Top Dog
Concise History
Independent Schools, NSC and SACAI aligned
GRADE 12
Compiled by: Frances Pallett
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Concise History
Contents Section A
Section B
Section C
The Cold War
Independent Africa
Civil Society Protests 1950 - 1970
1. Overview of the Cold War (1945 - 1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1. Five models of government . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Overview of Civil Society protests . . . . . . . 23
2. Problems facing the independent African countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2. Women's movement in USA/UK. . . . . . . . . 24
2. Causes of the Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Women in South Africa 1950s . . . . . . . . . . 25
3. Berlin - The ‘microcosm of the Cold War’ . . 4
3. Case Study: Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4. Student protests and peace movements . . 26
4. The extension of the Cold War: Vietnam . . 5
4. Case Study: Tanzania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5. Civil Rights Movement in USA . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Containment and brinkmanship: The Cuban missile crisis, October 1962. . . 9
5. Africa and the Cold War: Angola. . . . . . . . . 19
6. The Black Power Movement, Malcolm X and the Black Panthers. . . . . . . 30
6. Independent Africa terminology . . . . . . . . . 22
6. Case Study: The role of China in the Cold War . . . . . . . 11
7. Civil Society Protests terminology . . . . . . . 31
7. The Cold War terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Section D
Section E
Section F
Civil resistance in South Africa: 1970s to 1980s
Rise of Democracy in South Africa
End of the Cold War
1. Overview of Civil Resistance in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1. The Road to Democracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2. Why was the collapse of communism a turning point for South Africa? . . . . . . . . . 48
2. Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3. Rise of Democracy terminology . . . . . . . . . 46
3. The Soweto Uprising 16 June, 1976 . . . . . 34
1. The collapse of communism in USSR . . . . 47
3. A new world order and the development of globalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4. End of the Cold War terminology . . . . . . . . 51
4. 1980s: South Africa under P.W. Botha . . . . 35 5. Internal pressures during the 1980s . . . . . . 36 6. External pressures during the 1980s . . . . . 37 7. Civil Resistance terminology . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
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Section A
The Cold War
OVERVIEW OF THE COLD WAR (1945 - 1990)
1
Competition between the Superpowers for 'spheres of influence' •
Fought during nuclear age
•
Could not risk direct military conflict
•
Fought through:
Mutually Assured Destruction USA Capitalist Democratic
Causes of the Cold War
USSR Communist Totalitarian
Proxy Wars of the Cold War
1. Underlying tensions A proxy war is a civil war fought in a third country in which the Superpowers backed opposing sides in order to gain a sphere of influence.
3. Stalin's takeover of Eastern Europe and the creation of the satellite states (1945 – 1949) 4. The 'Iron Curtain' speech (March, 1946)
1950
The War in Korea (first test of the UN)
5. The Truman Doctrine (March, 1947) The Policy of Containment
1961
The Building of the Berlin Wall
6. The Marshall Plan (1947)
1962
The Cuban Missile Crisis
7. The Berlin Blockade (1948)
1954 – 1973 The Vietnam War
8. The formation of NATO (1949) and the WARSAW PACT (1955)
1975
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
Propaganda
•
Proxy wars
•
The Arms race
•
The Space Race
The extension of the Cold War The role of China
2. The Peace Conferences after WWII i. Tehran (1943) ii. Yalta (1945) Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin iii. Potsdam (1945) Atlee, Truman, Stalin
Focus questions
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The War in Angola (sometimes dealt with in African section of syllabus)
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Who was to blame for the Cold War?
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Why was Berlin considered the 'Microcosm of the Cold War'?
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How was a small nation such as Vietnam able to defeat the USA?
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How was the Cold War influenced by China's adoption of communism in 1949?
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1949 Mao Zedong declares the People's Republic of China – China now communist. Mao Zedong introduces: Ÿ
Great Leap Forward
Ÿ
Cultural Revolution
America's worst nightmare is realised as SinoSoviet relations are strengthened. Sino-Soviet split causes both the USSR and China to turn back towards the USA. China's change to communism affects her relations with neighbouring states such as Tibet, India and Taiwan.
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Section
The Cold War
2
A
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
As you work through this information, keep asking yourself, “Which Superpower is causing the tension?”
Helpful mnemonic: (Using Perfect Summaries Is The Most Bright Notion!) 1
Underlying tensions
3
Stalin's takeover of Eastern Europe
6
1917 – Russia turned communist and pulled out of WW1, which angered Britain.
Stalin ignores Yalta Agreement. Keeps troops in occupied territories and rigs elections.
