Top Dog Concise History Grade 10 Study Guide by Top Dog Education

Top Dog

Concise History

Independent Schools, NSC and SACAI aligned

GRADE 10

Compiled by: Frances Pallett

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Concise History

Contents Section A

Section B

Section C

The World in the 1600s

European expansion and conquest during the 15th to the 18th centuries

The French Revolution

1. Overview of section..........................................2 2. The Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644).......................3 3. The Songhai (Songhay) Empire (1340 - 1591)...4 4. The Mughal Empire in India (1526 – 1858)......5 5. Comparing the three Empires..........................6 6. Europe in the 14th and early 15th centuries....7 7. Europe in the late 15th and 16th centuries......8 8. The Renaissance.............................................9 9. Terminology....................................................10

1. Overview of section........................................11 2. Reasons for European expansion..................12 3. Case Study: The Spanish conquest of the Americas........................................................13 4. Case Study: The Portuguese and the destruction of the Indian Ocean trade............14 5. Case Study: The Dutch East India company..15 6. The introduction of slavery at the Cape.........16 7. Compare and contrast the effects of European expansion and colonialism.............................17 8. Terminology....................................................18

1. Overview of section........................................19 2. Causes of the French Revolution....................20 3. Timeline of the French Revolution...................21 4. Case Study: Haiti. The spread of revolutionary aspirations................................24 5. Terminology....................................................25

Section D

Section E

Section F

Transformation in southern Africa after 1750

Colonial Expansion after 1750

The South African War

1. Overview of section........................................32

1. Overview of section.........................................40

1. Overview of section........................................26

2. The ﬁrst societies impacted by colonial expansion in southern Africa..........................33

2. South Africa on the eve of the war: The effects of the Mineral Revolution on the Transvaal.........................................................41

2. Political changes in the interior and in the east.................................................................27

3. The impact of colonial expansion: The dispossession of the Xhosa...........................34

3. The Build-up to war.........................................42

4. The impact of Voortrekker expansion into the interior......................................................35

4. The First Phase of the War (Conventional warfare)...........................................................43

5. The legacy of Shaka Zulu...............................30

5. The impact of colonial expansion on the kingdom of Moshoeshoe (Basotho)...............36

5. The Second Phase of the War (Guerrilla warfare)...........................................................44

6. Terminology.....................................................31

6. The impact of British expansion in Natal........37

6. The end of the war and the 1913 Land Act.....45

7. Terminology....................................................39

7. Terminology.....................................................47

3. The Zulu Kingdom during the reigns of Shaka and Dingane...................................................28 4. Other states and areas of control between 1820 and 1835................................................29

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Section A

The World in the 1600s

OVERVIEW

This section deals with the shift of global power in the 1600s. During this time, the power and influence of the great African and Asia empires began to decline. As power and influence declined in Africa and Asia, it grew and developed in Europe. By the mid-1600s, the world's financial and military power had shifted to Europe.

This section answers the questions:

1300s – 1600s The Ming Dynasty China

The Songhai Empire West Africa

Which empires were powerful between the 1300s and 1600s?

What were the characteristics and achievements of the Ming Dynasty in China?

What were the characteristics of the Songhai Empire in Africa?

What were the characteristics and achievements of the Mughal Empire in India?

Why did power pass from these empires into the hands of the European states?

By the end of the 1600s, power had moved from the Great Empires, which were in decline, into the hands of the European countries. These countries had developed through trade and the Renaissance.

By the 1600s, Europe had emerged from the Middle Ages and the effects of the Bubonic Plague. The growth of trade had established a new middle class. The Renaissance had brought a new interest in learning and exploration.

? The Mughal Empire India

What is an Empire?

A large area of control gained through conquest of weaker states. In order to survive, an Empire must have:

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Strong leadership

Loyal and efﬁcient military

Stability

Wealth 2

Section

The World in the 1600s

THE MING DYNASTY (1368 - 1644)

Helpful mnemonic: G2T23A

The Ming Dynasty – the “Golden Age of China”

When did the Ming Dynasty come into power?

