ul/lbPsf] ;Ldf/]vfnfO{ cltqmd0f ug{ gldNg] . === /fi6«k|d'vnfO{ s'g} klg cj:yfdf ljjfbdf Nofpg gx'g], p;sf sfd sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gx'g] eGg] ;fdfGo dfGotf xf] t/ of] ;bf lg/k]If dfGotf xf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug g;lsg] . === ;+ljwfgn] pGd'lSt k|bfg gu/]sf] ljifonfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /fVg] u/L cbfnt :jo+n] afx]s ubf{ ;+ljwflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;Lldt sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf cfFr cfpg'sf] ;fy} Goflos :jtGqtf / ;Ifdtfdf ;d]t k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] . === Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] Gofokflnsfsf] cGtlg{lxt clwsf/ xf] . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ljgf ;+ljwfgjfb, sfg"gsf] zf;g, ;Lldt ;/sf/, zlSt k[ysLs/0f / lgoGq0f Pj+ ;Gt'ngsf cfwf/e"t dfGotf? hLjGt

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ aGg g;Sg] . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . s'g} klg dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgeGbf dflyNnf] :yfg lbP/ To;sf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug{ g;lsg] . === hl6n, c;xh Pj+ c;fwf/0f cj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] ;fdfGo Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dfq cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtcGtu{ t sbd rfNg ;lsg] x'G5 . To;/L sbd rflnPsf] cj:yfdf klg cbfntn] To;sf] j} w flgstf k/LIf0f ub{5, To:tf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ /flvg gx'g] .4

g]kfndf sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgfdf Gofokflnsfsf] e"ldsf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;k"j{sf] cj:yfnfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;gsf b[li6n] s7f]/ sfn eGg ;lsG5 . sfg" g sf] c;dfg Jojxf/nfO{ j}wtf k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . :jtGq Goflos lgsfosf] cefj /x]sf] lyof] . :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;lsPsf] lyPg . To:f}n] tTsfnLg kl/j]zdf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;lsPsf] b]lv+b}g .5 @)$& eGbf cufl8sf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf Gofokflnsfaf6 ePsf Psfb'O { cfb]z jf k}m;nfx?afx]s6 ;du|df sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgf ug]{ b[li6df vf;} sfd x'g g;s]sf]

OGx'/]8 OG6/g]zgnlj¿4 /fi6«klt sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^( cª\s !@ lg=g+= *(@^ k[i7 !&# ljzfn vgfn, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg"Gf, bf];|f] hGd, lkml8«n, @)%$ k[= #% jL=kL= sf]O/fnf lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, g]=sf=k=@)!^, t'+u zDz]/ /f0ff lj= OlG8og Po/nfOG;;d]t, g]=sf=k=@)@$ k[=!&(, ;j{1/Tg t'nfw/ lj=/fli6«o k~rfot;d]t, @)#% cª\s ( k[=!^(, d"nrg cfhfb lj=dbgdf]xg hf]zL, g]=sf=k=@)@% k[=#@@ nfO{ @)$& k"j{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod /fVg] lbzfdf u/]sf dxÎjk"0f{ k|of;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

dflgG5 . tTsfnLg bnljxLg zf;g Joj:yf / k|hftflGqs d"No dfGotfsf] cefjsf] sf/0f To:tf] kl/j]z /xg' :jfefljs} klg lyof] . To;}n] g]kfndf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg nfu" x'g'eGbf cufl8sf] cj:yfnfO{ sfg" g L zf;gsf] dfkb08df k/LIf0f ug{ sl7g 5 . ;Lldt?kdf Gofokflnsfaf6 ul/Psf gful/ssf] hLp, wg / :jtGqtfsf] ;+ / If0fsf k| o f;x?nfO{ afx] s ug]{ xf] eg] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] b[li6af6 Tof] o'u cGwsf/d} /x]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;lqmo /fhtGq / s'nLgtGqLo /f0ffzfxL zf;g Joj:yf ef]u]sf g]kfnLsf nflu w]/} kl5;Dd klg sfg"gsf] zf;g cgf}7f] / ckl/lrt zAbfjnLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 Tof] cj:yf /x]g .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ l jwfg, @)$& n] g} ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+ ; bLo zf;g k| 0 ffnL, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/, :jtGq Gofokflnsf / sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ k| : tfjgfdf pNn] v u/L ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds ax'bnLo k| h ftflGqs Joj:yf / ;+ ; bLo :j?ksf] zf;g k|0ffnL cª\uLsf/ u/] s f] lyof] . plNnlvt k| f oM ;a}h;f] zAbfjnLx?;Fu sfg"gL zf;gsf] lgs6 ;DaGw /x] s f] x'G5 . ljz]ifu/L df}lns xssf] Joj:yf / k|efjsf/L pkrf/sf nflu ;Ifd cbfntsf] :yfkgf sfg" g sf] zf;gsf b[ l i6n] of] ;+ljwfgsf dxÎjk"0f{ pknlJw lyP . ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] clVtof/L / c+uLsf/ u/]sf] d"No dfGotfsf cfwf/df of] ;+ljwfgsf] sfo{sfndf

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Gofofnoaf6 sfg" g sf] zf;g :yfkgf ug] { lbzfdf dxÎjk" 0 f{ lg0f{ox? eP . /fHosf cËx?aLr zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f Pjd\ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfn] tL pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf x'g\ . of] ;+ l jwfgsf] sfo{sfndf g] k fndf ljlwzf:qLo ljsf;sf w]/} kfOnfx? rflnP . ljz]ifu/L zf;sLo :j]R5frfl/tfpk/ lgoGq0f ug]{ vfnsf cfb]zx? cfP .7 ;dfgtfsf] k|j4{g ug]{ cfb]zx?sf] z[v + nf lgs} nfdf] /x\of] .8 zf;sLo sf/afxLsf] j}wtf k/LIf0f ul/of] .9 Joj:yflksf tyf sfo{kflnsf lgld{t sfg"g tyf lg0f{ox?sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ul/of] .10 gful/ssf df}lns xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg k| o f;x? eP . 11 ;fdflhs, cfly{s Gofosf] k|j4{gsf

o;sf] kl5Nnf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf tTsfnLg >L % 1fg]Gb|af6 cfk"mn] zf;gef/ u|x0f u/L sfo{sf/L cfb]zaf6 u7g ul/Psf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]unfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cj}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/L o;sf sfd–sf/afxLx? ab/ u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ M /fhLj k/fh'nL lj= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f zfxL cfof]u;d]t, cfb]z ldlt @)^@÷!!÷! . To;}u/L csf]{ Pp6f cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffdf a9L cª\s k|fKt ug]{ JolStnfO{ dgf]gog gu/L sd cª\s k|fKt ug]]{ JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ug]{ lg0f{onfO{ :j]R5frf/L lg0f{o dflgg]5 . sfg"gL zf;gdf o:tf] lg0f{osf] s'g} :yfg gx'g] . ;ljtf bfxfnlj¿4 lqe'jg ljZjljBfno lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfg, g]=sf=k= @)^& c+s & lg=g++= *$!@ k[i7 !!#% 8 pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf zld{nf k/fh'nL;d]t lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^! cª\s !) k[i7 !#!@, dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)^! cª\s $ k[i7 #&&, dL/f u'?ª;d]t lj= s]Gb|Lo cWofudg ljefu;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%@ c+s ^ k[ $^@, dL/f 9'Ëfgf lj= sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno;d]t, cfb]z ldlt @)%@÷)$÷!*, 8f= rGbf ah|frfo{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%# c+s & k[i7 %#&, /Lgf ah|frfo{ lj= dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]=sf=k= @)%& c+s % k[i7 #^& nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 9 ;/sf/L lg0f{osf] j}wtf k/LIf0fsf qmddf ljleGg k|zf;lgs lg0f{ox?sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ub]{} ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 w]/} cfb]zx? hf/L ul/P . /fhgLlts cf:yfsf cfwf/df ;/sf/ kl/jt{g;Fu} kbfjlw tf]lsPsf clwsf/Lx?nfO{ avf{:t ug]{ ;/sf/L lg0f{on] dfGotf kfPgg\ . ;/sf/n] lbPsf cjsfzx? ab/ ul/P . pbfx/0fsf nflu afa'/fd kf}8]n lj= g]kfn ;/sf/, ab|Ls'df/ a:g]t, lj= g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf ?Sd zd;]/ /f0ff lj= /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\;d]tnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . 10 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfWodaf6 ljleGg P]g lgodx? cdfGo eO{ ab/ ul/P . bh{gf} lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L eP . sltko sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ;d]t ul/of] . o;;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f sfg"g dGqfnoaf6 k|sflzt Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf cdfGo / ab/ ul/Psf sfg"gx?sf] cj:yf ljifos cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bgdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . 11 uug l;+x 7s'/Lsf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfb]z ub}{ eg]sf] 5 M lglZrt ul/Psf] xbeGbf a9L s}b 7]lsg' eg]sf] cfk}mFdf sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g xf] . s'g} klg JolSt clwsf/L jf lgsfosf] uNtLsf] kl/0ffd JolStn] ef]Ug'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg' x'Fb}g . s;}sf] uNtLsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} klg JolStsf] j}olSts :jtGqtf Ps If0fsf nflu klg s'l07t x'g gx'g] . g]sfk @)^& cª\s @ lg=g+= *#!# k[i7 @$@

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nflu ;/sf/ Pjd\ ;+;b\nfO{ lgb]{lzt ul/of] .12 csf]{tk{m k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftflGqs cEof;sf] dfWodaf6 gful/ssf] zf;gdf ;xeflutf sfod ul/of] . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j? g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 5 . ;dfj]zL zf;g, ;+3Lo:j?k, /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgf clxn]sf d"n d'2f ag]sf 5g\ / d' n ' s wd{ l g/k] I f u0ftGqfTds zf;gdf ?kfGtl/t ePsf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] cfly{s ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ ;d]t ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|hftGqsf cnfjf cfly{s ;fdflhs k|hftGqdf ;d]t hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

zf;gdf ;xeflutf lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 . sdhf]/ / lk5l8Psf] ju{sf] zf;gdf ;xeflutfsf nflu ljz]if k|of; u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpg] ljlEfGg k|of;x? u/]sf] 5 . Gofofnon] of] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/lwleq /xL sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf u/fpg] lbzfdf ljleGg cfb]z / km};nfx? u/]sf] 5 .13 sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf] k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ : yfut ug{ dxÎjk" 0 f{ e" l dsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .14 ;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg u/L cfˆgf] cjlw

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dfq yk ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L gful/s;Fu hfg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .15 ;f]xL cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] bf];|f] lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . df}lns xssf] lqmofzLntfsf nflu cfjZos sfg"g agfpg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .16 zf;gdf b]lvPsf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0fsf nflu ljleGg cfb]z hf/L u/L ;/sf/nfO{ sfg" g n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / kl/lwdf /xg lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .17 ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfo/f gf3]/ ag]sf sfg'Gfx? cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 .18 k|hftflGqs dfGotfcg'?k gePsf sltko sf/jfxLx?nfO{ ;Rofpg

n}+lus ;dfgtf sfod ug]{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{, s'/Lltx?sf] pGd"ng ug]{, ;fdflhs Jojxf/ :f'wf/ P]g sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg], dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{h:tf ljifodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sfo{kflnsf / Joj:yflksfsf gfddf bh{gf}+sf] ;ª\Vofdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z u/]sf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf gfds /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bg, @)&) / k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg . 13 Hfolszf]/ nfelj¿4 lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no wg'iff;d]t ePsf] Pp6f d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 M sfg"gL st{Josf] kfngf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] OR5f / clgR5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo xf]Og . sfg"gåf/f /xg] ljifo xf]Og . lgwf{l/t st{Jo ;fj{hlgs lgsfon] kfng ug'{ l;jfo csf]{ ljsNk x'g} ;St}g . sfg"gL st{Jo tbf?stfsf] ;St}g . ;fy kl/kfng ug]{ ;fj{hlgs lgsfo ;bf tTk/ / lqmofzLn /xg'df g} sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] ;kmntf lge{/ /xg] . g]sfk @)^^ cª\s @ lg=g+= &)&( k[i7 @*$ 14 :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf nflu cbfntn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbPsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . 15 e/tdl0f h+udlj¿4 /fi6«kltsf] sfof{Nfo;d]t ePsf] d'2fdf ;+ljwfgsf] bzf}+ ;+zf]wgpk/ k/]sf] lgj]bgdf u/]sf] cfb]z o; ;Gbe{df lgSs} dxÎjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] cfb]zdf elgPsf] 5 M ;+ljwfg;efdfk{mt\ g]kfnL hgtfn] cfˆgf nflu cfk}mF ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] P]ltxfl;s cj;/sf ?kdf o;nfO{ x]l/Psf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g'n] dfq Tof] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj k"/f xF'b}g . ;+ljwfg;ef cfˆgf] u'?Q/ bfloTjnfO{ a'em]/ tb\g'?k lqmofzLn / hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL gx'g] xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tof] clenfiff k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . Toltdfq xf]Og, nfdf] cjlw;DDf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gx'g] xf] eg] To;n] kfg]{ b"/ufdL c;/k|lt klg ;a} kIf uDeL/ x'g' kb{5 . To;n] :jefjt gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, === cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf sfg'GfL /fHosf] cjwf/0ffh:tf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cfTDf;ft u/]sf nf]stflGqs k2ltsf] cfwf/x?nfO{ g} vNjNofpg ;S5 / g]kfnL hgtfsf clwsf/x? qmdzM v'Drb} hfg ;S5 . g]sfk @)^* cª\s * lg=g+= *^^@ k[i7 !@%& 16 cd[tf yfkfsf] d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgMz'Ns lzIff, lgMz'Ns :Jff:Yo, /f]huf/Lnufotsf ljifodf sfg'Gf agfO{ df}lns xssf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu lgb]{z u/]sf] kfOG5 . 17 dlGqkl/ifb\n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf plNnlvt k|of]hg / clVtof/LeGbf aflx/ uO{ ;/sf/L sf]ifdf Jooef/ x'g] u/L ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /x]sf jf g/x]sf jf ;/sf/L sfddf vl6Psf jf gvl6Psf s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ s'g} ;'ljwf, cfly{s ;xof]u, rGbf jf pkxf/ jf s'g} ;/sf/L ;DklQ k|of]u ug{ lbg] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ eP /x]sf] cj:yf gb]lvg] egL u/]sf] cfb]znfO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g sfod u/L d'n'sdf :j]R5frf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ /f]s nufPsf] b]lvG5 . /fdrGb| kf}8]nlj¿4 Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ ;lrjfno;d]t, g]sfk @)^* cª\s * lg=g+= *^&% k[i7 !$@) o:t} ljkIfL bnsf] g]tfsf] lgj]bgdf ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ cfb]znfO{ o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08lj¿4 ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\;d]t, g]sfk @)^&, cª\s &, lg=g+= *$)^ k[i7 !)*# /fHo ;+oGqleqsf k|To]s cª\un] cfˆgf] st{Jo s] xf] eGg] g'aemL hyfefjL?kdf cfk"mnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpFbf To;n] sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dof{bf eTsg hfg] . g]sfk @)&) cª\s @ lg=g+= *(%( k[i7 @)* 18 pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf :j]R5frf/L / thljhL clwsf/nfO{ ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgafbsf] l;4fGt;d]tn] c:jLsf/ ub{5 egL cRo'tk|;fb v/]nlj¿4 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^^ cª\s & lg=g+= *!*# k[i7 !)^#

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

:yfkgfsf nflu ckl/xfo{ xf] . elgG5– sfg"gsf] zf;gn] zf;sLo zlQmsf] k|of]u / ;fdflhs Gofo tyf gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{sf aLr ;fd~h:o sfod ub{5 . ljleGg dfkb08sf cfwf/df zlQmsf] k| o f] u df x' g ;Sg] :j]R5frfl/tf / lg/+s'ztfnfO{ /f]Sg] sfg"gL bz{g xf]– sfg"gsf] zf;g . h;n] zlQmsf] b'¿kof]u jf unt k|of]uaf6 x'g] gful/s xs clwsf/sf] xgg / cltqmd0faf6 hf]ufpFb5 . To;/L hf]ufpg] lhDd]jf/L GofofnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] sfg"gsf] zf;g eg]sf] :jR5 zf;g klg xf] . Tof]eGbf w]/} k|efjsf/L zf;g xf] . hxfFsf] /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt dfgjLo dof{bf / j}olQms :jtGqtfk|lt pbf;Lg 5, ToxfF sfg"gsf] zf;gsf gfddf Goflos kl/j]z l;h{gf ug{ ;lsFb}g . sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;/sf/ / gful/s b'j} pQ/bfoL / lhDDf]jf/ x'g cfjZos x'G5 . sfg"gsf] zf;g hlt k|efjsf/L xF'b} lgisif{ :jtGq Gofokflnsf sfg"gsf] zf;g hfG5 k|hftGq Tolt ;+:yfut xF'b} lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 .19 dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfnfO{ lqmofzLn ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;hu u/fPsf] 5 .20 Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr sfod u/fpg cfk}mFnfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVgsf nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|oTg u/]sf] 5 .21 plNnlvt cfwf/df x]bf{ Gofokflnsfn] sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgf ug] { lbzfdf dxÎjk" 0 f{ e" l dsf lgjf{ x u/] s f] b] l vG5 t/ ;+ j } w flgs?kdf sfg" g sf] zf;gk| l t h' g ?ksf] k| l tj4tf /x]sf] 5 ;f]cg';f/sf ;a} ljifox? ;~rfng x'g ;s]sf] cj:yf 5} g . ;a} ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg Gofofnoaf6 dfq klg ;Dej /xb}Gf . o;sf nflu zf;sLo lhDd]jf/Ldf k'u]sf JolQmx?sf] pQ/bfoL efj / ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] efjgfcg';f/sf] zf;sLo ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

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hfG5 . of] d'n'snfO{ ;Eotftkm{ n} h fg] cfwf/ klg xf] . o:tf] pQ/bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/] gu/] s f] k/LIf0f ug] { lhDd] j f/L Gofofnon] lgjf{x ul//x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df klg pknAw ;|f]t– ;fwg / sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf cfwf/df Gofofnon] of] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk, o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;'wf/sf If]qx? ;w}+ /lx/xG5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df eGg] kg]{ ljifo xf] ls Gofofnosf] PSnf] k|of;n] dfq d'n'sdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf x'g ;Sb}g o;sf nflu ;a} cËx?sf] ;lqmotf / ;sf/fTds lqmofzLntfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . Toltdfq xf]Og, sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] s7f] / kl/kfngfn] e| i 6frf/ / kbsf] b' ¿ kof] u h:tf Zj] t u| L jL ck/fwnfO{ :jtM lg?T;fxg ug]{ ePsfn] o;sf] ;' b [ 9 Ls/0fdf ;/sf/, gful/s ;+:yf / ;Da4 ;a} kIf lqmofzLn x'g h?/L 5 . -;xGofoflwjQmf e§/fO{ xfn /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 ._

Kf|hftGq v'nfkgdf cfwfl/t x'g] x'Fbf /fi6« lxt / ;fj{hlgs lxtsf] nflu uf]Kotf g/fvL gx'g] s]xL ljifoafx]s cGo ljifodf ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;';l" rt ug'{kg]{, u'kr"k / uf]Ko /fVg' gx'g] . k|f=8f= eLd/fh clwsf/Llj¿4 /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u, g]sfk @)^* cª\s $ lg=g+= *%($ k[i7 %^ 20 ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cWofb]znfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg Gofosf] cfbz{cg'?k gePsf] egL cdfGo / ab/ u/]sf] ljifonfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . g]sfk cª\s lg=g+= k[i7 g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L cg'df]bg u/]sf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o dxf;lGwx? Vff;u/L CRC, ICCPR, ICESCR h:tf dfgj hLjgsf ;a} cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\g] cTofjZosLo dxf;lGwx? afnaflnsfsf] kf7Øqmddf g} ;dfj]z ug{ pko'Qm x'g]tkm{ ;/sf/nfO{ lgb]{zgfTDfs cfb]z hf/L u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f]dk|;fb kg]?lj¿4 dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]t, g]sfk @)^# cª\s & lg=g+= &&@& k[i7 *$@ 21 Gofokflnsfsf] bf];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] ;dflKtkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] t];|f] k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf agfPsf] 5 / Gofo ;Dkfbgsf sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ k|Effjsf/L agfpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] j]e;fO6df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

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lxnf] k6s ;g\ !((! h'nfO{ @@ -lj=;=@)$*_ df a]nfotL k|wfgdGqL hf]g d]h/n] b]zaf;LnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg, ;]jfu|fxLsf] cfjZostf / OR5fcg' ; f/ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?cft u/]sf x'g\ . gful/s a8fkqsf] cfwf/e"t p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf nflu gful/snfO{ ;zQm agfpg' xf] . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ c;n zf;gs} Ps cleofgsf] ?kdf klg lnOG5 . k|f/Dedf ^ j6f l;¢fGtn] gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5— klxnf] ;] j fsf] u' 0 f:t/, bf] ; | f ] ljsNk k|:t't, t];|f] u'0f:t/ sfod x' g g;s] s] rfx] s f] lyof] / s] sfd ul/of] Ù rf} y f] d" N osf] klxrfg, kfFrf}+ pQ/bfloTj, 5}7f}+ kf/blz{tfsf] ?kdf . log} l;4fGtaf6 k|]l/t eP/ ljleGg b]zx?n] gful/s

k|f/Dedf ^ j6f l;¢fGtn] gful/s a8fkqsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] kfOG5— klxnf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, bf];|f] ljsNk k|:t't, t];|f] u'0f:t/ sfod x'g g;s] s] rfx]sf] lyof] / s] sfd ul/of]Ù rf}yf] d"Nosf] klxrfg, kfFrf}+ pQ/bfloTj, 5}7f}+ kf/blz{tfsf] ?kdf . log} l;4fGtaf6 k|]l/t eP/ ljleGg b]zx?n] gful/s a8fkq /fVg ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 .

