(D6 thi hoc sinh gi6i todn qudc ldp 12 nenl hqc 1999 cd Ian vua Phd chm tay M6-da vdi thtti gian Tntdc khi chdt ti6u bidu cho c6i ;;;;;;,:t; ti6u bidu cho trat td' ngut'i aiu nau tna ":":::"J."u: Cd 16 lrdi nrai vb sau, chung Lcvitan' nl.t mu;i:"rtlT
il
;n.
1994).
Md
Y:::)li:
"ffi ,-ui,o"t
"i^*, Hln Mac Trlt, rnOt mira xuan mir khong sec sd' urdu sic d''rqm ti'a^ ao, io ;;';;* cluydn d6ng rdt Vi6t Nam' r"t"U" *0, tr (Trich bdi lhd Mita r'u6'tu chin) - hgc sinh trr'rdng PTTH (Bdi cira Nguy6n Thi Thu Cric Qu6c hoc Hu6) tho Ong db cin Vf Dinh Li6n' DD 1I: Phdn tich bdi l6p 12 n6m hqc 1989 (Db thi hqc sinh gi6i to'rn qu6c 1990).
| *o Goc:
urr, T6i nhd mai cau
n<!i cira hqa
si
Hi
Lan' Van
-
ldng y6u qtiy con nghQ thuQt hdn ban than "Kh6ng cci gi "tna" chan h cria ri cia.c,uf:c s6ng vir cring ld .r";;' ;"0 ra dtrn! tnl nel Ut tho ca Cho d6n khi doc nn'rng :l^:-l"-:t bao cAm nhin sAu sac hdn Ua O*n Li6n' t6i l4i cdng "0" xanh tudi dY: iu "frun li vinh ctu va "M6i nam hoa diro nd '" Hbn d dau baY gidt' - Tdi'ng phd th6ng (Bdi cta D6 Thi Khanh Phudng Phirng - gi6i nhi) ,rt)l"* i* tat Ph6' Hei d6 c'ua Nguyen lfi J ,u, \re bei thd cu6c chia Ji m'd'u
.-'
96
biri:
KhOng hidu sao, t6i yeu cAi "mdu d6- dy ddn th6 Crii mAu dd chcJi chang, ruc rd, cdi mdu d6 dim th6m, diu ddng,
;ll";'li:;Jf;;
Ji,,r"* ""' Khuv6n trons thd Nguv€n 'i -il'.;;:;"
-
cdl miu d6 "nhu cdi urAu d6 Ily" trong CuAc chia li ntdu dd cta Nguy6n Ml - nhn thd qud c6 Trong cuQc sdng, cd bidt bao diEu ta neng niu qui trgng, you mou, llqn rdt yOu brlc phir di6u t?c chan dung mot vi thhn cong ll, cbn ngrrdi kh6c I4i rung dong bdi n6t nh4c diu nhqr t.hidt tha cta S6panh, ve ngudi thrl ba lai y6u bfc hpn r:rlnh ritng tio xgc nhrt hi6n ra tr{6c mit ta trong "mlA thu vAng' crla Lcvitan nhr:ng cci 16 ri6ng t6i, c6i mi tOl yCu nhdt dd ld nhirng vhn tho ccj "cdi rueu d6 dy'.. C<i thd hlc dbu dd chi le n6t tinh y6u dhy cAur tinh. Nhrrng dhn dltn, c6i cAm tinh dy mdt di vir nhudng ch6 cho mdt cdi gl dd cao quj l5m. Md chinh tOi khong dinh nghia ndi' T6i mudn c6c ban cing t6i y6u bdi thd dy ve mdu d6 6y Cu6c chia li ntiru dd - (Bdi crla Wgrrvanlpt uong Lan - Trudng phd thdng trung hqc Ly Thudng Kiet - He NOi, giei nhdt) D) IV: Binh gi&i cau: "Cgn dAn.r kh6ng crl ld coi khinh crii chdt dd benh vric dbng lo4i, bAo v€ gia dinh, Td qu6c. Thudng cd thf can dem cao hdn: DE xrrdng nhfing td tudng khong ai mudn hidu, phrit huy €han dddi m6t hinh thrlc crrc tlon giAn, lan t6a 6nh s6ng d nhfing ch6 md mit tdi tAn"
