Top Dog Concise History Grade 11 Study Guide Preview by Top Dog Education

Top Dog

Concise History

Independent Schools, NSC and SACAI aligned

GRADE 11

Compiled by: Frances Pallett

Material produced by: Top Dog Education 105 Corlett Drive Melrose 2196 To order material, contact: studyguides@mytopdog.co.za While every effort has been made to contact copyright holders of material used in this book, this has not always been possible. Copyright holders are requested to contact Top Dog Education where formal permission has not been obtained.

It is illegal to photocopy any part of this book without the written permission of Top Dog Education. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from Top Dog Education.

This study guide has been produced and designed independently by Top Dog Internet Sales (Pty) Ltd to assist students following the Grade 11 History (IEB, NSC, SACAI) syllabus. Compiled by: Frances Pallett Edited by: Tarren Bolton

Top Dog is a world-class e-learning platform that provides educational resources across Grades 4 to 12. Our Top Dog content is created by our team of handpicked teachers and educational psychologists, and is fused with articial intelligence which we call adaptive learning. All our lessons are personalised to each individual learner to ensure the most efcient experience. Visit our website at: www.mytopdog.co.za, and be part of the Top Dog experience.

Design and Layout:

www.pinkpetalsdesign.co.za

Concise History

Contents Section A

Section B

Communism in Russia 1905-1940

Capitalism in the USA 1900 – 1940

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Overview of communism in Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The ideas of Karl Marx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russia in 1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The February/March revolution of 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The October/November Revolution of 1917 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How did Lenin interpret Marxism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The New Economic Policy (NEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stalinism – 'Socialism in one country'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Were Stalin's industrialisation policies successful? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stalin's political terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. 2. 3. 4.

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The boom of the 1920s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . American society in the 1920s. . . . . . . . . . The Wall Street crash and The Great Depression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. F. D. Roosevelt and The New Deal . . . . . . 6. Was the New Deal a success? . . . . . . . . . 7. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Section C

Section D

Section E

Ideas of race in the 19th and 20th centuries

Nationalism – beneﬁcial or destructive?

Apartheid South Africa 1940s to 1960s

1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Theories of Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Case Study: How did ideas of race affect the indigenous Australians? . . . . . . . 4. Case Study: How did ideas of race affect the people of Nazi Germany? . . . . . 5. The creation of a racial state . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Resistance to the Nazis and the Nuremburg Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1. 2. 3. 4.

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . African nationalism in South Africa . . . . . . Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa . . . . . Nationalism in the Middle East: The Arab-Israeli Conﬂict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Ongoing Arab-Israeli Conﬂict 1948 - 2000. 6. Nationalism and the independence of Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27 28 29 30 31

1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Segregation and the build-up to Apartheid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. The creation of the Apartheid State . . . . . . 4. Resistance of the 1950s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. Resistance of the 1960s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

36 37 38 39 40 41

33 35

Section A

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

OVERVIEW OF COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA

This section deals with the changes which occurred in Russia between 1905 and 1940:

1905

1940

Russia

USSR

1905

Russia under Tsarist rule Nicholas II Autocratic rule 'Bloody Sunday'

1917

February/March Revolution Russia under the Provisional Government October/November Revolution: Lenin ‘Peace, Land and Bread'

By the end of this section you should be able to answer the following questions:

1918

What problems was Russia facing in 1905?

Russia under Lenin

How was Nicholas II able to survive the 1905 Revolution?

How did Karl Marx deﬁne human history?

Why was there a revolution in March 1917?

What problems did the Provisional Government face?

What were the causes of the October revolution in 1917?

How did Lenin seize power in 1917?

How did Lenin implement the ideas of Marx?

What was the NEP?

Was the NEP a success?

How did Stalin come into power?

How did Stalin industrialise the USSR?

Were Stalin's industrialisation policies successful?

Were Stalin's industrialisation policies justiﬁable?

What is meant by a Cult of Personality?