a8fkq /fVg ;'? u/]sf] kfOG5 . a]lNhod, k|mfG;, :k]gn] ;g\ !((@ df, dn]l;of, kf]r'{unn] ;g\ !((# df, hd}sfn] !(($ df, Sofg8fn] ;g\ !((% df, ef/tn] ;g\ !((& df gful/s a8fkq nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] g]kfndf ;/sf/L ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] lgb]{lzsf, @)%^ nfu" u/L gful/s a8fkq ;' ? u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^@, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$, ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL P]g, @)^$, ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^%, ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)^% nufotsf gLlt– lgb]{lzsfx?n] gful/s a8fkqnfO{ g]kfndf clgjfo{ ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ;]jf cleofg ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf,

@)^% n] gful/s a8fkqsf] kl/efiffnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{ æ;]jfsf lsl;d, ;]jfk|fKt ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns tyf b:t'/, ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ lhDd]jf/ JolQm, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/, ;]jf k|bfg ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw, ;]jf k|jfxsf] zt{ / sfo{ljlw, ;]jf pknJw x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf pkrf/sf] ljlwh:tf s'/fx? v'nfO{ ;] j fu| f xLsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;]jf k|bfos lgsfodf 6fFluPsf] ;fj{ h lgs ;" r gfnfO{ gful/s a8fkq hgfpF5Æ eg]sf] 5 . lgodadf]lhd k|To]s ;/sf/L sfof{non] …;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpF d fÚ tf]lsPadf]lhd gful/s a8fkq /fVg' k b{ 5 . gful/s a8fkqnfO{ k|efjsf/L?kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg' ;'zf;gsf] cEof; ug{ ' xf] . t/ gful/s a8fkqnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfon] vfnL xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFtdfq agfPsf

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5g\ . cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{sf nflu dfq gful/s a8fkq /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f sxLF st}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g . rf/ jif{cl3 /fli6«o ;t{stf s]Gb|n] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, afFs]nufot ^ j6f ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df u/]sf] gful/s a8fkq ;j]{If0fdf gful/s a8fkq k9]/ sfof{non] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ gful/ssf] ;+:yf @*=%& k|ltzt, sfof{nosf] gful/s a8fkq;DaGwL hfgsf/L gePsfx?sf] ;+Vof ^%=&@ k|ltzt, gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]lvt ;docg';f/ sfd eof] eGg]df @@=* k|ltzt, yfxf 5}g eGg]df %$=#) k|ltzt, gful/s a8fkqdf pNn]lvt b:t'/cg';f/ sfd eof] eGg]df $ k|ltztdfq} lyP . ;f] ;j]{If0f 6f]nLn] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ kfos gkg]{ 7fpFdf klg gful/s a8fkq /fv]sf], sfof{nosf] ;fOgaf]8{ / gful/s a8fkqsf] /Ë p8]sf], sfof{non] lbg] ;a} ;]jf pNn]v gePsf], sd{rf/Lx?n] kl/rokq nufpg] gu/]sf], a8fkqnfO{ cBfjlws gul/Psf] , a8fkq agfpFbf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? / ;]jfu|fxLx?;Fu k/fdz{ ug]{ gul/Psf], s'g} 7fpFdf gful/s a8fkq gn]vL ;]jfu|fxL a8fkq n]lvPsf], cIf/x? ;fgf ePsf, sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx? gful/s a8fkqsf] dxÎjaf/] kl/lrt g/x]sf, ;]jfu|fxLx?nfO{ gful/s a8fkqaf/] sd hfgsf/L /x]sf], gful/s a8fkqsf] ;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|rf/–k|;f/ sd ePsf], gful/s a8fkq sfof{nosf] kl/;/df pko'Qm

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

gful/s a8fkqnfO{ ;/sf/L lgsfon] vfnL xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFtdfq agfPsf 5g\ . cf}krfl/stf k"/f ug{sf nflu dfq gful/s a8fkq /fVg] u/]sf] s'/f sxLF st}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g .

7fpF d f g/flvPsf] tYo k] m nf kf/]sf] lyof] . log} tYoaf6 klg k|of]udf cfO/x]sf] gful/s a8fkqsf] xljut k|:6 x'G5 . s'g ;]jf s;/L / sxfFaf6 lng ;lsG5 eGg] ;" r gf lbg, ;fj{hlgs dxÎjsf ;]jfx?df cfd– gful/ssf] ;xh kx'Fr ljsf; ug{, ;]jfu|fxLk|lt ;DalGwt clwsf/LnfO{ yk pQ/bfoL agfpgsf nflu cl3 ;fl/Psf] gful/s a8fkqnfO{

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s]jn /fVgsf nflu dfq} /fVg] sfd ul/Psf] 5, of] emf/f 6fg]{ k|j[lQsf sf/0f cf]e]mndf k/]sf] 5, hgr]tgfsf] cefjdf o;sf] pkof]udf sdL cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]usf nflu ;/sf/af6 gful/s a8fkq sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf hf/L ug{ h?/L 5 . ;]jf lbg] / ;]jfu|fxL gful/saLr ;do–;dodf gful/s a8fkq ;DaGwdf cGt/lqmof x'g'k5{ . ;a} sfof{non] sfof{nosf] kl/;/df ;a}n] b]Vg] 7fpFdf clgjfo{?kdf gful/s a8fkq /fVg'kb{5 . ;fy}, a9L hg;/f]sf/ x'g] sfof{nodf af]Ng], >Jo gful/s a8fkq /fVg' k 5{ , k| l jlwsf] ljsf;;F u } c6f]d]l6s af]ln/xg] jf h'g ;]jf lylrof] ;f]sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg] d]l;gsf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 . of] x/] s ;/sf/L sfof{ n osf] ;'zf;gsf] klxnf] cfwf/:tDe xf], ;]jfu|fxLx?sf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"lt xf] . o;sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]usf nflu c;n a8fkq tof/ kf/L pko'St :yfgdf /fVg'sf ;fy} o;sf af/]df sfof{nodf cfpg] ;] j fu| f xLx?nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg klg TolQs} cfjZos 5, cGoyf of] xfQLn] b]vfpg] bfFt lzjfo c? s]xL x'g]5}g, o;tkm{ ;a} ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] Wofg hfg h?/L 5 . -zfx afFsl] :yt 6LcfO{ cfj4 afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g Snasf sfo{sf/L lgb]z{ s x'gx' G' 5 ._

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/fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGw / lghL If]qsf]

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"g dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n

!= ljifo k|j]z ljZjJofkLs/0f / Jofkfl/s ultljlwsf] lj:tf/n] ei6frf/ ljZjJofkL, ;j{Jofks, ax''–/fli6«o ultljlw agfPsf] 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfdf e|i6frf/ ca :yfgLo ;d:ofdfq geO{ cGt//fHoLo lqmofsnfk eO{ To;n] ;a} ;dfh Pj+ cy{–Joj:yfx?nfO{ k|efljt ug]{ / To;sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ s'/f pNn]v ePaf6 of] ;d:of ljZjJofkL ePsf] tYo yk k'i6L x'G5 . ljZjJofkL?kdf km} l nPsf] of] ;d:ofaf6 d' l Qm kfpg ljZjJofkL ;xof]u, k|of; / ;+/rgfsf] cfjZostf ePsfn] 1

dxf;lGwn] k|To]s /fHokIfn], cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] sfg"gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?cg';f/, lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug{, lghL If]qdf n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf dfkb08x? ljsl;t ug{ pkfox? canDjg ug]{ /, pko'Qmtfcg'?k To:tf pkfox?sf] kl/kfngf ug{ c;kmn /x]df k|efjsf/L cfg'kflts / b'?T;fxgf]Gd'v b]jfgL, k|zf;lgs jf kmf}hbf/L b08 lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

gAa]sf] bzsb]lv e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf] ljifo ljZjJofkL rf;f] / lrGtfsf] ljifo aGof] . kmnt, sltko ljZjJofkL / If]qLo dxf;lGw;d]t th{'df eP . United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) 2003 e|i6frf/

lgoGq0f;F u ;DalGwt ljz] i f / Jofks dxf;lGw xf] . @= lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwdf dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] afWofTds k|s[ ltsf] cGt/f{li6«o lnvtsf] cfjZostf dx;" ; u/L ;+ o ' Q m /fi6« ; + 3 ;g\ !((( b] l v o:tf] b:tfj]h tof/ ug]{ sfo{df nfu]sf] lyof] . cGttM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf]

%* cf}+ dxf;efn] e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo dxf;lGwnfO{ #! cS6f]a/ @))# df kfl/t u/L !$ l8;]Da/ @))% b]lv k|f/De ePsf]1 of] dxf;lGwn] lghLIf]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;b:o /fi6«n] sltko lg/f] w fTds / sltko b08fTds Joj:yf ckgfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/] s f] 5 . dxf;lGwn] k|To]s /fHokIfn], cfˆgf] d' n ' s sf] sfg" g sf cfwf/e" t l;4fGtx?cg';f/, lghL If]q;Fu ;DalGwt e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ug{, lghL If]qdf n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf dfkb08x? ljsl;t ug{ pkfox? canDjg ug]{ /, pko'Qmtfcg'?k To:tf pkfox?sf] kl/kfngf ug{ c;kmn /x]df k|efjsf/L cfg'kflts

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ United Nations Convention against Corruption watched on April 1, 2011

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

/ b' ? T;fxgf] G d' v (Dissuasive) b]jfgL, k|zf;lgs jf kmf}hbf/L b08 lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg Joj:yf2 u/]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] lghL If]qdf 3'; l/;jt\nufot cfly{s, ljQLo jf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfksf] l;nl;nfdf dg;fok""j{s ul/Psf ljleGg sfo{nfO{ sfg"gg s;'/ sfod u/L b08gLo agfpg'kg]{ Joj:yf 3 u/] s f] 5 . oBlk, oL Joj:yfx? ;b:o /fi6« n fO{ sfof{ G jog ug' { k g] { afWofTds Joj:yf geO{ :j}lR5s?kdf 5fl8Psf]nfO{ sdhf]/ kIfsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . k|:t''t dxf;lGwn] sfg"gL JolQmsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf4 klg u/]sf] 5 . #= g]kfndf lghL If]qaf6 x'g] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug];{ DaGwL sfg"g g]kfndf lghL If]qdf klg e|i6frf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfd?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . kmntM e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfq JofKt 5 eGg] cfdwf/0ff kfOG5 . o;}n] cBflk lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj 5 . e|i6frf/;DaGwL k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gn] ;fj{hlgs If]q / ;fj{hlgs If]q;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf cfk"lt{ kIf (Supply Side) lghL If]q 2

g]kfndf lghL If]qdf klg e|i6frf/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfd?kdf cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfO{+b}g . kmntM e|i6frf/ ;fj{hlgs If]qdf dfq JofKt 5 eGg] cfdwf/0ff kfOG5 . o;}n] cBflk lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f;DaGwL sfg"gsf] cefj 5 .

ePsf] xb;Dd s;'/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] eP klg lghL If]qdfq kIf /x]sf] cyf{t\ dfu kIf / cfk"lt{ kIf b'j} lghL If]q (Private-Private) ePsf] e|i6frf/df s;'/ sfod u/]sf] 5}g . Jofks If]q cf]u6]sf] lghL If]q

s]–s'g xbdf e|i6frf/sf ;Gbe{df ;d]6g\ ] eGg] lgwf{/0f ug{ s7Lg 5 . o; k|;Ëdf xfd|f] ;Gbe{df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f /x]sf] lgsfox? / To:tf lgsfosf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f /x]sf lgsfox? e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( cGtu{t kg]{ t/ ;f]afx]ssf lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]6\g cfjZos ePsfn] P]gdf ælghL If]qsf lgsfoÆ sf] kl/efiff b] x foadf] l hd ug' { pko'Qm x''G5 M • e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] u/] s f] ;fj{ h lgs ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf gkg]{ k|rlnt sfg" g adf]lhd btf{ ePsf cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf a} + s , ljQLo ;+ : yf, ;+ : yfg, k| l ti7fg, jf o:t} k| s [ l tsf ;+ul7t ;+:yfÙ • k| r lnt sfg" g adf] l hd btf{ ePsf /fhgLlts bn jf ;+u7g / tL ;+u7gsf e|ft[ ;+u7g, • u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yfÙ • e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf pNn]v ePafx]ssf ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, ljBfno, cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / cGo To:t} k|fl1s jf z}lIfs ;+:yfÙ

lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ Article 12 of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/convention_ corruption/signing/convention-epdf

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lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ibid Article 21,22 lj:t[t cWoogsf nflu x]g'{xf];\ ibid Article 26

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• e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( n] u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfsf] kl/efiffdf gkg] { ;fj{ h lgs s]–s'g sfo{nfO{ k|s[ltsf] hg;/f]sf/;Fu e|i6frf/sf] s;'/sf] ;DalGwt k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ?kdf Joj:yf ug]{ btf{ ePsf lghL :jfldTj /x]sf ljifo /fli6«o sfg"gsf] ;+:yfÙ / ljifo eP klg sltko cGt/f{li6«o • g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghL If]qsf] sfg"gL ;+oGq / e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g cfslif{t cEof;x?n] o; x'g] egL g]kfn /fhkqdf ;Gbe{ df vf; lgb]{zs ;""rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]s]sf dfkb08x? to u/]sf] cGo ;+:yf . b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf s] – s' g sfo{ n fO{ e| i 6frf/sf] lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/ s;'/sf] ?kdf Joj:yf ug]{ ljifo lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf /fli6«o sfg"gsf] ljifo eP klg o'/f]k]nL sfplG;nsf] sltko cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gL ;+oGq k|m]djs{ lg0f{o, @))# / / cEof;x?n] o; ;Gbe{df vf; e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«+3Lo dxf;lGw, lgb]{zs dfkb08x? (Standards) to @))# df klg ul/Psf] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:tf] Joj:yf lghL 5. If]qsf] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwdf o' / f] k ] n L sfplG;nsf] k| m ] d js{ lg0f{o, @))# / e|i6frf/lj¿4 ;+o'Qm /fi6«+3Lo dxf;lGw, @))# df klg ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf :6fG88{x? k|:t't P]gdf s;'/;DaGwL Joj:yf ubf{ b[li6ut ug{ jf~5gLo x'G5 . o; ck|ToIf?kdf cg'lrt nfe ;Gbe{df b]xfosf sfo{nfO{ s;'/sf] k'¥ofpg k|lt1f ug'{, k|:tfj ug'{ ?kdf Jojl:yt ug' { cfjZos jf k|bfg ug'{Ù b]lvPsf] 5 M • lghL If]qsf] lgsfosf nflu • lghL If]qsf] lgsfosf nflu s'g} klg x}l;otdf /xL lgb]{lzt s'g} klg x}l;otdf /xL lgb]{lzt ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} JolQmn] ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] st{Joaf6 Ro"t x'g lghsf] st{Joaf6 Ro"t ug{ jf jf s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf s'g} sfd u/fpg jf gu/fpgsf nflu :jo+n] jf cGo JolQmsf nflu To:tf] JolQm :jo+ jf nflu k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ k|ToIf jf cg'lrt nfesf] ofrgf ug'{ jf

•

:jLsf/ ug'{Ù lghL If]qsf] lgsfodf lgb]{zg ug]{ jf sfo{ ug]{ s'g} klg x}l;otdf /x]sf] JolQmn], cfly{s ljQLo jf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfkx?sf] l;nl;nfdf lghnfO{ p;sf] kbLo ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df k|bfg ul/Psf] s'g} ;DklQ, lghL sf]if jf lwtf]kq jf d"No /xg] s'g} klg j:t' lxgfldgf ug'{Ù e|i6frf/hGo sfo{df ;+nUg geP klg e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( jf of] P]gcGtu{tsf] s;'/ u/L cflh{t ;DklQ eGg] yfxf kfP/ klg To:tf] ;DklQ hfgL–hfgL n'sfpg]–l5kfpg] jf nuftf/ lgoGq0fdf /fVg'Ù of] P]gcGtu{tsf] s;'/sf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg jf d'2f k'k{Ifsf] sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf e"m¶f ;fIfL k/LIf0fnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{ jf k|df0f k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{df x:tIf]k ug{ an k|of]u ug'{ jf wDSofpg', t;f{pg' jf cg'lrt nfesf] k|lt1f ug'{, k|:tfj ug'{ jf To:tf] nfe k|bfg ug'{ jf o:t} cGo sfo{ u/L Gofodf cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ug'{Ù Hofg dfg]{, ckx/0f ug]{, ;DklQsf] x/0f ug]{, OHhtdf wSsf k'¥ofpg], 8/, qf; jf c? s'g} lsl;dsf] u}/– sfg"gL bafaaf6 lghL If]qsf lgsfodf sfo{/t JolQmnfO{ o; P]gadf]lhdsf] s;'/ ug{ nufpg'Ù

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c:yfoL?kdf c;Ifd u/fpg], Goflos Winding Up cfb]z hf/L ug{Ù / • o; P]gsf] s;'/sf] pBf]u ug]{ / dltof/nfO{ cfwf ;hfo ug{ . lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfg txlssft / cleof]hgsf qmddf clxn] ;fj{ h lgs kb wf/0f u/]sf] JolQmn] ug]{ e|i6frf/sf] cg' ; Gwfgsf] lhDd] j f/L kfPsf] clVtof/ b' ¿ kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof]unfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L ;'Dkg] ls 5'§} lgsfo P]gåf/f l;h{gf ug]{ eGg] xfd|f];fd' b'j} ljsNkaf/] 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ xfnsf] clVtof/ b' ¿ kof] u cg' ; Gwfg cfof]u ;+ljwfgtM :yflkt eO{ nfdf] ;dob]lv lqmofzLn Jofj;flos (Professional) cËsf] ?kdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] / :jtGq lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'Fbf lghL If]qsf] e|i6frf/sf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hgsf] lhDdf klg clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]unfO{ lbg pko'Qm x'G5 . P]gåf/f ;[lht gofF ;+/rgf cfof]ueGbf :jtGqtf, ;fwg;| f ] t / ljz] i f1tfsf ;a} b[li6sf]0fn] sdhf]/ /xg] x'G5 . xfn ;+ljwfgdf ;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f u/]sfsf] xsdf dfq cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ eP klg o;} P]gåf/f of] clwsf/ cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq /fVg ;lsG5 . -kf}8]n dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf ;x–GofoflwjQmf x'g'x'G5 ._

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gful/s ;dfhsf] bfloTj lnlR5jLsfndf klg gful/s ;dfh :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . wfld{s k4lt, kLtfDa/ 9sfn ljxf/, ;+3, srx/L / u?s'nh:tf To;a]nf gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ gful/s ;+:yfx? lyP .

gful/s ;dfh s] xf] < gful/s ;dfh dfgj ;Eotfsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} :yfkgf eO{ lqmofzLn xF'b}cfPsf] b]lvG5 . j}lbs o'udf klg ;'zf;g (Good Governance) sfod xf];\, gful/s / /fHosf] pGglt xf];\, eGg] rfxgf zf;s / zfl;t b'j}df lyof] . j}lbs o'udf zf:qfy{ / sd{df ljZjf; ug]{ JolStx?nfO{ /fHo / ;dfh b'j}n] ljZjf; ug]{ uy]{ . JolSt, kl/jf/, /fHo, sfg"g, ;]gf, ;Gt / ;+:yfsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fv] / rrf{ jf JofVof ug{ ;Sg]nfO{ gful/s ;dfhsf] bhf{ lbOGYof] . ldlynfsf /fhf /fh>L hgs ;+/If0f, ljZjf;, Gofo, Odfgbfl/tf / dfgjtfdf cfwfl/t clwsf/df ljZjf; uy]{ / ;f]xL cg's"nsf] ;dfh lgdf{0f ePsf] klg lyof] . uf} t d a' 4 n] lx+ ; f (Voilence), rf]/L (Theft), Jolerf/ (Adultery),

dlb/f lkpg] (Intoxicating drink) / c;To af]Ng] (Lies) ;dfhsf nflu cg' k o' S t eg] s f lyP / ;f]cg';f/sf] ;dfh lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbPsf lyP . lnlR5jLsfndf klg gful/s ;dfh :yfkgf ePsf] kfOG5 . wfld{s k4lt (Religious cults), ljxf/ (Bihar), ;+ 3 (Sanghas), srx/L (Local Arbitration Forum) / u?s' n (Gorukul) h:tf To;a]nf gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ gful/s ;+:yfx? lyP . /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zf;gsfndf klg gful/s ;dfhsf] ;'g'jfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfhL sfn' kf08]sf] lgo'lSt o;}sf] cfwf/df ePsf] dflgG5 . t/ /f0ffsfndf kl/jf/ aflx/sf gful/s ;dfhsf] s'g} cy{ lyPg . t/ klg d'n'sL P]g (Civil Code) aGof] . dnfdL u'7L, hot' ;+:s[td\, k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf (Charity Organization) h:tf

;+:yf :yfkgf gful/s ;dfhsf] x}l;otdf eP . jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfly{s If]qlt/ 9's'6Lx?, ;xsf/L, pBf]u Jofkf/ ;+ 3 x?, pkef]Stf ;d" x x?, ;f+:s[lts ;d"xtkm{ u'7L, d+sfvn, g]kfn tfdfª w]b'ª, ldlynf ;dfh, ls/fFt ofsy'ª 5'Dnª, ysfnL sNof0f ;dfhh:tf ;f+ : s[ l ts ;dfhx?sf] u7g gful/s ;dfhsf] ?kdf ePsf] 5 . lzIff tyf ;"rgftkm{ Nepal South Asia Center, Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies, Center for the Consolidation of Democracy, Institute for Integrated Development Studies, Federation for Nepali Journalists, Nepal Press Institute, Media Point, Sancharika Samuha, Teachers

cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o:t}, cGo s}og\ Anti-Corruption agencies gful/s ;dfhaf6 u7g Associations

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based on grass root association; it ensures participations and representation of all, besides capabal to initiate dialogue among people.