Government: Under Emperor Hongwu, the government was efﬁcient and effective.

1369, Zhu Yanzhang (a former peasant) defeated his rivals and overthrew the corrupt and chaotic Chinese government. Proclaimed himself as First Emperor of Ming Dynasty. 'Ming' means 'brilliant'. Called himself Emperor Hongwu, which means 'vast military power'.

Introduced an efﬁcient tax system

Gave people more land for farming

Passed laws to protect slaves

Set up efﬁcient government structures

All ofﬁcials were expected to pass exams on Confucianism

1398: Emperor Hongwu succeeded by Zhu Yunwen, Emperor Jianwen.

Demanded tribute payments from neighbours

1402: Emperor Jianwen succeeded by Zhi Di, Emperor Yongle. (Yong-Lo). Capital city moved to Beijing. Steady expansion of Ming dynasty and achievements until 1433 and rule of 6th Emperor of Ming dynasty. Under his rule China turned inwards and closed herself off from the rest of the world. Maybe turned inwards because: Ÿ

China felt she was self-sufﬁcient

Wanted to safeguard Chinese culture against outside inﬂuences

Some disapproved of the western focus on making money

China also experienced drought, famine and invasion from the Mongols and the Japanese. Ming Dynasty had collapsed by the middle of 15th century.

but cruel and autocratic

Growth:

Growth of Army and Navy under Emperor Yongle. The army increased to over 1 million soldiers, which allowed for the expansion of the empire.

Trade:

Strength of navy encouraged the growth of trade. By the 16th century, the Chinese were trading with the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch – exporting silk and porcelain and importing silver.

Travel:

The strength of the navy also encouraged travel and exploration. Use of Chinese junks (ships with rudders) and the magnetic compass. 1405: the explorer, Zheng He made ﬁrst voyage. The Chinese were exploring almost 100 years before Europeans. Made further 6 voyages and visited 30 countries. Produced accurate maps. 1579: Publication of Guang Yutu atlas which included 40 maps.

Agriculture:

Introduction of irrigation machines, crop rotation, drought resistant rice, and the use of fertiliser made from ﬁsh. Developed a successful agrarian economy.

Architecture:

Great Wall of China built. The Forbidden City built. (The imperial palace in Beijing). Restoration of Grand Canal, the oldest and longest man-made canal in the world.

Arts and literature: First Chinese novels published. Famous Blue and white 'Ming' pottery produced.

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Section

The World in the 1600s Ÿ

Situated in West Africa. Known as western-Sudan.

'Sudan' from Arabic word 'al-Sudan' (black peoples).

Situated on Niger River, capital at Gao.

Rich in ivory, gold and agricultural products.

Part of trans-Saharan trade route.

When did the Songhai Empire become powerful? People had lived in Songhai since the 7th century. They had held onto their independence in spite of the growing Mali Empire. 1464 Sonni Ali Ber became King of Songhai. He became known as 'The Great'. Ÿ

Took opportunity of decline of Mali to seize the wealthy trading centres of Timbuktu (1468) and Djenné (1473). People of Timbuktu regarded Sonni Ali as 'a ruthless tyrant' but Sonni Ali was greatly respected by his own people. Expanded army and navy – grew empire through conquest.

After the death of Sonni Ali in 1492, a general, Mohammad Toure took over. Established Askia Dynasty. Ÿ

Time of peace, stability and growth

Askia Mohammed was a staunch Muslim

Askia Mohammad was overthrown by his son Musa in 1528: Ÿ

Musa did not maintain the strong army and navy.

Raided neighbouring areas for slaves to sell.

Unable to resist the Moroccan invasion.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

THE SONGHAI (SONGHAY) EMPIRE (1340 - 1591)

The Achievements of the Songhai Empire

Helpful mnemonic: Songhai aimed to name every mosque (Sonni, Askia, trans-saharan trade, Niger, education, manuscripts

Government structures: Under Sonni Ali: Ÿ

Strong centralised government but also divided Songhai into provinces.

