Eastern Quarry Feasibility Report by Toby Kirkaldie

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe FEASIBILITY REPORT

Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

AD6000 Major Research Project

Contents 1.0

The Site

2.0

Site Context

3.0

Site Survey

4.0

Site Analysis

5.0

The Brief

6.0

Precedent Study

7.0

Concept Planning

8.0

Bibliography

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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The Site • • • • • • • • • • •

1.0

Eastern Quarry is located in Greenhithe, South-East England and is part of the proposed Kent Thameside Regeneration Project. The proposed site boundary is located on the western side of the Eastern Quarry, roughly following the border for the projected Western Hill Housing Development. There is an expansive man-made pit which is a result of extensive clay and chalk quarrying during the 20th century. The pit is filled with rainwater and groundwater creating a large open lake. The site has a unique and dramatic topography with steep chalk cliffs located along the northern, eastern, southern and western edges. To the North of the site are Swanscombe and Greenhithe which are part of Dartford Borough Council. There is a green corridor located to the North-East which links to Swanscombe Heritage Park and the man-made Crayland’s Gorge. To the East of the site is the remainder of the Eastern Quarry and the decomissioned Northfleet West Sub Station, soon to be Ebbsfleet Green. Construction of housing at Castle Hill is underway and development proposals have been agreed for Alkerden Housing Project adjacent to the eastern boundary of the proposed site. OCL Regeneration Ltd is located to the south-eastern edge of the proposed site with access via the A296. The South boundary is bordered by the A296, Roman Road which is a slip road linking the A2. To the South is green belt land, with established hedgerows and native woodlands. Some land is used for grade 2 agriculture. To the West is Bluewater Shopping Centre with integrated vehicular and public circulation. The shopping centre has been designed with a natural park, including open green space, expansive lakes, reedbeds and nature trails.

Right: An Ordnance Survey Map presenting the proposed site boundary on the western side of the Eastern Quarry. Below: The proposed site border in relation to Ebbsfleet Development Corporation Urban Regeneration Area

SITE BOUNDARY

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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Site Context 2.1

Kent Biodiversity Action Plan

2.2

Thames Estuary Growth Commision

2.3

Ebbsfleet & The Wider Regeneration Impact Area

2.4

Existing Development Proposals

2.5

Application Boundary Map

2.6

Dartford & Gravesham Borough Council Policy Map

2.7

Planning Policy Context

2.8

Land Use Map

2.9.1

Residential Context

2.9.2

Surrounding Land Use Context A

2.9.3

Surrounding Land Use Context B

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

2.0

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Kent Biodiversity Action Plan

2.1

Biodiversity Opportunity Areas - Thames-side Green Corridors

Introduction •

•

• •

SITE BOUNDARY

The Kent Biodiversity Action Plan (Kent BAP) was first introduced by the Partner’s Steering Group in 1997 and sets out the first steps taken in partnership to conserve, enhance and restore biodiversity in Kent. The Kent Biodiversity Partnership created the initiative following the ‘Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro in 1992. One important outcome of the integral meeting was the ‘Convention on Biological Diversity’, signed by 153 countries including the UK and the EC. The Partner Steering Group has now produced a set of 28 Kent Habitat Action Plans. Each Plan denotes the importance of conserving, enhancing and restoring the natural condition of a habitat by working together on projects. The Kent BAP seeks to be proactive in setting out what needs to be achieved in order to safeguard a future for biodiversity.

Thames-side Green Corridor •

• •

The area presents very varied but fragmented wildlife sites, including Darenth Woods (an exceptional example of ancient semi-natural woodland SSSI), Shorne Wood Country Park SSSI, several LWS such as Dartford Marshes, Ebbsfleet Marshes, Sutton at Hone Lakes and Dartford Heath. There are a number of brownfield sites of known importance for invertebrates. Thames Estuary recommended Marine Conservation Zone, which provides critical spawning and nursery grounds for fish.

Landscape Character •

• • •

The Thames-side Green Corridor includes river valley, rounded chalk downs and flat estuarine topography. It is a fragmented landscape of grazing marsh, woodland, heathland and former chalk quarries against an urban backdrop. Water-filled gravel pits are found within the Darent Valley. Further inland the BOA includes woodland and farmland; fields are bound by hedgerows creating regular field patterns of medium scale.

Biodiversity • • • • •

Intertidal habitats and coastal grazing marsh, forming a significant part of the wildlife corridor formed by the River Thames. Dover sole, salmon, flounder, cod, herring, sprat, twait shad and both river and sea lampreys are all important inhabitants of the estuary, which is also home to the short-snouted seahorse and the tentacled lagoon worm. Dartford Heath is the most extensive heathland and acid grassland sites in Kent. Some chalk grassland, and important brownfield sites. Key species include brown hare, water vole, reed bunting, adder, shrill carder bumblebee, the brown-banded carder bee, the picture-winged fly and the weevil hunting wasp.

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • • •

Eastern Quarry, and the proposed site are integrated in the opportunity area. Key target areas created as part of the Kent Biodiversity Action Plan, which will impact the development proposal, include; Protect, restore and enhance grazing marsh. Conserve and enhance important intertidal and marine habitats. Improve woodland management, and reconnect important woodlands. Protect and manage the most significant brownfield sites. Use biodiversity projects to improve the engagement of local people with the natural environment.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Kent Biodiversity Opportunity Area for Thames-Side Green Corridors Figure 1

www.kentbap.org.uk/images/uploads/BOAs_Thames-side_Green_Corridors.pdf

Produced by Kent Nature Partnership © Crown Copyright and database right 2014. Ordnance Survey 100019238

2.25

4.5

Kilom PA G E9

Thames Estuary Growth Commision

2.2 Eurostar Trains Location of the Proposed Site

ENFIELD

Ebbsfleet Link to London & Paris

BARNET

Highspeed Trains

REDBRIDGE HAVERING

UPPER LEE VALLEY

ILFORD

SLINGTON BRENT

BARKING

CAMDEN

STRATFORD

KINGS CROSS

Potential Crossrail LONDON BRIDGE

HAMMERSMITH & FULHAM

LAMBETH

MERTON

BARKING RIVERSIDE

CANARY WHARF

WOOLWICH

CENTRAL LONDON

N SE E V RA

BEXLEY & THAMESHEAD

BEXLEY

ER T S HE

C RO

DARTFORD

CROYDON

M HA

IN ILL

EBBSFLEET

B TA S IT

TE A G AR

I TA S D

OA R B

Motorway Routes

M2 CANTEBURY

BROMLEY SUTTON

Crossrail Line

THAMES ESTUARY GROWTH AREA

M25

MAIDSTONE

M20

ASHFORD

DOVER

KENT 2 HOURS TO PARIS

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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Ebbsfleet & The Wider Regeneration Impact Area

2.3 Opportunities & Constraints • • • •

GRAYS

•

WEST THUROCK

A282/ M25

The Thames Estuary Growth Commisions Area highlights the opportunity for development along the southern edge of the river estuary. Ebbsfleet International Station is a transport hub providing direct links to Central London and Europe. The increased sphere of influence due to accessiblity via Ebbsfleet has created an opportunity for large scale multifunctional development of Kent Thameside. The Ebbsfleet Development Corporation Urban Regeneration Area, includes Eastern Quarry, Swanscombe Peninsula and Northfleet Embankment with existing integrated public and vehicular transport infrastructure. The regeneration area will have a wider context impact influencing existing communities in Gravesend, Swanscombe, Greenhithe, Stone (Bluewater) and Dartford.

SITE BOUNDARY

TILBURY

GREENHITHE

National Rail Service

Motorway Routes

DARTFORD

SWANSCOMBE

BLUEWATER

EBBSFLEET

STONE

GRAVESEND NORTHFLEET

A2 (T)

Ebbsfleet Development Corporation Urban Regeneration Area

BEAN LANE END

Ebbsfleet sits at the meeting point of Dartford and Gravesham. The map illustrates the wider regeneration impact area approximately 5 miles from Ebbsfleet International station.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

The Wider Regeneration Impact Area

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Existing Development Proposals The story so far... • • • • • • • •

The idea for major development at Ebbsfleet has been considered and explored for the past 20 years. The Government Thames Gateway Planning Framework introduced in 1995, and the choice for Ebbsfleet to become an international railway station initiated action to occur. This was in the form of sub-regional and local planning policy initiatives. The Government’s Sustainable Communities Plan, introduced in 2003, the possibility for a large scale mixed use development proposal within Ebbsfleet and the surrounding landscape. The 2007 recession had a detrimental impact on market confidence and construction costs. Major landowners were focused on their core businesses rather than future development. The Kent Thameside Association was set up 1993 by Kent, Dartford and Gravesham Borough Councils, major stakeholders and the Regional Health Authority; in order to promote regeneration of the area. The organisations 1995 report, ‘Kent Thameside Vison Looking to the Future’, provides an informatiol planning framework, consulted by the public.

Kent Thameside Vision Looking to the Future (1993)

Key Principles; 1. The transformatio of the 9 miles of the Thames river front, from a landscape currently characterised by heavy industry to a mixed use development zone. 2. Development and creation of open space on the south centred around Bluewater Shopping Centre, Eastern Quarry and Ebbsfleet International Station. 3. Retention of existing settlements and communities, including beneficial new links and facilities. 4. Retention of Dartford and Gravesham’s retail, commercial and entertainment 5. function, improved dramatically by a new public transport network. 6. The creation of a space that embodies the principles of sustainability.

2.4

EASTERN QUARRY

Eastern Quarry was previously farmland, ancient woodland and orchards until clay was first extracted from the landscape in the early 1900’s. Today, the Eastern Quarry has dramatic chalk cliffs along the southern and western boundary with large landlocked bodies of water, creating unique topography for development. HOMES

OFFICE (m²)

RETAIL (m²)

HOTEL (m²)

LEISURE (m²) COMMUNITY (m²)

6,250 120,000 26,000 11,000 24,000 50,000

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

Swanscombe Peninsula was originally a tidal salt marsh until the mid-18th century when parts of it were bunded and drained for the construction of the Swanscombe Cement Plant. Today, the peninsula comprises low lying marsh used for agriculture, as well as riverfront industrial and port activities behind existing tidal defences in the east. HOMES

110

LONDON PARAMOUNT, a new world class entertainment resort, will be located on the Swanscombe Peninsula. A mixed used development will be integrated within the surrounding landscape and river edge.

Ebbsfleet Implementation Framework

EBBSFLEET CENTRAL

NORTHFLEET EMBANKMENT WEST

The Ebbsfleet Central area is focused around the Ebbsfleet river valley: low lying wetlands and marshes, the distinctive ‘Blue Lake’ and long distance views of the Kent countryside provides the opportunity for green infrastructure. Archeological remains and Sites of Specific Science Interest, including ‘Baker’s Hole’ must be preserved. HOMES

OFFICE (m²)

RETAIL (m²)

HOTEL (m²)

LEISURE (m²) COMMUNITY (m²)

3384 45,5000 49,000 49,000 49,000 21,500

Northfleet Embankment West has been the focus for the area’s rich industrial heritage during the 19th and 20th centuries. Northfleet Harbour is located on the western side of the embankment which includes a scheduled monument considered to be the oldest Portland cement kiln in the world. HOMES

532

OFFICE (m²)

46,000

RETAIL (m²)

850

HOTEL (m²)

5,000

Ebbsfleet Implementation Framework

EBBSFLEET GREEN

NORTHFLEET EMBANKMENT EAST

LEISURE (m²)

COMMUNITY (m²)

1,000

Ebbsfleet Development Corporation (EDC) • • • •

• •

EDC was established with the involvement of Dartford, Gravesham and Kent local authorities. The aim was to deliver approximately 15,000 homes, associated employment, and other multifunctional developments. The aim is to turn Ebbsfleet into a ‘Garden City.’ EDC considers its task to be the interpretation of that ‘Garden City’ heritage to meet the circumstances and needs of today. Development through the years of recession has been slow, particularly due to the complex nature of the site, the scale of infrastructure and a lack of efficient co-ordination. EDC has been established to accelerate the rate of development. EDC has four delievery levels; Planning, Investement, Influence and Development.

Existing Development Proposals • • • •

Ebbsfleet Green was previously covered in farmland, ancient woodland and orchards until clay was first extracted in this area in the early 1900s. The site is of ecological importance with protected habitats both within and surrounding the area. There is also archaeological heritage with Palaeolithic remains located within the site boundary. HOMES

950

OFFICE (m²)

RETAIL (m²)

1,259

Ebbsfleet Implementation Framework

HOTEL (m²)

5,000

LEISURE (m²)

COMMUNITY (m²)

1,758

Northfleet Embankment East has been the focus for the area’s rich industrial heritage during the 19th and 20th centuries. There are existing heritage buildings due to the former Rosherville Pleasure Gardens. The primary asset is the extensive Thames River frontage providing panoramic views of the Thames and industrial Essex riverside. HOMES

250

OFFICE (m²)

86, 250

RETAIL (m²)

HOTEL (m²)

LEISURE (m²) COMMUNITY (m²)

1,300

Ebbsfleet Implementation Framework

At present, Ebbsfleet has a series of existing development sites varying in scale, and at different levels of planning status. 10,694 homes have been approved with the opportunity for the figure to reach 12,842 within the EDC urban regeneration area. Smaller redevelopment sites within the wider regeneration impact area could further increase the housing total. Housing has been calculated relative to other mixed use development proposals.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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Application Boundary Map

2.5 Opportunities & Constraints • • • • •

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

•

The Ebbsfleet Development Corporation (EDC) integrates the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation Urban Regeneration Area, including Eastern Quarry. The proposed site follows the perimeter of Western Hill, which includes the green route linking the site with Crayland's Gorge and Swanscombe Heritage Site. London Paramount entertainment resort will be located on the Swanscombe Peninsula dramatically increasing the influx of people into the area. Pedestrian and public transport links will be required ensure access to the peninsula and the proposed London Paramount Resort. The development proposal for the site must take into consideration the EDC infrastructure figures in relation to residential, economic and leisure space. The EDC proposals can be challenged as part of the development brief.

SITE BOUNDARY

Station Quarter North

Alkerden

Castle Hill

Ebbsfleet Green

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Northfleet Embankment East

EBBSFLEET

EASTERN QUARRY Western Cross

Northfleet Rise

Northfleet Embankment West

Station Quarter South

Springhead

This map shows the application and proposal boundaries within the Ebbsfleet Develoment Corporation Area (EDC).

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Planning Policy Context

2.6

Introduction • • • • • •

The Ebbsfleet Development Corporation (EDC) border extends through Dartford and Gravesham Borough Council. Both Dartford and Gravesham Borough Council; and Kent Borough Council have planning policies to guide develpment. However, the proposed site boundary (as presented on the previous page) is located only in Dartford Borough. Therefore local planning policies must be guided by Dartford Borough Council only. Gravesham Borough Council planning policies are not applicable, however can still be utilised as an general guidance for the rest of the EDC development site. National and Regional Planning Policy Guidance will remain constant.

Strategic Development Site (Ebbsfleet Valley Strategic Site Policy CS5)

National

National Planning Policy and Guidance is set out in the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) and Planning Policy Guidance (PPG).

National Planning Policy Framework (2012) • •

SITE BOUNDARY

The NPPF sets out the Government’s planning policies for England and how these are expected to be applied to encourage Sustainable Development. The NPPF amalgamates PPG documents into one planning framework, which can be applied for all developments.

Planning Policy Guidance •

Although PPG documents have been superseeded by the NPPF, some remain beneficial and provide a more comprehensive approach.