•
Communism becomes a direct threat to the existence of capitalism.
Between 1945 -1949, countries of Eastern Europe become communist, known as 'satellite states'. Watched over carefully by USSR.
•
Stalin claims this is a defensive move – he is establishing a 'buffer zone'.
2
Peace conferences
Tehran (1943): UK, USA and USSR agree that it will be the Soviets who launch an attack into Germany from the east. Implies UK/USA happy to accept Soviet supremacy in the East. Yalta (Feb, 1945): Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. i. Will divide Germany and Berlin into 4. ii. Establish UN. iii. Soviets to withdraw from occupied territories and hold free and fair elections, but USA/UK will “allow Eastern Europe to become 'sphere of Soviet influence'. Potsdam (Post-war, July 1945): Truman, Stalin, Atlee i. Formal division of German and Berlin ii. Reparations to be taken out of own zones iii. Truman aggressive – knows that USA has atom bomb.
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
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•
Churchill's Iron Curtain speech (1946)
Churchill addresses the USA audience. He warns that Soviets are aggressive (similar to Hitler?) and need to be stopped. He refers to the divide between East and West as an 'Iron curtain'.
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•
The Truman Doctrine (March, 1947)
(Political/military help) Civil war in Greece between communists and monarchists • Britain sends in help to monarchists. • 1947 Britain struggles with aftereffects of WW2 - cannot afford to support Greece, and announces end to aid. • Truman (USA) steps in and says America will “support any free people who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure.” • i.e USA will provide any type of aid needed to stop spread of communism! – Policy of Containment.
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The Marshall Plan (1948) (Economic help) Post-war Europe in economic mess. This will affect the economy of USA as it will prevent trade. Poorer counties are always more likely to be willing to adopt communism. General Marshall (USA Secretary of State) appeals to US Congress to supply financial aid to Europe. Congress reluctant but persuaded when Czechoslovakia falls under communist control. USA allocates 17 billion dollars for European recovery. Stalin furious, calls this 'dollar diplomacy'.
The Berlin Blockade (1948)
Western countries use Marshall Aid to rebuild their zones of Berlin. 1948 Western powers combine their zones of Germany to speed up economic recovery. Western zones introduce new currency - Deutschmarks. Stalin furious! Imposes blockade. Cuts off land routes from West Germany to West Berlin for 11 months. Allies organise an airlift to bring supplies to West Berlin.
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NATO (1949)
West see USSR as an enemy and forms a military alliance called NATO.
Joseph Stalin 3
Section
The Cold War
?
A
BERLIN - THE 'MICROCOSM OF THE COLD WAR'
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What is a microcosm? A community, place, or situation regarded as encapsulating in miniature the characteristics of something much larger.
Berlin represented the whole of the Cold War Division of Germany
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Berlin was the one place where capitalism and communism were forced to exist side by side.
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Ever since Berlin was split (Potsdam 1945) the Soviets wanted the Western powers out of Berlin. This made the Western powers determined to stay in Berlin in order to have an eye in the Soviet zone. (NB - All territory around Berlin is Soviet controlled).
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Nikita Khrushchev has been quoted as saying, “Berlin is the testicles of the West, every time I want the West to scream, I squeeze on Berlin.” (Nikita Khrushchev, 1962).
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Berlin often becomes the focal point of Cold War tension.
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Other Cold War issues always have the question behind them “Is this the USSR's way of trying to force the West out of Berlin?”
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2
1948: The Berlin Blockade
1953: Workers riot in East Berlin
Stalin dies. People of East Berlin wonder if this is the time to try and get more freedom. When East German government tries to boost economy by increasing worker hours but freezing wages, demonstrations erupt. These are shot down by Soviet tanks.
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
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1958 – 1959: Khrushchev demands handover of West Berlin
Khrushchev takes over power in the USSR. Seems to be a 'thaw' in Cold war as Khrushchev not as much of a hardliner as Stalin. Khrushchev calls for a policy of peaceful coexistence but feels Berlin is a stumbling block. Demands that West recognise the German Democratic Republic as a legitimate country. Demands that West hands over West Berlin by 1959 or face another blockade. West stays firm but not aggressive – crisis passes with no changes made to Berlin.