Each province was put under the control of its own governor.

Government ofﬁcials were drawn from among the ordinary people and were chosen for their talent and ability.

Under Askia Mohammad: Established separate government departments for separate tasks such as agriculture, ﬁnance and justice. Trade: Trade was vital for the Songhai Empire since Songhai formed part of the trans-Saharan trade route. Camel caravans passing along these routes carried copper, gold, ivory, kola nuts and slaves. The goods were traded for salt, embroidered cloth, silver and glassware. Gaining the control of Timbuktu and Djenné bought great wealth to the Songhai Empire. Control of the Niger River meant that the Songhai could control both the river and coastal trade. Rulers establishing trade relations with both Muslim and non-Muslim areas. Education and Learning: Timbuktu became one of the most important centres of learning in the world. Home to mud-built mosques and universities. Origin of the now famous Timbuktu manuscripts which contain information on many subjects. e.g. mathematics, geography and astronomy. Far more advanced than any European knowledge at the time. Sankore Mosque and University focused on Islamic studies. Role of women: Traditional to a large extent. Expected to run household and work in the ﬁelds. Infertility considered a disgrace.

Detailed descriptions of the city of Timbuktu were written by Leo Africanus in his book The History and Description of Africa (1526).

Section

The World in the 1600s Ÿ

Mughal Empire established in India.

Mughals (Mongols) were a prominent Muslim family who came from Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA (1526 - 1858)

Achievements of the Mughal Empire When did the Mughal Empire became powerful? The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur. Babur was known as ‘The Tiger’. Babur ruled over a small kingdom in Turkestan. Babur was known for energy, ability and sensitivity. 1504 conquered Afghanistan, by 1526 conquered Delhi in India. Used cannons and guns which Indian army did not have. By 1530 had conquered most of northern India. 1555: Humayun became ruler. His was a short and disastrous rule. 1556: Akbar became ruler. It was under Akbar that the Empire reached its greatest heights. Ÿ

Extended kingdom further but also practised religious tolerance, which won over the Hindu populations he ruled. Encouraged art and literature.

1605: Jahangir became ruler. Reinstated Islam as a state religion, but maintained religious tolerance towards Hindus. 1627: Jahan became ruler. He ruled until he was imprisoned by his own son, Aurangzeb. 1658: Aurangzeb became ruler. Ÿ

Extended empire though military conquest.

Unpopular as he ended religious tolerance. Burnt many Hindu temples and reinstated jizya.

Army became undisciplined and untrained.

Aurangzeb died in 1707: Empire was large and difﬁcult to control. British East India Company gradually increased control. Unsuccessful Sepoy Rebellion crushed by 1857. Britain took control of India until 1947.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Government was at its best under Akbar: Ÿ

Civil service highly efﬁcient.

Abolished jizya (tax for non- Muslims).

Large numbers of were Hindus appointed to civil service.

Fair and effective reforms for peasants.

Appointed zamindars (loyal landlords) to collect taxes.

Allowed Hindus to remain under their own laws.

Trade: People always wanted the spices and silks from India. Mughal Empire had access to ports on the Indian coast as well as access to the inland trading routes in the north. For example, The Great Silk Road. Set up routes for camel caravans, and included inns and hospitals. Allowed the Portuguese, Dutch, British and French to establish trading posts in Empire. No heavy taxes were imposed on traders, so trade ﬂourished. Astronomy: Combined Islamic observation techniques with ancient Hindu mathematical skills. (Hindu mathematicians used zeros and a decimal system). Observatories (known as Jantar Mantars) were built. Celestial globe: Seamless globe cast from one piece of metal on which the positions of the planets and stars were mapped. Architecture: Beautiful buildings were created to show the splendour and power of the Empire. Combination of Indian and Persian features. e.g. Taj Mahal, Humayun's Mausoleum. Women: Aristocratic women were better educated than their lower class counterparts. Lower class women were still kept in traditional roles in a patriarchal society. Practice of sati still used – widow must be burnt with deceased husband. ©All rights reserved

Section

The World in the 1600s Empire/Dynasty Ming Dynasty ('brilliant') China Signiﬁcant leaders: Hongwu (Hung-wu)

When? 1368 – 1644 (276 years) Began after Songhai, before Mughal. Ended after Songhai but before Mughal.