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e| i 6frf/d' S t Corruption Free agfpg] xf] eg] cGgf xhf/]sf] cfGbf]ng h:t} ;zSt cfGbf]ng rnfpg' k5{ . gful/s ;dfhsf] bfloTj ;dfhdf a:g] h' g ;' s } kb jf x}l;otsf] JolSt gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt xf] . gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt jf ;b:onfO{ s'g} k]zf, Joj;fo jf kb, cfly{s ;DkGgtf jf ljkGgtf, ;fIf/ jf lg/If/sf cfwf/df 5'6Øfpg ldNb}g . t/ s'g} JolStsf] c?sf] eGbf k[ y s lhDd] j f/L /x]sf] 5 eg] p;n] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ubf{sf] ;dodf pm gful/s ;dfhsf] x}l;otn] pleg gldNnf t/ ;dfh / /fHosf] lxtsf] lgldQ h:tf];'s} lhDd]jf/L jf x}l;otdf /x] klg gful/s ;dfhsf] x}l;otn] e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ s'g} km/s kb}{g . cfˆgf] lhDd] j f/L / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;b:osf] x} l ;otn] lgjf{ x ug] { e"ldsfsf aLr aflemPsf] 5–5}g Tof] eg] Vofn ug' { k g] { x' G 5 . /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L klg sfof{no ;docl3 / sfof{ no ;dokl5 gful/s ;dfhsf] ;b:o g} xf] .

;dfhdf a:g] h'g;'s} kb jf x}l;otsf] JolSt gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt xf] . gful/s ;dfhsf] JolSt jf ;b:onfO{ s'g} k]zf, Joj;fo jf kb, cfly{s ;DkGgtf jf ljkGgtf, ;fIf/ jf lg/If/sf cfwf/df 5'6Øfpg ldNb}g .

afFlwPsf] xF'b}g of] :jtGq x'G5 . g]t[Tj ck|ltdfgL x'G5 . s'g} ;Ël7t ?k xF'b}g, t/ clxn] t gful/s ;dfhsf cWoIf g} elgg yfn] . Toltdfq geP/ ljrf/sf cfwf/df klg gful/s ;dfhn] sfd ug{ yfn] . l;4fGttM o:tf ;dfhnfO{ gful/s ;dfh eGg ldNb}g . To:tf] ;dfhdf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/L a:g klg gldNnf . t/ ;dfhdf pTkGg x'g] ljz]if u/L dfgjclwsf/, lzIff, gful/s ;dfh s' g } ljrf/df :jf:Yo, jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt

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lj;+ u ltx? Go" l gs/0f ug{ ;a} pleg} k5{ . lsgls xfdL dfG5]x? ax'sfof{Tds (Multifunctional) 5f}+ . xfdL ljz]if1tfsf cfwf/df sf]xL sfg"g Joj;foL, sf]xL lzIfs, sf]xL ;'/IffsdL{, sf]xL ljBfyL{, sf]xL sd{rf/L klg 5f}+ . To;}u/L, Pp6} k]zf jf Joj;fodf ;+nUg ePsf xfdL sd{rf/L klg JolStut?kdf ax'sfof{Tds 5f}+ . lsgls xfdL k]zfn] h] eP klg sfof{no aflx/ v]tdf uof+} eg] ls;fg, l;g]df xndf uof} eg] bz{s, k;ndf u|fxs jf Jofkf/L, ljZjljBfnodf uof} eg] lzIfs jf ljBfyL{ x'G5f}+ . To;/L g} gful/s ;dfhsf] cu' j fsf x} l ;otn] /fi6« k | l tsf] lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/]/ ;bfrf/ sfod u/fpg / d'n'snfO{ e|i6frf/d'St agfpg k|ofz ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . gful/s ;dfhn] e|i6frf/ /f]syfdsf] ;zSt cf}hf/ (Corruption ﬁghters tool Kits) sf] ?kdf sfd ug'{k5{ . g]kfndf sfg"g kof{Kt 5g\, t/ kfngfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . ;'zf;g lbg–k|ltlbg v:sb} uPsf] 5 . h'g s'/f 6LcfO{ g]kfnaf6 ljleGg ;dodf k|sflzt ;g\ @))$ b]lv ;g\ @)!! ;Ddsf] ;"rsfª\sn] b] v fPsf] 5 . ;' z f;g sfod ug{ g]kfnL ;dfhsf ;a} kIfsf] ;fd"lxs ;+nUgtf tyf ;xeflutf x'g'kb{5 . xfd|f] ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lj;Ëltk"0f{ 5 . wgL / /ftf/ft cfh{g ug{ ;Sg]

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;dfhsf] sfo{If]q eg]sf] :jtGqtf, k|hftGq, ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf tyf ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ sfod ug'{ xf] . gful/s ;dfh s'g} r'lgPsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fn] zlSt / pRr ju{ xf]Og . clwsf/sf] k|of]udf ;'lglZrttf o;n] JolStut NofpF5 . clwsf/sf] b'?kof]usf] jf lglZrt ;Defjgf Hofb} sd x'G5 . t/ ;dfhsf] dfq clwsf/ x:tfGt/0f hf] dflyaf6 :jfy{ gx]/]/ tn emb}{ hfG5, ToxfF clwsf/dfq l;·f] d'n's / emb}{g, s'/Llt / s'k|yf klg tn emb}{ ljZjs} :jfy{;Fu hfG5 . To;n] gful/snfO{ lzsf/ cfk"mnfO{ hf]8]sf] jf rf/f] agfpg] u5{ . e|i6frf/sf x'G5 . p;sf] gfosx? klg ylkFb} hfG5g\ . Psn :jtGqtf / gful/sxs g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; x'Fb} hfG5 . p;n] ;fFem laxfgsf] c?nfO{ cfk"m hlQsf] 7fGb}g . ToxL /f]6L / gf}gLh:t} Psn g]t[Tjsf] sf/0f 3"; dfUg], x'G5 . vfg] / gful/s klg 3"; lbg afWo x'G5g\ . o:tf gj–gfosx?sf sf/0f kL8faf]w klg gful/snfO{ x'Fb} hfG5 . of] a]nfdf gful/s gful/s xssf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ ;dfhsf] e"ldsf cem dxÎjk"0f{ gful/s ;dfhsf] cu'jfO{df ul/Psf 7flgG5 . / cfGbf]ngx?af6 ;Qfx? kl/jt{g -9sfn gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'v]{tsf] ePsf pbfx/0fx? 5g\ . Gfful/s cWoIf x'g'x'G5._

e|i6frf/lj¿4 cfh}af6 ;lqmo xf]cf}+ . Act Against Corruption Today

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cWoIf / dxf;lrj >Ln+sf e|d0fdf

sfo{;ldltsf lg0f{o • xfn ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj tof/ ug]{;DaGwL sfo{ rfn' /x]sf] ;Gbe{df l/Qm ;Nnfxsf/ kl/ifb\sf] kbk"lt{ pQm sfo{ ;dfKt ePkZrft\ ug]{ . • xfn sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?sf] s/f/gfdf cfufdL ! jif{;Ddsf nflu gjLs/0f ug]{ . s'g} kl/of]hgf aLr}df cGt x'g] ePdf ;DalGwt sd{rf/Lsf] s/f/gfdf kl/of]hgf cjlw;Dd gjLs/0f ug]{ . Inﬂation Adjustment :j?k #–$ k|ltzt;Dd tna j[l4 ug]{ . Odf]hgL >]i7sf] kfl/>lds h'lgo/ clkm;/ :t/sf] ug]{ . • k'; !^–@$ ;Dd wgu9L, afFs], ;'v]{t, l;4fy{gu/, u'NdL, wflbª, e}/xjfsf cfj4 ;+:yfsf sfo{qmddf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s];L ;xefuL x'g] . • df3 @&–@( df k;f{, l;/fxf / ;nf{xLsf cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] sfo{qmddf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s];L, dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf / sfo{;ldlt ;b:o 8f= /fdbofn /fs]z ;xefuL x'g] .

• gfoj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs sdn kf]v/]nnfO{ dn]l;ofdf x'g] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] dxf;GwL cgSofs;DaGwL tfnLddf dgf]gog ug]{ . • !* cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;efåf/f ul7t ljwfg ;+zf]wg l;kmfl/z ;ldltsf] k|:tfj sfo{;ldltdf k|fKt ePsf]df pQm k|:tfjnfO{ ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't ug]{ . • ljz]if ;fwf/0f;ef c;f/ @) ut] # ah] 6«]8 6fj/, yfkfynLdf cfof]hgf ug]{ . • ;+:yfsf] jrt k|of]u u/L sf]6]Zj/b]lv dxf/fhu~h If]q cf;kf; 3/–hUuf vl/b ug{ %–^ k6s ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ . • OG6g{ Hjfnf e§nfO{ PS;r]Gh km]nf]sf] ?kdf ;g\ @)!$ cu:6b]lv @)!% h'nfO{;Dd 6L=cfO{= a+unfb]z hfg ePsf] 5gf}+6 cg'df]bg ug]{ . • 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fu cfj4 @@ ;+:yfx?sf] cfj4tf cfj4 ;+:yf lgb]{lzsf @)^* adf]lhd gjLs/0f ug]{ . -ldlt @)&) df3 !& b]lv h]7 @# ;Dd_

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6LcfO{ k|ltlglwd08n a+unfb]z e|d0fdf

a+unfb]zdf ;~rf/ tfnLd

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf gfoj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs sdn kf]v/]nsf] g]t[Tjdf cfO{=P= sfo{qmdsf ;+of]hs df]xg a'9fyf]sL, sfo{qmd clws[t ljgf]b e§/fO{ ;lDdlnt 6f]nLn] a+unfb]z e|d0f ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . pSt 6f]nL ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] $ b]lv * ;Dd a+unfb]z e|d0fdf /x]sf] of] 6f]nLn] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljleGg kl/of]hgf / ltgsf lqmofsnfkaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . e|d0fsf qmddf pSt ;d"xn] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zsf gfoj sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs >L ;'d}of v}/, l;les O+u]hd]G6 l8lehg, l/;r{ PG8 kf]ln;L l8lehg, cfp6l/r PG8 sDo'lgs]zg l8lehg, kmfOgfG; PG8 P8ldlg:6«]zg l8lehg / 9fsf d]l8sn sn]hsf k|ltlglwx?;Fu e]63f6 u/]sf] lyof] . pSt ;d"xn] sld6L ckm sG;G8{ l;l6hg -;L;L;L_n] d'l;uGhdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] km]; b klAns sfo{qmddf ;d]t ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] .

6« f G;k/] G ;L OG6/g] z gnsf] Plzof Kof;] l kms l8kf6{d]G6n] a+unfb]zdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] ;fpy Plzof d]l8of 6«]lgªdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf jl/i7 ;~rf/ clws[t 6L=Pg= l3ld/] / sfo{qmd clws[t ;[i6L sfsL{ ;xefuL x'g'eof] . pSt tfnLd ;g\ @)!$ clk|n (–!) ;Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . sfo{qmdn] ;~rf/ If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf RofK6/ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u, a|]lsª Go"h Joj:yfkg, n]vg k|lqmof, cGt/jftf{ lbFbf Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f, 6LcfO{ RofK6/ / ;fj{hlgs h:tf ljifoodf 1fg lbg' /x]sf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cGo lqmofsnfk • 6LcfO{ Plzof Kof;]lkms l/hgn k|f]u|fd ldl6ª !( b]lv @! d] @)!$ df sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . • Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t cfj4 !@ ;+:yfx?;Fu @(—#) h]7df gu/sf]6df ;dLIff a}7s cfof]hgf ul/of] . • gj]{lhog b"tfjf;;dIf Ao'lN8ª g]zgn OlG6lu|6L Og g]kfn ljifos ;f9] tLgjif]{ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ul/of] . k|:tfljt kl/of]hgfsf] nfut ¿= ^ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . • 6]ln;le{; Pg;]n;dIf k|df]l6ª lalhg]; PlyS; ljifos ?=@( nfvsf] Psjif]{ kl/of]hgf k|:tfj k]z ul/of] . • Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf dWofjlw d"Nof°gsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf hf/L u/L k|:tfj cfXjfg

e§/fO{ k|lzIf0fdf ;xefuL cli6«ofsf] nS;]gju{l:yt OG6/g]zgn PG6L s/K;g Ps]8]dLn] ;g\ @)!$ sf] # b]lv !@ h'nfO{;Dd OG6/g]zgn PG6L s/K;g ;d/ Ps]8]dL sf]ifcGtu{t

ul/Psf]df ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt k|fljlws / ljQLo k|:tfj d"Nof°gkl5 -Dofg_ Joj:yfkg ;+3nfO{ k/fdz{bftfsf ?kdf 5gf}6 ul/of] . • Pnfs kl/of]hgfaf/] k|rf/fTds lel8of] tof/ ug{ k/fdz{bftf /hlgz e08f/LnfO{ cg'aGw ul/of] . • ;fpy–;fpy Plzof PS;r]Gh sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|m]8sk{;]6 gj]{n] ;g\ @)!$ sf] cu:6 ^ b]lv * ;Dd a}+ssdf cfof]hgf x'g] xf]d sldª, lk|k/];g sf];{ PG8 6«]lgªdf ;+:yfsf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cflzif yfkf, sfo{qmd clws[t ;[i6L sfsL{, PS;r]Gh km]nf]x? lgzf cof{n, Hjfnf e§ / sfof{no ;xfos l;zf]/ b]pnfsf] ;xeflutf /xg] ePsf] 5 . • g]zgn OlG6lu|6L l;:6d @)!$ g]kfn;DaGwL cWoog k|ltj]bg k|sfzg u/L d] @@ df k|]; e]63f6 sfo{qmddfkm{t\ sf7df8f}df ;fj{hlgs ul/of] .

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

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…k|flS6; ld6\; ;fOG;Ú k|lzIf0fdf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k| z f;sLo clws[ t bLgfgfy e§/fO{ ;xefuL x'g'eof] . ;f] Ps8]dLn] o:tf] k|lzIf0f x/]s jif{ cfof]hgf ub{5 . o; jif{ $* b]zsf ^( hgf ;xefuL /x]sf] ;f] k|lzIf0fsf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf e|i6frf/sf] ljljw ljifoj:t' / ltgsf] k|s[ltaf/] hfgsf/L lbOPsf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7s 6LcfO{ Plzof Kofl;lkms ljefu / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7s sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] !( b]lv @! tfl/v;Dd cfof]hgf ePsf] xf] . kl/of]hgfsf] sfo{ / /fli6«o RofK6/sf sfo{sf/Lx?sf] pRr Jofjxfl/s 1fg / lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ ;Daf] w g ug]{ Wo]o sfo{qmdsf] /x]sf] lyof] . pQm sfo{qmddf o; If] q sf ;f7LeGbf a9L cleofgstf{ x ?sf] ;xeflutf /Xof] .

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/fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs 6LcfO{ aln{gsf] ;xof]udf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ækmfOl6Ë s/K;g Og\ ;fpy PlzofM lalN8Ë OlG6u|L6L P08 csfpl06lanL6LÆ / æg] z gn OlG6u| L 6L l;:6d c;];d]G6 g]kfn @)!$Æ k|ltj]bg sf7df8f}+df nf]sfk{0f u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd Plzof Kofl;lkms If]qLo a}7ssf qmddf ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] dlxgfdf sf7df8f}Fdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] .

d'Vo ;lrj, ;fs{ dxf;lrj;Fu e]63f6 8f= >L/fs lKnkf6, If]qLo lgb]{zs, Plzof Kofl;lkms 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgnn] ;fs{sf dxf;lrj dxfdlxd dxf;lrj >L ch'{g yfkf / To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf d'Vo ;lrj >L nLnfd0fL kf}8Øfn;Fu @# d]df lzi6frf/ e]63f6 ug'{eof] . 5nkmnsf qmddf pxfFx?aLr blIf0f Plzofsf] /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL k|ltj]bg / cGo kf/:kl/s ljifodf s'/fsfgL ePsf] lyof] .

6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;bfrf/ kl/of]hgf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] g]kfndf ;bfrf/ lgdf{0f (Building National Integrity in Nepal) ;DaGwL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] kl/of]hgf;Da4 ;Demf}tf–kqdf ldlt @)&! ;fpg & ut] gj]{lhog /fhb"t Kjell Tormod Pettersen / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=n] x:tfIf/ ug{'ePsf] 5 . kl/of] h gf 6LcfO{ g] k fnsf] s] G b| L o sfof{ n o sf7df8f}+nufot l;/fxf, ;Kt/L, /fd]5fk, bf]nvf, ;nf{xL, ?kGb]xL, afFs], d'u' / bfr'n { f lhNnfl:yt 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yfx?dfkm{t\ gf} lhNnfdf ;~rfng x'g] ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;g\ @)!$ h'nfO{b]lv @)!& ;Dd ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] s'n nfut #% nfv gj]l{ hog qmf]g/ /x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfn] g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] e|i6frf/

Go"gLs/0f ug{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . To:t} kl/of]hgfdfkm{t\ k|fylds ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?, If]qx? / ;dfhdf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg / ;fj{hlgs ;bfrf/sf] ;jnL–s/0f ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo / :yfgLo txsf zf;sLo / /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLx?df gLltut ;'wf/ u/L e|i6frf/lj¿4sf lqmofsnfk a9fpg]Ù e|i6frf/lj/f]wL kxn / ;'wf/ rfxg] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;fe]mbf/x?;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;+nUgtf a9\g]Ù lhNnf txdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ sfof{nox?sf] ljQLo Joj:yfkg / ;fj{hlgs vl/b k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ eO{ hjfkmb]xL x'g]Ù / ;dfhdf ;bfrf/ j[l4 ug{ cfjZos d"No– dfGotfsf] k|j4{g x'g] h:tf pknlAw k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff kl/of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 .

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

…OlG:k/];gÚ lgdf{0fdf 6LcfO{sf] ;xof]u 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] Ps 6f]nLn] ldl8of Uofn]/Låf/f klIfs ?kdf lgdf{0f Pj+ k|;f/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] OG;lk/];g gfds sfo{qmd lgdf{0f ug{ ;xhLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . ldl8of Uofn]/Ln] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd cGtu{t u'gf;f] ug{ cfPsf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf ;r]ts / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfosx?;Fu 5nkmn u/L ;f] sfo{qmd lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] . sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] d] !@ df lrtjgdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] .

cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa ef/tsf] a} + u nf] / l:yt hgu| x gfds u} / ;/sf/L ;+:yf / 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;xsfo{df blIf0f Plzofsf] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL k|efjsf/L j]e;fO6 cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa 86 sd 86 PgkL (ipaidabribe.com.np) ;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 .

wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] gfkL sfof{no wflbªdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmd ;g\ @)!$ sf] @( clk|ndf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] xf] . wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] o:tf sfo{qmdn] gful/s dfem ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'Ug] wf/0ff sfo{qmdsf bf}/fg JoSt ug{'eof] . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmddf :yfgLo gful/sn] %! j6f ph'/L btf{ u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

Pnfs 8LkLsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)&! h]7 @* b]lv #) ut];Dd sfe|]sf] gu/sf]6l:yt lk;km'n s6]hdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf lhNnfx? Onfd, df]/ª, pbok'/, wflbª, lrtjg, wg'iff, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf7df8f}F, ;'v]{tsf 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yfsf

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cWoIfx?sf] pkl:ylt sfo{qmddf /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s ;'g;/L / k;f{l:yt 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] klg pkl:ylt sfo{qmddf /Xof] . o;afx]s sfo{qmddf pk/f]St plNnlvt ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd clws[t / sfo{qmd ;xfosx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf lji0f' axfb'/ s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf k|ltlglw >L Softl/gf ofsf]e]Nefsf] klg pkl:ylt /Xof] .

;fOsn ¥ofnL 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj¢ afFs]l:yt ;+:yf afu]Zj/L c;n zf;g g]kfnu~hn] !& clk|n @)!$ df afFs]b]lv alb{ o f;Dd ;fOsn ¥ofnL cfof] h gf u¥of] . ;f] ¥ofnLdf e|i6frf/lj/f]wL / ;"rgfsf] xsdf nfu]sf cleoGtfx?sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] lyof] . o;sf] p2]Zo ;bfrf/k|lt :yfgLo lgsfosf] k|ltj¢tfsf nflu bafa l;h{gf ug'{ lyof] . To; ¥ofnLsf] pb\3f6g 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L= / zfxL gj]{lhog /fhb"tfjf;, sf7df8f}+sf ldlgi6/ sfplG;n/ xfsf]g c/fN8n] ug{'eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf ^% hgf o'jf–o'jlt ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

OG6g{ Hjfnf Pkm s] km]nf] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;g\ @)!# b]lv OG6g{sf ?kdf sfo{/t Hjfnf e§ Pkm s] km]nf]sf ?kdf a+unfb]z hfg] ePsf 5g\ . e§ ;g\ @)!$ sf] cu:6 dlxgfb]lv @)!% sf] h'nfO;Dd 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zdf Pkms] km]nf]sf ?kdf sfo{/t /xg]5g\ . e§n] 6LcfO{ a+unfb]zsf] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL cleofgdf ljz]if u/L o'jf / :yfgLo gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+nUgtf, ltgLx?sf] cfa4tf, ltgLx? cfj4 x'g] k|lqmofsf] cWoog ug]{ 5g\ . ;fy}, pgLx?sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ 6LcfO{aLsf] kxn, e|i6frf/lj¿4sf /rgfTds ljifoj:t' / sf6{'g ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmof, /

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cGo cg';Gwfgd"ns lqmofsnfkdf e§ ;+nUg x'g]5g\ . of] km]nf]l;k sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo ;fs{If]qLo b]zx?sf] efjgfadf]lhd cg';Gwfgstf{ / lj1x?aLr kf/:kl/s ;dembf/L sfod ug{' /x]sf] 5 .

bfxfgfos] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf ;g\ @)!# cu:6b]lv h'g;Dd Pkms] km] n f] s f ?kdf sfo{ / t lyP . pgn] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf /xFbf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;"rgf k|ljlw k|0ffnLsf] xl/yf bfxfgfos]sf] labfO ;'wf/, j]e;fO6 lgdf{0f, a|flG8ª 6LcfO{ g]kfndf Pkms] km]nf]sf ?kdf sfo{/t 6LcfO{ tyf l8hfognufotsf sfo{df dxÎjk"0f{ ;xof]u >Ln+sfsf xl/yf bfxfgfos]sf] labfO ul/Psf] 5 . u/]sf lyP .