Regional • •

Regional Planning Guidance for the South East (RPG9) The Thames Gateway Planning Framework (RPG9a)

Kent County Council • • •

Kent and Medway Structure Plan (2006) Kent Minerals and Waste Local Plan 2013-2030 (Adopted July 2016) Growth and Infrastructure Framework (September 2015)

Local (Dartford Borough Council) Adopted Local Plan • •

Dartford Core Strategy, Proposed Document (September 2011) The Borough of Dartford, Local Plan (Adopted April 1995)

Emerging Policy •

Dartford Development Policy Plan (December 2015)

Supporting Papers • •

Ebbsfleet Valley Strategic Site Background Paper (July 2010) Dartford’s Natural Environment: Biodiversity and Landscape Technical Paper (July 2010)

Local Infrastructure Planning • •

Dartford Infrastructure Delivery Plan (2011) Dartford Community Infrastructure Levy, Draft Charging Schedule (2013)

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Dartford Policies Map (East) Showing Ebbsfleet Valley Strategic Site and the proposed site boundary. (http://www.dartford. gov.uk/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0004/211684/ Dartford_Policies_Map_ East_20160122.pdf)

PA G E

2.7

Dartford & Gravesham Borough Council Policy Map Opportunities & Constraints • • •

• •

THAMES WATERFRONT PRIORITY AREA DBC

EBBSFLEET TO STONE PRIORITY AREA

DBC

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

The proposed site is within the Dartford Borough, therefore only policies associated with this borough will influence development opportunities and constraints. Integrated within National, Regional and Local policies are guidlines to encourage sustainable design and green infrastructure planning. Any develoment proposal with the opportunity for residential units, must integrate a mix of high, medium and low housing. However, based on the housing proposals for the rest of Eastern Quarry, there may be an opportunity to challenge the brief for the proposed site. Existing sustainable credentials of the site must be taken into consideration; this includes archeological and ecological remains associated with the Eastern Quarry. The final brief should integrate national, regional and local planning policies.

NORTHFLEET EMBANKMENT & GBC SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA EAST

GBC EBBSFLEET (GRAVESHAM)

SITE BOUNDARY

Dartford Borough Council and Gravesham Borough Council Core Strategy designations. Ebbsfleet Valley Strategic Site is part of DBC Core Strategy, Policy CS5.

PA G E

Land Use Map

2.8 Opportunities & Constraints •

SITE BOUNDARY

• • •

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

• •

INGRESS PARK

GREENHITHE

The proposed site is surrounded by old and new multifunctional infrastructure and land use opportunities which will influence development proposals. This includes a mix of existing and new housing developments, with the proposal to divide Eastern Quarry into three multifunctional housing schemes. Bluewater Shopping Centre provides the greatest development opportunity, with the opportunity to link West and East Quarry via existing haul tunnes. Residential communities located in close proximity to the proposed site, in particular Greenhithe must not be excluded from any development proposal. OCL Regeneration Ltd. will be relocated as part of the brief, how the company provides the opportunityto encourage renewable surfaces and materials. Ebbsfleet Station is the central Transport Hub which must have desirable links.

Craylands Gorge

Existing Quarry

Swanscombe Heritage Park EBBSFLEET

ST CLEMENTS LAKES

SWANSCOMBE

STONE

CASTLE HILL

OCL Regeneration Ltd.

NORTHFLEET

Existing Housing

Blue Lake

EASTERN QUARRY

Bluewater Shopping Centre

Darent Valley Hospital

Industry

Northfleet West Sub-Station

Northfleet Urban Country Park Springhead Enterprise Park

Northfleet Technology College

PERRY STREET

FLEET ESTATE

New Housing

Green Space

Retail

Health & Wellbeing

BEAN GREEN BELT LAND Beacon Wood Country Park

Greenfield Site

Transport Hub

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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2.9.1

Residential Context Existing Housing • • •

•

• • • • •

Many of the existing housing developments located on Thames-side are subsequently the result of industry and trade along the Thames Estuary during the 20th century. Surrounding residential areas include Swanscombe and Greenhithe to the North, Northfleet and Gravesend to the East, Bean to the South and Dartford to the West. Swanscombe has a grid like structure of terrace housing with small front gardens or driveways. There is limited street parking available and most of the green verges are eroded due to parked cars. At some grid intersections there are semi-detached housing with pocket parks encouraging community activity with natural surveillance. Greenhithe is formed of more recent semi-detached housing estates with driveways and garages; and older semi-detached housing with small tiered front gardens and on-street parking. There is some council owned, affordable flats with communal bin stores and artificial surveillance. Graffiti and litter are both present. Perry Street is the primary housing development in Northfleet, formed of 60’s style terraced housing with driveways and small front gardens. On-street parking still occurs, however roads are wide enough to ensure access. Gravesend is formed of privately owned and council owned terraced housing with small front gardens. Parking bays provide ideal on-street parking and yellow lines are in place to reduce traffic congestion. Cycle routes are clearly labelled. Bean is a small town with a mix of semi-detached and bungalow housing with idyllic views of the green belt land to the South. The properties have extended front gardens with driveways to reduce on-street parking, improving accessibility. Fleet Estate is formed of semi-detached brick housing with driveways and small front gardens. Humps provide traffic calming however there are no yellow lines to stop on-street parking so congestion remains an issue. Stone is a small housing estate in the Dartford Borough with a mix of terraced and semi-detached housing. Narrow roads accompanied with on-street parking increases congestion and community bins on pathways reduce walkability.

Pocket park with natural surveillence at Castle Hill Housing Development Figure 1

Processional Route of Lime Trees leading to Ingress Abbey Country Home

Figure 4

Fastrack B Public Bus and off-road parking bays at Ingress Park, Greeenhithe Figure 2

Street View of Greenhithe with grass verges and street trees

Figure 5

New Housing • • •

•

Many of the new housing developments have been construced on contaminated brownfield land, once used for industry rather than expanding onto green belt land. New housing developments in Dartford and Gravesham are a result of population growth, employment opportunity and travel links with London and Europe. Ingress Park, The Avenue Collection is a large housing development scheme owned by developers Crest Nicholson. The development is located in Greenhithe, north of the proposed development. Ingress Abbey, a Jacobean style country home creates a central focal point with a green processional route linking to the Thames Estuary. The housing is a combination of flats, terraced and semi-detached housing with a mix of granite, brick and wooden clad facades. Garages, driveways and residential car parks provide off street parking, however road bays are also provided. Vehicles continue to have priority however the use of hard materials creates safe crossings for pedestrians. Street trees, shrubs and pocket parks create idyllic green links. Castle Hill, Ebbsfleet is a new town owned by Barratt Homes, located to the east of the proposed site. It is currently being constructed as part of the EDC. The housing is a combination of semi detached and detached housing with a mix of brick, tile and wood clad facade. Driveways and garages provide off street residential parking however road parking bays are integrated into the development. There are central pocket parts with seating and natural surveillence. A front lake forms part of the integrated Sustainable Urban Drainage (SuDs) and encourages flora and fauna. St Clements Lakes, owned by Bellway, is a large housing scheme currently being developed in Stone, Dartford. The development is located to the North-West of the proposed site. The housing is a mix of semi-detached and detached housing with brick and wood clad facade. There is an open lake and swales which form part of the integrated SuD's for the site.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Terraced housing with front gardens and on-street paring at Swanscombe Figure 3

St Clements Lakes new housing development with integrated SuD’s Figure 6

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2.9.2

Surrounding Land Use Context A Retail •

• • • • • • • •

Bluewater Shopping Centre, is an out of town shopping and leisure centre in Stone, Greenhithe constructed in 1996 in a former chalk quarry, named Western Quarry. The proposed site which forms part of the Eastern Quarry is directly adjacent to Bluewater, divided only by the recently developed B225. The site includes 240 acres of car parks, and has a sales floor area of 154,000m² over two levels integrated into a natural landscape of flora and fauna. Bluewater is a multifunctional retail centre with a mix of shops, a cinema, a multitude of restaurants and cafes, an outdoor activity centre, crazy golf and nature trail. Dartford is located 4km to the west of the proposed site, however continues to have a large sphere of influence due to its retail opportunities. Propsect Place is a open retail park located off the A226 in Dartford with a large number of homeware stores and place to eat. Orchard Shopping Centre and The Priory Centre are also located in the heart of Dartford however retail has depreciated as a result of Bluewater Shopping Centre. Gravesend is located 5km to the east of the proposed site however has a large sphere of influence because of St. George's and Thamesgate Shopping Centres. Residential Towns such as Swanscombe, Greenhithe, Northfleet and Stone have day-to-day convenience stores and some retail however they are unable to compete with larger retail parks/centres and Bluewater Shopping Centre.

A lake and gaggle of geese at Bluewater Shopping Centre Figure 1

Main entrance and drop off point at Darent Valley Hospital Figure 4

Main entrance at Ebbsfleet International Station with raised planters Figure 2

Roof provides ideal natural light at Bluewater Shopping Centre Figure 5

Bus Stop and Fastrack at Darent Valley Hospital Figure 3

Sheltered bike stand at Ebbsfleet International Station Figure 6

Public Transport Nodes •

• • • • • •

Ebbsfleet International Station was opened in November 2007 and is part of the Thames Gateway Urban Regeneration Project. The station is located 2.5km to the East of proposed and provides a high-speed rail link to Central London and Europe, including Paris and Brussels. The station dramatically increases the sphere of influence into the surrounding landscape and encourages large scale, multifunctional redevelopment. Southeastern National Rail runs parallel to the north of the proposed site; linking Greenhithe with Dartford, Northfleet and Gravesend via the North Kent Line. The North Kent Line provides easily accessible transport links to Central London, Bluewater Shopping Centre and Ebbsfleet International Station for residential towns, including Stone, Greenhithe and Swanscombe. FastTrack is a Bus Transport System providing reliable efficient transport across Kent Thamesside and is becoming the transport mode of choice for local journeys from new and existing developments, Dartford, Bluewater, Ebbsfleet and Greenhithe. FastTrack is formed of an 'A Route' which provides quick and direct links to destination hubs while the 'B Route' links existing communities with current key destinations and transport interchanges.

Health & Wellbeing • • • • • • •

Darent Valley Hospital is a 478-bed acute district general hospital which is part of Dartford and Gravesham NHS Trust located to the South-East of the proposed site. The hospital opened in September 2000, to replace the services previously provided at West Hill Hospital and Dartford and Joyce Green Hospital in Dartford. The hospital has an expansive pay-and-display car park however can also be accessed via FastTrack A and B, and other public bus systems. Healthy Living Centre located in Dartford Town Centre is a community led service with the aim to promote healthy lifestyle. The centre has 5 key areas, which include; healthy weight, mental health, sexual health, stop smoking and substance misuse. There are several gyms and leisure centres in the surrounding landscape to encourage physical activity and involvement in sports and clubs. David Lloyd Club in Dartford has a gym, swimming, racket sport and spa facilities.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

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Surrounding Land Use Context B

2.9.3

Green Space & Conservation • • • • • • • • • • • •

Swanscombe Heritage Park is located to the North-East of the proposed site; and has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and a National Nature Reserve (NNR). The Park was developed from Barnfield Pit Quarry into a National Nature Reserve and consists of a series of winding gravel paths amongst an abundance of native trees and shrubs with openings of unmaintained grassland. It is considered a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the discovery of a fossilised human skull in June 1935. Two other pieces were discovered in 1936 and 1955 forming a complete skull dating back to a female 400,000 years ago. The site is also of great importance for the rare occurance of different Stone Age Industries, including the Palaeolithic. Swanscombe Heritage Park has newly constructed climbing frames, sports fields and a basketball court to encouage exercise and is commonly used by dog walkers. Northfleet Urban Country Park is located to the East of the proposed site and consists mainly of areas of grassland, with scrub and broadleaf woodland. The park consists of maintained grass paths, commonly used by dog walkers. Green belt land spreads across the area to the south of the EDC site and includes established hedgerows and pockets of native woodland. Dartford Country Park is located to the South-West of the proposed site and has developed on the former Darenth Park Hospital site within a shallow river valley. The park has a scheduled ancient monument and 12 graves been discovered complete with Saxon objects including a spearhead, brooches and a completely intact glass bowl dating back to AD450. Existing grassland has been allowed to naturalise into wildflower meadows and clearing of grassland has encouraged chalk land plants and animals to re-establish. Dartford Heath is located further West and is an AONB which includes native ponds, acid grassland, broadleaved semi-natural woodland, heather and dwarf gorse.

Alkerden Lane Farm, Swanscombe Figure 1

Signage and secure fencing along a pedestrian footpath in Swanscombe Figure 3

Agriculture • • •

Alkerden Lane Farm is directly north of the proposed site and forms part of the Alkderden Lane Pit Site of Nature Conservation Interest. The farm was used for grade 2 pastoral farming, however was bought out as part of the EDC. Green Belt Land to the South is used for grade 2 arable farming and small scale grazing of cows and sheep. North End Farm is the largest farm in Southfleet, however there some smaller farms in the surrounding landscape including Drudgeon Farm and Cherwell Farm.

A gaggle of geese seen along Bluewater Nature Trail Figure 2

Eroded public footpath and seating at Swanscombe Heritage Park Figure 5

Visitor information regarding Swanscombe Skull Site (SSSI) Figure 3

Eroded public footpath and seating at Swanscombe Heritage Park Figure 5

Industry • • • •

• •

During the 20th century there was a lot of heavy industry along the Thames Estuary. However, today much of the industrial land is abandoned and marked as brownfield land which can be contaminated and hazardous and requires remediation. Springhead Enterprise Park, Gravesend is an industrial park located to the South-East of the proposed site. There are 8 units providing enough industry space for up to 50 companies. However, since the recession of 2007, more than 20 companies have dissolved. Northfleet West Sub Station, located on the proposed Ebbsfleet Green was shut down in 2008, however will be relocated as part of the Thames Gateway Urban Regeneration Project. Electricity Pylons continue to run along the North of the Eastern Quarry. Eastern Quarry, owned by Blue Circle stopped large scale quarrying of clay and chalk in 2008. The result of quarrying has had impact on the landscape, creating a unique and dynamic topography. OCL Regerantion Ltd is located within the proposed site border and focuses on large scale recycling of aggregate material.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

PA G E

Site Survey 3.1

History

3.2

Topography & Hydrology

3.3

Environmental Survey

3.4

Economic Growth & Infrastructure Survey

3.5

Social & Cultural Survey

3.6.1

Exising Public Transport

3.6.2

Proposed Public Transport

3.7

Existing & Proposed Vehicle Network

3.8

Pedestrian & Cycle Circulation

3.9.1

Internal Views

3.9.2

External Views

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

3.0

PA G E

History

3.1

Quarrying •

• • • • • • •

SITE BOUNDARY

A significant portion of Eastern Quarry was originally quarried for clay during the 20th century. Chalk quarrying has taken place since the 1930s, starting in the North which has led to the development of the man-made Crayland’s Gorge. Here, large volumes of excess Thanet Sand were removed and taken off-site; thus, allowing the exposed chalk to be quarried. The chalk had to be dug dry meaning groundwater from the aquifer is pumped out of the quarry to the River Thames. Some backfilled land has been treated for use in agriculture (mainly grazing), including Alkerden Lane Farm which lies along the northern edge of the site. Planning controls upon the quarry were first introduced in 1952, allowing quarrying to be completed to a depth of +2.4m. However, by 1988 a third planning permission was granted to a depth of +10m. Blue Circle, owner and operator of Eastern Quarry ceased quarrying in 2008.

Archeology • • • • • •

Palaeolithic remains have been found immediately North of the proposed development site at the Swanscombe Skull Site SSSI. Pleistocene sands and gravels containing Palaeolithic artefacts and faunal remains have been found at Ebbsfleet Academy and therefore are likely to continue into Eastern Quarry. Ebbsfleet Valley is rich in Pleistocene and Holocene deposits and includes a waterlogged Mesolithic site and two Neolithic sites. There is also evidence existing to identify Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement sites as well as other Roman and Saxon remains within the Valley. Bakers Hole SSSI and other Scheduled Monuments are designated as nationally important archaeological sites in the Valley. Most of Eastern Quarry has been quarried away but archaeological remains would be expected to survive around the northern and southern perimeter of the site.

Northfleet West Sub Station & Power Lines •

• • •

To the South-East of the proposed site is the Northfleet West Substation used during the 20th century to provide electricity for heavy industry, cement and quarry works South of the Thames Estuary. From the Sub Station, power lines run North across the eastern end of Eastern Quarry, some continuing northwards towards the Thames, whilst others head westward along the northern boundary of the Quarry. Northfleet West Substation was decommissioned in 2004/5 and many of the functions have been relocated to the modernised Northfleet East Substation at Pepperhill, Gravesham. A small substation will remain on site providing electricity for future development.