Yongle (Yung-lo) Songhai Empire West Africa Signiﬁcant leaders: Sonni Ali Askia Muhammad

1340 – 1591 (251 years) Began before either Ming or Mughal. Ended before either Ming or Mughal ended.

Mughal Empire

1526 – 1858

India

(332 years)

Signiﬁcant leaders:

At its peak while others starting to fade.

Babur- the founder of the empire Akbar

COMPARING THE THREE EMPIRES

Achievements

Trading partners

1. Good government. 2. Trade. 3. Exploration and discoveries of Zheng He. 4. Ship building and navigation (junks and magnetic compass). 5. Great Wall of China, Forbidden City. Grand Canal. 8. Ming pottery. 9. Produced encyclopaedia.

Portuguese Spanish Dutch Japanese

1. Good government. 2. Good trade: control of trans-Saharan trade route and trade along Niger river. 3. Capture of Timbuktu and Djenné. 3. Strong army and navy. 4. Timbuktu established as centre of learning. 5. Mud architecture.

Trans-Saharan trade route: traded with European traders and Arabs.

1. Expansion of territory. 2. Establishing a kingdom in which Muslims and Hindus could live in peace together. 3. Control of important trade routes. 4. Astronomy. 5. Indian/Persian blend of magniﬁcent architecture.

Traded with Dutch, Portuguese, British French, and Arab camel caravans.

Role of Women Many women in traditional roles. Some women achieved high levels of education.

Why did the Empire decline? Empire turned inwards. China hit by drought and famine. Long wars with Mongols.

Women writers and artists. Sold: silk, porcelain

High ranking women ofﬁcers Japan attacked coastal cities. in army.

Bought: silver

Sold: gold, copper, books, slaves, ivory

Many women in traditional roles. Great value put on fertility. But Queen Amina did rule a city.

Decline of inland trade. People angry at leaders for becoming involved in slave trading. Army grew weak. Moroccans determined to seize control of gold trade.

Bought: salt Better lives for wealthier women.

Access to coastal trade and inland routes.

Poorer women still in traditional roles. Married young.

Sold: spices and silks

'History of Humayun' written by woman in 1545.

Bought: gold and silver

1658 Arangzeb restarts persecution of Hindu. Division within empire. Mughal army allowed to become ill-disciplined. Increasing power and inﬂuence of BEIC. Crushed Sepoy Rebellion of 1857 and took full control.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Section

The World in the 1600s

EUROPE IN THE 14th AND EARLY 15th CENTURIES (1300s - 1450)

Time period known as the Middle Ages.

Europe less technologically advanced than China or India.

Europe consisted of several feudal states, which were often at war with one another.

Strong loyalty to Catholic Church and The Pope.

Bubonic Plague or Black Death Caused by ﬂeas carried by rats. Rats came to Europe aboard the merchant ships from China and Asia. The plague ﬁrst broke out in Europe, in the Italian port of Genoa in 1348.

Feudal society

a society in which people are divided into classes according to their wealth and power. Wealth and power is based on land ownership.

King: autocratic ruler. Ruled by Divine Right. Owned all the land.

Power and wealth decreased with each level.

Nobles Given land 'ﬁefs' by the King in exchange for loyalty. Nobles fought for the King in times of war.

Plague doctor in mask

Medieval medical knowledge insufﬁcient to provide cure. Wiped out one third of the population of Europe.

The effects of the Plague:

Vassals and Knights Allocated land by the nobles. Knights served as army in time of war. Vassals farmed own land with peasant labour.