6LcfO{df gofF OG6g{ ;d|f6 g/l;+x /fodfemL ;d|f6 g/l;+x /fodfemL u'/ufpF gofF lbNnLl:yt Pld6L o'lgel;{6L ef/tdf aLaLP k|f]u|fdsf] clGtd jif{df cWoog/t ljBfyL{ x' g ' x ' G 5 . >L /fodfemL xfn cf7xKt] -h'g ! b]lv h'nfO{ @%, @)!$ ;Dd_ OG6g{l;kdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] n]vf ljefudf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfn;Fu cfj4 eO{ ljleGg kl/of]hgfcGtu{t lhNnftxdf lqmofzLn gful/s ;+ :yfn] k7fPsf n]vf;Da4 sfuhft x]g]{ sfo{ /fodfemLn] ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . To:t}, pxfFn] kl/of]hgf ;Da4 a}+s l/slG;lnP;g :6]6d]G6, cfoJoo tyf vr{ ljj/0f klg x]l//xg'ePsf] 5 . /fodfemL n]vf;DaGwL sfo{df ljz]if ?rL /fVg'x'G5 .

z'e]Iff k'8f;}gL cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLlt ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/ txsL ljBfyL{ z' e ] I ff k' 8 f;} g L kf] N ofG8l:yt o'lgel;{6L ckm jf;f{;Fu cfj4 sf7df8f}+ s f] Unf] a n sn] h OG6/g]zgndf cWoog/t x'g'x'G5 . ;'>L k'8f;}gL h'gb]lv cu:6 @)!$ ;Ddsf] cjlwsf nflu tLgdlxg]

OG6g{l;kcGtu{t 6LcfO{ g]kfndf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . xfn pxfF lzIffdf ;'zf;g ljifos gLltkq n]vgdf lqmofzLn x'g'x'G5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf nflu ;~rfng ul/]/x]sf ljleGg ultljlwx? lgofnL /xg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF eGg'x'G5M Pp6f ljBfyL{sf nflu ;'zf;gsf] k| j 4{ g df nfu] s f ;+ : yfx?n] s:tf ultljlw / lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] hfGgsf nflu 6LcfO{ g]kfn pkof]uL d~r xf] . o:tf ;+:yfdf sfo{/t /xFbf k|fKt cg'ejn] eljiodf cfˆgf] 1fg clej[l4 ug{ k|z:t dbt k'Ug] ljZjf; klg pxfFn] JoSt ug'{ePsf] 5 .

Sofyl/g sfjf{On Sofyl/g sfjf{On ;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sfl:yt sn]h ckm p:6/af6 cGt/f{ l i6« o ;DaGwdf :gfts pQL0f{ ljBfyL{ x'g'x'G5 . sfjf{On 6LcfO{ g] k fndf @% h' g b] l v @% ;]K6]Da/ @)!$ ;Dd tLg dlxg] cjlwsf nflu OG6{gsf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . sfjf{Onsf] afNosfn ljleGg ^ j6f b]zdf lat]sf] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6«o dfldnfdf pxfFsf] ljz]if ?rL /x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . Sofyl/g eGg'x'G5— e|i6frf/lj¿4sf k|of; / u}/– ;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] sfo{z}nLaf/] hfgsf/L lng] cj;/sf ?kdf of] OG6g{l;knfO{ lnPsf] 5' .

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Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw ;dLIff ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)&! h]7 @* b]lv #) ut];Dd sfe|]sf] gu/sf]6l:yt lk;km'n s6]hdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf lhNnfx? Onfd, df]/ª, pbok'/, wflbª, lrtjg, wg'iff, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf7df8f}F, ;'v]{tsf 6LcfO{ cfj4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s ;'g;/L / k;f{l:yt 6LcfO{ cfa4 ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . plNnlvt lhNnfx?dWo] ;'g;/L / k;f{sf :yfgLo ;+:yfn] eg] xfn Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf 5}gg\ . o;afx]s sfo{qmddf pk/f]St plNnlvt ;+:yfsf sfo{qmd clws[t / sfo{qmd ;xfosx?sf] klg pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . 6« fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf cWoIf lji0f' axfb'/ s];Lsf] cWoIftfdf ;DkGg ;f] sfo{qmddf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkf, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, 8f= /fdbofn /fs]zsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . o;afx]s o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf k|ltlglw >L

Softl/gf ofsf]e]Nefsf] klg pkl:ylt /Xof] . sfo{qmddf kl/of]hgfsf r'gf}tLaf/] kl/of]hgf ;+of]hs >L t'Da'? uf}tdn] cfˆgf] k|:t'lt /fVg'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, sfo{qmd clws[t >L ljgf]b e§/fO{n] ;+:yfn] ;DkGg u/]sf lqmofsnfk / ;DkGg ug{ g;s]sf sfdx?af/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] . To:t}, ;~rf/ clws[t 6LPg l3ld/]n] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu ;~rf/sf] cfjZostf / ;~rf/ /0fgLltsf af/]df s]lGb|t ;fdu|L k|:t't ug{'eof] . ljleGg lhNnfsf :yfgLo gful/s ;+:yfsf cWoIfx?n] ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfk / sl7gfOx?af/] cfˆgf cg'ej afF8\g'ePsf] lyof] . To;}u/L, sfo{qmd clws[tx?n] Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfdfkm{\t ;DkGg lqmofsnfkaf/] rrf{ ug{'ePsf] lyof] .

:jfut dGtJo sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] :jfut dGtJo lbg'ePsf] lyof] . >L yfkfn] :jfut dGtJosf qmddf eGg'eof]M b'O{ jif{cl3;Dd xfd|f] pkl:ylt clxn]sf] h:tf] lyPg . kl5Nnf] ;do

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d'n'ssf ljleGg @@ lhNnfsf gful/s ;+:yf;Fu ;xsfo{ ul//x]sf 5f}F . o;n] :yfgLo txdf xfd|f] pkl:ylt a9fPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf k|j4{g ug]{;DaGwdf ljleGgvfnsf kl/of]hgfdfk{mt\ ;xsfo{ cl3 a9fpg klg xfdL ;kmn ePsf 5f}F . of] ;xsfo{n] xfdLnfO{ s]xL kf7x? l;sfPsf] 5 . o;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfufdL lbgsf] sfo{lbzf agfpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g cfpg'ePsf ;a} ;xefuLnfO{ xflb{s :jfut ub{5' .

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] lhNnf txdf kf/]sf] k|efj / c;/ lji0f' bfxfn lnDa", cWoIf

dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 o; sfo{ q mddf ;xeflutfsf nflu cfdGq0f ug{'ePsf]df bfxfnn] cfof]hs 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ wGojfb lbg'eof] . pxfFn] cufl8 eGg'eof] M Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] lhNnfdf /fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf 5g\ . lhNnfsf k|d'v ;/sf/L sfof{ n osf k| d ' v x? o; sfo{ q mdk| l t ;sf/fTds /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf sfo{qmdx? s'g} xf]6ndf xf]Og, xfdLn] sfd ul//x]sf lhNnfx?df cfof]hgf ug{ kfP /fd|f] x'g] lyof] . To;f] x'g ;s] lhNnfdf yk rf;f] a9\g] lyof] . :yfgLo gful/sn] To;af/]df yk hfgsf/L kfpg] lyP eGg] nfU5 .

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dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|, pbok'/ klxn] dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;+:yf clxn] ;'zf;gsf If]qdf klg sfd ug]{ ;+:yfsf ?kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;xof]u gu/]sf a]nfdf klg of] ;+:yfn] Pp6f sfo{If]qsf ?kdf ;'zf;gnfO{ cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . lj:tf/} ;+:yfdf u'gf;f] ug{ cfpg] gful/s a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . xfdLn] k|fKt u/]sf y'k|} ph'/LdWo] !* j6f ;kmntf ;fy ;dfwfg ePsf 5g\ . xfd|f lqmofsnfk ;~rf/dfWodn] k|sfzg k|;f/0f u/]sf 5g\ . oxfF ph'/L lbP xfd|f] u'gf;f] ;'lgG5 eGg] ljZjf; gful/sdf a9]sf] 5 . af3 dfg{ hfFbf cf}hf/ lbP/ k7fpg g;s]sf] h:tf] cg'e"lt ul//x]sf] 5' . sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;"rgfsf] clwsf/nufot cGo ljifodf tfnLd lbg' cfjZos 5 . of] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] ;zSt cf}hf/ xf] . lhNnfdf 8LkLdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ dGqfnoaf6 wGojfb kq jf k|z+;f kq k7fOlbg] Joj:yf u/fpg kfP, To;n] tL lgsfo k|f]T;flxt x'g] lyP . xfdLnfO{ sfd ug{ ;xh x'g] lyof] . PS;kf]h/ lelh6sf nflu b]zleq / sDtLdf ef/tdfq eP klg n}hfg kfP pkof]uL x'g] lyof] eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] l:ylt s:tf] 5 eg] gful/sn] 3"; gv'jfOsg sfd ul/Psf] kfP eg] of] t 8'lAns]6 kf] eof] ls eg]/ cfzª\sf ub{5g\ . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf sfd l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'Fb}gg\ . Pp6f syf eGg] cg'dlt rfxG5' . Pshgf j[4 dflg;, e"m¶f] gaf]Ng], eb| dflg; /x]5g\ . tL eb| j[4nfO{ g/fd|f

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dflg;n] km;fpg rfx] . b'O{ xftdf b'O{ eFu]/f] lnP/ j[4nfO{ ;f]w], …af s'g d/]sf] 5, s'g afFr]sf] 5 .Ú j[4 dflg; cg'ejL lyP pgn] hjfkm lbP– eFu]/f] d/]sf] klg x'g;S5, afFr]sf] klg x'g;S5 . Tof] s'/f ltd|} xftdf 5 . of] syfn] xfd|f] b]zdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{pF5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . wGojfb .

;d]t ;xof]uk|fKt ePsf] ;+:yf eg]/ ;Ddfghgs lx;fan] x]g]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf cufl8 hfFbf ;xof]u g} ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;sf/fTds g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . w]/} k6s v/f l6Kk0fLx? eg] pgLx?n] ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . gful/sx? ;/sf/L sfof{nodf hfFbf klxn]sf] h:tf] cj:yf 5}g . s'g} klg l;l8of] :yfgLo jf s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfk|lt gsf/fTds /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5}g . O{Zj/rGb| emf, ;lrj o;a]nfsf lhNnfdf sfo{/t k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd, wg'iff t emg\ ;'wf/ u/f}+ eGg] efjgfs} /x]sf] kfPsf 5f}F . hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; sfo{qmd Pnf8s 8LkL kl/of]hgf k|ltj4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ k|]l/t u/]sf 5g\ . ;~rfng x'g'k"j{b]lv g} 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf xf] . o;}n] ubf{ xfdL klxn]b]lv g} ;'zf;g / e|i6frf/sf k'0o kf}8]n, cWoIf If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf lyof}F . ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df ;'zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh, sf:sL gful/s a8fkqx? gePsf 7fpFdf /fVg nufPsf 5f}+ . 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 ;+:yfsf lqmofsnfk :yfgLo ;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL clwsf/n] kf/blz{tfsf nflu tx;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . o;n] u|fdL0f:t/;Dd 6LcfO{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . ;"rgf clwsf/L lgo'St ug{ bafa g] k fnsf] k| l tlglwTj ePsf] 5 . k| d ' v lhNnf lbPsf 5f}F . Ps jif{leq nueu @)) j6f ph'/L k/]sf clwsf/Ldfq ;sf/fTds eOlbg] xf] eg] w]/} s'/f ug{ 5g\ . tLdWo] *) j6f ;dfwfg ul/Psf 5g\ . ltgdf ;lsg] /x]5 . Tof] ;xof]u k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Laf6 s]xL ckx/0fsf d'2f klg 5g\ . kfPsf 5f}F . clVtof/sf] If]qLo sfof{no eg] ;':t 5 . :yfgLo / If]qLo ;~rf/dfWodn] ph'/L / xfdLn] u/]sf eLdaxfb'/ >]i7, cWoIf kxnaf/] ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf 5g\ . /fli6«o:t/sf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg, lrtjg kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePdfq k|rf/–k|;f/ ePsf] 7fGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eP/ sfd ubf{ ;dfhdf klxrfg k|j[lQ g} unt 5 . kl5Nnf] ;do :jf:Yo If]qdf s]lGb|t clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ePsf 5g\ . c:ktfn klg ;'wf/ ug{ tof/ b]lvPsf] 5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf larf}lnofsf] ;d:of lyof] . …larf}lnof va/bf/Ú eGg] af]8{;d]t /fv]sf 5f}F . oftfoft If]qdf b] l vPsf] ;d:of k| o Tg ul//x] klg ;'Nemfpg c;kmn ePsf 5f}F .

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kLtfDa/ zdf{, cWoIf

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;'v]{t gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3 ;'zf;gsf If]qdf lqmofzLn 5 . of] sfo{qmd ;'? u/]kl5 ;'v]{tdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 ePsf] 7fg]sf 5f}F . u|fdL0f If]qdf dflg; e|i6frf/af6 a9L k|efljt 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qsf dflg;x? 6f9faf6 ;b/d'sfd cfPsf x'G5g\, l9nf;':tL x'Fbf ;b/d'sfddf a:g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/sf/L sfof{nodf /xg] k|lqmofut emGem6af6 aRg gful/s bnfnnfO{ s]xL /sd lbP/ sfd l56f] u/fpgkl§ nfU5g\ . t/ klg s]xL gful/s ;+:yfdf ph'/L ug{ cfpg yfn]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfsf] lqmofzLntfn] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf klg s]xL ;'wf/ cfPsf] xf] ls eGg] cg'e"lt u/]sf 5f}F . dfnkf]t sfof{nodf % ah]kl5 k};f lbP/ nfnk"hf{ lbg];Ddsf sfd u/]sf] kfOof] . dfnkf]t sfof{nodf l9nf;':tL ePsf] ph'/L cfPkl5 ul/Psf] kxnkl5 6f]sg k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] 5 . xfdL h:tf] ;+:yfsf] pkl:yltn] ;' z f;g k| j 4{ g ug{ ;xof] u k' u ] s f] 5 . e| i 6frf/lj¿4 sfd ug] { dflg; :jo+ ; ] j L eP/ nfUg'k5{ .

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;'zf;g cleofg, u'NdL sfof{nodf k|fKt ePsf ph'/L ;ª\sng u/L k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;dIf k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf 5f}F . ;L8Lcf]n] k|To]s sfof{nonfO{ kq n]vL ;r]t u/fPsf 5g\ . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd lhNnfdf k|efjsf/L ePsf] 5 . /]l8of]af6 e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] lj1fkg ahfPsf sf/0f ph'/Lx? a9]sf 5g\ . xfn;Dd ^$ ph'/L k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . ( j6f :s"nsf ljBfyL{x?dfem e|i6frf/af/] cGt/lqmof u/L hfgsf/L lbOPsf] 5 . :yfgLo ;+:yfk|lt ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|ltlglwn] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f km/s 5 .

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

u/fpg]tk{m xfd|f] k|of; hf/L /xg]5 . ;fgf ;d:ofnfO{ 7"nf] 36gfsf ?kdf x]l/g' x'Fb}g . xfdL :jo+;]jf ul//x]sf 5f}F . xfdLn] c?nfO{ pTk|]l/t u/]/ sfd ug{'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ;fdflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ !) xhf/ g} lng] eGg] lg0f{o pgLx?sf] ;+:yfn] u/]sf] 5}g . cl86/ klg oxL ;dfhsf] Pp6f ;b:o xf] . o:tf dflg;;Fu ;Dks{df /xg'kb{5 . d'n'sdf ljlw–lylt a;fpgsf nflu xfdLn] ;Dej ePsf] ;xof]u ug}{k5{ . cfO{ k]8 c a|fOa j]a ;fO6 tof/ eO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL ;fyLx? un]sf] h:tf] cge"lt u/]sf] 5' . w]/}eGbf w]/} :jo+;]jL ;fyLx? vf]hL u/f}F . o;n] xfd|f] cleofgdf ;xof]u k'U5 . ;'?jft ug]{ s'/f xf] . of] sfo{qmd ;'? ePkl5 lhNnfdf 6LcfO{sf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ePsf] 5 . ;dfhsf dflg;x? ljifoj:t' p7fpg / e|i6frf/lj¿4 af]Ng k|]l/t ePsf 5g\ . k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ;sf/fTds x'g] xf] eg] o:tf sfo{qmdn] k|efjsf/L 9Ën] sfd ug{ ;S5 . Sofn]G8/ /fd|f] 5 . lhNnfdf l8lh6n a8fkq /fVg]af/]df ;Nnfx eO/x]sf] 5 .

lgd{nf ;'a]bL, sfo{jfxs cWoIf

sf7fdf8f}+ k|km]zgn dlxnf ;xof]uL ;d"x, sf7df8f}+ e|i6frf/ afWotf jf cfjZostfn] dfq x'g] xf]Og, of] ;+:sf/sf ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf c? ljleGg lqmofsnfkeGbf :s"n:t/sf afnaflnsf;dIf k'Ug'k5{ eGg] nfU5 .

df]xg e§/fO{, cWoIf

gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, df]/ª e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofg df]/8df ;~rfng ubf{ hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . OG;]s, klAns kmf]/dnufotsf :yfgLo ;+:yfn] kl/of]hgf x/]/fd nf]xgL, cWoIf, dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfn, wflbª ;dGjo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf af]nfpg cfu|x u/]sf] x'Fbf ;'zf;g c?nfO{ l;sfpg] / eGg] s'/f eGbf cfk"maf6 af]nfpg] u/]sf 5f}F . ;+:yfn] k|sfzg u/]sf] a|f];/

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

e/taxfb'/ yfkf, dxf;lrj

6LcfO{ g]kfn :jo+;]jssf ?kdf sfd ug{' Tolt ;xh sfd xf]Og . ;a}hgfsf] k|:t'ltn] Pp6f cleofgdf y'k|} dflg; nfu]sf] kfPF . k|ltj4tf kfPF . lhNnfdf sfd ul//xFbf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] ;xof]u / k|ltj4tf cfjZos x'Fbf]/x]5 eGg] nfUof] . of] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] lnP/ ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfd u/fpg hfFbf km6fkm6 ul/lbPsf pbfx/0f klg 5g\ . ph'/L ubf{ gfd eGg grfxg] dflg; w]/} b]lvP . nfnk"hf{sf] d"No @% ¿k}ofF lng'kg]{df Tof]eGbf a9L lng] ul/Psf] lyof] . To;af/]df ph'/L ul/Pkl5 xfn @% dfq lng] eGg] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdk|lt ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 5 .

ultljlw

cleofgnfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg' ;lhnf] sfd xf]Og . dWofjlw d"Nofª\sg ul//xFbf o;nfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg klg cfu|x ub{5' . cfTd–;Gt'i6Lsf nflu sfd ul//x]sf w]/} 5f}+ . 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eP/ ;bfrf/k|ltsf] k|ltj4tf JoSt ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . ljZj a}+sdf sfd ug]{ dflg;n]eGbf sd of]ubfg ug{'ePsf] 5}g . kfPF . o;df xfdL klg s]xL jif{cl3b]lv ;+nUg ePsf 5f}F . y'k|} ;fyLx?sf] cg'ej ;'Gg] df}sf kfPF . o:tf sfo{qmdn] Ps–csf{af6 l;Sg ;lsg] / gofF s'/fx? vf]hL ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ /x]5 .

ljhos'df/ pkfWofo, cWoIf

;bfrf/ cleofg, k;f{ g] k fndf ;~rfng eO/x] s f] e| i 6frf/lj¿4sf] /3'gLnfn ;fx, cWoIf cleofgnfO{ ce}m ;zSt agfpg'kg]{ cfjZostf ;ª\sNk ;LaLcf/, ;'g;/L b]v]sf] 5' . ef/tdf cGgf xhf/]n] rnfPh:tf] cleofg hxfFlgof zf;ge}mF xfd|f] d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg rnfpg ;lsG5 ls < y'k|} ;fyLx?n] 6LcfO{ g]kfndf cfj4 eO{ sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx? cfˆgf pkof]uL cg'ej afF8\g'ePsf] 5 . ;xeflutf e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s nflu/x]sf] hgfpg] cj;/ lbg'ePsf]df wGojfb .

8f= /fdbofn /fs]z, sfo{;ldlt ;b:o

6LcfO{ g]kfn 6LcfO{ g]kfn ljZjJofkL ;+:yf ePsfn] o;sf] k|efj klg ljZjJofkL g} 5 . b]zdf htftt} e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; If]qdf yf]/}dfq k|of; ul/of] eg] klg To;n] /fd|f] k|efj l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 . kl5Nnf] ;do e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|j4{gsf If]qdf 6LcfO{df cfj4 ;+:yfx?sf] ;b\efj / ;xof]un] dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf u/]sf] 5 . ;+qmd0fsfndf hxfF klg wldnf] kfgLdf df5f dfg]{ afgL k/]sf dflg;x? x'G5g\ . oxfF klg To:tf dflg;x? 5g\ . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] ;~hfn &% j6} lhNnfdf km}lnof];\ eGg] rfxG5' . e|i6frf/ Ps lsl;dsf] SofG;/ g} xf] . d'n'sdf x/]s If]qdf g]tT[ jsf vfFrf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og g}lts w/ftn vl:sPsf] cj:yf klg 5 . of] xfdLsxfF dfq

xf]Og, blIf0f Plzofsf ;a} b]zx?df eofjx l:ylt 5 . e|i6frf/Lx?sf] ;~hfn ;zSt 5 . xfdLn] cfˆgf] lqmofsnfk ;zSt 9Ën] ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . hgsk'/ ljsf; kl/ifb\ e|i6frf/sf] Pp6f gd'gf ePsf sfof{no xf] . ToxfFsf] sfo{;ldltn] cfˆgf] tna;d]t cfk}mF lg0f{o u/]/ vfO/x]sf 5g\ . dlGqkl/ifb\n] :jLs[lt lbPs} 5}g, t/ pgLx?n] cfk"mv';L ul//x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo txdf sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfn] :yfgLo txdf ug{ ;lsg] lqmofsnfkx? lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ul//xg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . e|i6frf/lj¿4sf cleoGtfx?, ;~rf/sdL{x? hf]lvddf /x]sf dflg;sf ?kdf x]l/G5 . of] s'g} b08 lbg] ;Sg] ;+:yf xf]Og . 6LcfO{ Pp6f bafa ;d"xdfq xf] . l:ylt h:tf];'s} eofjx eP klg xfdL lg?T;flxt geOsg lg/Gt/ nflu/xg'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

k|]; lj1lKt

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

k|]; lj1lKt tyf kq 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] ;d;fdlos ljifodf ;/sf/L lgsfo / ltgsf k|ltlglwsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug{ kqfrf/ / k|]; lj1lKt hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . tL k|]; lj1lKt tyf kqx? kf7ssf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf 5f}F.