Change to Marxist-Leninism The Civil War War Communism and the NEP

1927 USSR under rule of Stalin

Industrialisation policies: Ÿ

Five year Plans

Collectivisation

Political terror: Ÿ

Purges and show trials

Don't forget about me…

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Section

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

THE IDEAS OF KARL MARX Marxist theory of how societies develop:

The ideas of Karl Marx (Marxism) Early society (Hunter-gatherer)

Karl Marx was a German philosopher.

His theories were explained in The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867).

Ÿ Ÿ

Egalitarian society in which everyone is equal. Communalism. Everyone works together for the good of the society.

All society is divided into classes – the 'haves' and the 'have nots'.

Surplus creates inequality and division.

Farming

Class conﬂict drives social and political change – theory of human materialism. Karl Marx

Feudalism Society now hierarchical. Power and wealth based on land ownership.

In a communist society:

Exploitation of working class (serfs).

All industry is state owned – there is no privatisation of business.

The state provides housing, healthcare, transport and education for its citizens.

There are no classes in society, all citizens are equal.

There is no unemployment in society.

Each person works according to his/her own ability for the good of the state.

Addition of new class – the bourgeoisie, or capitalists.

Trade/Industrialisation

Capitalism

BUT

The bourgeoisie own the means of production.

under the Dictatorship of the Proletariat, these ideals go hand in hand with political repression, totalitarian rule and a complete lack of the rights of the individual.

Exploitation of workers (proletariat) . Huge gap between the rich and the poor.

Proletariat revolution!

Pure Communism Final and highest stage of society.

Socialism/Early communism

All citizens supportive of socialist ideals.

The state owns the means of production. All industry is nationalised.

Dictatorship of the Proletariat is unnecessary.

Period of repression under Dictatorship of the Proletariat to prevent counter-revolution.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Section

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

RUSSIA IN 1905

In 1905, Russia was known as the 'weak giant'.

Russia was vast. Occupied ⅙ of the earth's landmass.

Industrialisation only started in late 1890s. Way behind Europe and the UK. Population of 125 million split over 56 different ethnic groups. Ruled by the Romanov Dynasty. Romanovs determined to rule country as an autocracy despite the global acceptance of democracy.

The 1905 Revolution

Causes: Long term: Poverty and hardship, lack of democracy, ineptitude of Nicholas II, terrible working conditions. Short term: Constant defeats in Sino-Russia War, Events of Bloody Sunday. What was Bloody Sunday?

3 Society arranged in strict hierarchy:

Sunday, 22 January 1905

Opponents of the Tsar

The Cadets or 'Liberals’ Upper classes who wanted Nicholas to introduce a Constitutional monarchy. (Tsar + Parliament)

Tsar Russian Orthodox Church

Socialist Revolutionaries

Army including Okhrana and Cossacks

Social Democratic Party

Direction of political power and wealth

Wanted to forcibly seize land from the upper classes.

Split into: The Bourgeoisie: Emerging industrialised middle class 89% of population

Revolt! The Proletariat Urban and rural workers

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Bolsheviks Led by Lenin. Followers of Marxist thinking. Wanted to create a revolution. Mensheviks Wanted change to socialism but without an immediate revolution.

About 200 000 workers and their families gathered outside the Winter Palace, led by Father Gapon. Fired on by the Cossacks. 130 killed and 200 wounded. Ÿ Violence spreads Ÿ Lenin and Trotsky return from exile Ÿ Formation of the Soviets Ÿ Mutiny aboard Potemkin Ÿ General strikes How does the Tsar survive? Splits opposition by offering October Manifesto and various reforms. Recalls army from Japan and uses them to crush the revolutionaries.

NB. The Tsar survives because the army remains loyal… compare this with the events of March 1917.

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

Section

THE FEBRUARY/MARCH REVOLUTION OF 1917

There are four causes of the February/March Revolution of 1917: Events of the March revolution (1917):

The Tsar's attitude to change

People realised they had been deceived by the Tsar's promises made after 1905.

May 1906 Fundamental Laws. These limited the power of the Duma and stressed that Nicholas II was still supreme ruler of Russia.

The assassination of Stolypin

Stolypin offered incentives ('carrot') but was also harsh on strikes ('stick'). Stolypin allowed the growth of the Kulaks – wealthier peasants who could opt out of the communes. He improved industry. Had plans to protect factory workers and improve education. Assassinated in 1911 – was this on the orders of the Tsar in an attempt to prevent changes?