Small class of merchants and craftsmen

Peasants: worked on nobles' and knights' lands. Paid feudal dues as well as taxes to king. Lived in villages in wooden or straw huts.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Symptoms of the disease High fever and vomiting Purple swellings under the armpits and in the groin. Died within a week. Highly contagious. Dead bodies infectious.

Decline in agricultural output since no labourers.

Remaining labourers able to charge better rates for their services and demand better working conditions as now in demand. Start of many peasants revolts.

Economy suffered as less economic activity and trading took place.

Fewer taxes collected as population decreased.

Shortage of skilled workers delayed development.

Anger at the Church which could not save its people.

People moving away from own land or town in search of plaguefree areas.

Section

The World in the 1600s

How did the growth of trade transform European society?

During the 15th century (late Middle Ages), Europe began to recover and change. Ÿ

CHANGES IN EUROPE IN THE LATE 15th AND 16th CENTURIES

Countries moved away from feudalism and began developing strong political nations under the leadership of strong monarchs: France: King Louis XVI, England: King Henry VII, Spain: Isabella I and Ferdinand II.

Trade allowed people to break out of feudalism mould.

Gave people new opportunities and encouraged creativity and innovation.

Growth of national identity.

People interested in goods from afar, which increased their curiosity about their world.

Merchants returned not only with new goods but with new ideas and experiences.

Wealthy trading families had the money to support artists and inventors.

People less insular – not as trusting of the narrow teachings of the Catholic Church. Wanted to be able to read Scripture for themselves and to explore new ideas.

Growth of trade: Ÿ

Rise in temperature – better crop yields.

Invention of the horse shoe meant horses could work for longer.

Interest in trade grew as there were now excess crops to trade.

People believed they were no longer 'stuck' in their feudal roles.

Development of new middle classes: Ÿ

Bankers, doctors, shop owners and traders (no feudal roles).

Wanted to improve the standard of their own lives.

Worked hard to make proﬁts and enjoyed buying the goods which these proﬁts could buy.

Birth of consumerism: Ÿ

Desire for 'luxury' goods.

Merchants travelling beyond own towns – new experiences.

Merchants used the inland canals as means of transport.

International trade becomes popular: Ÿ

Increase in sea trade.

Goods coming into Europe from China, Asia and the new Americas.

Trade in Europe controlled by Hanseatic League: Renaissance fresco in Vatican museums

Hanseatic League was an economic association between member cities and guilds.

Dominated trade from Baltic to North Sea.

These conditions lead to the Renaissance.

Protected member ships from pirates.

Extremely powerful and able to inﬂuence political decisions.

The inventions, ideas and discoveries of the Renaissance would result in Europe becoming the most powerful region in the world.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Section

The World in the 1600s

THE RENAISSANCE nce The Renaissa e completed th n of the transformatio Europe from countries of nd backwards a feudal undeveloped thriving, societies into successful wealthy and rs. global powe

Renaissance:

A French word meaning Rebirth.

The time period in Europe when there was a renewed interest in learning.

People revived the knowledge acquired by the Greeks and Romans, and using new technology, developed this further.

The Philosophy of Humanism

The Medieval Church taught man that he was a worthless sinner. In contrast, humanism taught:

Mathematics, Science and Astronomy

Mankind was a creation of God, and as such had great worth and beauty.

Studies of anatomy led to much wider medical knowledge and a scientiﬁc understanding of the human body.

Mankind should enjoy the beauty of this world and take an interest in his natural world.

Introduction of Scientiﬁc Methods: Proving theories by using carefully controlled experiments.

Mankind should enjoy knowledge and education.

Nicolaus Copernicus: Determined that the sun was the centre of the universe (this theory did not go down well with the Catholic Church who believed that the Pope on Earth must be at the centre.)

Galileo Galilei: Invented the telescope, and conﬁrmed theories of Copernicus. He was harshly persecuted by the Catholic Church.

Changes in Art

The invention of the printing press 1440: Johan Gutenberg invented a printing press, which used moveable type. The ﬁrst book was mass produced – The Bible. Books were translated and printed in people's own languages. Books enabled Renaissance ideas to spread.