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

Leniency in planning permissions led to large scale quarrying leading to the formation of a dramatic and undulating landscape with steep chalk cliffs. The proposed site is likely to have archeological remains along the northern and southern perimeter which must be examined and protected as part of the proposal. Power lines run along the northern border of the site: this will have an impact on the positioning of infrastructure (e.g.residential units) and viewpoints. Prior to clay and chalk quarryng, the site was used for arable farming and orchards. Encouraging small scale food production will encourage community engagement and creates an opportunity to experiment with vertical farming techniques. Swanscombe Park provided open green space and a mix of deciduous and evergreen forests with a network of paths encouraging walking and cycling.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Deciduous Forest

Evergreen Forest

Arable Land

Heath Land

Private Gardens

Agriculturally Unproductive

Coniferous Forest

New Plantation

Meadow Land

Rough Marsh

Orchards

Cement and Quarry Works

Land Utilisation Survey 1934

Ordnance Survey of England and Wales Sheet 115, Essex, Kent, London and Surrey NOT TO SCALE http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps

PA G E

Topography & Hydrology

3.2

Topography • • • • • • • •

The effect of large scale quarrying within the proposed site boundary has led to the production of a dramatic and undulating landform. Along the quarry’s northern edge at its western end, along Alkerden Lane, steep chalk cliffs rise from the quarry floor, restricting legibility into the proposed site. Along the northern edge the undulating landform, created by the backfilling of Thanet Sand over worked chalk, runs up to the south side of Swanscombe. On the quarry’s western edge, the B225, Bean Road has been constructed along the cliff top that separated eastern and western quarry, occupied by Bluewater. Steep chalk cliffs run along the southern border of eastern quarry shadowing the quarry floor immediately below impacting development opportunities. Although, within the proposed site boundary, the southern chalk cliffs become more gradual allowing ingress and egress via Roman Road. The eastern side of the quarry has been levelled out in readiness for the proposed future development and the southern cliff edged have been incorporated into the design proposal. The landform within the proposed site boundary has remained untouched since quarrying ceased in 2008 meaning an undulating and varied landscape remains, as shown in the contour diagram.

Contour Map

Diagram showing the topography of the proposed site within Eastern Quarry. The contours are at 5m intervals

+25

High Gradient +42.1

Medium Gradient

+35 +20

+47.1

Low Gradient

+45

+15.3

+10

+30

Small Peaks

Legibility • • • •

Tunnels remain under B225, Bean Road which borders the proposed site to the west, connecting the quarry to Western Quarry. During the development of Bluewater Shopping Centre, tunnels used as haul routes were blocked off however the opportunity remains to reopen the link. The quarry is also connected via an old railway tunnel to Crayland’s Gorge which connects through to Swanscombe Peninsula. There is no vehicular access to the Gorge.

Hydrology & Geotechnics • • • •

During quarrying, Blue Circle artificially maintained the rising water table by pumping water out of the site via large boreholes. Without action, it is estimated that water levels would rise from their artificially maintained level of between -7.5m and -10m OD to an average within the quarry of between +4m to +6 OD. To avoid pumping of water to control flooding, gravity drainage will be required and final ground levels must be established above that of the new water table. Thames Water have proposed to extract water from a series of boreholes around Bean and two existing boreholes at the North-West and South-East corners of the quarry and pump it into the depleted aquifers in the Darenth Valley.

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • •

Quarrying has led to the formation of a dramatic and unique landscape which must be incorporated within the development proposal. The steep chalk cliffs along the North, West and South borders create an isolated internal environment limiting external views but also noise pollution. The proposed site has access via Roman Road to the South, however there is also the opportunity to re-open the tunnels linking to Bluewater. The old railway tunnel can be redeveloped creating a green corridor through to the Swanscombe peninsula and the proposed 'London Paramount'. The rising water table, particularly within the proposed site, brings opportunity to create water features, amenity space, wildlife habitats, sustainable drainage systems and reed bed systems.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

+0 +20

+10

+40

+30

+35

+15 +5

+50

+20

+30

+5 +15

+10

+25

+10 +15

+46.9

+55 +45 +65

PA G E

Environmental Survey

3.3

Air Quality •

• • •

Eastern Quarry is between two air quality monitoring stations at Ightam Cottages and the London Road/Bean Road Roundabout. Ightam Cottages are directly South of the proposed site, in close proximity with the entrance to the site, via Roman Road. Both monitoring stations have revealed high levels of Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and other related particulates. Additional road traffic associated with the proposed development at Eastern Quarry could result in the National Air Quality Objectives being exceeded. High levels of NO2 can have a detrimental effect on flora and increases the likelihood of respiratory health concerns.

A bat-box attached to a tree

Rabbit droppings

A row of Salix and Cornus

Invasive spread of brambles

A Rabbit burrow

Small island provides a habitat for birds

Marginal Planting

Cortaderia selloana

Flint sub-rock below a layer of sand

Established grasslands

Buddleja davidii

Betula pendula

Arbutus unedo

Cirsium arvense

Genista hispanica

Prunus spinosa

Geology •

• • •

The geology of the land has been dramatically damaged as a result of intensive quarrying leaving behind a chalky alkaline soil with little nutritious value. Water erosion has led to the development of a fine sand exposing the flint sub-rock. The cliff faces to the North of the site expose the layers of chalk and clay. Since quarrying ceased in 2008, land bordering the lake has been left to grow uncontrollably with little or no maintenance.

Ecology •

• • • • • • • • • • •

The site is bordered by vertical cliff faces and steep hills creating a sheltered environment encouraging a variety of flora and fauna. Pioneer species, Cytitus scoparius and Genista hispanica have become established in the chalky soil and can withstand the strong winds across the water. On level ground, brambles have grown invasively limiting accessibility, however shelter and habitats have been created for birds and rodents. Grasslands formed of evergreen and perennial grasses, including specimen Cortaderia selloana have developed on the steep hills to the North and North-East. Deciduous shrubs and trees include; Cornus and Salix varieties, Betula pendula, Quercus robus, Prunus spinosa and Buddleja davidii. The fibrous root system of Betula pendula, Salix and Cornus has led to the uncontrollable spread of these species. Evergreen shrubs and trees include; Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo. To the North, surface bodies of water encourage marginal species and reeds. Bat-boxes have been attached to trees providing habitats and encouraging conservation of the nocturnal mammal. Burrows and droppings indicate rabbits and other small mammals inhabit the site, encouraging birds of prey, such as buzzards and kestrels. A young fox was spotted to the North of the site. Small central islands provide a surface habitat for waterfowl, including ducks and gulls.

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

A detailed environmental assessment of the site will need to be conducted prior to any development proposal, including a survey of the local bat population. The bat-boxes encourage bats in the area which can be incorporated into a wildlife scheme or nature trail, encouraging community integration. However, this will impact the design proposal. The large expanse of water will provide a habitat for marine species and provides the opportunity for sustainable fishing. There are a variety of plant species that can be preserved or moved as part of the development; however some ecology will be effected or damaged. Invasive growth of brambles and some grasses will need to be addressed. Existing sand areas can be developed into a beach, ideal during the summer months.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Foreground: Cytitus scoparius, Background: cliff face showing the layers of chalk and clay

PA G E

Economic Growth & Infrastructure Survey Transport • • • • • • •

Kent and Medway is currently facing increased congestion, on both road and rail. 79% of all new commuting trips are forecast to remain within the County. Dartford will generate 16% of all new work based trips. Where appropriate increased capacity such on the A2 to Dover and its junctions will be required to facilitate the additional demand from Kent Thameside regeneration. Crossrail extension to Dartford, Ebbsfleet and Gravesend will facilitate growth in Kent Thameside area. Park and ride has a role to play in capturing commuter and recreational traffic at key junctions on the strategic network and relieving pressure in the town centres. Encouraging walking and cycling for short distance journeys will play an important role in helping to minimise the impact of growth on the highway network and improve air quality with associated health benefits.

Community •

• • • • •

Adult social services are provided by Kent County Council’s Social Care, Health and Well Being (SCHW) team. There will be a new Social Care Hub on Lowfield Street, Dartford. Library services in Kent are organised by the County Council’s Library, Registration and Archive Service. As part of Ebbsfleet's Garden City Development Proposal there will be a new library provision to support new community. Community and Indoor Sports facilities in Kent comprise both public and private facilities.Dartford has a relatively strong provision of indoor sports provision where future housing growth is projected. Dartford has 118 grass pitches, 19 artificial pitches, 8 tennis courts, 6 athletic tracks and 5 golf courses according to Sport England Facility Database.

Education

Utilities & Waste

•

• • • •

•

• • •

Primary schools in Kent comprise state funded/controlled schools (84%) and academies. In 2014 there was a net 6,483 surplus of places (+4.4% of capacity) across Kent. Secondary schools in Kent comprise independently run academies (63%), state schools (33%) and free schools (3%). In 2014 there were 13,318 surplus places (12.1 % of capacity) across all secondary school years in Kent. Post-16 education within Kent County Council can be divided into Further Education (FE)/Higher Education (HE) and Community Learning. A new Art Campus is proposed at North West Kent College, Dartford for 2019. A Lifelong Learning Centre has been integrated into the proposal for Eastern Quarry.

•

Kent is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 24% by 2020 and 60% by 2030. 10% reduction in carbon emissions through renewable energy is deliverable in Kent by 2020. A new broadband system will be introduce to provide superfast broadband (speeds of 24Mbps or more) for at least 95% of UK premises. There are 93 waste water treatment plants across local authorities in Kent. Long Reach sewage treatment work in Dartford will be expanded and Northfleet sewage treatment works to be resited at an estimates cost of £32.5m. Kent currently achieves self-sufficiency in waste management, with some spare capacity.

Health

Green Infrastructure

• •

•

• • •

The Health and Social Care Act 2012 has radically changed the way that primary care services are planned and organised. Average Patient list sizes are above the UK guidelines in Dartford In Dartford, there are 2,145 patients per GP, a population of 2,054 per dentist, 5,622 per pharmacy and 9,710 per optician. Kent and Medway include 9 acute NHS trust hospitals, 12 community hospitals, 1 NHS independent sector hospital, 9 private hospitals and 7 A+E Departments. Dartford, Gravesham, Medway and Canterbury are all near capacity in bed provision, despite facing significant housing growth. The forecasted population growth could equate to 515 additional hospital beds across Kent and Medway, with a further 106 additional mental health beds.

3.4

•

• • •

There are 90 strategic parks and gardens, 45,000ha of broadleaf woodland and 116 sites of national and international importance for nature conservation. Investment will be needed to enhance existing green spaces and provide new multifunctional green infrastructure. Providing access to both urban green space and the wider countryside in order to realise community benefits such as recreation, health and well-being is essential. Around 149 Green Infrastructure projects covering new natural and seminatural green space, amenity green space, parks and gardens, and allotments have already been identified in relation to growth requirements across Kent. 263ha of Natural Green Space, 105ha of Parkland and 53ha of allotment space are required to meet growth.

Motorways Highways

Opportunities & Constraints

•

• • • • • •

A2 and M25/A282 congestion constrains performance of local businesses/ economy and local road network. Connectivity issue between Ebbsfleet International and local public transport corridors Notable public transport limitations in Dartford town centre and Stone. Limitations of North Kent rail capacity (without Crossrail the local rail network is likely to be 25% over capacity in the near future). Primary and secondary schools overcapacity close to growth areas The economic resilience of Dartford town centre is restricted by transport issues (congestion and lack of public transport) which put off investors. Land to support growth limited by need for enabling infrastructure and/or remediation. Development within the Borough is reliant on investment in new infrastructure projects specifically linked to major development sites.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

•

• • • • •

The Thames Gateway Regeneration Project will dramatically increase the sphere of influence Dartford and Gravesham Borough. Existing infrastructure will need improving or extending and new infrastructure will need to be developed to withstand the proposed capacity issues. The A2, South of the site has aleady been widened to reduce congestion however will need to be addressed in order to improve air quality. As part of the development for Castle Hill and Alkerden, primary and secondary school facilities have been included; however health facilities need to be addressed. The existing lake provides an ideal opportunity to encourage blue infrastructure and will lead to the development in water-sport and recreational activities. Open expansive land can be used fo natural green space and parkland, and encourage renewable forests or community run allotments to prosper. Sports facilities, recreational space and green infrastructure have extensive funding gaps suggesting a reduced potential for healthy and active living.

£49,800,000

Public Transport

£35,460,000

Adult Services

£50,070,000

Libraries

£650,000

Youth Services

£200,000

Community Centres

£5,240,000

Primary Education

£49,140,000

Secondary Education AE/FE/HE Early Year Facilities

£31,850,000 £9,460,000 £13,500,000

Electricity/Gas

£96,890,000

Water/Sewage Waste Broadband

£93,300,000 £1,800,000 £12,320,000

Sports Facilities

£20,000,000

Open Space/Rec Green Infrastructure

Existing Capacity Issues in Dartford Borough

£3,500,000

Primary Healthcare

£28,620,000 £12,250,000 £10, 380,000

Acute Healthcare Mental Healthcare

£39,440,000 £3,840,000

Summary of Dartford’s Infrastructure Project Costs and Funding Gaps (2014-2031) https://www.kent.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/50124/ Growth-and-Infrastructure-Framework-GIF.pdf

SECURED FUNDING EXPECTED FUNDING FUNDING GAP

PA G E

Social & Cultural Survey

3.5

Kent County Social Portrait • • • • • • • •

Kent will grow by at least 293,000 people (17% increase) by 2031. This growth will put the greatest pressure for new infrastructure between 2011-2021 as Kent and Medway grows by 167,000. However, this growth varies significantly within the County with the greatest increases currently projected in Medway, Dartford, and Canterbury. In 2011/12 the natural increase of Kent was 4,398 people (+0.25%). In 2011/12 there was net international migration of 2,600 people into Kent (+0.18%). In 2011/12 there was net internal migration (within UK) of 6,500 people into Kent (0.44%). The population is ageing: the greatest increase in age categories will be those over 60, with the biggest increase in 85+. As the population gets older, working age residents will decline by 4% in their total share of the population by 2031, whereas elderly will increase their share by 5% of the population. There are approximately 750,000 housing units existing across Kent Local Authorities; Dartford currently has a total of 42, 500 units however by 2031 another 18,100 units will be constructed.

NORTHFLEET (N) STONE

Swanscombe & Greenhithe • •

• • • • • •

Although development will have a large sphere of influence, impacting the wider area, the communities of Swanscombe and Greenhithe will be effected the most. Greenhithe and Swanscombe Royal British Legion Social Club, is a friendly and welcoming establishment, supporting all members of the armed forces. There are a range of social events and the club is a central part of the local Greenhithe and Swanscombe communities. Greenhithe Community Centre is used for communal meetings and can be rented out for birthdays and other events. St Mary, Greenhithe is a Christian Church with ‘Heart for the Community’ and includes a Community Café ran by local people. Dartford Cambria Sea Scouts provides adventurous activities for boys and girls from age 6 to 18. The Sea Scouts are associated with the Beavers, Cubs and Scouts in Greenhithe and Temple Hill, Dartford. Swanscombe and Greenhithe Town Council and Community Hall provides a basis to inform the local community about current and future plans for the surrounding area and encourage involvement of locals in recreational activities. St Peter & Pauls Church, Swanscombe encourages community involvement through carol singing and events for children. Swanscombe Leisure Centre encourages community engagment and healthy living.

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

The opening of Ebbsfleet International Station in November 2007 has dramatically increased the sphere of influence of people migrating into the Dartford and Gravesham Borough. The proposed housing units in Dartford will integrate the proposed housing development for the Eastern Quarry, including Western Cross which follows the same perimeter for the proposed site. The existing communities are rich in history, culture, religion and ethnicity. All future development within the Eastern Quarry (and Ebbsfleet Valley) will have an impact on these existing communities. It is an essential part of the brief that the surrounding communities are integrated into the development proposal to ensure isolation and segregation do not occur. It is apparent that varying crime is regularly commited in the surrounding landscape, such that natural and artificial surveilleince will be an essential factor of the brief.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

GREENHITHE

SWANSCOMBE

84 BLUEWATER

NORTHFLEET (S)

72 105

DARENTH/BEAN LONGFIELD 64

Crime 'Bubble' Pie Chart Map

Shoplifting

Anti-social Behaviour

Violent & Sexual Offences

Vehicle Crime

Criminal Damage & Arson

Other

The diagram shows the number and type of crimes commited in September 2016 in the areas surrounding the proposed site. There has been no crime commited at Ebbsfleet International Station or in the ongoing Castle Hill Housing Development.

www.police.co.uk

PA G E

Existing Public Bus System

3.6.1

Fastrack • • • •

• • •

Fastrack is a bus rapid transit scheme in the Thames Gateway area of Kent consisting of two routes operated by Arriva Southern Counties on behalf of Kent County Council. The scheme was introduced as part of the Thames Gateway Urban Regeneration Project. The Fastrack routes include integrated signal priority, reserved lanes, and dedicated busways in order to avoid traffic. Fastrack began operating with the introduction of Fastrack B on 26 March 2006 between Dartford and Gravesend, serving Darent Valley Hospital, Bluewater Shopping Centre, Greenhithe station (and Ebsfleet International station since it opened in November 2007). Fastrack A was added on 3 June 2007 and operates between Dartford and Bluewater along the western side of Temple Hill, Crossways Business Park, Greenhithe station and The Dartford Bridge. In December 2012, Fastrack B route was extended to link Greenhithe station with the Ingress Park housing development via a dedicated stretch of busway. The opening of Ebbsfleet International restricted Fastrack B access to Northfleet. The area is still served by conventional Arriva routes 480 and 490.