The inﬂuence of Rasputin

The Tsarina insisted on keeping Rasputin close. Rasputin was able to stop her haemophiliac son's bleeding. As the Tsar did not publically admit to his son's haemophilia no-one could understand Rasputin's hold on the Royal family. They presumed that he was the lover of the Tsarina, which made Nicholas look like a fool. Rasputin had increasing inﬂuence over political decisions despite being a womaniser and a drunkard.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

World War 1 (1914 - 1918)

Russia ill-equipped to ﬁght in this war. Soldiers expected to ﬁght without adequate clothing and weapons. Huge losses.

1914 - 1918

Troops led by aristocratic generals who felt nothing for their troops. Tsar took personal control of the armed forces in September, 1915. Nicholas II then held personally responsible for all hardships. Tsarina's German origins resented.

7 March: Steelworkers at Putilov Steelworks (Petrograd) go on strike. 8 March: International Women's Day – Strikers are joined by thousands of women calling for the provision of bread. 9–10 March: More demonstrations/strikes – the Tsarina calls in the army. 11 March: Troops ﬁre on crowds. The Duma urges action – Tsar dissolves the Duma. 12 March: Soldiers mutiny and join riots. Soldiers and workers set up the 'Petrograd Soviet' of 2,500 elected deputies (i.e. the Tsar's government had fallen and Russia had 2 governments). 13 March: Duma sets up a 'Provisional Government', led by Kerensky. The Tsar gets on the train to Petrograd, but (on 14 March) is arrested on the way.

February /March R evolution began sp o popular re ntaneously as a volt rathe r than an organise d insurre ction. At heart of th the is unrest shortage were s of food and fue is not the sort of pla l. This revolutio nned n which L enin wan ted to happe n.

15 March: The Tsar is forced to abdicate. He abdicates in favour of his brother, Michael, who refuses to accept the throne.

The Tsar cannot keep control because the army joins the revolutionaries.

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

Section

THE OCTOBER/NOVEMBER REVOLUTION OF 1917

Helpful mnemonic:

Events of the October/November Revolution

Soldiers wanted government to lose Kornilov Why was there a second revolution in Oct/Nov, 1917? Split loyalties: The majority of the workers and the soldiers followed the orders of the Petrograd Soviet rather than the orders of the Provisional Government. Continued participation in World War 1: The majority of the population wanted Russia to withdraw from the war, which was causing food shortages and misery. The Provisional Government was determined to stay true to her alliance with France and Britain. Government indecisive: The Provisional Government wanted to wait until a new, democratically elected government was in place. This new government could then implement change. Sent troops to crush peasants who were seizing land for themselves. Lenin's 'April Theses' seemed to be offering the people exactly what they wanted. “Peace, Land and Bread”, “All power to the Soviets”. Kornilov staged a right-wing coup. The Provisional Government were forced to turn to the Bolsheviks' Red Army for help. Showed weakness of Provisional Government.

6 November: The Red Guards, under the leadership of Trotsky, took control of post ofﬁces, bridges and the State Bank.

It was c alle in reality d a revolution, but the oppositio re was very litt le n to the Bolshev takeove ik r. The B olshevik were su s pported b y at leas half the army as t we sailors o f Kronsta ll as the and Tro dt. Lenin tsky see med far capable more of runnin g the country than Ke rensky.

7 November: The Red Guards took over train stations. That evening, they stormed the Winter Palace and arrested the ministers of the Provisional Government.

8 November: Petrograd Soviet announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown. Lenin quickly consolidates power: Ÿ

Sets up Council of People's Commissars.

First decree: Russia will seek peace with Germany.

Tsar's and Church's land reallocated to peasants.

Factories and industries are put in the hands of the workers.

Held free elections: when Bolsheviks did not get majority, Lenin shut down the Assembly and established a Dictatorship of the proletariat.

Democracy lasts for less than 24 hours: i.e. have traded in one form of autocratic rule for another!