;+;b\ ljsf; sf]ifdf % s/f]8 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L ;'zLn sf]O/fnfHo" / Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf ;DdfggLo ;efd'v >L ;'jf;rGb| g]DjfªHo"nfO{ kq k7fO{ lj/f]w hgfPsf] 5 . pQm kqsf] ljj/0f M klxnf] ;+ljwfg;ef g} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f gu/L cj;fg x'g', d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ a9\b} hfg', ;fdfGo /f]huf/Lsf nflu ;d]t d'n'saf6 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf o'jf hgzlSt ljb]lzg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf x'g' / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult cToGt Go"g ePaf6 cfd–g]kfnL gful/sdf lg/fzf 5fO/x]sf] cj:yfdf bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;kmn lgjf{rg eO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g / lgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] u7g ePaf6 cfd–gful/sdf æca t s]xL xf]nf ls <Æ eGg] cfzf knfPsf] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;+ l jwfg;ef / ;/sf/n] ;d] t gful/sdf cfzf / e/f];f knfpg] sfo{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{df xfn}sf lbgdf gful/sn] lt/]sf] s/af6 ;+sng eO{ Ps lsl;dsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf nflu 5'6ØfOPsf] /sd cfly{s jif{sf] cGTodf cfP/ Jofks?kdf cGoq /sdfGt/ u/fpg] k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf], lgo'lStx?df Jofks lj/f]w x'gyfn]sf] / d'n'ssf] cfzfsf k|ltd"lt{sf ?kdf /xg'ePsf ;ef;b\x?n] g} csNkgLo?kdf 7"nf] /sd -% s/f]8_ ;f+;b ljsf; sf]zdf 5'6Øfpg] k|oTg ul//x]sf nufotsf ;dfrf/x? ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{ t \ ;fj{ h lgs x' F b f cfd–g]kfnL gful/ssf ;fy} 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn

-6LcfO{_ g]kfnnfO{ klg b'lvt agfPsf] 5 . o:tf] r/d b' ¿ kof] u slxNo} ePsf] lyPg eGg] cleJolStx? ;~rf/dfWodaf6 JoSt x'g' cgf}7f] xf]Og . o:tf sfo{nfO{ gLltut e|i6frf/sf] k/fsfi7f eGg] jf geGg] oxfFx?af6} olsg x'g'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . t/ lglZrt?kdf o:tf sfo{af6 ;/sf/ / ;+;b\sf] 5ljdf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ nfu]sf] x'Fbf tTsfn b]xfoadf]lhd sfo{ ul/of];\ egL 6LcfO{ g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 . != lgo'lSt / 5gf}6sf ;DaGwdf p7]sf ljifodf cljnDa 5fglag u/L cfd–gful/sdf lg/fzf g5fpg] u/L 6'+uf] nufOof];\ . @= Ps lsl;dsf] ljsf; lgdf{ 0 f sfo{ s f nflu 5' 6 ØfOPsf] /sd xr' j fsf] cfwf/df cGoq /sdfGt/ u/fpg] k| j [ l Q tTsfn /f] l sof] ; \ / clxn];Dd s] slt /sd sxfFaf6 sxfF ;fl/of] ;fj{hlgs ul/of];\ . #== gLltut?kdf o;/L ul/g] thlahL clwsf/sf] k|of]u / e|i6frf/ tyf clgoldttfsf ;DaGwdf cg'udg ug{ ;+;bLo ;ldlt u7g ul/of];\ . / o:tf ;ldltsf] cg'udg k|ltj]bgx? ;fj{hlgs ug]{ Joj:yf xf];\ . d'n'sdf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ;xsfo{ ug]{ k|lta4tf oxfFx?sf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iff;lxt, lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIf ldlt @)&!÷@÷!(

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

k|]; lj1lKt

lgjf{rg If]q ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ah]6 /sd bf]Aa/ kfg]{ k|oTg lgjf{ r g If] q ljsf; sfo{ q mdcGtu{ t dfggLo ;f+;bx?n] cfkm"n] tf]s]sf] of]hgfdf vr{ ug{ kfpg] u/L k|fKt x'Fb}cfPsf] ah]6 /sd bf]Aa/ kfg]{ k|oTg eO/x]sf] ;dfrf/ cfd–;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs eO/x]sf] 5 . o;k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfs[i6 ePsf] 5 . d'n's cfly{s ljsf;sf b[li6n] cToGt k5fl8 kl//x]sf] cj:yfdf pknAw ;Lldt ;|f]tnfO{ of]hgfa4 9+un] k|efjsf/L?kdf ;b'kof]u ug{'kg]{ a]nfdf thlahL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L vr{ ug{ /sd a9fpg] k|j[lQ a9\b} hfg' s'g} klg b[li6sf]0faf6 Gofof]lrt / pko'St b]lvFb}g eGg] b[li6sf]0f 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] /x]sf] 5 . o:tf sfo{n] ul/a gful/sdfly s/ef/ ylkFb} hfg] ePsf] x'Fbf of] sbd pko'St x'Fb}g eGg] s'/f ;DdfggLoHo"df cjut ePs} ljifo xf] .

o:tf] /sd plrt tj/n] pkof]u gePsf] eGg] k|ltlqmof cfd–gful/saf6 JoSt eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf cem} ah]6 a9fpg'n] ;DdfgLt ;f+;bx?sf] ul/dfdf ;d]t cfFr k'¥ofpg ;S5 . t;y{, o:tf] sfo{ ;bfsf nflu x'g glbg]tkm{ ;DdfggLoHo"af6 tTsfn ;fy{s sbd rflnof];\ eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfn hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 . lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIf ldltM @)&!÷)!÷#) cjutfy{ != ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqLHo" k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F @= dfggLo cy{dGqLHo" cy{dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F . #= ;DdfggLo >L ;'jf;rGb| g]DjfªHo" ;efd'v, Joj:yflksf ;+;b\

k|f]T;fxg eQf g] k fn ;/sf/sf s] x L lgsfo / sfof{ n osf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|f]T;fxg:j?k yk eQf / cGo lsl;dsf ;' l jwf, ;x' l not k| b fg ub} { c fPsf] d f xfn} /fi6« k lt, pk/fi6« k lt tyf k| w fgdGqLsf] sfof{nonufotsf sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;/sf/n] k|f]T;fxg eQf lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ljleGg ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ k|sflzt tyf k|;fl/t ;dfrf/k|lt 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] Wofg cfs[i6 ePsf] 5 . dx+uL a9\b} hfg', /fHon] k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf–;'ljwfdf ljljwtf /xg', hl6n / vlr{nf] aGb} hfg', zflGt ;' / Iffsf] cj:yf ck] l Ift?kdf ljZj;gLo x' g g;Sg'h:tf ljBdfg cj:yfdf ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf–;'ljwf / ;'/IffnfO{ ;xh, ;/n Pj+ sd emGeml6nf] kfb}{ cfd–gful/ssf] hLjgofkgnfO{ ;xh agfO{ /fHosf] ljZj;gLotf a9fpFb} hfg'kg]{df o;/L lg0f{odf kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;Sg] / cfkm" tyf cfkm" lgs6

jf dftxtsf sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ yk k|f]T;fxg ug]{ gfddf cfd–gful/sdfly cfly{s af]em a9fpFb} nu]sf] cj:yfk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfn lrlGtt ag]sf] 5 . o:tf k|j[lQn] cfd–gful/sdfly s/sf] ef/ yKg'sf ;fy} /fHok|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf;df ;d]t sdL NofpF5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfd ug]{ ;a} sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>ldsnufot cGo ;'ljwf ;x'lnotdf Ps?ktf sfod ug{' ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ;j{dfGo / d"ne"t l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ul/g'kb{5 eGg] 6LcfO{ g]kfnnfO{ nfUb5 . ctM 6LcfO{ g]kfn pk/f]St plNnlvt ljifotkm{ cljnDa ;Da4 lgsfosf] Wofg cfs[i6 xf];\ / o;sf] lgoGq0fsf nflu oyfzL3| cfjZos sbd rflnof];\ eGg] hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 . lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=, cWoIf ldltM @)&)÷!)÷!@

k|]; lj1lKt

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

dflyNnf] lqz'nL # P sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/

k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g dflyNnf] lqz'nL # P sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{af/]df ePsf lg0f{oaf6 k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] pNnª\3g ePsf], 7]s]bf/nfO{ 7"nf] /sd xhf{gf ltg{af6 pGd'lSt lbnfpg] p2]Zo /x]sf], Ifdtf lj:tf/sf] cf}lrTo k'i6ØfO{+ ug{ ldNg] s'g} cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] / 7]s]bf/sf] dfueGbf bf]Aa/ /sd lbg] b'/fzo /fv]sf] tyf oL lqmofsnfkaf6 7"nf] /sd n]gb]g u/L u/fO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] h:tf ;dfrf/x?n] ;~rf/dfWoddf k|d'vtf kfPsf] ;DaGwdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f ePsf] 5 . ;f] cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/;DaGwL lg0f{on] /fli6«o lxt / :jfy{df wSsf k'u]sf], cfly{s cg'zf;g

pNnª\3g ePsf] tyf cfufdL lbgdf cfly{s cg'zf;g vnaNofO{ e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 7x/ 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] u/]sf] 5 . e|i6frf/ /f]syfd lgoGq0fdf sfo{sfl/0fL :jod\n] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ / ;lqmotf bzf{pg' h?/L x'g] ePsfn] ;f]af/] ;/sf/ :jo+n] x:tIf]k u/L of] e|i6frf/hGo sfo{nfO{ /f]syfd ug{'sf cltl/St cfufdL lbgdf o:tf sfo{ bf]xf]l/g glbg;d]t 6LcfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf hf]8bf/ dfu ub{5 . lg/Gt/ ;xof]u / ;b\efjsf] ck]Iff;lxt, lji0f' axfb'/ s]= ;L=, cWoIf ldltM @)&) h]7 @&

g]kfnM lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ /fhgLlteGbf aflx/ /fVg] r'gf}tL /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs ;]jf lzlyn -g]kfn /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnLsf] k|ltj]bg @)!$_ ;fj{hlgs tyf u}/–;/sf/L If]qdf cfˆgf] ks8 sfod /fVg / ;Qfdf /lx/xg /fhgLlts bnx?n] k|efj kfl//x]sf] s'/fk|lt 6LcfO{ g]kfnåf/f ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] Ps k|ltj]bgn] va/bf/L u/]sf] 5 . pSt lgisif{ /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL -Pg=cfO{=P;=_ ;DaGwL cWoogsf] xf] . To;df !! d'Vo /fHo / u}/–/fHokIfLo ;+:yfx?sf] sdhf]/L / ;ankIf tyf e|i6frf/af6 k|efljt x'g] cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;'zf;g ;'b[9 t'Nofpg cfjZos ;'wf/sf If]qx? klxNofpg /fli6«o ;bfrf/ k|0ffnL;DaGwL cWoognfO{ ljZjsf &) eGbf a9L d'n's / If]qflwsf/df of] cWoog ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . cfd"n kl/jt{gsf nflu cj;/ l;h{gf ub}{ g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] d'Vo

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@= kf/blz{tf ;DaGwdf @=!= k|To]s zfvf jf kmfF6af6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfo{x?sf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt zfvf jf kmfF6df ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L 6fF; ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg] 5 . @=@= k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfaf/] cfj:ostfcg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 . @=#= sfof{no ;doleq sd{rf/Lx?n] b]lvg] u/L kl/ro– kq clgjfo{?kdf nufpg'kg]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . @=$= sfof{noåf/f lnOPsf lg0f{ox? sfg"gadf]lhd ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5g\, h;sf nflu ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;"rgf kf6Ldf 6fF; ug]{ jf a'n]l6g k|sflzt ug]{ cyjf ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ k|sfzg÷k|;f/0f ul/g]5 . @=%= sfof{noaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?af/] ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fOg]5 . ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf] ljifodf ;"rgf dfu ul/Pdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;"rgf pknAw u/fOg]5 . #= ;bfrf/ ;DaGwdf #=!= ;Dk" 0 f{ sd{ r f/Lx?nfO{ ;bfrf/o' Q m cfr/0f cjnDag u/L ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ :jR5 / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpFb} sfof{nonfO{ Ps gd"gf lgsfosf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ kxn ul/g]5 . #=@= sfof{nosf] jftfj/0fnfO{ cfu|x/lxt agfOg]5, / ;]jf pknAw u/fPjfkt s;}af6 bfg, bftJo, sld;g, pkxf/ OToflbsf cltl/Qm s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf nfe u|x0f ul/g]5}g . #=#= s'g} ljifodf cfˆgf] :jfy{ aflemg] cj:yf (Conﬂict of Interest) ljBdfg /x] k| f s[ l ts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ To:tf] lg0f{o k|lqmofaf6 ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cnu ul/g]5 . #=$= s' g } klg :j?ksf] e| i 6frf/, clgoldttf / l9nf;':tL ;xg ul/g]5}g . o;af/] ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL b'j}nfO{ ;hu u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOg]5 .

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#=%= ;bfrf/o'Qm jftfj/0f sfod ug{ cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngfdf hf]8 lbOg]5 . $= ;]jfk|jfx, u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg / vl/b k|lqmof $=!= ;]jfk|jfxsf] ;/nLs/0f s_ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o k|lqmof / sfo{ ;~rfng k|lqmof sfg"gdf tf]lsPadf]lhd ;/n agfOg]5 . v_ ;]jfk|jfxsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd ;]jfu|fxL– d}qL agfOg]5 . $=@= u'gf;f] Joj:yfkg s_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg] k|of]hgsf nflu u'gf;f] ;'Gg] lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L -;"rgf clwsf/L_ tf]lsg]5 . ;"rgf clwsf/L lgoldt?kn] pkl:yt x' g ] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . v_ u'gf;f] ;'Gg ljB'tLo ;~rf/dfWod— 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n tyf cgnfOg ;]jf cflbsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] cltl/Qm ;'ne :yfgdf Ps u'gf;f] k]l6sf;d]t /flvg]5 . u_ k|fKt u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;"rgf clws[tn] lz3|fltlz3| ;dfwfg ug{ kxn ug]{5g\, / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L cljnDa ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u/fOg]5 . 3_ u'gf;fx?sf] cWoogaf6 ;'wf/ ul/g'kg]{ If]qsf] klxrfg u/L qmlds?kdf ;'wf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . $=#= vl/b÷laqmL k|lqmofsf] kl/kfngf s_ vl/b÷laqmLdf clgjfo{ ? kdf k| r lnt cfly{ s P]g÷lgodcg';f/sf] k|lqmof cjnDag ul/g]5 . v_ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ sfof{Gjog x'g] ljifodf pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf /x]sf kbflwsf/Lafx]ssf ;]jf u|fxLsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . u_ lgdf{0fsfo{ ldtJooL agfpg d'No;"rL tyf b//]6 ;ª\sng ug]{ / sfg"gadf]lhd lgwf{l/t b//]6 sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgdf ;xof]uL, ;+:yfsf] gfd M -6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn;Fu cfa4_ 7]ufgf M ;xL M gfd M kb M ldlt M

b:tfj]h

eP÷gePsf] cg'udg ul/g]5 . 3_ lgdf{0f sfo{ x'g] :yfgdf jf cGo kfos kg]{ :yfgdf lgdf{ 0 ffwLg of] h gf;DaGwL cfjZos hfgsf/L;lxtsf] ;" r gf ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L -cfjZostfcg';f/ xf]l8Ë af]8{;d]t_ /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . %= sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] sl6a4tf %=!= ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ sf] k|:tfjgf v08df plNnlvt Joxf]/fnfO{ ;]jfk|jfx ;DaGwdf ;b}j cfTd;ft ul/g]5 / P]gsf ;du| k| f jwfgx?sf] k" 0 f{ kl/kfngfdf Wofg s] l Gb| t ul/g]5 . %=@= ;" r gfsf] xs;DaGwL P] g , @)^$ df /x] s f k|fjwfgx?sf] cIf/zM kfngf ub}{ gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ul/g]5 . %=#= cGo k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ePsf Joj:yfsf] kl/kfngfdfkm{t\ sfg"gsf] zf;gk|ltsf] cfˆgf] sl6a4tf k|blz{t ul/g]5 . ^= k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ;DaGwdf o; k|lta4tf—kqdf pNn]v ePsf ljifox?sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, u'NdLsf] cu'jfOdf Ps k|lta4tf sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ul/g]5 . o:tf] ;ldltdf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfn;Fu cfj4 ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf]] ;xefuLtf /xg'sf] cltl/Qm cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj /xg]5 . ;ldltsf] a}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ a:g]5 . o; k|lta4tf—kqsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos /fo, ;'´fj / ;xof]usf nflu ;Da4 ;a}nfO{ xflb{s cfJxfg ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug]{, sfof{nosf] gfd M ;xL M gfd M kb M ldlt M

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

gf} lhNnfsf @! ;/sf/L lgsfoåf/f k|lta4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/

nfs 8LkL -P8\ef]s];L P08 lnun P8\efO; P08 8]enkd]06 KofS6_ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ r':t / b'?:t agfO cfd gful/ssf] kx'Fr j[l4 ug{ ;/sf/L ;+oGqnfO{ ;3fpg] p2]Zon] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng u/]sf] dxTTjk"0f{ sfo{qmd xf] . of] sfo{qmd o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] ;xof]udf 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmd dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo gful/saf6 cfPsf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg ug{ gful/s / ;/sf/L lgsfosf k|ltlglwaLr k|ToIf xft]dfnf] ul/G5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t lhNnfl:yt ;]jf k|jfx qm;+= lhNnf

ug]{ ;/sf/L lgsfox?df k6s k6s b]lvg] ;d:ofx? gbf]xf]l/pg\ / ;]jf k|jfx ;xh / ;/n ?kdf x'g ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon] 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yf / tL ;/sf/L lgsfox?aLr k|lta4tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd ( lhNnfsf @! ;/sf/L lgsfon] ;'zf;g tyf ljsf; k|lta4tf kqdf x:tfIf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . x:tfIf/ 6LcfO{ cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yfx?sf] kxndf ;DkGg ePsf x'g\ . ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ :yfgLo gful/ssf] kx'Frdf Nofpg x:tfIf/stf{ ;/sf/L lgsfox? k|lta4 /x]sf 5g\ .

k|lta4tf hgfpg] ;/sf/L lgsfo x:tfIf/ ldlt

6LcfO{ g]kfn cfa4 :yfgLo ;+:yf

!= lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no != Onfd -#_ @= Onfd gu/kflnsf #= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no != l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf @= ?kGb]xL -#_ @= lhNnf gfkL sfof{no #= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no

@)&)÷@÷#) @)&)÷@÷#) dlxnf hfu/0f ;+3 @)&)÷@÷#) @)&)÷!÷#) @)&)÷!÷#! kf/bzL{ g]kfn, l;4fy{gu/ @)&)÷!÷#! e|i6frf/ lj¿4sf] cleofg != lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{ n o @)&)÷!÷@) #= lrtjg -@_ @= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no @)&)÷@÷! lrtjg -!_ != lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no

$= pbok'/ -!_ != lqo'uf gu/kflnsf jg sfof{no pbok'/ -@_ !=@= lhNnf lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no %= wg'iff -!_ != lhNnf e"dL;'wf/ sfof{no ^= sf:sL -!_ != kf]v/f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf k|zf;g sfof{no &= s}nfnL -@_ !=@= lhNnf wgu9L gu/kflnsf != lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no *= ;'v]{t -#_ @= lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no #= lhNnf gfkL sfof{no k|zf;g sfof{no (= u'NdL -@_ !=@= lhNnf lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no

@)&!÷)!÷)( e|i6frf/ lj¿4 cleofg, lrtjg clwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; @)&)÷@÷!$ dfgj s]Gb| -x'/]08]s_ / jftfj/0f ljsf; @)&!÷)#÷#! dfgjclwsf/ s]Gb| -x'/]G8]s_, pbok'/ @)&)÷@÷!# hgr]tgf tyf ljsf; s]Gb| zf;gsf nflu gful/s ;dfh @)&)÷%÷#) ;' -;'gf;_, sf:sL nflu ;fdflhs kxn, @)&!÷)#÷@$ ;bfrf/sf s}nfnL @)&!÷)#÷@% gful/s ;/f]sf/ ;+3, ;'v]{t @)&!÷)#÷)^ ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

lhNnf ultljlw

lhNnf txdf e|i6frf/lj¿4 cleofg / 8LkL ;Demf}tf 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn -6LcfO{_ g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof] u / 6LcfO{ g] k fn cfj4 :yfgLo ;+ : yf;F u sf] ;xsfo{ d f @)^( ;fn a}zfv @$ ut]b]lv P8\ef]s];L P08 lnun P8efO; ;] G 6/ tyf 8] e nkd] G 6 KofS6 -Pnfs 8LkL_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{qmdn] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo gful/saf6 cfPsf u'gf;f] ;dfwfg ug{ gful/s / ;/sf/L k|ltlglw;Fu k|ToIf xft]dfnf] ug]{ ub{5 . of] sfo{qmddfk{mt\ gful/ssf u'gf;f]sf cfwf/df :yfgLo ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nox?nfO{ ;'zf;g sfod /fVg k|ltj4tf hf/L ug{ ;d]t k|f]T;flxt ug]{ ul/G5 . b]zsf !% lhNnfdf ;~rfng ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] of] sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0f @)^( k'; ( af6 ^ lhNnfdf / bf];|f] r/0f @)&) ;fpgaf6 nfu" ul/Psf] xf] .