Md bdi: "'lh6i ddi chi bidt ng di can ddm l?r ngvdi cci gan ddm nhdy vAo Lla ncing, nd6c sau, cfu vdt k6 mAc n?n, hay dd mdu ch6n sa ti'udng gin git ddt nrr6c, chdng vdi quan cddng dich. Hidu nhrr vay c0ng hoi thidn cAn. Ta hay xdt: Ngudi hi sinh tU do tinh mQnh dd ldm thing mdt chdn li hay it ra di6u ho nhdn ld chdn li, ngudi cA gan coi thudng nhtng ldi ti6u ma, tu dat minh ra ngoei xa hdi dd tuyOn dddng m6t td tudng n,di, ngrrdi nhan nai 6'm thhn lem dnh sdng soi rgi vdo bi6t bao tdm hbn den kit... PhAi, phei, ta hey x6t nhtng ngudi nhd th6 cci d6ng ggi ld can dinl hay khdng? ('|rich Lud.n uan thi phqnl - Nghi6m Toan - tr. 43) NXB The gidi. HN . 1950) ' Di V: Nhing e-n tddng sdu s6c nhdt cta anh (chi) ve hinh trrong nguiti ndng dAn trong van hgc hiQn thrrc pho ph6n Vi6t Nam giai doan 1930 - 1945. (Db thi hoc sinh gi6i ven ldp 12 ph6' thdng trung hoc tinh NghQ Tinh - 1988) Md bdi: nhiing tdc phdm vin hgc dgc xong gdp srich lai ld ta quen ngay, cho d6n hic cam hi ta mdi chgt nhd Id nrinh da doc rbi. Nhung cring c<i nhtlng cudn s6ch nhrr ddng sdng chriy qua tAm hbn ta d6' lai nhtng dn trrong khic ch4m trong tam khim. Hinh Anh ngudi ndng ddn trong van hoc hiCn thttc phe ph6n Vi6t nam 1930-1945 ldm ta kh6ng thd quen dugc, nci cll rim Anh deo dudi ta mii. (Bdi cia Trhn Thi Ngoc Hoa, Trrrdng phd th6ng trung hgc Phan BQi Chdu NghQ TSnh - giAi nhdt), Cci
98
].
KET tsAI I{AY
S6ch
Ldal
12 d,o girio srr Trdn Dinh Srl chrl bi6n, NhA xudt bAn Gi4o Duc dn hdnh nam 1992 d6 vi€.t r{t 16 vb vdn db nAy. Tir nguydn t6c kdt bAi ctdn crich kdr bAi. Thco cu6n s{ch, nguryan tuc hdt biti ld : thd hi6n d6ng quan dldnr de trlnh bdy d phiin thdn bii, chi n€u nhrrng 5r khrii qudt, cd tlnh tdng kdt, d:inh giti. Khong lan man hay lap Irli cg thd nhfing gi da rr.inh bdy d thAn bdi hoec lap nguycn von ldi 16 d md bdi. V6 cd.clt hdt bdi, cdc t6c gia gi6i thi6u
4
udn
cd.clr:
Tht nhdt: tcirr ludc (tdn t6t quan didm, n6i dung da nou d thAn bei). Tlttl
hai: phdl
trian rni,i
r.6ng thdnt vAn dO daL
ra
rr.ong
db bdi)
Thi ba: vin dung (n6u phuong hrrdng, bdi hoc 6p dung phdt huy hay khric phuc vdn d6 n6u trong bii vnn). TlLft tx: li6']. tddng (nddn y ki6n tddng td _ nhirng i ki6n cci uy tin - dd thay cho ldi t<im t6t cta ngudi lanr bni)
Dri ld nhirng nguyOn tic vd c6ch thfc cri tinh gi6o khoa trtd bdt ki ngrrdi hoc sinh ndo cfng nOn ghi nh6, r6n luy6n dd cd thd viSt phdn kdt bdi cta m6t bai vAn. N6m vrlng nguy0n tdc, thuhn thuc c:lch ker bdi nhu sdch da n6u, ch{ic chAn ban sd thdc hion phhn kdt bii "nhe nhdng,,. Tly nhi6n nhu chung tdi da dai vdn di! tir ,'dring,, d6n "hay' ld mft hhoAng crich. Vdy th6 nio la m6t k6t bdi hay? Crich k6t bdi thd nAo cho hay? MOt k6r bei hay trddc hdt phAi la nr6t k6t bdi dring. D[ng nguy€n tdc, dring crich. Cho n6n dd :d mOt k6t bai
hay bqn phAi
.
tii
cdi nen co bAn "d0ng" dy md di l6n.