Fastrack 'A'

Fastrack 'B'

Fastrack 'A' Bus Stops

Fastrack 'B' Bus Stops

Fastrack operated by Arriva Bus Route http://www.go-fastrack.co.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2014/06/fastrack-route-map.pdf

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

The Fastrack Network provides a quick and efficient public transport system linking existing housing developments with key destinations, reducing the need to travel by motor vehicle. The Fastrack B route has been extended to link Ingress Park suggesting that the course can be changed to improve legibility for new developments. Fastrack B runs directly parallel to the Eastern Quarry to the North providing an opportunity to link the site with the existing route. Fastrack A and B provide access to Bluewater Shopping Centre which is adjacent to the proposed site, providing the opportunity to link the retail centre with any new development proposal. The bus rapid transport scheme increases the sphere of influence of people travelling into the areas surrounding the proposed site. Integrated signal priority, reserved lanes, and dedicated busways limits traffic congestion which will be a significant concern with any new development.

PA G E

Proposed Public Bus System

3.6.2 Swanscombe Pier

Ebbsfleet International

Dartford

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

Gravesend

Darent Valley Hospital Bluewater

Line Transport Map

Showing the proposed FastTrack Bus Network in conjunction with the key destination points

GREENHITHE STONE CROSSING SWANSCOMBE NORTHFLEET

GRAVESEND

BLUEWATER EBBSFLEET INTERNATIONAL DARENT VALLEY HOSPITAL

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

Fastrack Route 'A' (Existing)

Fastrack Route 'B' (Existing)

Fastrack Route 'C' (Proposed)

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Fastrack Route 'D' (Proposed)

Fastrack Route 'E' (Proposed)

Fastrack Route 'F' (Proposed)

•

As part of the Ebbsfleet Development Corporation, four Fastrack routes have been proposed alongside the two existing routes. Fastrack C provides a direct and efficient link between Buewater Shopping Centre and Ebbsfleet International Station cutting directly through the Eastern Quarry. Fastrack D is the proposed route that links most the Ebbsfleet Regeneration Area linking Greenhithe, Bluewater, Ebbsfleet International, Northfleet and Gravesend. Fastrack E is similar to Fastrack C however provides the opportunity to access Swanscombe Peninsula and the proposed London Paramount Theme Park. Fastrack F is a circular route linking Northfleet and Gravesend with Northfleet Embankment (East and West) and Ebbsfleet International. Fastrack C, D and E all link with Bluewater via the existing haul tunnels, however directly cut through the proposed site, which includes the open expanse of water. The route of the proposed Fastrack network may have to be diverted as part of the proposed development.

PA G E

Existing & Proposed Vehicle Network

3.7 Strategic Highway Network (SRN)

Fastrack Route for further investigation

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

SWANSCOMBE

TO DARTFORD

Primary Highway Network (PRN)

EBBSFLEET INTERNATIONAL

Fastrack Route

Local Distributor Road

GRAVESEND

BLUEWATER

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • • •

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

The Strategic Highway Network (SRN) is Watling Street, A2 providing access to Central London and joins with the M25 to the East and forms the M2 to the SouthEast linking the site with Dover and Folkestone. The Primary Highway Network (PRN) borders the proposed site to the West with the B225, and the South with the Roman Road which is a slip road linking to the A2. Roman Road provides the primary access into the proposed site. In relation to the Eastern Quarry, the local distributor network of roads directly link to the development proposals for Castle Hill, Ebbsfleet Green and Western Cross. The proposed road links with exisiting roads, including Mounts Road and Alkerden Lane to the North of the proposed site. Similar to the proposed Fastrack network that cuts directly through the proposed site, the local distributor road network does the same. As part of the design brief, the proposals within the site boundary will need challenging and

PA G E

Pedestrian & Cycle Circulation

3.8

SWANSCOMBE PENINSULA

National Cycle Route 1 (Off Road)

Greenroute walking/ cycling (off-road)

Priority 'Greenroute'walking route/cycle superhighway (off-road)

On-road cycle-lane

Pedestrian/cycle connection (on site)

Pedestrian/cycle connection (off site)

SWANSCOMBE

TO DARTFORD

GRAVESEND EBBSFLEET INTERNATIONAL

BLUEWATER

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • • •

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

The National Cycle Route is proposed to run parallel with the A296 and B225 bordering Bluewater Shopping Centre and Roman Road, South of the proposed site. The Priority Greenroute (red) is the proposed superhighway route for walking and cycling that runs through the Ebbsfleet Regeneration Area and provides a direct link between Bluewater and Ebbsfleet International. The Greenroute (blue) is proposed to run along the northern perimeter of Eastern Quarry and links to Swanscombe Heritage Park. The route also links to the current primary access point into the proposed site via a bridge over Roman Road. Both the priority greenroute and greenroute utilise the existing haul tunnels linking Western and Eastern Quarry. The pedestrian cycle connections link to Craylands Gorge, Swanscombe Heritage Park and Swanscombe Peninsula. The paths have been positioned to integrate amongst proposed mixed use development and residential units rather than designing for walking and cycling. This needs to be addressed as part of the brief.

PA G E

3.9.1

Internal Views 5 2 6

Figure 2 Photograph showing a breeze block building used as a pump room during

Figure 4 Photograph show the steep sleep to the North-East of the proposed site.

Figure 3 Photograph shows the existing sand beach located to the Noth of the site.

Figure 5 Photograph showing the existing haul tunnel built into the chalk cliff bordering the site to the North. The tunnel provides access to Crayland's Gorge and to Swanscombe Peninsula therefore is vital for accessibility. Two more haul tunnels are located to the West of the site providing access into the Western Quarry. The tunnels will be used to provide access into Bluewater Shopping Centre.

quarrying. The sub station would have been used to generate electrcitiy for machinery. Since quarrying deceased in 2008, the building has been abandoned and overgrown with Hedera helix and Buddleja davidii. Surrounding the building are abandoned metal cases used to protect the copper wires that have since been removed.

Figure 1 Photograph showing the southern edge of the proposed site. In the

foreground, the land extends into the water creating an ideal access point. Narrow roads are still apparent from quarrying however the land has become established with pionner species particularly to the South-West. Chalk cliff faces provide an aesthetically pleasing landscape and reduce noise and visual pollution from the A2 and Roman Road.

Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe AD6000 Major Research Project Toby Kirkaldie s1408902

Wind that travels across the open expanse of water create small waves eroding the existing chalk rock. The beach extends along the northern border of the lake providing ideal access and the opportunity to encourage water sports. The vertical chalk cliff face will encourage climbing and other aerial activities assuming it is safe to do so.

In the foreground are Buddleja davidii encouraging butterflies and other insects. The slope is too steep for pedestrian access however could be used to encourage vertical farming or a vineyard considering it is south-facing. A boardwalk could be used to allow pedestrian and cycle access without altering the gradient.

PA G E

External Views

3.9.2

Figure 6 Photograph showing the North-West border of the proposed site. Here, there

Figure 8 Photograph showing the western expanse of land which has a level gradient.

Figure 10 Photograph overlooking the central body of water, taken from the NorthEast of the proposed site. The slope has become established with pioneer species and there is evidence of rabbits. The hill meets the water edge, where there is a small beach formed through erosion. To the East is a vertical chalk cliff face providing idyllic views of the site. In the background are the southern cliff faces creating an internal landscape.

Figure 7 Photograph showing the South-West edge of the proposed site. The result

Figure 9 Photograph showing the chalk cliffs that border the site to the North. Here,

Figure 11 Photograph shows the existing industry to the South-East of the site. The land is likely to be contaminated therefore will need to be remediated prior to development. Some of the warehouses are now abandoned and will be removed as part of the proposal. The flint sub-rock is visible in the foreground where the chalk rock has been eroded by water.

is a smaller man-made body of water used in the proces of pumping water out of the site via large boreholes during quarrying and to reduce the water table. Chalk cliffs border the site reducing visible and noise pollution from the B225. The Queen Elizabeth II Bridge and River Thames is visible in the background.

of quarrying has led to an undulating landform restricting accessibility. The two small islands could be expanded to encourage birds and ducks as part of the development. In the background, the B225 has been constructed along the top of the chalk quarry that divides Eastern and Western Quarry. Large electricity pylons are visible in the distance.

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The land slopes down to the waters edge encouraging interaction with the lake. Pioneer species have become established on the land, including hardy grasses, Betula pendula and Cytitus scoparius. In the background, Bluwater Shopping Centre, built in Western Quarry is visible. Chalk cliffs surround Bluewater creating an internal environment.

Hedera helix is growing on the cliff face where there is almost no nutrients. The cliff faces provide the opportunity to build into the natural landscape; particularly as the land in the foreground is fairly level. In the background, is the newly constructed St Clements Lakes Housing and appartments overlooking the quarries.

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Site Analysis 4.1

Eastern Quarry Site Analysis Map

4.2

Landscape Character Assessment

4.0

Areas & Descriptions

4.3

Landscape Character Assessment Areas 1-2

4.4

Landscape Character Assessment Areas 3-4

4.5

Landscape Character Assessment Areas 5-6

4.6

The Surrounding Landscape

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Eastern Quarry Site Analysis Map

4.1

Opportunities & Constraints • • • • •

The chalk cliffs will create a strong internal environment which will reduce some of the external noise pollution and creates a unique topography for development. Ecological and natural reserve areas border the proposed site on the North, South and West perimeter and will become an integral part of the Green Infrastructure. The North of the proposed site is a woodland area with archeological potential. This will constrain development in this area, however can be integrated into the pedestrian, walking and cycling network. The green corridor to the North is a local wildlife site linking to Swanscombe Heritage Park and the proposed London Paramount Theme Park on the Peninsula. As long as the power line easement is granted, development within the site will not be effected by overhead power lines.

Archeological Potential

Historic Environmental Events (HER)

Overhead Power Line

Ecological & Natural Reserve Area

Local Wildlife Site

Chalk Cliff Setback

Woodland

Noise Pollution

Power Line Easment

HER: Reports

HER: Events

HER: Recorded Sites

Site Analysis

Map showing the Strengths and Weaknesses of Eastern Quarry and Ebbsfleet Green.

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Landscape Character Areas & Descriptions

4.2

#1 Chalk Cliffs • • • • •

The vertical chalk cliffs spread across the northern, southern and western perimeters and the eastern chalk cliff is a focal point in the proposed site. The cliffs create a dyamic internal landscape with aesthetically pleasing viewpoints. Existing haul tunnels constructed during quarrying provide access links, to and from, Bluewater Shopping Centre (W) and Crayland's Gorge/Swanscombe Peninsula (N). The cliffs have little nutrient value however provide habitats for small birds. Chalk cliffs will need to be secured, integrating safety zones prior to development.

#2 Central Lake • • • •

The lake is an open, expansive body of freshwater, filled with rainwater and groundwater from the rising water table of the aquifer. It has a central island formed of sand which is a habitat for waterfowl. The lake is the primary focal point for the internal landscape providing aesthetically pleasing views and opportunities, for development. The unique shape, formed during quarrying, provides the opportunity for marginal, emergent and bog planting, encouraging aquatic wildlife.

#3 Scrublands • • • •

The westerm scrublands are bordered by chalk cliffs on the southern, western and northern perimeters creating a sheltered internal environment. The scrublands are bordered by the central lake to the East, providing an ideal access point to the waters edge. To the South the landscape has a undulating landform, however the majority of the character area is level, providing ideal opportunity for development. Only pioneer scrubland species survive due to the low fertility of the chalky soil.

#4 Woodlands • • • • •

The northern woodlands is formed of deciduous and evergeen trees, including, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pendula and Quercus robur. The woodlands have a fairly level gradient with a chalk cliff backdrop. Small lakes at the foot of the cliffs create a natural SuD's system and encourages marginal plants and reeds. Land remediation will be required prior to development, particularly the water. Small beach created where the water meets the edge of the woodlands.

#5 Grasslands • • • •

The eastern grasslands have an undulating landform with steep gradient slopes that restrict accessibility, particularly to the edge of the central lake. The grasslands to the North are South-facing with ideal solar potential including reflection from the waters edge providing the opportunity for vertical farming. There is a wide variety of flora, including evergreen and perennial grasses, deciduous trees and shrubs, pioneer species and invasive brambles. The character areas provides ideal viewpoints over the proposed site.

#6 Industry • • • •

The existing industry located to the South-East of the site is formed of used and abandoned warehouses with an access link via Roman Road. The level gradient and existing impermeable surfaces provides the opportunity to integrate industry units, a car park, a transport hub and control centre for the resort. Existing mounds of soil and abandoned warehouses will need to be levelled prior to development; and the access road requires improvement. There is little or no ecological value within this character area.

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Landscape Character Assessment Areas 1-2

4.3

#1 Chalk Cliffs

#2 Central Lake

LANDFORM - Vertical chalk cliff faces create a dramatic and unique topography. - The cliffs have created an internal landscape with its own microclimate.

LANDFORM - An expansive naturally filled lake with a unique shape due to large scale quarrying. - Steep slopes and chalk cliffs border the lake however access points are available.

ECOLOGY - Nutrient value is low however pioneer species including the climber, Hedera Helix and some deciduous tree species continue to thrive. - Holes or small crevices may form habitats and nesting sites for birds and bats.

ECOLOGY - The small central island formed of sand provides a habitat for wildfowl. - The lake is land-locked therfore the presence of fish and aquatic mammals is unlikely. - There are no marginal or deep water plant species visible in the lake.

AESTHETICS - The white cliff faces provide ideal viewpoints and aesthetically pleasing views. - The sheer height and scale of the cliffs further emphasise the beauty of the landscape.

AESTHETICS - The lake provides the opportunity for expansive views across the internal landscape. - The natural beach to the North allows a water-edge view of the site.

OPPORTUNITIES - Existing haul tunnels built in the western cliffs provide the opportunity for public access into Bluewater Shopping Centre via FastTrack and pedestrian routes. - An existing haul tunnel in the northern cliff face provides access to Crayland's Gorge, Swanscombe Heritage Park and the proposed London Paramount Entertainment Park. - Development can be built into the face of the vertical cliff faces, working with the natural topography and creating unqiue architectural opportunities. - A viewing platform at the top of the eastern cliff will provide expansive aesthetic views.

OPPORTUNITIES - The lake provides the opportunity to integrate a SuD's system, with the development of swales, smaller lakes and streams creating an internal water circulatory system. - A reed bed system could be integrated using water from the SuD's system, providing clean water for toilets and bathrooms; therefore water is recycled. - The lake provides the opportunity for water sports with a natural beach front. - Fish could be introduced, encouraging small-scale renewable fish farming. - Opportunity to plant marginal, bog and deep water plants creating new habitats. - Floating homes/villas could be introduced, particularly with the rising water table.

SENSITIVITIES - The cliffs create dramatic changes in level which may pose a problem in relation to vehicular and pedestrian transport (access must be available for the disabled as well). - The internal landscape restricts legibility, reducing access into and out of the site, leading to the integration of existing haul tunnels. - The presence of bat populations will dramatically impact development opportunites; particularly aerial activites and building into the cliff face. - Health and safety precautions/surveys must be implemented prior to development. - Restriction zones must be put in place to reduce the chance of severe injury.