lhNnfdf d' V o;lrj nLnfdl0f kf}8]nsf] ;d'kl:yltdf 8LkL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . ljgf]b e§/fO{ To:t}, bf];|f] r/0fsf] 8LkL x:tfIf/ u'NdL lhNnfaf6 ;'? ul/of] . lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / lhNnf dfnkf]t sfof{no u'NdL;Fu )&! c;f/ ^ ut] ;'zf;g tyf ljsf; ;Demf}tf -8LkL_ df x:tfIf/ ul/of] . s}nfnL lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no / wgu9L gu/kflnsfn] c;f/ @$ ut] / ;'v]{tdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf gfkL sfof{non] c;f/ @% ut] 8LkL ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . s} n fnL / ;' v ] { t df cfof] l ht sfo{ q mdx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lai0f' axfb'/ s];Ln] /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx? ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . s];Ln] kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf, r':t–b'?:t k|zf;lgs ;]jf, gful/ssf] ;"rgfsf] 8LkL x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd xs h:tf ljifodf ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxL b'j} ;r]t klxnf] r/0fcGtu{t lj=;+= @)&) a}zfv @) ut] lrtjg x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf] :yfkgf, o;sf l;4fGt, e|i6frf/ dfkgsf cfwf/x?, cflb af/] d f ;d] t ;xefuLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . dGtJosf qmddf cWoIf s];Ln] s' g } klg sfof{ n odf sfof{ n o k|d'vn] rfx]df %) k|ltzt ei6frf/ Go' l gs/0f ug{ ;lsg] atfpF b } 6LcfO{ g]kfn sf/afxL ug]{ lgsfo geP/ gful/ssf] kIfdf jsfnt ug]{ ;+:yf dfq /x]sf] wf/0ff klg /fVg'eof] . tL sfo{ q mdnfO{ ;Daf] w g ug] {

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

csf{ jStf 6LcfO{ sfo{;ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL x'g'x'GYof] . sfo{;ldlt ;b:o /]UdLn]] 6LcfO{ g]kfn / sfo{qmdsf] cf}lrToaf/] ;xefuLnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . pxfFn] e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] n8fOFdf /fi6«;]js sd{rf/Lx?n] ;sf/fTds e"ldsf v]n]sf] atfpg'eof] . g]kfndf e|i6frf/ 7"nf] /f]u ePsf] hfgsf/L lbFb} PSnf] k|of;n] dfq s]xL ug{ g;lsg] hgfp lbg'eof] . gful/sn] kfpg'kg]{ ;]jf–;'ljwfx? ;xh?kn] kfpgsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ?kn] k|ltj4tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ sfo{qmd u/L ;fj{{hlgs ;]jfk|bfos sfof{nox?nfO{ yk hjfkmb]xL kf/bzL{ / ;bfrf/L agfpg pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf; klg /]UdLn] JoSt ug{'eof] . pbok'/ lhNnfdf eg] )&! c;f/ #! ut] lhNnf jg sfof{no / lhNnf hg:jf:Yo sfof{non] 8LkL ;Demf}tf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf x'g\ . s}nfnLsf] ;]tL c~rn c:ktfndf )&! c;f/ @# ut], cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;'v]{tdf dWo–klZrd If]qLo c:ktfndf c;f/ @% ut], 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] )&! c;f/ @( ut] hgsk'/df :yfgLo / wg'iff lhNnfsf] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nodf c;f/ @( gful/s / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu Ps cGt/lqmof ut] / pbok'/ lhNnfsf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf c;f/ sfo{qmd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{qmddf 6LcfO{ #! ut] df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/of] . g]kfnsf dxf;lrj >L e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] kl5Nnf] sfo{qmdsf bf}/fgdf df]jfOn Pnfsdfk{mt\ ljleGg ;do lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] If]qdf e|i6rf/ df}nfPsf] ;/sf/L sfof{nodf uP/ gful/ssf u'gf;f] ;'Gg] x'Fbf] o;n] /fi6« ;]jssf] 5ljdf g} c;/ kf/]sf] sfo{;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . ;of}+ gful/sn] ljleGg atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] g]kfnsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] k|d'v ljifodf cfˆgf u' g f;f df] j fOn Pnfsdfk{ m t\ l6kfPsf lyP . r'gf}tL g} e|i6frf/ ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f cleofg ;kmn kf/f}+ .

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

lhNnf ultljlw

u'NdLdf Pnfs 8LkL / o;sf] k|efj

6«f

G;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o'/f]lkog o'lgogsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf xfn g]kfnsf !@ j6f lhNnfdf :yfgLo cfj4 ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xsfo{df Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . bf];|f] r/0fdf nfu" ePsf g]kfnsf ^ j6f lhNnfdWo] u'NdL lhNnf klg Ps xf] . xfn u' N dL;lxt sf7df8f}+, wflbª, ;'v]{t, s}nfnL / df]/ª lhNnfdf of] kl/of]hgf

xL/f s'j/F

;~rflnt 5 . u'NdL lhNnfdf 6« f G;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfndf cfj4 ;+:yf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdL / 6L=cfO{= g] k fnaLr @)&) ebf} !* ut]

;Demf}tf eO{ of] kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ePsf] xf] . lhNnf:t/df ! hgf sfo{qmd clws[t / ! hgf sfo{qmd ;xfossf] lgo'lQm u/L of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf tyf sdL– sdhf]/Laf/] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ u'gf;f] ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfnfO{ u' 0 f:t/Lo agfpg ;] j fk| b fos lgsfonfO{ hjfkmb]xL / k|ltj4

;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt gtLhfM Ps emns qm=;= sfof{nosf] gfd ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^

dfnkf]t÷e"ld;'wf/ GffkL sfof{no Gofofno lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNNff k|x/L sfof{no :jf:Yo lzIff oftfoft g=kf=÷uf=lj=;= ;8s ;~rf/ vfg]kfgL s[lif jg sfof{no /fh:j÷eG;f/÷s/ cGo

e|i6frf/af6 k|efljt /x]sf] xb -k|ltztdf_ xF'b} gePsf] sd e|i6 w]/} e|i6 k"/} e|i6 yfxf 5}g eGg grfx]sf] 0.75

40.76

42.26

4.53

10.57

1.13

4.9

47.17

33.97

1.89

11.07

0.37

18.5

40.38

13.58

0.38

25.66

1.50

9.06

54.72

8.68

26.03

1.5

10.19

47.55

10.94

2.64

27.56

1.13

5.67

50.18

18.5

2.64

19.62

3.39

3.02

43.78

29.06

9.81

13.2

1.13

3.78

46.03

21.89

4.9

22.27

1.13

8.68

55.09

14.72

1.51

18.11

1.89

4.53

40.75

19.24

10.57

23.40

1.51

6.79

49.06

13.58

1.89

28.30

0.38

7.17

45.66

14.34

30.19

2.64

9.45

55.09

4.90

0.75

29.06

0.75

7.19

49.43

15.47

1.88

24.15

1.88

0.75

27.55

27.92

14.73

27.17

18.88

0.75

19.62

30.19

3.02

46.04

0.38

;j]{If0fsf qmddf ;]jfu|fxLaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfsf cfwf/df b]lvPsf] ljleGg sfof{nosf] e|i6frf/sf] l:ylt

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

agfpg' xf] . ;fy}, e|i6frf/k|lt gful/sdf z"0o ;lxi0f'tfsf] ljsf; ub}{ ;dfhdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ kxn ug{;d]t o;sf] d'Vo nIo xf] . of] sfo{ q mddfk{ m t\ /fHon] e| i 6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ Joj:yf u/]sf /fHo;+oGqnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ;]jfk|bfos lgsfo;Fu lg/Gt/ 5nkmn, k/fdz{ ub}{ ;dGjofTds lsl;dn] cufl8 a9\ g ] k| o f; ul//x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] nlIft ju{ ;/sf/L lgsfo jf ;fj{ h lgs ;] j f k| j fx ug] { kbflwsf/L / cfd–gful/s x' g \ . sfo{ q mdn] e|i6frf/lj¿4 lqmofzLn kqsf/, gful/s ;+u7g, ;~rf/dfWodnufot ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;dflxt ub}{ nlu/x]sf] 5. u'NdL lhNnfdf Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfsf] cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g @)&) k'; @@ ut] 6L=cfO{= g]kfnsf cWoIf >L lji0f' axfb'/ s]=;L=sf]

w]/} a9]sf]

yf]/} a9]sf]

p:t} 5

k|d'v cfltYotf / Pnfs 8LkL sfo{ q md ;+ o f] h s >L t' D a' ? uf}tdsf] ljz]if cfltYotfdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g sfo{qmd;Fu} lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] k|s[lt, xb / cjwf/0ff dfkgsf nflu kl/of]hgfn] e|i6frf/;DaGwL cfwf/e" t ;j] { I f0f -a] ; nfOg ;e]{_ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . tD3f; uflj;sf j8f g+ = !, @, $, %, ^, &, * / ( j8fdf @$) hgf ;]jfu|fxL, @% hgf ;/f]sf/jfnf / lhNnfl:yt ;Dk" 0 f{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?;Fu of] ;j]{If0f ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] . ;j]{If0fdf ;]jfu|fxLn] lbPsf] hfgsf/Lcg';f/ lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df e| i 6frf/;DaGwL lgDgfg' ; f/sf] cj:yf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . a];nfOg ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt glthfcg' ; f/ lhNnf dfnkf] t tyf e" d L ;' w f/ sfof{ n o w] / } e| i 6 /x] s f] TfYo k| f Kt ePsf] 5 . $@=@^ k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] of]

yf]/} 36]sf]

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yfxf 5}g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

sfof{no w]/} e|i6 ePsf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;} u /L, ##=(& k| l tztn] lhNnf gfkL sfof{no w]/} e|i6 /x]sf], #)=!( k|ltztn] lhlj;;lxt cGo sfof{no, @(=)^ k|ltztn] lzIff sfof{no / @&=(@ k|ltzt ;] j fu| f xLn] /fh:j÷eG;f/÷s/ sfof{no w]/} e|i6 /x]sf atfPsf 5g\ . oLafx] s lhNnfsf cGo sfof{nox? t'nGffTds lx;fan] sd e|i6 b]lvP klg e|i6frf/d'Qm x'g b]lvPsf 5}gg\ . a] ; nfOg ;j] { I f0faf6 ;a} e Gbf a9L ##=@) k| l tzt ;] j fu| f xLn] e|i6frf/sf] cj:yf ljut @ jif{otf klg p:t} /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L @%=@* k|ltzt ;]jfu|fxLn] w]/} a9]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . o;af6 lhNnfdf e|i6frf/sf] cj:yfdf ck] l Ift dfqfdf ;' w f/ gePsf] b]lvG5 . kl/of] h gfn] lhNnfdf e| i 6frf/ Go"gLs/0f tyf ;'zf;g clej[l4sf nflu hgr]tgf km}nfpg ljleGg ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df xf]l8{ª af]8{ /fvL ;j{;fwf/0fdf kl/of]hgfsf] af/] d f hfgsf/L k| b fg u/] s f] 5 . o;}u/L, :yfgLo /]l8of]af6 /]l8of] ;"rgf / ;'zf;g ;Gb]z gfds ;fKtflxs /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0fn] klg gful/sdf r]tgf clej[ l 4 eO/x] s f] 5 . h;n] ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf ;DaGwdf u'gf;f] ug{ k|f]T;fxg ldn]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, kl/of]hgfn] lhNnf:t/sf ;/sf/L sfof{no

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;

tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr ;dGjosf nflu Ps ;dGjo ;ldlt u7g u/L lgoldt a} 7 s, 5nkmn / k/fdz{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy}, lhNnf ;b/d'sfd tD3f;, gofF ufpF uflj;df ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . ;fy}, cv{ n ] / j8fufpF uflj;df ;d'bfo;Fusf] cled' v L–s/0f uf] i 7L ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . lhNnfdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ Go"gLs/0f / ;'zf;g clej[l4sf nflu lqmofzLn # hgf kqsf/x?nfO{ ldl8of k]mnf];Lk k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k'/:s[t x'g]df gful/s b}lgssf u'NdL ;+jfbbftf ljzfn e§/fO{, a'6jn 6'8]÷gofF klqsf b}lgssL uugzLnf v8\sf / b}lgs kqsf lzjnfn ;'j]bL 5g\ . kl/of]hgfn]

;DkGg u/] s f lqmofsnfknfO{ ;do–;dodf kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 . kl/of]hgfsf] dxÎjk" 0 f{ kf6f] ;]jfu|fxLsf] u'gf;f] ;+ s ng ePsf]n] sfof{nodf cfpg] lgoldt u'gf;fx?afx]s kl/of]hgfn] ;/sf/L sfof{no cufl8 u'gf;f] 8]:s /fvL u'gf;f] ;+sng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . u'gf;f] ;'Ggsf nflu kl/ofhgfn] !^^) )! @@ @!! -lgMz'Ns gDa/_ / )&(–%@)*%$ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x? Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, ;]jfu|fxLn] alacdpgulmi@gmail.com df Od]n / ;+:yfsf] 7]ufgfdf kqfrf/ u/L u'gf;f] btf{ u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf;d] t u/]sf] 5 . kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ePb]lv xfn;Dd s'n ^$ j6f u'gf;f tyf ph'/Lx? k|fKt ePsf

5g\ . h;dWo] tTsfn ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] u'gf;f]nfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfo;F u k| T oIf 5nkmn u/L ;dfwfg ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gL k/fdz{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ u'gf;f]nfO{ sfg"gL k/fdz{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . nfdf] k|lqmofdf hfg'kg]{ sltko ph'/Lx? lg/Gt/ kmnf]ck ub}{cfPsf] 5 . u' g f;fx?dWo] Pnfs 8LkLsf] kxndf ;dfwfg ePsf s] x L pbfx/0fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M != bln{ ª uflj;–@ sf ;' / ] G b| clwsf/Ln] @)&) df3 @# ut] :yfgLo vfg]kfgLsf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ ;DalGwt ;] j fk| b fos lgsfon] rf;f] glbPsf] eGb} Pnfs 8LkL u'NdLdf ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn ul/lbg cg'/f]w ub}{ ph'/L u/] . pgsf cg';f/ :yfgLo

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

b'uf{axfb'/ s]=;L= / e/t s]=;L=n] ;fj{hlgs vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfgsf] kfOk sf6L JolQmut l;+rfO{df lhNnfdf /x]/ e|i6frf/ k| o f] u ubf{ :yfgLojf;LnfO{ Go"gLs/0f / ;'zf;g clej[l4sf nflu lqmofzLn ;f:tL ePsf]n] df3 !# ut] lhNnf # hgf kqsf/x?nfO{ k|zf;gdf ph'/L u/] klg ;dfwfgsf ldl8of k]mnf];Lk k|bfg nflu kxn gePsf] atfP . Pnfs ul/Psf] 5 . k'/:s[t 8LkLdf k|fKt ph'/Lsf cfwf/df df3 x' g ]df gful/s b}lgssf @# ut] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nosf u'NdL ;+jfbbftf ljzfn k| x /L lg/LIfs /fh] G b| k | ; fb e§/fO{, a'6jn 6'8]÷gofF >]i7;Fu ;Dks{ u/L 5nkmn klqsf b}lgssL uugzLnf ubf{ l;dn6f/L k|x/L rf}sLnfO{ v8\sf / b}lgs kqsf cfb]z lbO;s]sf] atfP . ;fy}, lzjnfn ;'j]bL 5g\ . pQm ;d:ofaf/] l;dn6f/L rf}sLn] k|efjsf/L kxn gu/]sf] Pnfs 8LkLn] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 lg/LIfs >]i7n] tTsfn k'gM glbPsf] eGg] u'gf;f] Pnfs 8LkLdf cfb]z u/L kmfu'g @ ut] k|x/LnfO{ cfPkl5 r}t @( ut] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf Pnfs 8LkLaf6 hfFbf;d]t 36gf:yndf v6fO{ låkIfLo s]xL sfo{sIfdf sd{rf/Lx? 5nkmn eof] . g/x]sf]n] tTsfn :yfgLo ljsf; 5nkmnaf6 :yfgLo pkef]Qmfn] clwsf/L x/Lk|;fb 1jfnLnfO{ ;xh?kdf vfg]kfgLsf] hfgsf/L u/fOof] . pgn] tTsfn pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;xdlt ;Dk"0f{sd{rf/LnfO{cfˆgf]sfo{sIfdf eof] . o;/L ph'/Lstf{ ;'/]Gb| af]nfO{ lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/sf] sfd clwsf/Ln] Pnfs 8LkLsf] ub}{ ;]jfk|jfxnfO{ l56f]–5l/tf] / kxndf cfk" m x?sf] ;d:of ;/n agfpg cfu|x u/] . ;dfwfgsf nflu 7"nf] ;xof]u ;fy}, pgn] cfufdL lbgdf s'g} ldn]sf] eGb} Pnfs 8LkLåf/f klg sd{rf/L ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ k|bfg ;~rflnt ;'zf;g ;Gb]z gfds ug]{ ;]jfdf l9nf;':tL gug{;d]t ;fKtflxs /] l 8of] sfo{ q mddf lgb]{zg lbP . af]Nb} c?nfO{ klg Pnfs 8LkLdf ph'/L ug{ cg'/f]w u/] . #= lhNnfsf ;/sf/L sfof{nox? lhNnf k|zf;g, lhNnf dfnkf]t, @= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt u'NdLdf lhNnf c:ktfn / lhNnf ljsf; ;]jfu|fxL hfFbf sd{rf/Lx? cfˆgf] ;ldltdf Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdn] sIfdf ga;L sfof{nosf cGo ljleGg ;dodf u'gf;f] 8]:s 7fpFdf uO{ ukmufkmdf e'Ng] u/]sf] /fvL ;]jfu|fxLaf6 u'gf;fx? / ;] j fu| f xLnfO{ ;dodf ;] j f

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

;+sng u¥of] . pQm u'gf;fx?k|lt ;DalGwt sfof{nosf] Wofgfsif{0f / cfjZos ;'wf/sf nflu @)&) r}t @) ut] k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L sdn/fh 9sfnnfO{ Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfOof] . pQm Wofgfsif{0f kqdf pNn]lvt u'gf;fx?nfO{ k| lhc 9sfnn] lnlvt?kdf kqfrf/ u/L lhNnfsf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{nonfO{ ;'wf/sf nflu lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;'wf/sf nflu cfk"m k|lta4 /x]sf] s'/f Pnfs 8LkLn] cfo]fhgf u/]sf] Ps ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ sfo{qmddf ;d] t hfgsf/L lbP . o;/L kl/of]hgfdf cfpg] u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;DalGwt ;]jfk|bfos tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf;+usf] ;dGjodf ;dfwfg ug]{ sfd eO/x]sf] 5 . u'NdL lhNnfdf ;~rflnt Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfn] gful/snfO{ e|i6frf/lj¿4 nfUg k|]l/t ub}{ ;dfhdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{sf nflu ljleGg ;r]tgfd'ns sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfd gful/sdf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxdf x'g] l9nf;':tL,clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/k|lt u'gf;f] ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] 5 . kl/of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+ b } :yfgLo:t/;Dd sfo{If]q lj:tf/ ug{ ;s]df cem o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf yk j[l4 x'g] b]lvG5 . s'Fj/ 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;+:yf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLdf sfo{qmd clws[tsf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

lhNnf ultljlw

Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg

6«f

G;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;'zf;g cleofg u' N dLsf] ;fe] m bf/L / o' / f] l kog o' l gogsf] cfly{ s ;xof] u df ;~rfng u/] s f] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn Joj:yfkg ;+3sf cWoIf tyf s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8sf ;~rfns hgs/fh zfx;lxtsf] 6f]nLn] :ynut?kdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ I f] q u' N dL lhNnfdf cfP/ cg'udg u/]sf] xf] . cg'udg 6f]nL kl/of]hgf sfo{If]q u'NdLdf @)&! ;fpg & ut]b]lv * ut] ck/fXg;Dd lqmofzLn lyof] . cg'udgsf qmddf ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf kbflwsf/Lx?;Fu kl/of] h gfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}u/L, kqsf/x?, ljleGg ;dflhs ;+3–;+:yfsf k|d'v tyf a'l4lhjL, ;]jfu|fxL tyf k|ltj4tf–

lji0f' kf}8]n

kqdf x:tfIf/ ePsf lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{ n o / dfnkf] t sfof{ n o u' N dLsf k| l tlglw;F u 5§f5' § } 5nkmn ul/Psf] lyof] . cg'udgsf qmddf Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t xfn;Dd ;~rflnt ljleGg sfo{qmdx?sf] af/]df 5nkmn ul/g'sf ;fy} Pnfs 8LkL kl/of]hgfn] lhNnfdf kf/]sf] k|efj / yk k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIfnufotsf ljifodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] Dofg]hd]G6 Pzf]l;o;g ckm g]kfnsf cWoIf hgs zfxfn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

pxfF n ] ;du| ? kdf kl/of] h gfsf ultljlwnfO{ x]bf{ lhNnfdf k|efjsf/L tj/n] ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfOPsf] k| l tlqmof lbg' e of] . cg' u dg 6f] n L;F u s' / fsfgL ub} { k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/L sdn/fh 9sfnn] k| l ta4tfkq sfof{ G jog u/fpg cfk"mx?n] ljleGg sfo{x? ;~rfng u/]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . cg' u dg 6f] n Ldf Dofg] h d] G 6 Pzf]l;o;g ckm g]kfnsf ;b:o sfhL bfxfn / 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g] z gn g] k fnsf sfo{ q md ;+of]hs t'Da'? uf}td klg ;+nUg xg'x'GYof] . lhNnfdf ;' z f;g clej[ l 4sf nf lu k|o f; ub }{ e|i6 f rf/ Go"lgs/0fsf If]qdf kl/of]hgfn] sfd ub}{ cfO/x] s f] ;' z f;g cleofg u'NdLsf cWoIf Zofds'df/ kf08] o n] hfgsf/L lbg' e of] . pxfFn] kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu ;a} kIf;Fu ;DfGjo u/L ljleGg sfo{ q mdx? ;~rfng ul/Psf] hgfp klg lbg'eof] . ;fy}, cWoIf kf08]on] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{ ca cem lj:tf/ ub}{ lhNnfsf tLgj6} lgjf{rg If]qdf k'¥ofpg] hfgsf/L lbFb} ;'zf;g sfod ug] { sfo{ d f ;xof] u ug{ ;a}nfO{ cfu|x;d]t ug'{ePsf] 5 . -kf}8]n 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 ;'zf;g cleofg u'NdLsf sfo{qmd ;xfos x'g\ ._

lhNnf ultljlw

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd

6«f

G;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdcGtu{t wflbª lhNnfdf df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . pSt sfo{qmd j}zfv !^ ut] dfnkf]t sfof{no wflbªdf ;DkGg ePsf] xf] . df]afOn Pnfs ;~rfng ug{'cl3 j}zfv !% ut] wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L;Fu e]63f6 ul/of] . pSt e]63f6 df]afOn Pnfs / cGt/lqmof ;~rfng ug]{ af/]df s]lGb|t /x]sf] lyof] . pSt cj;/df 6LcfO{ g] k fnsf sfo{ ; ldlt ;b:o >L v]d/fh /]UdL, dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;|f]t Joj:yfkg g]kfnsf ;lrj /fhf/fd zdf{ , 6LcfO{ g] k fnsf ;~rf/ clws[t 6LPg l3ld/] / sfo{qmd clws[t ljgf]b e§/fO{sf] ;xeflutf /Xof] . ;f] cj;/df wflbª lhNnfsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdcGtu{t ;DkGg ul/g] lqmofsnfkx? g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs sfof{noaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug]vfnsf] ePsfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ul/Psf] lyof] . 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] cfu| x nfO{ :jLsf/ ub} { k| d ' v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]nn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{

6LcfO{ g]kfnsf k|ltlglwx?sf] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]nn] 6LcfO{ g]kfnn] ;~rfng ul//x]sf] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{'eof] .