a) Kdt theo l6i 'didm nhdn" DAy lA ceu chuyQn "didur nhin" cho rbng theo nguydn tAc h6i hoa phudng Dong. Ngudi hqa si v€ drlng, ngudi xenl vin nhAn ra drtgc day ld con rbng, song khi 6ng ta "didm nhan" (v€ mlt) thi con rbng s6ng d6ng hln l€n. Xin gidi thi€u v6i oic em vni kidu kdt bdi khi phdn tich bai thd Ong db dd cac em so s6nh ldm rd nhing diEu vira trlnh bdy. KAt bd.i 1: Cirng vdi cac nhe thd kh6c trong phong trdo Tho mdi, Vu Dlnh Li6n vir bAi Lhd dnE db crla mlnh da d<ing g<5p mot gigng diQu thd m6i md, dby khdi s{c, ddng g<!p cho ddi mQt cdch nhen thfc, cdch hidu bidt vi nr6t th6i do, mot nhen sinh quan m6i md, mang gi6 tri nhan dao vA y nghia nhdn bin siu sic... (Bii hoc sinh - din theo 30 bAi tuydn chgn LAnr vin I6p 10, l1). K€t biti 2: 6ng db cira Vrl Dinh Li€n quA la nrdt giot nudc trong bidn cA, ld nlot n6t ddn so nhd bd tru6c bao nhi€u thdnh tdu l6n lao cria ven hqc th6' gidi vir van hoc nttdc nhe. Nhrrng ddu hba trong m6t bi€'n, 'gigt nu6c" cia nhA tho Vti Dinh Li6n vAn m{n md nbng th5.m, vdn 5m vang nhip dap thriy triEu... bAi tho ncii vb s6 ph{n con ng:rrdi, bii tho nh{c nhd'ta trong c6ng cuQc ddi thay to l6n ngiy nay hAy gln git con ngubi, girl gln tinh thudng va nhdng gi6 tri dep d€ cta con ngudi dd kh6ng bao gid phAi x<it xa vi luydn ti&. (Din theo phln Ph4 lzc cria sdch) R6 rAng k6t bei 1 chl ditng lai d ph4m tru d[ng, con
k(tt hni 2, n13tati vi("t dn c<i y thrlc "trang s(c, didm nhen liri vrln r:tll nrlnh tit cdch dirng hinh Anh" giot nrldc rutn, n0ng th{ur, Am vang nhip dap thriy triEu' d6n dirng Lir ngrl dd chl cat than cria bari thd: "Mdt ndt ddn sd nhd M" d6n cdi tlnh ngrrdi vi6t cd dudc do nghi suy, cem xdc ntA nAy sinh, drroc diSn dat beng mdt giong truyEn cAm; "BAi thd,.. srit xa vA luydh ti€'c".
c:hrr
b) KCt biti theo l6i binh IuQn md frng ud nang cao. Xin n6u ba dAn chrlng dd so srinh (binh bei tho Ngdnl trdng cia Hb Chi Minh)
Kdt bdi 1. MAc dL dddc s6ng tdc oich dAy nia thd kl blng thd thd tf tuyot cd didn, Ngtinr trd.n g vdn lim rung dQng chring ta. Bdi thd le sd kCl hdp hei hda gida chdt "th6p" vdi chdt "iinh', gir.ra ngudi chi6n si vd ngudi nghe si trong mot con ngudi. D<i kh6ng chl la mot seng tao nghe thuAt dd.ng ttan trong md cdn li m6t bdi hoc vE phong c6ch sdng, vE nhan sinh quan. - (Lirnr ua.n 12 - kdL bii theo cd.ch tdm ldgc) KCt bdi 2: "Tinr hi€'u bei thd Ngdnr lrdng cria llb Chi Minh, chnng ta cci thd hodn toin chia xd vdi cAm xdc chAn thr\nh cta nha thd T6 Hrru khi vidt vb nhtng ngaly thdng Bdc bi giam chm:
(
Lai tltuong n6i dqa ddy tlldn Bdc Muati b6n trdng tO tdi gAng cint 0i chan yei, ntdt ntir, t6c bq.c Mit lho bay... cdnh hqr ung dung'. IA|L udn 12 - Ker bdi theo c6ch liat tudng)
100 101
K0I bdi 3: "Xrta nay ncii vb trang, cci biSt bao Idi dep. Trortg cuQc s6ng lao dQng trong sach, ndu cd ndng hla mua dlrnthl lai cd treng thanh gici nrdl. Hinh nhL/ nhAn loai nru6n ddnh cho treng phhn hanh phdc, udc nd, lang nran cta cuoc ddi. Th6 nen treng ddn vdi con ngudi nhu nldt b4n tri dm, mdt ve dep, dd lirm vui, lam m6t, chi it l,tm diu bdt cdi chdy da, 16 g<it cia cu6c diti: chan treo ngugc l€n mui thuybn md ldng vdn hAn hoan v6i ldng xdn d6ng drlc, v6n lang lang vdi chidc thuybn cau nhe t6nh nhu may; chdn tay mang xibng xich md tai vdn r6n ti€'ng chim ritng, vd urrii vdn duom huong hoa dai, vi d day, d bdi thd ney,
m6t vin ng6m, v6n nhin, v6n chuyQn trd v6i trang bing im lang. Hon thd khdng cci gi cA, nld wdt l6n tr6n, bi6n khdng thdnh cci. Khdng c<i hodn c6nh, khdng c<i dibu ki6n, nhr.rng vdn thridng tr.ang dby dt. Dby dri d trong ldng.