An emphasis on the human form. Bodies painted as realistically as possible. Moved away from the ﬂat 2D art of the Middle Ages. Ÿ

New techniques: perspective, depth, light and shade.

Use of oil paints.

Famous artists; Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa, The Last Supper. Michelangelo Buonarroti: The Sistine Chapel, Sculptures e.g. The David.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Section

The World in the 1600s

TERMINOLOGY

Autocractic ruler: A person who rules with total power.

Golden Age: A term used to describe a time period during which an empire or country was at its best.

BEIC: British East India Company. The British trading company which controlled trade from Britain to the Indies.

Hanseatic League: A commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns. It dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe between 1400 and 1800.

Black Death: Name given to the Bubonic Plague, as victims developed large purplish, black swellings on their bodies before they died.

Heresy: Spreading ideas which contradict the teachings of the Catholic Church. Heretics could be burned at the stake.

Bubonic Plague: Highly contagious disease spread by ﬂeas. Caravans: Groups of travellers and traders travelling together across the land. Used camels as their pack animals.

Humanism: Doctrine which taught that humanity was essentially good. The doctrine emphasised human achievements, value and beauty. Insular: Concerned only with oneself and one's immediate surroundings. Mausoleum: A large burial chamber usually situated above ground. The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum. Middle Ages: The period of European history from 1000 to 1453. Things from this time period are described as being 'mediaeval'.

Catholic Church: Christian Church under the authority of the Pope. Chinese junk: Early Chinese sailing ship. The junks had rectangular sails and a rudder. These junks made exploration possible. Consumerism: The belief that it is good for people to spend a lot of money on goods and services.

Middle Class: The class of society which was made up of professional and business workers. Renaissance: The word used to describe the period of rebirth and new development in Europe, during the 15th and 16th centuries.

Divine Right: A King who ruled by Divine Right believed that he had been appointed as King by God.

Sepoy: An Indian soldier serving under the British.

Dynasty: A line of rulers from the same family.

Sati: (also spelled suttee). A Hindu funeral custom in which a widow was expected to throw herself on her deceased husband's pyre.

Empire: A group of countries or territories under the control of one ruler.

Timbuktu manuscripts: A large number of historically important manuscripts. Some of these date as far back as the 13th century.

Emperor: The ruler of an empire.

Trans-Saharan trade route: A 2400 kilometre route which linked Arab traders from North Africa to the people of the West Africa. The route was extremely difﬁcult to travel as it crossed the enormous Sahara desert. This route was the 'lifeblood' of the Songhai and Mali kingdoms.

Feudal system: A hierarchy in which social classes are determined by the ownership of land. Fief: A portion of land allocated by a King to a Noble. Forbidden City: Huge Palace complex built as Royal residence in Beijing, China. Ordinary people were not allowed to enter this complex.

Tribute: Payment made by a weaker state to a stronger one.

Great Wall of China: A wall which stretches over 8 000 kilometres from east to west. Built to protect the border of China. Top Dog Concise History - Grade 10

Vassal: A person in a feudal system who was granted the use of a piece of land in exchange for loyalty or military service to a Lord or Noble.

Top Dog Concise History Grade 10 is an essential summary of the entire Grade 10 History syllabus, conveniently condensed into 47 easy-to-study pages.

Concise History covers six sections: Ÿ The World in the 1600s Ÿ European expansion and conquest during the 15th to the Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

18th centuries The French Revolution Transformation in southern Africa after 1750 Colonial Expansion after 1750 The South African War

The Concise History Grade 10 guide: Is Independent Schools, NSC and SACAI aligned Is a clear concise summary of the most important facts Is colour-coded into sections for easy reference Uses colour, images and mnemonics to help the student quickly review and retain the information Ÿ Has a terminology list for each section Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Other guides in our Concise History range:

Top Dog Concise History Essential Skills Grades 10, 11, 12

Top Dog Concise History Grade 11

Top Dog Concise History Grade 12