;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf JoSt ug{'eof] . ;f] x L lbg -@)&!÷)!÷!%_ ;] j f k|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLx?aLr g]kfn pBf] u jfl0fHo ;+ 3 wflbªsf] ;efsIfdf Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] . sfo{qmd wflbª lhNnfdf /x]sf clwsf+z ;/sf/L sfof{nosf k|d'vx?sf] pkl:yt /x]sf] lyof] . To:t}, gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?, ;~rf/sdL{ Pj+ cGo gful/ssf] ;d]t pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] . pSt sfo{qmddf dfgjLo ljsf; tyf ;| f ] t Joj:yfkg g] k fnsf ;lrj /fhf/fd zdf{n] Pnfs 8LkLsf] af/] d f ;+ l IfKt hfgsf/L k| : t' t ug'{eof] . To:t} wflbª lhNnfdf ;DkGg ul/Psf] lqmofsnfkaf/] sfo{qmd clws[t OlGb/f /]UdLn] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . sfo{qmddf

; ~rf / c lw s[ t k l/o f]h gf ;~rfngsf qmddf ;DkGg ul/g] lqmofsnfk ;~rf/dfWodsf] hfgsf/Ldf NofO{ k|sfzg k|;f/0f ug{ s] ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf 6LPg l3ld/]n] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] / ljgf]b e§/fO{n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{ q mddf 6LcfO{ g]kfnsf sfo{ ; ldlt ;b:o >L v] d /fh /]UdLn] cfd–gful/ssf] ;xhtfsf nflu 6LcfO{n] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul//x]sf] x'Fbf wflbª lhNnfl:yt ;a} ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n] ;sf/fTds eO{ ;f] sfo{qmd ;kmntfsf nflu ;xof]u ul/lbg cfu|x ug{'eof] . sfo{qmddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L >L lji0f'k|;fb kf]v/]nn] o:tf sfo{qmdn] ;/sf/sf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;xof]u k'Ug] ePsfn] cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ ;a} sfof{no k|d'vnfO{ ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf lgb]{zg lbg'eof] / cfk"m klg ;f] sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfsf nflu ;a}vfnsf ;xof]u ug{ tTk/ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . dfnkf] t sfof{ n odf ;~rfng ul/Psf] df]afOn sfo{qmd dfnkf]t clws[t / k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Ln] lg/LIf0f ug{ ' e Psf] lyof] . df]afOn Pnfs sfo{qmddf %! hgfn] ;f]wvf]h Pj+ ph'/L btf{ u/fPsf lyP . — 6LPg l3ld/]

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

lhNnf ultljlw

;'zf;g tyf ljsf; ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/

bok' / sf lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no, jg sfof{no / 6LcfO{ g]kfn cfj4 dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf k|ltlglwn] ;'zf;g, hjfkmb]lxtf, kf/blz{tf / ;bfrf/ k|a{4g;DaGwL ;Demf}tf– kqdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ;f] ljsf; ;Demf}tf–kqdf @)&! c;f/ #! ut] x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf] . pbok'/df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pQm 8LkL ;Demf}tf sfo{qmddf af]Nb} 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf dxf;lrj tyf sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly e/taxfb'/ yfkfn] kl5Nnf] ;do lghfdtL ;]jfdf e|i6frf/ df}nfPsf] atfpg'eof] . o;n] ;du| /fi6«;]jssf] 5ljdf g} c;/ kf/]sf] klg cf}N+ ofpg'eof] . pxfFn] clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dfq b]zdf df}nfpFb} uPsf] e| i 6frf/ /f] S g g;Sg] atfpb} gful/s cfk}mF e|i6frf/lj¿4sf] cleofgdf ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVg'eof] . pbok'/nfO{ :jR5 / e|i6frf/ lgolGqt lhNnf agfpg cfu|x ub}{ dxf;lrj yfkfn] of] cleef/f ca pbok'/sf gful/ssf] lhDdfdf cfPsf] atfpg'eof] . ;f]xL sfo{qmddf pbok'/sf lgldQ k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L k|sfzh+u sfsL{n] sd{rf/L If]qdf a9\b} uPsf] clgoldttf l9nf;':tLnfO{ 36fpFb}, x6fpFb}F / Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hfg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . To:t}, :yfgLo ljsf;

clwsf/L uf]kfns'df/ clwsf/Ln] Pnfs 8LkL ;Demf}tfdf sfg"gtM ;a} s'/f kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/f ePsf] eP klg o;n] k'gM k|ltj4tfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . o;n] sfof{no / sd{rf/LnfO{ cfˆgf] sfdk|lt cem lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] atfpg'eof] . ;Demf}tf–kqdf x:tfIf/ ug'{cl3 sfo{qmddf af]Nb} lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no pbok'/ / lhNnf jg sfof{ n o pbok' / sf k| d ' v 8fS6/ r'dgnfn bf; / lszf]/rGb| uf}tdn] of] ;Demf}tf–kqn] ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 k|jfx x'g] ;]jfnfO{ r':t / b'?:t agfO/fVg sd{rf/LnfO{ yk lhDd]jf/ agfPsf] atfpg'eof] . uPsf] jif{ pbok' / sf] lqo' u f gu/kflnsfdf ul/Psf] 8LkL ;Demf}tfaf6 sfof{no / ;]jfu|fxL b'a}nfO{ kmfObf k'u]sf] eGb} c? sfof{nonfO{ klg 8LkL ;Demf}tf ug{ gu/ clws[t v8\uaxfb'/ sfsL{n] ;'emfpg'eof] . To:t}, /fhgLlts

bnsf] ;du| k|ltlglwTj ub}{ g]skf dfn] s f ;lrj /fhs' d f/ /fO{ n ] bnx? / sd{rf/L Ps eP/ hfg] xf] eg] e|i6frf/ sd eP/ hfg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . 6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnn] o' / f] l kog o' l gogsf] ;xof] u df ;~rfng u/] s f] Pnfs 8LkL sfo{qmd 6LcfO{ cfj4 dfgjclwsf/ / jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb| -x'/08]s_ pbok'/n] :yfgLo:t/df 8LkL ;Demf}tf x:tf/If/ sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] . o; ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ ;/sf/L sfof{nosf] ;ª\Vof @! k'u]sf] 5 . h;df O{nfd, pbok'/, wg'iff, lrtjg, ?kGb]xL, u'NdL, sf:sL, s}nfnL / ;'v]t{ /x]sf 5g\ . sfo{qmd dfgjclwsf/ tyf jftfj/0f ljsf; s]Gb|sf pkfWoIf clDasf yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf lghfdtL sd{rf/L ;+u7gsf] xndf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . —;'hftf 9'Ëfgf, a?jf 6fOD; b}lgs, pbok'/

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;"rsfª\ssf] kl/jt{g pNn]vgLo tLg ;'wf/ /fhgLlts cftª\s kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof !)),))) k|lt JolQm ;+:yfut lx+;f -afXo_ df x'g] d[To'sf] ;ª\Vof pRr tLg k|lts"ntfx? cftª\sjfbL lqmofsnkfx? afXo tyf cfGtl/s åGåx?sf] ;ª\Vof lj:yflkt gful/sk|lt hg;ª\Vofsf] ;ª\Vof lx+;fsf] cfly{s xflgaf/]  ;g\ @)!# lx+;fsf] c;/nfO{ lg:t]h ug{ / To;sf] d'sflanfsf] nflu US$ 9.8 trillion ePsf] 5 h'g ljZjJofkL s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] !!=# k|ltzt xf] . US$ 1,350 k|lt JolSt ;/xsf] vr{ ePsf] lyof] .  ;g\ @)!@ sf] t' n gfdf ljZjJofkL?kdf lx+ ; f lgoGq0fsf] nflu US$ 179 ljlnog jf #=* k|ltzt a[l4 ePsf] 5 . of] eg]sf] clk|msfsf] ;di6 s'n u|fx:y pTkbgsf] emG8} b'O{ u'0ff hlt xf] .

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Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S;\ @)!$ Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S; @)!$ df :jL6\h/NofG8, a] n fot / :jL8] g nufot ;a;fx/g clk|msL d'n'ssf s]xL b]z pRr >]0fLdf /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . of] jflif{ s ;" r sfª\ s ;g\ @))& b] l v sg] { n ljZjljBfno, OG;] O 8 / jN8{ OG6]n]Sr"cn k|f]k6L{ cu{ g fOh];gn] ;fd"lxs?kdf k|sfzg ug]{ u/] s f 5g\ . ljZjJofkL cg' ; Gwfg / ljsf;sf] qmddf lzlyntf b]vfk/]sf] cj:yfdf of] ;"rsfª\s ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] 5 . Unf]an OGgf]e];g OG8]S; @)!$M b Xo'dg ˆofS6/ Og Ogf]e];g zLif{sdf k|sflzt 5 . o; ;"rsfª\ssf] p2]Zo Ogf]e];g k|lqmofdf dfgj k'FhLsf] vf]hL ug{' / pBdL ;+:yf / ;/sf/n] b]vfPsf] rf;f]] / lxt, l;h{gfTds JolStTj / Country/Economy Nepal China India Bangladesh Bhutan Pakistan

Score (0–100) 23.79 46.57 33.70 24.35 31.83 24.00

;d"xx?n] b]vfPsf] klxrfg / pmhf{{ xf] . cfufdL gf]e]Da/ !%÷!^ @)!$ df x'g nfu]sf] hL @) a}7scl3 aL @) eg]/ lrlgg] OG6/g]zgn lahg]; ln8/x?sf] pkl:yltdf Plzof k|zfGt If]qdf klxnf]k6s c:6«]lnofsf] l;8\gLdf h'nfO{ !*, Global Innovation Index rankings Rank Income Rank Region 136 LI 18 CSA 29 UM 1 SEAO 76 LM 7 CSA 129 LI 14 CSA 86 LM 10 CSA 134 LM 31 CSA

@)!$ df ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;"rsfª\sdf ljZjsf !$# b]z ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . h;df *! j6f ;"rsx? /x]sf 5g\ . Ogf]e];gsf] dfkg, Ifdtf, / dfkg ug{ ;lsg] kl/0ffdnufotsf ljifoj:t' o;n] ;d]6]sf] 5 . of] ;"rsfª\s sfo{sf/L pBdLx?, gLlt–lgdf{tfx? / Ogf] e ] ; gsf] l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lng rfxg] ljZjsf lh1f;'x?sf nflu Pp6f gf}nf] dfkg ljlw xf] . of] cWoog slGkm8/] ; g ckm OlG8og OG8:6«L, b' / x'j]O{ nufot !$ cGt/f{li6«o lj1x?sf] Pp6f P8\efOh/L af]8{nufotsf gn]h kf6{g/x?sf] cg'ejaf6 o; jif{ k|sfzg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] xf] . of] ;"rsf+s cg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofsf b]zx? ef/t / e'6fg qmdzM klxnf] / bf];|f] :yfgdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . Rank 10 7 1 8 3 9

Efﬁciency Ratio 0.49 1.03 0.82 0.68 0.60 0.89

Rank 134 2 31 91 112 16

Note: World Bank Income Group Classiﬁcation (July 2013): LI = low income; LM = lower-middle income; UM = upper-middle income; and HI = high income. Regions are based on the United Nations Classiﬁcation: EUR = Europe; CSA = Central and Southern Asia; SEAO = South East Asia and Oceania.

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Corruption is a Curse

Dr. Ram Dayal Rakesh

There are many legal frameworks in Nepal including the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006 which has provision for controlling corruption.

epal as a party to the UN Global Compact and the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is required to frame laws to control corruption. Nepal signed the UNCAC on 10th December, 2003 and ratiﬁed it on 31st March 2011. A review of the implementation was scheduled for 2013-014. There are many legal frameworks in Nepal including the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2006 which

The CIAA, a constitutional body established in 1991 which has the chief function of investigating and prosecuting cases of corruption and improper conduct, (2) The National Vigilance Center, a corruption prevention body headed by the PM’s ofﬁce, (3) The Public Prosecutor and other institutions of the Attorney General, (4) The Auditor General, established in 1961, (5) The Judicial council,

such as India, Singapore, Malaysia and territories like Hong Kong have legally mandated their anti-graft bodies to investigate and prosecute perpetrators of corruption in all ﬁelds. Prevention of corruption ordinance of Hong Kong and many other countries have legislation to also punish the bribers. The CIAA should play the role of Ombudsman but it has got no power for prosecution.

has provision for controlling corruption. The Corruption Prevention Act 2002, The CIAA Act 1991, The Judicial council act 1991, The Special Court Act 2002, The Anti Money Laundering Act 2008, The Revenue Leakage (investigation and control) Act 1995, The Good Governance Act 2008, The Public Procurement Act 2007, The Rights to Information Act 2007 and The Army Act 2006 are some examples.

(6) The Department of Revenue I n v e s t i g a t i o n , and (7) The Special Court. Each year they present their Audit Report to the government.

T h e Re v e n u e I n v e s t i g a t i o n Department of the Ministry of Finance deals with the detection of revenue leakage. The department revenue investigation was established with the mission to control illegal activities in matters of taxation and to conduct research activities in tax administration. The objective of the department has been to control leakage in direct taxes as well as indirect taxes, to check the irregularities in foreign exchange transactions and to

Major institutions in Nepal that deal with corruption are: (1)

It is however a matter of great regret that the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA)'s mandate is only to investigate corruption incurred by the public posts holders. On top of that, the mandate further limits the CIAA to act as a mere recommendatory body whereas many other countries

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

take legal action against these activities. Political will and government's commitment to promote integrity, transparency and accountability in public and private sectors need to be made to strengthen the efforts against corruption. Participation of civil society and citizenry, promotion of ethics in public life and incorporating the same in education, robust mechanism for implementation and monitoring are other requisites. Article 5 of the UNCAC mentions preventive anti-corruption policies and practices and it requires the state party to take preventive measures and establish crimes as the acts of corruption. Article 6 requires preventive anti-corruption body or bodies with necessary independence and Article 36 talks about specialized law enforcement authorities. Corruption is a global phenomenon and no nation, big or small, rich or poor, is spared by it. Corruption is an insidious plague having wide range of corrosive effects on societies as illicit money moves across the world. Combating corruption calls for unhindered cooperation and common standards for international community. Corruption offences: 1. Giving Public

and taking graft: servant accepting

violate all the constitutional principles and established values and norms of public decency. Jonathan Swift is quite right to say: The very word politics means corruption.

Corruption is a global phenomenon and no nation, big or small, rich or poor, is spared by it. Corruption is an insidious plague having wide range of corrosive effects on societies as illicit money moves across the world. Combating corruption calls for unhindered cooperation and common standards for international community.

goods or services free of cost or at lower prices, gifts, present award or donation, setting illegal beneﬁt or causing illegal loss with ill intention, preparing false documents/engaging in illegal business, damaging/using public property, disclosing the secrecy of question papers or altering results of a public examination. 2. Illegally acquiring property 3. Attempted corruption, being an accomplice corruption.

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4. Giving false particulars to set a public service job. No one can deny the truth indeﬁnitely. Lord Buddha said, the sun, the moon and truth cannot be hidden forever. Recently, Nepal has witnessed rampant corruption, lawlessness and impunity. The political leaders

According to TI's Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) 2013, 57% of those surveyed in Nepal believe that corruption has increased in the last two years. Likewise, 69% believe that corruption is a serious problem in Public sector, 42% feel personal contact is important to access public to services and 67% perceive government anti-graft measures as effective. The TI report further states that Nepal is not very far behind; at 139th position, with a score of 27. Corruption is an indicator of lack of transparency and accountability as well as growing impunity and government deﬁcit created by dysfunctional institutions. According to this report political parties are the most corrupt. It has been recorded that Jung Bahadur Rana wrote to his brother Bam Bahadur about corruption, but no action was taken to control corruption. The Muluki Ain (country code) was the ﬁrst written law of the country. It was the first legal attempt to curb corruption during the Rana Period. A committee was formed headed by MN Buch, an Indian administrator in 1953, comprising of senior officials of Nepal. It

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ was the second commission to control corruption in the country. The name of the commission was the Administrative Restructuring commission. Its main objective was to not only control corruption but also to ﬁnd out solutions to reform the whole administrative system of the then government. Consequently in the past a very few number of politicians and bureaucrats have been put behind bars, politicians such as Chiranjibee Wagle, J.P. Gupta, Khum Bahadur Khadka, Govindra Raj Joshi and bureaucrats such as Ramgya Chaturvedi and Chakra Bandhu Aryal. But the general consensus is that various leaders and bureaucrats will sooner or later be held accountable for their corrupt actions. The government enacted anticorruption laws in 1952. They were the Nepal Corruption Control Regulations. The Act was further amended in 1991 and According to the amended Act no government officers were allowed to run any business form. The Act also suggested means and measures on how to curb corruption. An analysis based on a key informant's estimate argues that as much as 60 to 90 percent of all funds are misused in the Terai region. In hilly districts, between 25 and 50 percent of all development funds are misused. The study further reveals that local NGOs applying

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g for grants pay commissions of up to 50 percent. Gross irregularities are alleged everywhere in the tendering process. According to the Economist local governments often pass most of their annual budgets in the last two weeks of the financial year to avoid scrutiny however, it is strongly believed that a high share of the misused funds go to the pockets of non Madheshi high ranking officials. In Nepal, corruption has been promoted and patronized by ministers, MPs and high government officials. Role of Media Role of Media can be very effective to curb corruption. According to Shiva Aryal, “corruption has badly affected our economic growth and the national budget allocated for various development.” Projects have been misused by government officials and the people rarely experience the presence of funding in their locality. In rural areas most people do not know about our budget system. There are numerous settlements that do not even get a single penny from the government for progress of their community. Every year the government announces various attractive plans for the general people's wellbeing through the national budget. But it is limited to paper only. I have always come to know about corruption through investigative journalism.

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Who is involved in corruption and at what level in Nepal is an open secret but nobody dares to say so except the media. To reduce corruption, psychological treatment may also be effective. Intellectuals, well wishers of society and the general public should adopt psychological tools and methods against corruption. Corrupt ofﬁcials should not be granted social recognition. They should not be allowed to get involved in social functions. It may not be easy to practice this in the beginning but with time, it will become normal with gradual participation and support of the public majority. The cause of our backwardness is misuse of money not a dearth of it. Lastly, TIN's initiatives are appreciable. It has recommended some measures which are given here: • Exert pressure on the government to adopt and practice transparency, accountability, rule of law, national integrity and democratization. • Recommendation for Anti Corruption measures in the new constitution. • Full implementation of United Nations Convention on Anti Corruption on anticorruption (UNCAC) • Expansion of outreach and enhanced engagement of civil society against corruption. (Dr. Rakesh is an EC Member of TI Nepal

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6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

Nuggets of Peace Building The connotation of peace was forcibly changed in Nepal to restore the classical idea that a positive peace is justice and truth in action. Until

Rajeev Kunwar

justice and truth prevail, no political system can survive with the usual political business of a complacent leadership to enact mere ritualistic style of governing the psyche.

f one provides a fair assessment of the Nepalese peace process by keeping still a close observation of the pacific settlement and resolution of the remnants of the period of insurgency in Nepal, the government, the Maoists and members of the Peace and Conﬂict Management Committee formed by all party government of Nepal reveal the nitty-gritty of democratic peace politics of Nepal from inking the 12 point understanding to the principled points of paciﬁc politics and modus operandi on peace management. On the subtleties of peace installment with a new political order of republicanism, federalism and secularism in letters, apart from the long-running ideological contestations on communism and democracy in the domestic political society, the insurgency had been replayed in domestic

realm under liberal atmosphere in juxtaposition to the intangible violent struggle and friction between the Free World led by the United States and Soviet Union which began from 1917 and was settled in the international arena in late 1980s. The connotation of peace was forcibly changed in Nepal to restore the classical idea that a positive peace is justice and truth in action. Until justice and truth prevail, no political system can survive with the usual political business of a complacent leadership to enact mere ritualistic style of governing the psyche. Moreover, concern is shown by the public with respect to the tussle in formation and ouster of governments in republican Nepal - six governments in eight years of the functioning of two different Constituent Assemblies.