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Section

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

HOW DID LENIN INTERPRET MARXISM? (MARXIST – LENINISM)

The Civil War 1918 – 1921

Marxist-Leninism:

Whites vs. Reds

The ideals of Marx adapted for the realities of Russia

Whites: Groups who opposed the Communist Party dictatorship. The Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist Party. They believed the Party must keep strict control to implement changes and to prevent counter-revolution.

The masses need a strong, intelligent leader to speak for them

Reds:

Communist forces led by Trotsky.

Why did the Reds win this war? Trotsky was a brilliant military leader. Reds were determined to win. If they lost, their whole revolution would have been for nothing.

Russia becomes a totalitarian state; a state in which one party has total control. All other political activity is banned.

The Reds had control of the strategic cities and railways. The policy of War Communism kept both the army and the people fed. (Learnt from the lessons of World War 1). Used propaganda to spread the fear of foreign interference in Russia. Used terror to keep their people loyal.

Reforms/Improvements

Repressive measures

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Peace with Germany. Terms of the treaty were harsh but Lenin has kept his promise.

Loss of industrial land in terms of Brest-Litovsk makes Russia's economy even weaker.

Redistribution of land: Private ownership of land was abolished.

Bans all opposition.

War Communism: The harsh economic measures the Bolsheviks adopted during the Civil War. These aimed to:

Censorship introduced.

Put Communist theories into practice by redistributing food.

Working conditions improved: Working day limited to 8 hours, Workers' insurance given.

Land taken without compensation.

Ensure victory in Civil war.

The Whites were not a united force. They did not share a common goal.

Divorce was now allowed. Free education introduced. Adult Literacy Programmes started. Encouraging equality for women. 1922 Russia is proclaimed as USSR.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Secret police established : CHEKA. The communist symbol represents a Workers' Revolution. The hammer represents industrial workers and the scythe represents agricultural workers.

All factories were put under strict government control. Peasants were forced to hand over surplus food, and food rationing was put in place. The policy led to victory in the war, but anger, resentment and famine among the people.

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

Section

THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)

Why was the policy introduced?

The New Economic Policy

War Communism had caused misery, famine and resentment. February, 1921: Mutiny at Kronstadt Naval Base.

Mutiny caused a lot of bloodshed but this made Lenin realise he had to change. Sailors at Kronstadt had always been among his biggest supporters – now they were turning against him. Lenin had come to power through a revolution – he could just as easily be taken out of power by a different revolution.

Lenin stressed this would be a temporary, recovery policy. He re-introduced a market economy and aspects of capitalism into the economy.

NEP

No more requisition of food. Peasants could sell surplus for proﬁt.

Different reactions to the NEP At last, Lenin has seen sense and been willing to reform. The NEP is great! No more forced requisitions as if people were slaves. Hard work is now rewarded by individual proﬁt. Our economy is recovering, we are almost back to our 1914 levels. Hooray for Lenin – he has shown us that the Communist know what they are doing.

Peasants paid tax to Government.

Supporters of Lenin.

The NEP is a complete betrayal of Marxist ideas.

Critics of Lenin.

We have re-introduced classes into our society…. We are turning back towards capitalism…. What did we ﬁght a revolution for? Lenin should be ashamed of himself!

Some peasants became wealthy: KULAKS

State Bank established, Could print notes and issue credit. Wages now paid with money not goods

Major heavy industries remain under state control but small businesses of under 20 people could now operate privately. New wealthier class: NEPMEN

Trade links established with Britain, France and Germany.

Minority groups allowed to use own language and practise own religion. E.g. Muslims

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Section

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

STALINISM – 'SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY'

1924 Lenin dies. Stalin believes in Socialism in One Country:

People expect Trotsky to become the new leader. Position instead taken by Joseph Stalin.

Will grow USSR into major world power through rapid industrialisation. The USSR will then serve as a perfect example of the beneﬁts of communism.

Achieves this by using position as General Secretary to appoint his supporters to key positions. Plays one side of the politburo against the other, until all are destroyed and he is in control!

Stalin's policies: For rapid industrialisation, Stalin needs more workers in more factories, producing more goods.