SENSITIVITIES - The lake is landlocked therefore flora and fauna will have to be brought in rather than being encouraged naturally. - The rising water table could increase the water level of the lake increasing the flood risk associated with the proposed development. - Considering the site was used for quarring and continues to be used for industry, the water will need to be tested for contamination prior to development. - In time, the water will begin eroding the chalk cliffs reducing their safety. Gabions and other forms of protection may need to be introduced to prohibit undercutting.

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Landscape Character Areas 3-4

4.4

#3 Scrubland

#4 Woodlands

LANDFORM - The scrubland has an undulating topography with a large area of fairly level land. - To the West is a fairly steep valley at the foot of the chalk cliffs bordering the site. - The land falls away meeting the edge of the lake to the East.

LANDFORM - The woodlands located to the North of the site with a chalk cliff back drop. - The gradient is fairly level, however increases in steepness to the East of the area. - There are some smaller lakes, including the enclosed man-mad lake to the West.

ECOLOGY - There is litle ecological value, however pioneer shrub and tree species survive. - There is evidence of rabbits, with burrows and droppings visible on the surface.

ECOLOGY - The woodlands are formed of deciduous trees and shrubs and climbers on the cliff face. - The small lake at the base of the slope is established with marginal plant species.

AESTHETICS - The site provides ideal views of the chalk cliffs to the North and East, and the western cliffs provides natural screening from Bluewater Shopping Centre and the B225.

AESTHETICS - The chalk cliff backdrop creates a dramatic enclosed character area. - The beach to the South provides an ideal water-edge view of the entire site.

OPPORTUNITIES - The scrublands provide the most level area of land within the proposed site, providing development opportunities, particularly housing or villas. -The proximity to the lake provides the opportunity for floating houses/overwater villas. - The undulating landform to the South will provide the opportunity for a mountain bike or BMX track encouraging cycling. - Although nutrients in the soil is poor, native tree species, such as Pine, Oak, Beech, Maple, Willow and Birch will survive providing the opportunity for a renewable forest. - The forest will lead to the creation of habitats, woodland planting, the opportunity for treetop houses and a sheltered internal environment reducing noise and visual pollution. - The valley to the West provides the opportunity for a swale as part of an integrated SuD's system. Bridges will be required for a FastTrack route and pedestrian access.

OPPORTUNITIES - The woodlands are South-facing, therefore provides a large potential for solar gain, ideal for a multifunctional public space. - There is an opportunity to develop into the face of the cliff, creating a developed landscape that is integrated into the natural topography of the site. - The solar gain provides a ideal opportunity for a transparent swimming complex built into the chalk cliff, encouraging tropical plant species to thrive in a public environment. - The existing beach can be developed and expanded to encourage beach sports, sunbathing and acces to the waters edge during summer months. - The beach will provide the opportunity for a water sport centre. - The level gradient to the West of the character area is ideal for a sports complex with outdoor facilities, including level football pitches, tennis courts and a lawn for bowles.

SENSITIVITIES - The gradient is still fairly steep in places, particularly to the water's edge, meaning soil will have to relocated or levelled in order to provide safe access links. - The character area is in close proximity to the B225, with regular traffic congestion. - This will increase noise pollution and visual pollution, however the chalk cliffs do provide a natural screening. - Some low lying areas may be flooded due to the rising water table.

SENSITIVITIES - The woodlands has a wide variety of flora and fauna, particularly the possibility of bats, which needs to be conserved or relocated as part of the development proposal. - The proposed renewable forest provides an ideal to preserve the existing ecology. - The chalk cliff face must be deemed safe prior to development and will need to be secured using netting to reduce the chance of an accident. - Existing bodies of water look to be contaminated and will need to be cleaned.

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Landscape Character Areas 5-6

4.5

#5 Grasslands

#6 Industry

LANDFORM - The grasslands have an undulating landform with regions of steep slopes, mounds, hills and valleys. The slope to the West has the steepest gradient leading to the waters edge.

LANDFORM - The character area has a fairly level gradient with a gradual slope towards the waters edge to the North. Some land has been tiered to construct warehouses. - The site is bordered by chalk cliffs to the South and East.

ECOLOGY - There is evidence of rabbits due to the presence of burrows and droppings. - There is a mixture of vegetation including grasses, deciduous and evergreen shrubs and some native tree species and brambles which have become invasive.

ECOLOGY - There is little or no ecological value within the character area, however some warehouses have been abandoned encouraging rodents, bats and barn owls.

AESTHETICS - The South facing slope provides the ideal opportuntiy for solar gain and encourage fantastic views over the whole site, including the eastern chalk cliff.

AESTHETICS - The site is not visually pleasing, however the North of the character area overlooks the lake and the small island, and the northern chalk cliffs are visible in the distance.

OPPORTUNITIES - The unique and dynamic landform provides the opportunity to integrate a green-grid, encouraging walking and cycling utilising the natural terrain. - The peaks above the eastern cliff face provide optimum views over the site encouraging the development of low density housing with extended balconies. - The South facing slope with the reflection from the waters surface provides ideal solar gain opportunities encouraging vertical farming. - Specifically, the site could be transformed into a vineyard adding another charcacter to the development proposal. - The slope is too steep to walk up, however a boardwalk or cascading pathway could be introduced working with the natural topography, improving legibility. - The grassland to the North, adjacent to Alkerden Farm could be used to encourage community farming or allotments involving the existing Swanscombe community.

OPPORTUNITIES - The character areas provides the only access point into and out of the site which will be utilised to encourage vehicle legibility via Roman Road. - The existing warehouses can be redeveloped or rebuilt to encourage light industry to continue, away from proposed residential, recreational and retail facilities. - The location of the character area in relation to the road and the development of Alkerden to the East provides the opportunity for a central hub controlling the movement of vehicle and public transport. - The North of the site is bordered by the lake, encouraging the establishment of marginal and bog plants which will screen proposed infrastructure and industry units. - The extended segment of lake provides the opportunity for a reed bed system, controlled and regulated within the proposed light industry site. - The chalk cliffs to the South provide a natural screening from noise and visual pollu-

SENSITIVITIES - There is an abundance of existing flora and fauna on the steep slope which should be relocated or conserved as part of the development proposal. - The site is fairly exposed with a prevailing wind that travels across the lake. - The opportunity for low density housing poses a problem of privacy if located near to pedestrian pathways or a holiday resort.

SENSITIVITIES - Polluted soil should be removed to limit the chance of contaminating the water. - Existing warehouses with rusted iron or steel should be removed, reducing the likelihood of injury or infection. - The existing access route is fairly narrow and will have to be widened as part of the development proposal.

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The Surrounding Landscape

4.6

The location of the proposed site provides a central node for the surrounding land use. Therefore, the development proposal must take into consideration the accessibility of the destination points and the legibility associated with the public and private transport network and hierachy. The strengths and weaknesses of the surrounding land use will contribute to the opportunities and threats of the proposed development.

London Paramount Entertainment Resort

Kent Thamesside Gateway Project

• • • • • •

The proposed site is a part of the Kent Thamesside Gateway Project incorporating; Swanscombe Peninsula, Northfleet Embankment, Ebbsfleet Green and Ebbsfleet Valley, which includes Eastern Quarry. Therefore, the development proposals for these specified locations will have an impact on the opportunities and threats linked to the proposed site. However, by designing in conjunction with existing proposals, the site becomes an integral element of the Kent Thamesside Gateway Project, rather than an independent development. The existing proposals will influence development land use; whether residential, retail, commercial or recreation is the primary focus; and public and private transport network, integrating pedestrian priority. This being said, if there are opportunities to challenge the brief to improve or adapt the existing proposals in conjunction with local, regional and national planning policies, then changes should be imposed.

London Paramount Entertainment Resort • • • • •

London Resort Company Holdings (LRCH) is bringing forward plans for a world-class Entertainment Resort on the Swanscombe Peninsula. London Paramount Entertainment Resort will be located to the North of the proposed site and will attract people from all over country; and Europe due to the proximity to Ebbsfleet International Station. In relation to the proposed site, London Paramount provides the opportunity to integrate public transport routes providing accessibility to and from the resort. The Northern Haul Tunnel provides the ideal connection point and encourages integration of Swanscombe Heritage Park and Skull Site, and the man-made Crayland’s Gorge. Although already integrated within the development proposals for Ebbsfleet Valley, hotels or a holiday resort will provide opportunities for visitors to stay in close vicinity with the Entertainment Resort while encouraging further attractions and activities during their stay.

Swanscombe Heritage Park & Skull Site (SSSI) Ebbsfleet International Station Bluewater Shopping Centre

Bluewater Shopping Centre • • • • •

Bluewater Shopping Centre was built in Western Quarry, adjacent to the proposed site in Eastern Quarry. The out-of-town shopping centre was opened in November 1999, and provides employment opportunities for over 3000 people and currently serves 27 million visitors a year. The proximity to the proposed site creates the opportunity to link Bluewater Shopping Centre via existing haul tunnels located in the western cliff faces directly below the B225. However, rather than increasing the car usage associated with the shopping centre, an internal Tram System will provide a quick and efficient transport network with new and improved efficiency utilising the haul tunnels that directly link to Bluewater Bus Station. Bluewater Shopping Centre has integrated green space and nature trails to encourage biodiversity. This provides the opportunity to link the proposed Green Grid with Bluewater’s Natural Parks creating aesthetically pleasing and biodiverse pedestrian routes, encouraging walking and cycling.

The B225 provides direct access into Bluewater, however suffers from high traffic congestion, particularly during peak times. Proposals should encourage public transport integrating the haul tunnels to limit vehicle usage.

The proposed FastTrack Network travels through Castle Hill and Alkerden and meets the Eastern perimeter of the site. This provides the opportunity to encourage access within the public realm of the site.

The A2 is a busy motorway increasing air pollution in the local area, including the proposed site. The design should incorporate an approch to reduce the need for vehicles using the motorway by integrating a sustainable network system.

Alkerden Lane is a quiet side-road bordering the site to the North. The lane provides the opportunity to re-direct vehicle routes creating a a constant flow of traffic reducing reliance on Roman Road and A2.

Roman Road is a slip road for the A2, however also provides the access point for OCL Regeneration Ltd. The slip road will provide a quick and efficient flow of traffic, reducing congestion and improving road safety.

The proposed Green-Grid for Castle Hill and Alkerden integaring footpaths and cycleways. This provides the opportunity to continue to the Green-Grid integrating Bluewater and Swanscombe Heritage Park.

Ebbsfleet International Station • • • •

Ebbsfleet International Station opened on 19th November 2007, providing a quick and efficient railway transport service connecting Ebbsfleet Valley with London and Europe. The railway station encourages a huge influx of people into the area, subsequently, this will have an impact on the surrounding land requirements; which includes the proposed site. Residential development is at the heart of the proposals for Eastern Valley, therefore this provides the opportunity to integrate a mix of housing types encouraging a mix of people. Residential proposals for Castle Hill and Alkerden integrate a mix of medium and high density housing. This creates the opportunity to develop a low density housing scheme integrated within the natural topography.

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Eastern Quarry, Greenhithe DESIGN PROPOSAL

The Brief: Vision Tourism The Vision is to create a multifunctional tourist destination, integrating four key types of tourism; Ecotourism, Outdoor Adventure, Beach Resort and Cultural/Historic. The implementation of varying types of tourism will increase the opportunities available for visitors improving the sphere of influence, while encouraging, conservation and preservation of nature.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and accompanying cultural features, both past and present) that promote conservation, have a low visitor impact and provide for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local peoples. Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities, and sustainable travel. This means that those who implement, participate in and market ecotourism activities should adopt the following ecotourism principles: • Minimize physical, social, behavioral, and psychological impacts. • Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect. • Provide positive experiences for both visitors and locals. • Provide direct financial benefits for conservation. • Generate financial benefits for both local people and private industry. • Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities. The proposed development has the opportunity to encourage ecotourism, with the intention to conserve existing natural elements and create new environments, to encourage an abundance of flora and fauna while still providing the opportunity for human interaction and engagement.

Outdoor Adventure

5.1 Biophilic Design Biophilia was hypothesised by Edward O Wilson in 1984, suggesting humans have an innate tendency to seek connections with nature and other forms of life. Introduced by Terrapin Bright Green, an environmental consulting and strategic planning firm in 2014, ‘14 Patterns of Biophilic Design’ focuses on improving health and wellbeing in the built environment. The document integrates both naturally occuring and stimulated or constructed examples to encourage Biophilic Design. The Vision for the proposed site is a nature-based ecotourist destination which can utilise and integrate elements of Biophilic Design to stimulate a human-nature relationship. The 14 Patterns of Biophilic Design are; #1. Visual Connection with Nature Views of nature, living systems and natural processes grasps an individual’s attention which can be either stimulating or relaxing. #2. Non-Visual Connection with Nature A space where the ambrient conditons are both variable and familiar, whereby sounds, aromas and textures are evocative of nature. #3. Non-Rhythmic Sensory Stimuli An environment which provides short exposure and embodiment of something special, fresh, unique and stimulating. #4. Thermal and Airflow Variability An environment with good thermal and airflow variability allows individuals to experience the sensory elements.

Outdoor Adventure Holidays provide the opportunity for a selection of physically demanding and enjoyable activities integrated within the natural environment. Depending on the type of natural landscape, a tourist destination provides the necessary facilities and features to encourage optimum possibilities for adventure and engagement with the surroundings. Generally outdoor adventure holidays provide experiences of exhilaration, exploring the unknown and fulfilment once an activity has been completed. The proposed site has the opportunity to integrate a wide selection of indoor and outdoor adventure and activity opportunities, including; • Water Sports; canoeing, kayaking, jet skiing, sailing, wind surfing and pedalos. • Aerial Activities, mountain climbing, abseiling, a zip wire and aerial assault course, similar to GoApe. • Cycling and Mountain Biking • Walking and Hiking • A wide selection of indoor and outdoor sports facilities encouraging active living leading to improved health and wellbeing.

#5. Presence of Water The interaction with water enhances the experience of a place through seeing, hearing or touching of the natural element.

Beach Resort

#9. Material Connection with Nature The integration of natural materials, through mineral processing, that reflect the local ecology and geology to create a sense of place.

Beach Tourism is directly connected to a coastal environment which, whether it be sand or shingle, provides opportunity for relaxation and recuperation. Features associated with a beach environment, include; sun loungers and umbrellas, beach bars, changing facilities, outdoor showers, beach huts, market huts and the opportunity to participate in beach sports, such as beach volleyball, rugby, football and cricket and bowls. The proposed site is not a coastal environment; however, the expansive central lake provides an internal water system with an existing sand beach located to the North. The prevailing wind that comes across the lake creates rippling waves, imitating a natural coastal environment. The existing beach has the potential to be expanded creating a multifunctional space, integrating sand dunes, rock pools, beach sports, private beach, beach huts and opportunities for evening dining and activities with an aesthetically pleasing water view.

Cultural & Historic

Culture and Historic Tourism is directly connected with the wider context of a place, normally a city or country, where people visit the key historic, religious or cultural features of an environment. The proposed site does not have any key cultural or historical features or elements, however can be considered a central hub connecting the surrounding key destinations. The site is in proximity to Ebbsfleet International Station providing direct access links to London and Europe. Existing haul tunnels will be integrated to create internal access ways through to Bluewater Shopping Centre and Swanscombe Heritage Park which is an archaeological remains site. The northern haul tunnels will also provide a legible route through to Swanscombe Peninsular and the proposed London Paramount Entertainment Park.

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#6. Dynamic and Diffuse Light Utilising varying intensities of light and shadow that change over time creating naturally occuring conditions. #7. Connection with Natural Systems Creating an awareness of natural processes providing a relaxing, profound and enlightening experience of life cycles. #8. Biomorphic Forms and Patterns Symbolic references to contoured, patterned, textured or numerical arrangement that occur in nature providing a comfortable and captivating experience.

#10. Complexity and Order A environment rich in sensory information providing feelings of engagement and creating an information rich surroundings. #11. Prospect An unimpeded view over a distance for surveillence and planning provides a sense of openness and familiarty within an enviroment. #12. Refuge A place to withdraw from environmental conditions or the main flow of activity providing a sense of protection and belonging. #13. Mystery Provides a promise for more information and a sense of anticipation enticing an individual to travel deeper into the environment. #14. Risk/Peril An identified threat coupled with a safeguard providing feelings of exhileration, integrating danger, exploration and irresistibility.