4
Division of Berlin
1961: The Berlin Wall
GDR facing economic crisis. Bright, young, skilled East Berliners flock to West Berlin. This 'brain drain' hurts the economy and makes communism look bad. Between 1945 and 1961 over 2 million people have left East Germany, most of them through Berlin. August, 1961, East German police and army start to seal off East Berlin. Barriers firmly on Eastern Berlin and GDR soil so cannot be seen as aggressive. Claiming the barrier or wall is an “anti-fascist protection barrier.” Over the years, wall becomes increasingly sophisticated. Many East Germans lose their lives trying to escape over the Wall. In 1963 Kennedy visits West Berlin and assures West Berliners that they will always be supported by Western world, “Ich bin ein Berliner!” Wall stands for 28 years.
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Section
The Cold War CASE STUDY
4
A
THE EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: VIETNAM
How was a small country like Vietnam able to win a war against the USA (1954 to 1975) Background to the Vietnam War
Vietnam 1940 - 1954 •
At the beginning of World War II, Vietnam was under French control. Vietnam was known as Indochina. Vietnam had good resources such as coal, rice, rubber, roads and railways.
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During World War II, Germany defeated France.
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Germany handed control of Vietnam over to her ally, Japan.
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The Vietnamese people resented being under Japanese control and formed a resistance movement.
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This resistance movement was called the Viet Minh and was under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh, a nationalist drawn towards communism.
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1945: As World War II ended and Japan was forced to surrender, the Viet Minh marched into the capital city, Hanoi and proclaimed Vietnamese independence.
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France was unhappy and wanted to regain control of Vietnam.
The Geneva Conference •
1946 France went to war against the Viet Minh.
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America supported Viet Minh as she was against old fashioned French colonialism.
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However, in 1949 China became communist. China then offered support to the Viet Minh.
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USA immediately switched her allegiance and supported the French. - This has now become a Policy of Containment issue - prevent the spread of communism. - America provided $15 million a year to the French. - USA helped France setup a non-communist government in the South.
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War drags on from 1946 to 1954.
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French defeated by Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu, 1954.
The lesson which should have been learnt here is that a smaller state which uses effective leadership, the right tactics (guerilla warfare in this case) and sheer determination, can against all odds, defeat a rich European state!
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
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Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (non-communist) along the 17th parallel. It was decided that elections would be held within two years in order to reunite the country under one government.
17th parallel
The 17th parallel (the 17th line of latitude).
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Section
The Cold War
7
A
TERMINOLOGY
Arms Race: Competition between USSR and USA to see who could develop the largest, most powerful nuclear weapons. ARVN: The army of the Republic of Vietnam. The Vietnamese who fought alongside the US soldiers. Bizonia: January 1947, Britain and the USA joined their two zones of occupation in Germany together. They called the new zone Bizonia ('two zones'). France joined soon afterwards to create 'Trizonia'. Buffer: The ring of countries (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria) around Russia's borders to protect Russia from direct invasion from Germany. Capitalism: Economic system which encourages private ownership of business.
Iron Curtain: Ideological divide between the capitalist countries of West Europe and the communist, countries of East Europe. Kennedy: J. F Kennedy. President of USA involved in Cuban Missile crisis. Khrushchev: Leader of USSR involved in Cuban missile crisis. Lyndon Johnson: USA President after Kennedy. Blamed for Vietnam. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD): The thing that led to the particular nature of the Cold War as a war without direct ďŹ ghting - both sides had so many nuclear weapons that each together ('mutually') were sure ('assured') to be destroyed in a nuclear war. Marshall Aid: USA Economic recovery plan for war torn Europe. NATO: In 1949, the western Allies set up NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) as a defensive alliance against Russia. NATO countries surrounded Russia. PLA: People's Liberation Army.
CCP: Chinese Communist Party. Communism: Economic system in which the means of production are owned by the state. Cult of Personality: Encouraging people to worship the leader as a 'supreme being'. Containment: USA policy aimed at preventing the spread of communism. Declaration of Liberated Europe: A joint declaration made by the Big Three at Yalta, promising to help the freed peoples of Europe to set up democratic and self-governing countries by helping them to (a) maintain law and order; (b) carry out emergency relief measures; (c) set up governments; and (d) hold elections. Democracy: A system through which the government is elected by the people. One man, One vote.
Top Dog Concise History - Grade 12
GDR: German Democratic Republic. Name given to Soviet zone of Germany.
Salami tactics: Name given to the measures through which Stalin gained control of the countries of Eastern Europe (satellite states). Space race: Competition between USSR and USA to see who could develop satellite technology. Totalitarianism: One party state. Truman Doctrine: USA policy stating that USA would help any country resist a communist takeover. Vietminh: Resistance group formed in North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh. Vietcong: Resistance group formed in South Vietnam in opposition to corrupt government set up by the USA. Warsaw Pact: The alliance of eight communist eastern European countries (USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania).
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