These activities that focused on power politics sidelined the pending peace settlement and peace management which led to both depressing and distressing situation in Nepalese political, economic and societal milieu. None can deny this reality in the country even today. Revisiting democratic peace process has simply mutated into power struggle to occupy the pinnacle of the executive in Nepal. This paradox has become a priority of the political society which is not based on ethics but on prolonging the process to escape from responsibility and obtaining blanket amnesty and legal immunity either by so called democrats or any other ramparts. The foundations of New Nepal are fragile. They show signs of implosion if the mantle of leadership does not include a

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ comprehensive political agenda that is not focused only on election and electoral strategy. Visionary and empathic action is needed to address every hue and cry in the House of Nepal. The history of politics in Nepal has been the history of the rulers and ruled. But the current trend shows internal struggles within and among political parties as well. The major egotistical stance of eligible Maoist Rebel combatants to be adjusted instead of integrated for Samayojan into the National Army of Nepal has been addressed. Those who chose a normal integration in society had been apportioned capital in their private wallet and rehabilitated albeit with a loss of avowed expectation. The apprehension of the resurrection of insurgency has been resolved but the legacy of conflict continues to exist. The specter of human rights violations are yet to be squarely faced by all parties to the conflict, and to be peacefully and amicably resolved for healing the cicatrices of the victims that were thrusted into the conflict. The commitment to develop mechanism for disputes settlement and implementation constituted of the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and Nepal Peace Trust Fund to accelerate peace building in the country through compensation and pay. However Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Disappearances Commission

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Regular election is imperative in enhancing the quality of democracy. No one today denies that election is the most important component of democratic governance compulsory for building peace and prosperity and completing internal and external sovereignty. Positive Peace is based on clear legitimacy and mandate which people give to the parties competing during the election. Its outcome in some degree and kind bolsters civil peace and civic stability.

have not been set up so far. With different governments lacking bold and resolute political will, these commissions were not formed even when the concerned bills invited concerns from the domestic society and from the international community which is represented by diplomats based in Nepal. The Scientific Land Reform Commission could not get acceptance from the mainstream parties and the return of seized properties has not been executed

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so far. In respect to some of the burning issues of federalism, the Commission for the Restructuring of the State report itself drew criticism and lacked wholehearted support from all quarters of the Nepalese political society. Thus concerns of New Nepal are not being met adequately. It needs constant attention, care and imagination from all responsible individuals and actors involved in shaping the destiny of our futures. Regular election is imperative in enhancing the quality of democracy. No one today denies that election is the most important component of democratic governance compulsory for building peace and prosperity and completing internal and external sovereignty. Positive Peace is based on clear legitimacy and mandate which people give to the parties competing during the election. Its outcome in some degree and kind bolsters civil peace and civic stability. It is true that the mixed election system of the ﬁrst-past-the-post and proportional representation has resulted in a weak and ﬂaky coalition government in the country. It could not give a clear majority to one party as in a traditional parliamentary system of government. Parties contested elections in the parliamentary system but voters balloted for the CA where peace, economics and decent living conditions matter the most and overall, the promulgation and enactment of a

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new constitution and exercise of it in free, fair and autonomous sway of execution and enforcement by the chief executive. Another pertinent matter is the transparency, accountability, responsibility and norms and values of public officials, authorities and permanent officials. The issues that are tackled by the public can be easily managed if responsible individuals of the concerned public service delivery system perform their works promptly and without any hassles. Even though a political crisis is afflicting the country, why can bureaucrats not resist the political divide within the neutral functioning of bureaucracy or conduct their affairs without any expectation from the Executive power holders? On the other hand if the representatives of the people do not take the matter seriously, the crises will multiply. The surest way to lessen the multitude of problems is to promulgate the Constitution of Nepal soon in tandem with conducting local elections to bridge the democratic deficit. In retrospective, the conditions after the Constituent Assembly Elec t i on b ot h i n 2 0 0 8 a n d 2013 have been digressing from the direction of Nepalese politics in terms of delivering new constitution in time. The national consensual activity is overshadowed by competition in a vacuum of peace building for a genuine national political cause and endeavor.

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ embedded with the deepest principles, ideas and ethics inherent in the character of the Nepalese which is in sync with the trends and transformation of the changing world.

Political document should be based on the overall national understanding represented in the Constituent Assembly. This new CA has gotten a fresh mandate from the people in spite of much distress and dissatisfaction of the political activities conducted in the country. The positive way to chart the course of the country is to frame the political text under democratic norms and values. As Nepal is small we need the smallest constitutional document

The forming of commissions and constitutional authorities are meaningless if they talk trivial matters rather than work in spirits and letters. They seek privileges, immunities, power, perk and position instead of fixing and shaping the future of the people not only in the city but also of the battered people at the remote corners of the country where justice is not done. People want delivery, momentum and action not rhetoric, dreams and utopia. People need pragmatic solutions at hand but they have been denied solution based actions that address the core problems. We have to break through this transition towards the longevity of the political equation for the coming era. As has been reiterated, quickfixing and ready-made solution can be designed but we need to internalize the tenet that with great freedom comes great responsibility. The ingredients of peace building have three prime factors – (i) a cancellation and confiscation of all armed weapons that are acquired throughout the country through licensing by private individuals and curbing of illicit small arms proliferation in the country, (ii) grievance hearing and addressing conflict victims from

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ both sides, and (iii) effective, honest and responsive governance as well as respect of fundamental rights and liberties. The Maoist dilemma and the shirking from both responsibility and ownership of peace building in the country are the reasons behind the slow progress. The Nepalese state and the Maoist Party could not be pressurized to relent their obdurate posture of not adhering to the past point of politics and politics of points strictly and checking all its provisions which were to be pursued properly by both the parties from every spectrum of the conﬂict. After in-depth analysis of the flux in peace politics of the country, the adjustment and rehabilitation of the combatants were resolved as stated above but without any new constitution adopted. Realists know that this is almost a power acquiring process and not a peace building process. Deductive or inductive reasoning in philosophy occurs when the universal norms and values are adopted locally and local knowledge grows into global epistemic ﬁeld. Nepal witnessed a decade long armed insurgency from 13 February 1996 to 21 November 2006 that was rife with unpleasant incidents and events of violence, disappearances and perpetual fear and mistrust among the people. The daily lives of the people were harassed. They were maimed with imbalanced

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After the completion of the First Phase of the Nepalese peace process, a delay in taking further steps towards peace building in the country is being felt by the public of Nepal. In this regard there are simpliﬁed suggestions to draw attention to pending tasks of the Republic of Nepal that need to be executed to end the stagnant and downslide state of affairs.

condition in life, education and work, never seeing the end of tension, turmoil and conﬂict. On the backdrop of all these views and opinions, the desire to restrain the overburdening situation of impunity, injustice and irresponsibility of the crime committed by the criminally oriented should be brought to the book of the law by meting out justice and truth for the conﬂict affected victims. Thereby the purpose of the Truth and

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Reconciliation Commission and Disappearances Commission Bills if turned into one Transitional Justice Commission (TJC) would resolve cases in timely manner and get support from the political and judicial society. As we have learnt time and again both the bills have encountered disputes and differences which require simple re-solutions which are as follows: 1. The Head of State should draw the attention of the Government of Nepal and compel them to form the Commission with unanimous approval and consensus and expedite the process of peace building, controlling and punishing both committing and abetting acts of legal impunity in absence of the rule of law and tenets in the spirit of the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2007. 2. The set up of the Commission to functionally operate must be ensured with independence, impartiality and credibility to be reckoned by the political and civil society. 3. The Commission must be comprised of well-experienced, competent and veteran former chief justice as the chief and similar proﬁle of former justices as associate assistants in the capacity to support the works of the chief. 4. The Commissions are quasijudicial agencies and their suggestions for legal action should be placed before the

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Supreme Court or the Court of Appeal and be made mandatory that the non-state victims in this process get legal aid and assistance of professionals (senior advocates) of equal caliber. 5. The functional operation and assigned tasks of the Commission should be resolved in speedy manner by coordinating and cooperating with the close coordination of National Human Rights Commission. Then the conﬂict resolution for truth and justice to prevail will become a simple interconnection and interrelation. 6. Unarmed or armed – individuals, civilian or groups – in custody during the insurgency period who were killed, maimed, injured or wounded or met death; illicit punishment, rape, disappearances and abductions cases of the public and general populace should be examined, probed and prosecuted under the legal practices, norms and values of the Nepalese Judiciary and the application of international legal behavior and applications in the similar kind of political conﬂict should be adopted in the Nepalese context. 7. Individuals or groups involved and engaged in the grave human rights violations including the disappearances must not be granted total amnesty without the consent of t h e c o n f l i c t a f f e c t e d

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/

6«fG;k/]G;L OG6/g]zgn g]kfnsf] a'n]l6g killings.

There is no end of power struggle but there is an end of imagination if the diktats of public affairs become too difﬁcult for management and resolve by ordinary people.

victims. Cases must be warily, cautiously and meticulously scrutinized before granting c l e a r a n c e f o r a m n e s t y, especially if the reservations of the conﬂict affected victims are not satisfactorily resolved within the Commission. 8. Pressure must be built up at all times to give maximum life sentence to criminals convicted in legal action taken by the Nepalese judiciary in conflict affected victims' cases in order to deter crime against civilians and custodial

9. The State has the liability to provide support to the conﬂict affected victims’ family and make reparations allocated in the form of social security measures of education, health, income security and employment schemes until they acquire self-reliance. The future oriented approach should be adopted very soon otherwise dilly dallying, oscillating and circuitous or indirect approaches will have dilapidated and destroyed the situation of Nepalese political, social, economic and cultural fabric. If we conclude that wars and battles are the same then we are in a mistaken belief because the former is an internecine act and the latter is a matter of incessant struggle inherent in the womb of any nation-state. If one battle ends another ensues. However, it is to concede with much pain that “only the dead have seen the end of war (Plato).” There is no end of power struggle but there is an end of imagination if the diktats of public affairs become intractable to be resolved by ordinary people. But still there will be a ray of light at the end of the horizon with grief, sorrow and pain or radiating with delight, enjoyment and happiness that the tumultuous day has gone and a new beginning has arrived. (Mr. Kunwar is a program coordinator of TI Nepal.)

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Corruption and Human rights: A connection A world founded on four essential freedoms: freedom of speech and religion and freedom from want and fear. The calls came from

Suvekshya Pudasaini

across the globe for human rights standards to protect citizens from abuses by their governments, standards against which nations could be held accountable for the treatment of those living within their borders.

1. Corruption Transparency international deﬁnes corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain which hurts everyone who depends on the integrity of people in a position of authority. Corruption is everywhere and has become one of the major issues in the world which is affecting different sectors such as education, environment, economy, health and politics. According to the corruption perception index 2013, no country has a perfect score on corruption perception index and two-thirds of countries score below 50. The Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 serves as a reminder that the abuse of power, secret dealings and bribery continue to ravage societies around the world. The Index scores 177 countries and territories on a scale from 0

(highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). Nepal is ranked in the 167th position.

2. Human Rights Human rights are the rights you have simply because you are a human. Human rights help us to live a digniﬁed life. If we look at history, we see that people acquired rights and responsibilities through their membership in a group – a family, indigenous nation, religion, class, community, or state. The Hindu Vedas, the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the Bible, the Quran (Koran), and the Analects of Confucius are ﬁve of the oldest written sources which address questions of people’s duties, rights, and responsibilities. The modern world got the new concept of human rights after the birth of UN in 1945. Numerous

inhumane activities were conducted during WWII which shocked the world. Many ofﬁcials from the defeated countries were punished for committing war crimes, crimes against peace, and crimes against humanity. Governments then decided to establish the UN to end the conﬂict and bolster international peace. People started to ask for their rights. The essence of these emerging human rights principles was captured in President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s 1941 State of the Union Address when he spoke of a world founded on four essential freedoms: freedom of speech and religion and freedom from want and fear. The calls came from across the globe for human rights standards to protect citizens from abuses by their governments, standards against which nations could be held accountable for the treatment of

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those living within their borders. These voices played a critical role in the San Francisco meeting that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1945. After that, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights was signed by many countries to ensure human rights in their countries. Many new covenants, conventions and treaties have been made and accepted by different nations throughout the world so that everyone is ensured basic human rights.

3. Impact of corruption on Human Rights Corruption has become a terrible problem in the world and is drawing the attention of different institutions, government sectors and civil societies because it creates obstacles for human development and violates human rights. Those who commit corrupt acts will attempt to protect themselves and maintain their positions of power. In doing so, they are likely to further oppress people who are not in positions of power. As human beings, we are provided with different types of rights but due to corruption, victims are alienated from basic rights of education, health, employment and many more. The situation is more severe in least developed countries like Nepal. Let us see an example which shows us the violation of Human rights in Nepal due to corruption. According to the CBS census report 2011, 60%

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‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ equally affected.

3.1 Corruption can even take lives of people. Corruption has become a terrible problem in the world and is drawing the attention of different institutions, government sectors and civil societies because it creates obstacles for human development and violates human rights. Those who commit corrupt acts will attempt to protect themselves and maintain their positions of power. In doing so, they are likely to further oppress people who are not in positions of power.

of the children are unable to go to school despite the guarantee of the government of Nepal of free primary level education and the large budget allocated for the education sector. This indicates that many children in Nepal are not getting the right to education due to the increasing corruption in our country. Education is not only one sector that is being affected by corruption; other sectors such as economic, political, social, cultural and health are also

We have already discussed above how corruption leads to violation of the rights of people. Corruption is an emerging issue that creates further problems. It also takes lives of people. Let us examine a case of FIFA world cup 2022 which is going to be held in Qatar. We all know that Qatar won the contract to hold that world cup but nowadays newspapers and other media are reporting that many votes regarding the contract to host the FIFA world cup 2022 were bought through corrupt channels. Qatar is a very hot place and this type of climatic condition will inevitably create problems for the athletes as well as the migrant workers to play and work in hot temperature respectively. All this was ignored for corrupt monetary interests. Different news regarding the death of migrant workers in Qatar can be seen and heard nowadays. Qatar world cup 2022 is drawing the attention of the world. Many organizations are investigating this case. Qatar has only 278,000 nationals. So the labor is imported from poor countries like Nepal, the Philippines, India and Sri Lanka. According to the documentary “Trapped in Qatar” the laborers are kept under horrible circumstances. Their passports are seized and they do not have access to adequate sanitation and

‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ health facilities. ESPN's alarming account reports that, in the last year alone, 184 Nepali migrant workers died from cardiac arrest caused by poor working conditions and extreme heat. The documentary estimates that, at the current rate, more than 4,000 migrant workers will die by the time Qatar hosts the FIFA World Cup in 2022. Corruption relating to the Qatar world cup has led to the death of many people and the number will not stop here. This is a real case of violation of human rights by corruption. The inalienable right to human life was violated.

4. Strong Human Rights Protection policies Prevent Corruption Every human being is guaranteed equal, inalienable and universal human rights. A government should take care of its citizen and should ensure entitlement to these human rights. If a government is careful about their citizens' human rights, there will be less chance of corruption in the country. If we look at the Corruption Perception Index, we ﬁnd that those country which ranked high have good human rights condition in their country which reveals that weak human rights protection creates opportunities for corruption whereas strong policies that promote human rights may prevent corruption. Let us examine the relation between human rights and

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corruption control. Similarly, other human rights also help in reducing corruption.

If we look at the Corruption Perception Index, we ﬁnd that

If the government and different organizations take strong steps in protecting and promoting human rights and making stronger policies in their country then the corruption will be reduced to some extent.

those country which ranked high have good

5. Conclusions

human rights condition

Human rights are essential as they enable people to live a digniﬁed life. Increasing corruption has put basic human rights at risk. People who have authority are misusing their powers and the innocence people are being oppressed by them. Human rights and corruption are connected w i t h e a c h o t h e r. We h a v e already discussed above how the corruption violates our human rights and even causes death in many cases. If good human rights practices are adopted then level of corruption can be reduced to some extent.

in their country which reveals that weak human rights protection creates opportunities for corruption whereas strong policies that promote human rights may prevent corruption.

corruption. We all have the right to freedom of expression, assembly and association. This right enables free ﬂow of information. Where there is free ﬂow of information, cases of corruption are easier to identify and control. Political rights provide us with the right to participate in political activities and thus if everybody gets an equal opportunity to participate then voice of everyone is heard in decision making process which also creates an environment

References  Corruption and Human Rights: Making

the

connection;

International Council on Human Rights  Report of The Conference on Anticorruption, Good Governance and Human Rights ( Warsaw 8 and 9 November 2006)  D o c u m e n t a r y “ Tr a p p e d i n Qatar” (Ms. Pudasaini is an intern with TI Nepal)

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STRATEGY AND POLICY LEARNINGS FOR TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL NEPAL A wide range of ﬁndings from the database leads to the deduction

Jwala Bhatt

that Transparency International Nepal can extract ample strategic and policy learning from this database.

e c e n t l y Tr a n s p a r e n c y International Nepal (TIN) completed the preparation of a database of grievance entries on corruption as a part of its Advocacy and Legal Advice Center and Development Pact (ALACDP) project. The database was constituted of grievances that were made by both victims and witnesses of corruption from 12 districts in the country till the end of the year 2070 B.S. of 1314 grievance entries. A wide range of ﬁndings from the database leads to the deduction that Transparency International Nepal can extract ample strategic and policy learning from this database. Some lessons are summarized as follows:  The

highest number of grievances were recorded from Rupandehi district (29%) whereas the lowest came from Kathmandu district (0.2%). TIN's strategy could focus on

continuing current efforts in high response districts like Rupandehi and at the same time adopt more aggressive campaigns in low response districts like Kathmandu.  A perhaps more interesting

finding of the database was that 71% of the grievances were filed by males and only 19% by females. TIN should adopt a more persuasive approach to the campaign in order to persuade more females to participate in the ALAC-DP grievance program. A more balanced gender ratio will enhance outreach and inclusiveness of the ALAC-DP.  A perhaps more useful finding

was that majority of the grievance holders contacted the ALAC-DP through Walk-In interviews (62%). This high statistic complements another ﬁnding that respondents who heard about ALAC through

friends were relatively higher than other channels (36%). Both these statistics suggest that TIN should focus more on campaigning through word to mouth along with radio, TV and print out ads. Some effective word to mouth campaigning methods are street plays, village gatherings, etc.  The report also reveals that

grievance holders with high awareness levels were most abundant (29%) than with other awareness levels. Low awareness only constituted 3% of total grievances. These statistics suggest that TIN should adopt the policy of reaching out to a bigger demographics and including those populations that are not well educated since these populations constitute a large portion of the grieved general population of Nepal.  The statistics revealed a high

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‘kf/bzL{’ @)&! c;f/ ratio of closed cases. 67% of total grievances were closed or sorted out. TIN's policy and strategy could focus on continuing the same trend of closing cases in the future.  "Partially

successful" cases according to the report were the most numerous (41%) followed by "successful" (29%). The low statistic of success reveals that TIN should adopt a policy of not just recording grievances but also of providing adequate support to increase the success rate. Getting additional referrals as well as networking with law ﬁrms on a pro bono basis might increase the success rate.

 Inefﬁciency was the highest

category of corruption in the report (28%). Inefﬁciency stems from lack of training, lack of motivation of employees, etc therefore, TIN could include these aspects in the recommendation that it makes to the government regarding corruption.  Majority of the grievances

concerned public institutions (55%) followed by the private

sector (16%). The statistics suggest that TIN must concentrate its anti-corruption efforts almost exclusively on the public sector but must not completely ignore other corruption prone sectors.  Of the total grievances, the

highest were concerned with service delivery from public institutions (52%) followed by accounting fraud (15%). These statistics which complement the previously mentioned statistics reveal that the public are not being able to reap beneﬁt from the services that are owed to them by the state, due to corruption. TIN must therefore focus on public institutions more heavily in the future.  Unlike

other previously mentioned statistical facts, the report revealed that there is a more or less even distribution of the sectors that affected corruption. The grievances were more or less equally distributed between agriculture, education, forestry, health and local government

sectors. The statistics reveal that corruption is pervasive and does not demonstrate particular afﬁnity to one sector alone. TIN must therefore adopt strategy and policy accordingly by dealing with different sectors and not just isolating efforts to one particular sector.  Finally, the report revealed

that the highest numbers of grievances were concerning administrative offences rather than criminal or other offences. The statistics suggest that TIN must adopt strategy and policy that mostly address administrative offences such as those regarding disciplinary lags, tardiness etc rather than hardcore criminal offences such as money laundering, cooking of accounts, cash embezzlement etc. Conclusively, the database report depicted an accurate picture of several aspects of corruption in the country and how TIN can better empower its efforts against corruption in Nepal.

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f cleofg ;kmn kf/f}+ .

(Mr. Bhatt is an Intern with TI Nepal)

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x] b}j Û oxL k'sf/, k|fy{gf / gdg 5 xfdL e|i6x?af6 cfqmfGt b]zjf;Lx?sf] ;a} g]kfnLx?sf] . -/Iff dGqfnosf sfd' ;lrj l;6f}nfsf] of] e|i6frf/lj/f]wL sljtfn] ! xhf/ 8n/sf] x]d ;l/tf kf7s cGt/f{li6«o ;flxTo k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] 5 ._ Courtesy: http;//setopati.com/sahityapati/12130

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TI – Nepal won special mention award in annual “CHAPTERS IN ACTION” photo competition organized by TI Secretariat. The winning entry was taken by senior communication ofﬁcer Tham Nath Ghimire during TI Nepal’s 18th anniversary celebration day.

Cartoon prepared by Rabendra Manandhar, Member of Cartonist Club Nepal for TI Nepal Calendar 2071 B.S.

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