PA G E

The Brief: Proposal Western Cross In conjunction with Ebbsfleet Development Corporation, the proposed Western Cross Development will consist of residential units, mixed use with residential, a secondary school and a Green-Grid with integrated Sustainable Urban Drainage and open green space to the North. The proposal utilises the chalk cliffs to create an internal environment, however outlines the plan to remove the central lake, and level off the land for mixed housing development schemes. The large body of water and undulating landform creates a dynamic landscape which will be destroyed, along with much of the existing flora and fauna. Therefore, the existing proposal for Western Cross will be challenged, and a new design concept will be developed.

The Brief The proposal is for a multifunctional development integrating public, private and pedestrian accessibility and legibility. Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Development will be encouraged to preserve and enhance biodiversity, manage natural resources and reduce traffic congestion. An Ecotourist Holiday Resort - Recreational facilities for a variety of indoor and outdoor sports and activities, for children and adults. - Community Engagement and Entertainment Facilities including, restaurants, cafes and bars. - An Internal Green-Grid providing opportunities to engage and interact with the natural environment. - A Renewable Forest, encouraging indigenous tree species and woodland edge planting. - Accommodation proposals should include 800 lodges, with sizes varying from 2 people minimum and 6 people maximum. - A Sustainable Transport Network, prohibiting use of private vehicles and encouraging walking and cycling. A Sustainable Housing Project - Proposal for 50-60 Eco-Homes or Earth Sheltered Houses (low density dwellings). - Appropriate vehicular network, with legible ingress and egress. - Community Schemes and Initiatives implicated. Light Industry/Business Units - 5 two-storey office units (100sq/m² per unit). - 5 one-storey Artisan industry units (100sq/m² per unit). - 5 large industry units (200sq/m² per unit). - Parking facilities. Food Production - Vertical Farming. - A Farm Shop, selling local produce. - Community Farming and Allotment Schemes.

5.2 Implementation of Planning Policies CS 5. Ebbsfleet Valley Strategic Site (DBC, Core Strategy, 2011)

Policy CS5 outlines the development proposal for the Ebbsfleet Valley, integrating Eastern Quarry; location of the proposed site. Dartford Borough Council have reinforced the need for a mixed-use development, integrating a community of up to 10,000 homes, a business district, leisure and retail opportunities and community facilities for the existing and new communities. Development proposals must integrate a network of multifunctional greenspace linking into the designated Green Grid. The proposed site development proposal must not undermine the principles to be achieved across the site as a whole.

DG1. Dartford and Gravesham (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

Kent County council outlines the need for major mixed used developments based on previously developed or damaged land which includes Eastern Quarry. Proposals should integrate development with existing communities, a new highway and public transport infrastructure and greenspace strategy. As part of the proposal the existing FastTrack Bus System will be integrated and encourage legibility from the quarry to the surrounding land use context. The Green Grid will form a network of green space integrating the existing and new communities.

7. Achieving Sustainable Development (NPPF, 2012)

Sustainable development must integrate the three dimensions; economic, social and environmental in order to be achieved. The proposal for the site must contribute to a strong, responsive and competitive economy; it must support strong, vibrant and healthy communities and it must protect and enhance the natural, built and historic environment.

CS 14. Green Space (DBC, Core Strategy, 2011)

The council have outlined the need to implement a multi-functional, high-quality, varied and well managed Green Grid that will delivered by creating 300 hectares of new and improved green space as part of new developments by 2026. Ebbsfleet Valley has been proposed as a ‘Biodiversity Opportunity Area’. Therefore, the development proposal for the site should be designed to encourage green space and habitat production leading to the improvement of local biodiversity. Existing flora and fauna should be preserved or relocated.

EP11. Tourism Development and Regeneration (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

Priority for new tourist attractions and upgrading of existing tourism facilities within Kent Thames Gateway. Environmentally related tourism located near to major urban areas will be encouraged. The proposed site is within the Kent Thames Gateway and the use of the natural landscape will be used to create an annual holiday resort with its own independent functions and creating a basis for the interest in the surrounding landscape. The conservation and enhancement of biodiversity will be at the heart of the resort encouraging habitat production and protecting the existing bat population.

35. Promoting Sustainable Transport (NPPF, 2012)

Green-Grid - External Green-Grid with green open space, cycle routes and footpaths with pedestrian priority. - Restriction Zones and Security Precautions where necessary. - Information Centres, Community Hubs and Viewing Platforms.

The proposed development should exploit opportunities for use of sustainable transport modes for the movement of goods or people. Priority should be given to pedestrian and cycle movement through the creation of safe and secure layouts minimising conflict. The needs of people with disabilities must be addressed, integrating the need for ramps and lifts where necessary.

Public Transport Network - FastTrack Public Bus System. - Proximity to External Green Grid - Connect with Bluewater Shopping Centre, Ebbsfleet International Station and London Paramount Entertainment Resort.

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems should be integrated in the management of drainage and surface run-off. The development proposal will integrate a mix of flow limiting devices and infiltration areas to control water flow and reduce the risk of flooding. The integration of permeable hard surfaces will further reduce the risk of surface run off.

Water Management - Sustainable Urban Drainage System; integrating flow limiting devices and infiltration areas. - Rainwater and Groundwater Harvesting (manage rising water table). - A Reed Bed Waste Treatment Facility.

Park and ride systems reduce traffic congestion and limit private car usage, subsequently reducing air pollution even if the population of a location increases. The proposed holiday resort will integrate a system similar to park and ride, prohibiting vehicle access through the site. The car park will be near the transport hub, encouraging public transport methods, and walking and cycling.

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22. Sustainable Use of Water Resources (PPS 1, Delivering Sustainable Development, 2005)

TP10 Supporting Park and Ride (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

PA G E

Precedent Study 6.1

Regeneration: The Eden Project

6.2

Tourism: Center Parcs Holiday Resort

6.3

Walking & Cycling

6.4

Biodiversity & Ecology

6.5

Sustainability & Green Infrastructure

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6.0

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Regeneration: The Eden Project

6.1

Introduction

The Eden Project, established as a Landmark Millenium Project to mark the year 2000 in the UK, is an educational charity and a visitor attraction featuring spectacular planting and architecture in a worked-out China clay pit in Cornwall. The primary objective of The Eden Project is to tell the story of people’s dependence on the natural world, or regeneration and what people can achieve when they work together with nature. It is designed to give visitors an enoyable dat out while at the same exploring how indespensible plants are to people. Chairman and Co-Founder, Sir Tim Smit, refers to The Eden Project as a ‘symbol of optimism for the 21st century’, a resource to reinforce that humans are a part of nature. Eden is also a social enterprise, demonstrating that doing business can work hand in hand with improving the environment and people’s livelihoods, and building stronger communities.

The Biomes

The two Biomes; The Rainforest Biome and The Mediterranean Biome, designed by Grimshaw Architects, consist of several domes connected, joined in the middle by a Link Building. Inspiration for the Biomes originate from the geodesic system and the concept of soap bubbles. This ‘lean to’ focus associated with soap bubbles meant that the biomes could be built on uneven and shifting sands of the pit. The transparent ‘windows’ in each hexagon and pentagon are made of ethylene tetra¬fluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE). The material is light but incredibly strong and can transmit UV light, is non-stick, self-cleaning and lasts for over 25 years. The Rainforest Biome is the largest indoor rainforest in the world with over 1000 plant species from four different rainforest environments, including; Tropical Islands, South-East Asia, West Africa and Tropical South America. The key attractions in The Rainforest Biome include The Canopy Walkway, Malaysian Hut with vegetable plot and paddy field, The Waterfall, African Totem Sculpture, Banana production, Rubber Trees and Cocoa Beans. The Mediterranean Biome is a huge indoor garden integrating the landscapes of the Mediterranean, South Africa and California. The biome has over 1000 plant species, including drifts of colourful poppies and lupins in the Californian grassland and plans for a new Australia Exhibition.

Figure 1 The Eden Project has the largest Rainforest Biome in

Figure 2 The Core, shaped on the structure of a sunflower has

Figure 3 The Zip Wire is the longest in England with speeds

Figure 4 The Rainforest Canopy Walkway offers breathtaking

the world with 1000 varieties of plants.

a wide range of interactive exhibts for children and adults.

The Core

The Core was designed by Jolyon of Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners, integrating the concept of biomimcry; nature’s architecture. It incorporates a central trunk and canopy roof that shades the ground and harvests the sun. The most striking feature was the roof based on Fibonacci spirals, a pattern found in many natural forms including the seeds of a sunflower head, pine cones and snail shells. Sustainable construction was managed alongside electrical consultants Buro Happold to reduce environmental impacts as much as possible. The walls are super-insulated with Warmcel, made from recycled material and underground tubes warm air before it enters the buildings, improving energy efficiency. Photovoltaic panels on the roof provide electricity and the timber beams are made of Forest Stewardship Council-certified Red Spruce constructed using glue laminated layers of timber. Recycled materials; include the green floor tiles which were originally Heineken bottles, entrance mats formed of recycled tyres and the café floor is reclaimed wood. Reducing the amount of cement required and integrating a recyclable aggregate alternative dramatically improved carbon efficiency. The Core is an education centre, encouraging school trips, providing interactive exhibits for children and adults informing them of the importance and relevance of plants and natural processes.

reaching 50mph from a 65ft cliff edge.

views across the Biome and exlains the importance of rainforests

Sustainability

The Eden Project has an underground basin which collects all the water coming on to the site, which we use to irrigate our plants and flush our loos. We also harvest the rainwater that falls on the Biomes to irrigate the plants inside, top up the rainforest waterfall and maintain the high humidity inside. To avoid using too much mains water at Eden; rainwater and groundwater are recycled and water efficient products have been integrated including low-flush toilets and automatic taps. The Eden Project weighs and records over 20 different waste streams, 80% of which is recycled and all food waste is composted. A huge on-site composter, installed in 2005, converts food waste into a nitrogen-rich soil enhancement that our gardeners use to feed their impressive collection of plants. There are also future plans for a geothermal power plant on the Eden Project site, creating renewable energy.

Design Inspiration

The Eden Project demonstrates how a former quarry site can be transformed a a contaminated landscape into a green euphoria encouraging a huge selection of plant species from all over the world. However, The Eden Project is more than just a biodiverse environment but it is the initiatives and sustainable planning that encourages global optimism. The charity project encourages education and community engagement as it portrayed that humans are the future of our planet. In relation to the development proposal, The Eden Project encourages the use of sustainable construction methods, in particular, recycled aggregate materials and renewable energy solutions, including solar panels and photovoltaic cells. Tropical Plants will be a key element of the Sub-Tropical Swimming Paradise, and providing enough UV light will be essential. Groundwater and rainwater will be used reducing the consumption of water and will be vital in regulating the rising water table.

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Figure 5 A before and after image showing the transformation from a clay quarry pit to a green euphoria.

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Tourism: Center Parcs

6.2

Introduction

Center Parcs is a European network of holiday villages founded in Netherlands in 1968. There are five Centre Parcs in the UK, located in established woodlands, which include; Woburn Forest, Elveden Forest, Longleat Forest, Sherwood Forest and Whinfell Forest. Center Parcs is renowned as an activity holiday, with over 200 indoor and outdoor sports for people of all ages.

Walking and Cycling

Center Parcs integrates a ‘Park-and Ride’ scheme preventing usage of private vehicles and encouraging walking, cycling or using the on-site transport system. When visitors arrive, the car is used to drop off luggage at the appropriate accommodation, however afterwards, the vehicle must be left at the main car park for the entirety of the holiday. This dramatically reduces congestion potential and reduces carbon emissions improving the overall air quality. This also creates a safer and more enjoyable environment to encourage walking and cycling. Maps, signposts and short distances between villas and main attractions improves site legibility. Visitors can bring their own bikes; however, the Bike Hire Shop provides a large selection of bikes for all ages, including buggy attachments for babies and small children. Bike racks are located at the entrances of all that attractions and every accommodation has its own rack. The distinctive wooden boardwalks, undulating woodland trails and water-view paths associated with the holiday village ensures walking and cycling is fun and aesthetically pleasing. At Longleat Forest, a small motorised train (vehicle) circles the resort providing public access to those who don’t enjoy or walking or are unable to, such as the disabled.

Figure 1 Sub-Tropical Swimming Paradise at Whinfell Forest with external rapids and waterslides.

Figure 2 Wooden Boardwalk at Longleat Forest providing pedestrian access, encouraging walking and cycling.

Figure 3 Aqua Sana Spa at Longleat Forest with a processional route encouraging ease of access.

Figure 4 Treehouse Villa at Sherwood Forest, integrated into the natural surroundings.

Central Village

The Central Village provides a community hub for entertainment with cafes, bars, restaurants and nightlife. This includes indoor play areas for children, an integrated cinema, ten-pin bowling, entertainment shows and performances and kid’s discos encouraging interaction and communication.

Sub-Tropical Swimming Paradise

The Sub-Tropical Swimming Paradise is at the heart of Center Parcs Resorts with a wide range of aquatic facilities, including; a child play area, large indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a lazy river, external rapids, Jacuzzi’s, a plunge pool and a range of slides for children and adults. Integrated within the swimming paradise are an abundance of tropical plants creating a visually pleasing natural environment. The use of glass encourages natural UV light and the warm exotic temperature provides optimum conditions for photosynthesis. Separate from the Swimming Paradise, the Aqua Sana Spa provides a opportunity to relax and recuperate with a selection of treatments, varying sauna and steam room experiences and Jacuzzis.

Sports Complex

The Sports Complex includes a selection of indoor and outdoor sports, including; badminton, squash, table-tennis, interactive golf, tennis, pool, football etc. Small Shops, café, Sports Bar and cinemas are also integrated into the Sports Complex creating a multifunctional environment. Generally, The Sports Complex is close to the Water Sports and Aerial Activity Centre, which includes a Go Ape Assault Course using the trees of the native woodlands.

Accomodation

The accommodation at Center Parcs encourages integration with the woodland landscape, bringing visitors closer to nature. The holiday lodges include; tree houses, executive two-storey villas, woodland bungalows, hotel suites and disabled access lodges. The lodges are constructed using wood, in keeping with the setting, with numerous windows to encourage maxiumum views. Extended paths leading to the lodges provide a sense of privacy and integration into the natural surroundings. The tree houses are the most recent to be constructed with treetop walkways and spiral staircases create a fun and interactive experience.

Design Inspiration

Center Parcs provides sustainable tourism by preserving and enhancing the existing biodiversity and encouraging walking and cycling as an alternative to using private vehicles. The natural woodlands are aesthetically pleasing and therapeutic for visitors. The range of indoor and outdoor activities encourages physical activity leading to improved health and wellbeing. The development proposal will integrate sustainable tourism through the management of natural resources and conservation of the existing and proposed flora and fauna. The proximity of the main facilities, including; the Central Village, Sub-Tropical Swimming Paradise and Sports Complex dramatically improves site legibility and makes walking and cycling more appealing. This comes down to good design and planning. Currently, the site does not have an established woodland. However, the development of a Renewable Forest will provide a new habitat for a range of wildlife and the opportunity for accommodation, including woodland lodges and tree houses.

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Figure 5 Sports Village, Beach at Longleat Forest, encouraging water sport activities on the central lake

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Walking and Cycling

6.3

Introduction

In conjunction with CS 14, Green Space (DBC, Core Strategy, 2011), the council have outlined the need to implement a multi-functional, high-quality, varied and well managed Green-Grid. The integration of a greenspace strategy will provide the opportunity to improve and encourage pedestrian priority routes associated with walking and cycling. To create a successful Green-Grid, design proposals must integrate the basics of signage, surveillence, lighting and disabled access to provide legibility.

Treetop Walkways

Treetop Walkways provide the opportunity to experience woodland environments in a different perspective, encouraging spectacular views of the surrounding tree canopies and the wider landscape. The Treetop Walkway at Kew Gardens, designed by Marks Barfield Architects is a 18-metre high, 200-metre walkway enabling visitors to walk around the crowns of lime, sweet chestnut and oak trees. Supported by rusted steel columns that blend in with the natural environment, it provides opportunities for inspecting birds, insects, lichen and fungi at close quarters, as well as seeing blossom emerging and seed pods opening in Spring. The Treetop Walkway is accessible to the public via a stairway consisting of 118 step and a lift is in service and available for disabled and mobility-impaired visitors. The Stihl Treetop Walkway at Westonbirt Arboretum is step free, making it accessible to visitors on foot, using mobility scooters, wheelchairs and push chairs and to those with dogs on leads. It is 300 metres long and gradually rises on gentle inclines to a height of 13 metres. The serpentine walkway provides stunning views of the arboretum landscape and seven interactive hotspots encourage visitors to get-up close with nature.