He therefore needs people to move from the countryside and become urban workers.

INDUSTRIALISATION

But if all the peasants move to the urban centres, there will be no food production in the country and the people in towns will starve.

INDUSTRIALISATION Plans drawn up by the state planning organisation, GOSPLAN Targets set for each state region mine/factory manager foreman and worker. Five-Year Plans: First Five-Year plan: 1928 - 1932. Development of heavy industry (steel, iron, coal, electricity). New industrial towns built east of the Urals. Foreign experts helping. Second Five-Year Plan: 1933 -1937. Mining of lead, tin and zinc. Huge improvements in transport and communication networks. Third Five-Year Plan: 1938. Planned to produce consumer goods but disrupted by coming of Second World War and the need to produce weapons.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Stalin must, therefore, reform the agricultural process. He needs fewer people producing more food. COLLECTIVISATION

COLLECTIVISATION Collectivisation: joint ownership of large, mechanised farms. Peasants encouraged to combine their small plots into larger, more viable Kolkhoz. The Kolkhoz would be farmed scientiﬁcally, using fertiliser and machinery. Kolkhoz would provide houses, schools, entertainment area etc. Members of Kolkhoz would be required to hand over a certain percentage of produce to state. Poorer peasants willing to do this but policy ﬁrmly resisted by Kulaks. This led to a persecution campaign against the Kulaks.

Communism in Russia 1905 - 1940

Section

WERE STALIN'S INDUSTRIALISATION POLICIES SUCCESSFUL?

SUCCESSES The Five-Year Plans

Collectivisation

Russia transformed from a backward, agricultural nation into an industrial giant and world power.

Stakhanovites showed genuine enthusiasm for work.

Russia was able to withstand the effects of the 1930 Great Depression (See Section B).

Illiteracy was eliminated by 1939.

Women had been actively encouraged to join the workforce.

Achievements included The Dnieper Dam, The Turkestan-Siberian railway line, Belomor Canal and the Moscow Underground.

FAILURES Ÿ

Very difﬁcult to know the exact amounts by which industry increased. The targets set were actually impossible to reach, and managers posted false reports to avoid punishment.

The goods produced were of poor quality.

Managers and workers were told exactly what to do – there was no opportunity for innovation or creativity.

Slave labour was used.

Labour camps (Gulags) were established to punish unsatisfactory or lazy workers.

Wages decreased.

Conditions in the new industrial towns were appalling.

Put USSR in stronger position to resist Hitler in Ww2.

Agriculture was modernised.

By 1937, 97 million tonnes of grain was produced as well as cash crops for export.

The state owned Sovkhozes (farms) failed. The state had to rely on the Kolkhoz.

Brutal persecution of Kulaks.

Communist Party increased control over the countryside.

Persecution of Kulaks led to crops being burnt and animals being slaughtered.

Stalin eliminated the Kulak class, which were a threat to his ideal socialist state.

This led to famine.

Eliminating the Kulaks meant the elimination of the most successful and talented farmers.

Top Dog Concise History - Grade 11

Should su ccess be measured in terms o f industria l achievem ent or in te rm s of human well-being ? One histo rian wrote : “Stalinism is one wa y of attaining in dustrialisa tion, just as ca nnibalism in one way o f attaining a high-prote in diet.”

Top Dog Concise History Grade 11 is an essential summary of the entire Grade 11 History syllabus, conveniently condensed into 41 easy-to-study pages.

Concise History covers ve sections: Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Communism in Russia 1905-1940 Capitalism in USA 1900 – 1940 Ideas of race in the 19th and 20th centuries Nationalism – benecial or destructive? Apartheid South Africa 1940s to 1960s

The Concise History Grade 11 guide: Is Independent Schools, NSC and SACAI aligned Is a clear concise summary of the most important facts Is colour-coded into sections for easy reference Uses colour, images and mnemonics to help the student quickly review and retain the information Ÿ Has a terminology list for each section Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ Ÿ

Other guides in our Concise History range:

Top Dog Concise History Essential Skills Grades 10, 11, 12

Top Dog Concise History Grade 10

Top Dog Concise History Grade 12