Figure 1 Tree top walkway at Kew, London, providing views of

Figure 2 Signage and wooden walkways at Capilano

Figure 3 Downhill Mountain Bike Track meandering through

Figure 4 Bristol’s Harbourside Boardwalk with marginal and

the botanic gardens and tropical glasshouses.

Suspension Bridge Site, Vancouver improving site legibility.

Boardwalks & Bridges

Bridges and Boardwalks provide key attractions as part of footpaths and walkways, encouraging spectacular views and interaction with natural elements, including water, flora and fauna. Bridges and Boardwalks tend to be constructed in relation to the terrain of the natural surroundings. The undulating topography and chalk cliff faces provide the perfect opportunity to integrate a variety of bride and boardwalk features. Capilano Suspension Bridge is 140m in length, crossing Capilano River in the District of North Vancouver, Canada. Suspension Bridge Park has several other features including ‘Treetop Adventures’ consisting of seven footbridges suspended forming a walkway up to 30 metres; and ‘The Cliff Walk’ which integrates a series of unobtrusive cantilevered and suspended walkways jutting out from the granite cliff face above Capilano River to previously unexplored areas of the park. The Roman Quarry in St. Margarethen, Austria has been transformed from an abandoned pit into a unique and awe-inspiring open theatre. The key attraction of the regeneration project is the path used by visitors to get from the parking lot to their seats in the auditorium. Although just a functional access way the path formed of Corten steel extend the ambience of the magnificent rock-face scenery creating an aesthetically dramatic experience.

the natural landscape at Bedgebury Forest.

bog planting encouraging biodiversity.

Mountain Bike Trails

Cycling is a fun and demanding form of transport, encouraging physical exercise in a natural environment, including woodlands and grasslands. Mountain biking is an extreme form of cycling and encourages the development of, off-road undulating tracks which provide feelings of exhilaration and enjoyment. Bedgebury Forest is part of England’s Forest Commission encouraging healthy outdoor activities, including walking, cycling, running, climbing and riding. The forest offers a 10km of family cycle track and a 13km single track mountain bike track round the 2000-acre forest. Adapted cycles for hire for disabled people and people with learning difficulties are available providing opportunities for all. Bewl Water is the largest stretch of open water in the South East, set in an 800-acre site in an area of outstanding natural beauty in the heart of the High Weald. The activity centre offers a fantastic range of leisure and recreational activities. Circling Bewl Water is a 13-mile mountain bike track open to all cyclists. Mountain bike parties and catering for schools and college groups is also available.

Design Inspiration

Treetop walkways, bridges and boardwalks create key attractions directly the result of utilising the topography of the natural landscape. The undulating landform and vertical chalk cliffs, formed during quarrying provide ideal opportunities to integrate a variety of walkable structures. This includes a clifftop suspension walkway, a treetop walkway in the renewable forest, a cascading boardwalk through the vineyard and series of bridges integrated within the SuD’s system. Creating unique walkable environments will be essential to a successful internal and external Green-Grid. Encouraging cycling will provide the opportunity to integrate family cycle routes and mountain bike trails within natural environments. The undulating landform will be ideal for a mountain bike trail with serpentine slopes and small jumps. Overall, walking and cycling will limit the reliance on private vehicles and encourage a range of flora and fauna improving the biodiversity.

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Figure 5 Unique Boardwalk using Corten Steel in Roman Quarry, St. Margarethen, Austria designed by AllesWirdGut.

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Biodiversity & Ecology

6.4

Introduction

In conjunction with Dartford Borough Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Core Strategy, Ebbsfleet Valley has been proposed as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Biodiversity Opportunity Areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Therefore, the development proposal must preserve and enhance the biodiverse and ecological value of the site. This includes conserving or relocating existing flora and fauna and integrating design proposals to encourage biodiversity alongside human activity and interaction. Wetlands includes lakes, rivers, swamps, reed beds and wet grasslands providing habitats for a significant number of birds and mammals. Nature Trails provide the opportunity for people to interact with their natural surroundings.

Stodmarsh National Nature Reserve

Stodmarsh National Nature Reserve, Canterbury has an abundance and diversity of biodiversity due to the large collection of rare reedbeds. Birds, including Bearded Reedlings and Bitterns are completely dependent on the ecosystem, while large flocks of Swallows and Sand Martins migrate in Autumn and Spring. The wet grazing meadows and lagoons attract ducks such as Mallards, Shovelers and rare Garganey ducks, and waders such as Sandpipers. Abundant fish life attracts fish-eating birds such as Terns, Grebes and Kingfishers. There is also a wealth of insect life, including several species of dragonflies and moths. The reserve has a series of bird hides, observation mounds and interpretation panels linked by footpaths. The new easy access trail provides legibility for wheelchairs and buggies and includes a multi-sensory experience for the visually impaired.

Figure 1 Pair of Swans at Sevenoaks (Wildfowl) Reserve

Figure 2 Boardwalk and Viewing Shed, integrated within the

Figure 3 Dragonfly pond at Monkton Nature Reserve, which is

Figure 4 Established Reed Beds at Stodmarsh National

famour for its abundance of native birds and ducks.

established reeds at Rainham Marshes, East London.

RSPB Rainham Marshes Nature Reserve

RSPB Rainham Marshes is a unique nature reserve in East London which has been restored to a grazing medieval marshland after being used as a military firing range for over 100 years. There is a new and innovative visitor centre designed to overhang the marshes and has been constructed with huge picture windows providing aesthetically pleasing views of the marshlands. The site consists of 2.5 miles of nature trails and wooden boardwalks, all designed for wheelchair and pushchair access. There are several hides that give great close-up views of the array of bird species, perfect for any Ornithologist or wildfowl enthusiast. Some of the unique and rare bird species, include; the Avocet, Lapwing, Little Egret, Peregrine Falcon and Ringed Plover.

Monkton Nature Reserve

Monkton Nature Reserve is located in a 16 acre abandoned chalk quarry on the Isle of Thanet in East Kent. As an abandoned chalk quarry, the exposed cliffs provide an important insight into local geology and a source of some interesting fossils. The Nature Reserve has an integrated Nature Trail with information posts and activities encouraging interaction and education for school children. The site has two ponds; Dragonfly Pond, a natural pond; and a man-made pond with a small bird hideout. Great-Crested Newts and Water Voles have been spotted at both ponds. There are over 350 species of flowering plant, including 8 species of Orchid. The reserve is also home to the first artificial bat cave to be constructed in the UK.

a former chalk quarry site.

Reserve (SSSI), providing habitats for wildlife.

Sevenoaks Wildlife Reserve

Sevenoaks Wildlife Reserve is a pioneering nature reserve which has a roughly equal proportion of water and land. It consists of five stunning lakes, a mixture of habitats, including; ponds, seasonal flooded pools, reedbeds and woodlands. The wetland and woodland habitats support a diverse community of plants, fungi and animals. Most significantly, the reserve is known for its array of wildfowl, including; Little Ringed Plover, Lapwing, Moorhen, Coot, Great Crested Grebe, Tufted Duck, Greylag Goose and Canada Goose. Of interest for visiting groups is the tranquil Elemental Garden, where much of the teaching for younger groups takes place. A large yurt offers an interesting undercover teaching space and there are additional teaching areas within the Visitor Centre. The Centre itself houses a range of engaging wildlife displays and touch tables.

Design Inspiration

The existing lake with its unique perimeter shape provides the opportunity to integrate wetland environments, including; marshlands and reed beds. This will help preserve the existing array of birds and ducks and encourage future biodiversity, including watefowl and mammals. The rising water table will provide seasonal flooding continually changing the internal environment encouraging an abundant and diverse array of wildlife. The proposal for Sustainable Urban Drainage will include pools, lakes, streams and soakaways encouraging the establishment of reeds and other marginal plants. Wetlands are likely to be integrated within the internal Green-Grid, however, viewing platforms and hideouts positioned along the external Green-Grid will provide idyllic views of the natural environment and encourage bird watching. A bat cave will be constructed and integrated into a Nature Trail to preserve and enhance the existing bat population. Nature Trails and boardwalks must be accessible to all, including the disabled.

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Figure 5 Bluewater Nature Trail, with the picturesque autumnal foliage and chalk cliff backdrop

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Sustainability & Green Infrastructure

6.5

Introduction

In accordance with, Policy 7. Achieving Sustainable Development (NPPF, 2012), must integrate economic, social and environmental dimensions. Design proposals should look to ensure nature is at the heart of all infrastructure, in particular, the management of water resources (PPS1, Promoting Sustainable Development, 2005).

SLA Landscape Architects

SLA is an internationally renowned urban development consultancy working with landscape, urban design and city planning. The Dutch company is driven by a genuine desire to understand and change the world with nature at the heart of all processes and planning. This DNA provides the opportunity to integrate sustainability and green infrastructure at the heart of the proposal. Green Footprint is the landscape surrounding the newly renovated hotel- and conference center Green Solution House in Rønne, Bornholm. The relation between the building and landscape demonstrates how the grown and the built environment can benefit each other by implementing new technologies and circuit design to create a dynamic, resilient cradle-2 system. Green Solution house and Green Footprint-project turns waste materials into a valuable resource and makes Bornholm an example to follow regarding sustainability, environmental responsibility and renewable energy. Compost from the kitchen garden is used as fuel to heat up the hotel and generate electricity, while black water is rinsed in an algae tank and used for irrigation.

Figure 1 Novo Nordisk Nature Park, Denmark, has been

Figure 2 Earth sheltered homes in Erdhaussiedlung

Figure 3 Hockerton Housing Project is a self-sufficient scheme

Figure 4 Floating Houses with marginal planting at Ijburg,

designed to encourage natural processes.

Lättenstrasse In Dietikon, Switzerland

Earth Sheltered Housing

Earth sheltered homes are form of sustainable architecture improving energy efficiency and integrating the natural landscape. Peter Vetsch is a Swiss Architect famous for its unique construction of earth sheltered homes using sprayed concrete structures ignoring right angles and incorporated a free-flowing form that is more energy efficient. The earth around the house acts like a large blanket which insulates the building and holds in the heat during cold months. The airtight nature of this architecture reduces drafts and dramatically reduces heat loss, improving energy efficiency. Vetsch using the natural terrain, including mounds and hills to construct the earth homes, meaning that the house is not exposed and protected. This allows plants and grass to grow on the roof and around the earth covered house, replenishing oxygen levels. Vetsch integrates a range of energy sources, including the surrounding air, earth and thermal spring water using either groundwater or surrounding bodies of water.

Hockerton Housing Project

encouraging use of the natural elements.

Amsterdam, designed by Waternet.

The Hockerton Housing Project is a small community of five earth sheltered homes on the outskirts of Hockerton, Nottinghamshire. Designed by ‘green’ architects Professor Brenda Vale and Dr Robert Vale, the homes were completed in September 1998 at a cost of £65,000. Low carbon living is facilitated using renewable energy, the water system, food grown on site, and the community’s approach to work and transport. The eco-homes and visitor centre is earth sheltered and designed to optimise energy and water efficiency. Photovoltaic Cells and Wind Turbines have been integrated to encourage renewable energy, which then becomes community energy. The project has an integrated water system with, rainwater harvesting, SuD’s system, reed bed waste treatment and efficient water appliances.

Ijburg, Amsterdam

Ijburg is an urban development district in the eastern part of Amsterdam. Once the project is complete, it will comprise around 18,000 homes while preserving the quality of water, array of wildfowl and water plants in the Ijsselmee, which is a Natura 2000 area. Rather than draining the landscape, the water level would be raised integrating a dynamic water system. Precipitation is held up for before passing through reed banks that purify the water and then discharged into the surface body of the Ijsselmee; a sustainable example of rainwater harvesting. The most unique aspect of Ijburg is the floating neighbourhoods. Immovable floating dwellings provide a solution to the rising water levels and encourage interaction with nature.

Design Inspiration

OCL Regeneration Ltd, the existing industry unit produce Sustainable construction material which can be used for path and road surfaces and building material which integrate recycled aggregate. This will dramatically reduce carbon emission and the location provides the ideal opportunity to reduce travel miles. SLA provide a sustainable DNA which can be integrated into the proposal; putting nature at the heart of the projects and understanding that the natural and built environment are not comparable but compatible. This is shown at Novo Nordisk Nature Park which has dead trees and overgrown vegetation to encourage natural processes. Eco homes and earth sheltered homes provide the opportunity to improve energy efficiency and work with the undulating topography. While, floating dwellings could become an element of the holiday lodges, encouraging ideal lake views and interaction.

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Figure 5 Green Footprints, Ronne, Bornholm designed by SLA Landscape Architects

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Concept Planning 7.1

Brief Development

7.2

Green-Blue Infrastructure Planning

7.3

Sustainable Planning

7.4

Zoning Plan

7.5

Masterplanning

7.6

Action for Mitigation

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7.0

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Brief Development

7.1

Renewable Energy Sources

Tropical Utopia & Spa Retreat

Legible Access/Egress

Woodland Lodges

Nature Interpretation Centre

Recyclable Aggregate/Material

Sports Village

Entrance Facility

Treetop Houses

Nature Trails and Hideouts

Reed Bed Waste Treatment

Aerial Activity Centre

Central Transport Hub

Overwater/Floating Villas

Treetop Walkway/Bridges/Boardwalks

Rainwater/Groundwater Harvesting

Water Sports

Park-and-Ride System

Disabled Acces Lodges

Cycle & Mountain Bike Trails

Defence from Erosion

Beachfront

Automatic Tram Network

Central Village

Central Island for Wildfowl

Renewable Forest Management

Archery Centre

FastTrack Public Bus Network

Woodland Integration

Marginal, Bog and Deep-Water Plants

Sustainability

Recreation /Leisure

Transport System

Holiday Villas

Internal Green-Grid

Holiday Resort Exterior Design

Light Industry

Food Production

Public Transport

EcoHomes

External Green-Grid

Artisan Industry Units

Vineyard

FastTrack Bus System

Earth Sheltered Housing

Footpaths/Cycleways/Bridges

Two-storey Oﬃce Units

Community Farming

Existing Haul Tunnels

Integrate Food Production

Community Connecting Hubs

Parking Requirements

Community Allotment Scheme

Central Transport Hub

Sustainable Water Management

Outdoor Gym/Assault Courses

Functional Green Space

Small Holdings

Integrate Green-Grids

Protection from Prevailing Wind

Viewing Platforms/Hideouts

Cafes/Shops

Visitor Centre

Security Control

Community Schemes/Initiatives

Pedestrian Priority

Sustainable Water Management

Farm Shop

Connect Ebbsﬂeet International Station

Self-Suﬃcient

Encourage Biodiversity

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Green-Blue Infrastructure Planning

7.2 External Green-Grid with integrated pedestrian access including footpaths, cycle routes, green space and activities

Internal Green-Grid with integrated boardwalks and footpaths with access routes via western and northern tunnels

4 Internal Water Circulation integrated into the SuDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s System , to include streams and groundater flow

Reed Bed System waterflow included in the water circulation, naturally purifying grey water

1. Circulation Hub

Integrated within the Artisan industry units and impermeable car parks will be a green public corridor with an abundance of flora and fauna. Soakaways and swales will be implemented as part of the SuDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s System reducing the risk of flooding.

2. Grasslands 2 6

Existing flora and fauna will be preserved and prairie planting will be introduced encouraging aesthetically pleasing views and biodiversity. The planting will be integrated as part of the Earth Sheltered Housing Scheme. Planting will reduce surface run-off, however infiltration and flow limiting devices will be required.

3. Vineyard

The South facing slope will form an established Vineyard will ideal solar gain encouraging optimum growing conditions. The Vineyard will have a cascading boardwalk and will provide idyllic views, from the internal and external green grid.

4. Community Farming

In proximity to Alkerden Site of Specific Science Interest, the site provides an ideal location to encourage community farming and allotment schemes; with a visitor centre and farm shop, integrating the existing Swanscombe community.

5. Recreation & Leisure 7

The northern cliff face will be important in the development of a multifunctional space constructed into the topography of the site. The Tropical Utopia will be planted with tropical plant species creating a multifunctional environment. Street trees, raised planters and Sustainable Urban Drainage will be included.

6. Renewable Forest

The scrubland will form an evergreen renewable forest creating a new environment encouraging a range of biodiversity. The forest will create a landscape to build an integrated community, including wooden lodges, treetop houses and woodland walkway.

7. Community Hubs

Located at the linking points of the external green grid, the community hubs will include cafes, bike repair shops, an information centre and outdoor activities. The height of the location points will provide aesthetically pleasing views of the surrounding landscape.

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Sustainable Planning & Transport

7.3 Tram Ring Road, automatically run providing a quick and efficient form of travel for the visitors.

Tram Link Roads using the existing haul tunnels to access Bluewater and Swanscombe Peninsula.

Proposed Fastrack access point into the site, which provides a direct link to Ebbsfleet International Station.

Fastrack and Vehicle Network providing access to the Earth Sheltered Homes and Alkerden Lane to the North.

4 5

3 2

1. Circulation Hub

The proposed car park and Artisan industry units ground surface will be constructed using recycled aggregate forming a Hydraulically Bound Material (HBD) produced by OCL Regeneration Ltd; the existing industry company. The reed bed system will reduce the need to import/export large volumes of water reducing Dartfordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water consumption.

2. Grasslands

Prairie planting and conservation of existing flora and fauna encourages biodiversity and reduces surface runoff reducing the erosion of the eastern chalk cliff. The undulating landform provides the ideal opportunity to integrate earth sheltered housing. The location provides optimum views of the site, encouraging the integration of balconies.

3. Vineyard

The establishment of a sloped Vineyard will lead to small scale production of grapes which can be sold in the proposed farm shop and provides a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;pick your ownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; scheme encouraging healthy eating. The Vineyard will reduce surface runoff by intercepting rain reducing soil erosion. This ensures nutrients in the soil are not lost.

4. Community Farming

The integration of community farming and allotment schemes, encourages food production and community engagement which is essential for sustainability. Similar to the Vineyard, the fruit and vegetables produced can be sold in the proposed farm shop and to the local communities, minimising the reliance on supermarkets.

5. Recreation & Leisure

The site provides the ideal opportunity for solar gain, integrating solar panels and photovoltaic cells. This will lead to the production of hot water and electricity for the Tropical Utopia and Spa Retreat. Using solar glass will minimise the need for indoor artificial lighting and encourage growth of tropical plants in the Tropical Utopia.

6. Renewable Forest

Growing a Renewable Forest, consisting of native tree species, will dramatically increase the local biodiversity. Holiday villas, including wooden lodges and tree-top houses will become an integrated part of the forest, creating an aesthetically pleasing environment to stay in. There is an opportunity to cut down established trees for future infrastructure, however new trees must be planted in their place.

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Zoning Plan

7.4 One-Way Resort Tram System, an automatic network providing quick and efficient transport around the resort with tram stops at all destination points

External Bus Stop Spa Retreat Tropical Utopia

Tram System Links providing access into Bluewater Shopping Centre and Swanscombe Peninsula, via existing haul tunnels

FOOD PRODUCTION

Sports Village

Proposed vehicle network providing access for the Holiday Resort, Artisan Industry and Public Car Park

BEACH

External Green-Grid, encouraging flora and fauna with integrated footpaths, cycleways, open green space, outdoor activities, viewing platforms and hubs

VILLAS (Oak) Zip Wire

BLUEWATER

CENTRAL HUB

VILLAS (Birch)

Aerial Activity Centre

ALKERDEN

External Bus Stop

LOW DENSITY HOUSING VILLAS (Pine)

VILLAS (Maple)

Access Point

Community Integration Hubs, with a cafe, information centre, bike shop, viewing platform and outdoor activities located at meeting points of the Green Grid

Proposed Internal Green-Grid providing access to the resort facilities with integrated boardwalks, footpaths and bridges all with idyllic views of the lake

Managed Internal Water Circulation utilising the natural topography integrating Sustainable Urban Drainage reducing the risk of flooding

Reed Bed System

CAR PARK

Artisian Industry Units

Existing Body of Water

Reed Bed System waterflow included in the internal water circulation, naturally purifying grey water, reducing the need to import and export water

Proposed FastTrack Network connection point with Alkerden and the eastern perimeter of the site

Public Car Park FastTrack Network and Vehicular Network providing access to the Earth Sheltered Homes, Community Farming and Allotment and Alkerden Lane to the North

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Masterplanning

7.5 1. Circulation Hub

The Car Park for the Holiday Resort will have a maximum of 1000 spaces, which includes designated Staff Parking. The ‘Park-and-Ride’ Car Park will have an integrated vehicle network with a one-way perimeter road reducing the chance of congestion. The External Green Grid will create a natural border between the Resort and Public Space. The Public Car Park will provide direct access into the Green Grid and will include a Visitor Centre. The industry and office units will be interlinked with a vehicle network, parking facilities and open green space.

2. Grasslands

The Grasslands will be transformed into Earth Sheltered Housing with an integrated road network, utilising Alkerden Lane. The Housing Scheme will have communal parking facilities with an internal path network. The paths will be wide enough for vehicle access in the case of an emergency. Open green space will encourage community engagement and activities, with integrated SuD's. A developed serpentine mound (with a walkway) will provide shelter from the prevailing wind and privacy from the public Green Grid.

3. Vineyard

The scarp of the Vineyard will have a security system to provide a definite border between the Holiday Resort and the External Green Grid. At the base of the eastern Chalk Cliff will be the Aerial Activity Centre, utilising the cliff face for rock climbing, abseiling and access to the Zip Wire Platform at the top of the cliff. The Internal GreenGrid, Tram-System and Cascading Boardwalk will provide access to the eastern cliff.

4. Community Farming

The land will be developed into a Nature Reserve with a variety of wetland habitats encouraging an abundance of flora and fauna. SuD’s will provide the opportunity to integrate expansive retention ponds, reducing surface run-off and groundwater flow. This ensures that the eastern chalk cliff is not eroded; and the soil for the Vineyard remains dry and free-draining. Community Allotment and Farming Schemes will be developed integrating the existing Swanscombe Community and the residents of the proposed Earth Sheltered Housing Scheme. A Farm Shop will provide the opportunity to sell the produce to the local communities, and the profits can be reinvested into the scheme.

5. Recreation & Leisure

The recreation and leisure space will include, The Tropical Utopia, Spa Retreat, Water Sport Centre and Beach; Arts and Craft Centre and The Sports Complex, with indoor and outdoor sports facilities and The Cycle Hire Shop. The Tram System and Internal Green Grid will be integrated within the open space providing direct ingress and egress. Large pools of water will be established at the base of the cliffs, with constructed bridges providing access to The Tropical Utopia and Spa Retreat; which will be set back into the cliff face. Open green space, seating opportunities and street trees will create a processional route through the landscape.

6. Renewable Forest

The Renewable Forest will be established to create a habitat for not only an abundance of wildlife, but for the internal holiday dwellings, which will include woodland lodges, treetop houses and overwater villas. The Forest will have a Native Trail which connects to the Internal Green Grid, creating a circular route with hideouts, a Treetop Walkway and viewing platforms. The network of villas will have multiple access points to encourage walking and cycling. The Central Hub will be at the heart of the network will the integrated Tram System which connects to Bluewater.

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Action for Mitigation

7.6

Protecting & Enhancing the Natural Environment

Legibility & Safety

The existing white chalk cliffs and undulating landform creates a unique landscape which must be protected and enhanced. The cliffs create an awe-inspiring back drop, adding to the visual appeal of the natural environment. Although the proposed development is an old quarry site, formed of low nutrient chalk, the landscape does include a variety of existing flora and fauna. The environmental survey highlights the range of pioneer plant species and grass species providing habitats for insects, birds and mammals. Most importantly, the existing bat population must be protected during construction and conserved as part of the proposal. This will include Nature Trails, Bat Caves and Bat Box creation (Arts and Craft Centre). The existing Betula pendula trees, established in the woodlands and grasslands will be relocated and integrated into the proposed street tree network. The trees will become an integral part of the transport network, creating aesthetically pleasing processional routes. The existing lake will be developed into a Sustainable Urban Drainage System utilising the natural topography. The integration of pools, lakes, swales, soakaways and streams will encourage the establishment of deep water, bog and marginal plants. This will lead to the development of riparian corridors, providing habitats for an abundance of wildlife. The proposed renewable forest will become an integrated Carbon Sink, taking in carbon emissions; improving air quality. The array of native tree species and woodland edge planting will contribute to the formation of varying habitats. This will enhance the biodiversity and provide an aesthetically pleasing landscape indicative of relaxation and recuperation.

The most important aspect of site legibility is the capacity to distinguish between the alternative land uses. The chalk cliffs provide the opportunity to distinguish between the holiday resort, developed within the quarry and the public network constructed along the top of the cliffs. For safety reasons the external Green Grid will have secure fences and restriction zones stopping people getting too close to the cliff edge. Subsequently, the unique landform provides a natural barrier between public space and the holiday resort. The route of the external Green Grid, provides the opportunity to appreciate the internal and external views of the site, particularly with the integration of viewing platforms and Green Grid Hubs. To the East of the holiday resort, the scarp at the top of the proposed Vineyard and the Eastern Chalk Cliff distinguishes between the internal resort and the external green grid, which integrates a viewing platform at the peak of the site. To the South, where the ground is of a steady gradient, soft landscaping will become established to separate the resort car park and external Green Grid. This will include the SuD’s system which will create a natural visually pleasing border. However, in places, security measures such as fencing will be necessary. . Internally and externally; lighting, natural and artificial surveillence, signposts, maps and nature trails will be integrated to improve legibility; providing a sense of place and security. The Tram Service will be connected to external Bus Stops in proximity to the site boundary, providing access to Bluewater Shopping Centre and Swanscombe Peninsula. To ensure the public do not have access into the Resort, visitors will be issued with wrist bands which must be shown at the external Bus Stops to provide access back into the Resort.

EN9. Trees, Woodland and Hedgerows (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

Provision should be made for the creation of new woodland, especially indigenous broad-leaved species, leading to the provision of new habitats as part of a development proposal. The establishment of native tree species, including; oak, beech, willow, pine, cedar, hawthorn will improve biodiversity and encourage natural food chains.

57. Requiring Good Design (NPPF, 2012)

109. Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment (NPPF, 2012)

QL2. Priorities in the Public Realm (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

Planning should contribute to and enhance the natural and local environment by protecting valued landscapes, recognising the benefits of ecosystems and establish new ecological networks. The existing flora and fauna will be preserved and the integration of SuD’s and a woodland will enhance the natural environment.

It is important to plan positively for the achievement of high quality and inclusive design for all developments, including, individual buildings, public and private spaces.

An effort must be made to improve the safety and ambience of the public realm. This can be implemented by the adoption of measures that foster community safety and security, including natural and artificial surveillance, signage and adequate lighting.

Managing Natural Resources

Reducing Traffic Congestion

The existing industry, OCL Regeneration Ltd, will be used in the development of sustainable surface materials. The company use a cold-lay asphalt surfacing material that uses up to 94% recycled aggregate, known as foambase. The storage grade foambase, a general-purpose base course material, will provide an ideal surface for footpaths and cycleways integrated within the external and internal Green Grid. While, Hydraulically Bound Material (HBD), a binded aggregate, will be used for the FastTrack, Tram and Vehicle Network. Where possible, the land will be used for food production, with an established Vineyard; and community farming and allotments adjacent to Alkerden Farm. Solar panels and photovoltaic cells will be positioned to the North of the site, with increased reflection from the water surface providing optimum conditions for solar gain. The hot water and electricity will be utilised in the Tropical Utopia, Spa Retreat and Sports Village reducing the need for non-renewable energy. The Tropical Utopia will be constructed using solar glass, encouraging optimum natural light; reducing the need for artificial lighting and providing ideal sunlight to ensure the tropical plants can photosynthesis efficiently. The low density housing will be earth sheltered eco homes, integrated within the undulating landform dramatically improving energy efficiency. A reed bed system will be used within the holiday resort to purify grey water and; groundwater and rainwater will be harvested to reduce water consumption and help maintain the rising water table. Sustainable Urban Drainage will be integrated to reduce surface run-off and recycle water.

Development within Kent Thames Gateway will dramatically increase the number of private vehicles on the road leading to more traffic and subsequently higher levels of air pollution. As part of the proposed development, the existing FastTrack Bus System will be implemented in conjunction with the routes proposed by Ebbsfleet Development Corporation. Rather than directing the FastTrack route though the site, as proposed, the network will follow the Eastern perimeter of the site providing access to the Earth Sheltered Homes, Community Farming, Nature Reserve and Alkerden Lane. Alkerden Lane, links into Mount Lane which connects to an existing FastTrack route which provides a direct route into Bluewater Shopping Centre. The low-density housing scheme will also require a vehicle network which will be integrated within the proposed FastTrack route reducing the impermeable surface area. Vehicle access to the eco-homes will be via Alkerden Lane which is relatively quiet and will not need to be improved as part of the development proposal. The Community Farming and Allotment Area to the North will have a small car park also accessible via Mount Road and Alkerden Lane. Roman Road, to the South, provides the direct ingress and egress for the holiday resort car park, Artisan Industry Unit associated parking and the public car park that connects to the external Green Grid. Subsequently, this will increase the number of vehicles using the Roman Road, slip-road that connects to the A2, which currently has high traffic congestion. However, the proposed Park-and-Ride Scheme in the resort will control traffic flow, reducing the number of vehicles on the road. The only time traffic may be an issue is when visitors are arriving or leaving the resort. This will be controlled using designated time-slots.

NR1. Development and the Prudent Use of Natural Resources (Kent Structure Plan, 2006)

Sustainable construction techniques should be demonstrated through design and layout. The proposed development will incorporate solar power, food production, recycled materials, recycling of water and renewable woodland management.

CS 23. Minimising Carbon Emissions (DBC, Core Strategy, 2011)

Passive design and layout of development will impact carbon emissions and use of renewable energy. Housing should be developed as eco homes and non-residential units should meet BREEAM ‘excellent’. Eastern Quarry is outlined as a development area to produce low carbon emissions and encourage the use of natural resources.

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CS 15. Managing Transport Demand (DBC, Core Strategy)

As part of Kent Thames Gateway Development, minimising car usage and making the most effective use of the transport network is essential. As part of the development proposal, the integration of a Green-Grid with a public right of way network will encourage walking and cycling by reducing the distances between points of interest.

TP9. Supporting Public Transport (Kent Structure Plan, 2011)

By improving the interchange facilities between public and pedestrian transport methods, the reliability on private vehicles is reduced. The proposed FastTrack has designated lanes with a quick and efficient service encouraging usage.

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Bibliography

8.0

Planning Policies

Web Sites

[1]. Department for Communities and Local Government (2012), National Planning Policy Framework. Available at: www.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6077/2116950.pdf [Last accessed 20th January 2017].

[1]. ebbsfleetdc.org.uk/ [Last accessed: 20th January 2017]. [2]. ebbsfleetgardencity.org/ [Last accessed: 20th January 2017]. [3]. www.ebbsfleetvalley.co.uk/masterplan [Last accessed: 20th January 2017]. [4]. www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps/ [Last accessed: 20th January 2017]. [5]. www.oclonline.co.uk/foambase/ [Last accessed: 20th January 2017].

[2]. Communities and Local Government. (2011). Planning Policy Statement 3: Housing (PPS3).Available:http://www.housinglin.org. uk/_library/Resources/Housing/Policy_documents/PPS3. pdf. Last accessed 10th May 2016. [3]. Communities and Local Government (2011). Planning Policy Statement 1: Delivering Sustainable Development (PPS1). Available: http://www.sustainabledevelopment.org.uk/_library/ Resources/Sustainabledevelopment/Policy_documents/PPS1.pdf. Last accessed 10th May 2016. [4]. Dartford Borough Council (2011), Core Strategy, Proposed Adoption Document. Available at: http://windmz.dartford.gov.uk/ media/Inspector%20Approved%20Core%20Strategy.pdf [Last accessed: 20th January 2017]. [5]. Kent County Council (2006), Kent and Medway Structure Plan. Available at http://www.telephonehouse.org.uk/opposite8yr/ kmsp2006.pdf. [Last accessed: 20th January 2017)

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