ta thdy ngay <:dc k61 bAi 1 ve 2 ld nhfrng k6t bdi cd bAn, mang tlnh gido khoa, kdt bii theo cdch nao 16 ra crich dy. CrJn kdl, bAl cia Gi6o srt L€ T Vi6n (kdt bai 3) ghn nhd cd drl cA b6n cdch k6t bei da n6u md lai rdt phdng khoring, dby ghrl dong. sinh ddng. Md ra rQng (trnng vdi nhan loai, vdf cuQc ddi) song thu lai ctng rdt kheo {. 've d day, d bAi thd ney,..") Nghi suy sdu. li6n tudng nhi6u. song .,An trd vb vdi dich le bdi thd. Cd tim ludc lai cd ph6t tridn; cd ven dung, cd li6n tudng mA, hop lai chi ld nlQt k6t bei. Trong k6t bdi khdng phAi chi cd not ldp, m6t chiEu, mot dtrdng thing truc tidp (chi tclm tAt hoac tit tdng kdt rbi phrit tridn nang l6n, til tdm t6t d6'n rrit ra bdi hoc...) mi iheo nhibu ldp. Ldp ndy gdi l6n ldp kia lan t6a cho tdi kdt thric, det ddu chdm hdt cu6i cirng. Dbng thdi kdt bni ndy cfing dAnr bAo "vAn hay, truyiin cAm".
CAi la, crii hay cria bdi lhd d ch6 dd. Sfc nranh cua con ngddi, c.ii dep cria tdur hbn, cria B6c ld d dd,
C) Kdt bei theo l6i "dhu cudi tuong fng" - Kdt bei dng v6i rld bdi:
Ndu tmng thu6c phhn vui, phhn dep, phhn ddc md leng man, phdn tri6'n vErg, vay ngqc ti cci phAi ld bao nhi6u cdi gian khd', cdi trcii bu6c, ling tfng tieu cdc tr6n dudng di tdi mdt cAnh tleng dep.chang? Tlong t md ng6m dr.toc trang, dudng n6ng hla lnua dhm md nhin dugc trang thanh gici mrit, dci dau chi le lrlot phong thei. Dd la nrQt bdi hoc dao drlc, m6t biri hoc lac quan, tin tudng, n6t bii hoc cdch neng that khdng ngd nhung th4t thf vi".
- m6t biri thd d:ing y6u dSng nhd) Md biti: Tit hien thuc kh6c li6t cia cuoc chidn tranh 'chdng Mi da di qua cdch dAy mrldi nam, vdn cbn lrru lqi dam trong mm t ngudi doc nhitng dbng tho cria lrbt thdi
(K6t bai phan tjch Ng6.m, trd.nB cia Giao srr L0 Tri Vi6n) Doc ba cdi k6t cta cirng mdt bAi vin phan tlch bai thd Ng6,n trd.ng cta Hb Chi Minh trong d6n chrlng nd.y, ch(ng 10t
(D6: La d6
hla chdy, cria nhitng nam th6ng khdng thd ndo qu6n, Lim sao khdng nh6, kh6ng ydu mQt bei thd nhrr th6 niy:
Ld d0 (DAn cd bdi tho)
Kdt biti: Tho hay le thd thd lirm cho ngudi ta nghi d6n tlnh ng:-tdi, nghi ddn su s6ng..., Tho ndi ri6ng, cting 103
nhu ven hoc ndi chung, tr.d thirnh ciin thidt cho con ngu<li ld vi vAy. Ldm sao kh6ng nhd khdng y6u m6t bdJ thcr nhu bdi Ld d6 (K6't bei cria
bii
da din trdn)
K6't bei d day cflng ld m6t kdt bai hay. Trjdng nhd nd pham nguy6n t6c bdi khOng tdm tit, n6u 1i kh6i qu6t ctia hic phdm dua ra phAn tich, nhung thuc ra ngudi vi6t da tudn thi cd s5.ng tao. Phan binh Iudn vb tho hay thay th6 m6t c6ch cd hi6u quA cho su tdng kdt ddnh gi:i tric pha-m dddc phan tich va hudng tdi cdu k6t luA.n vii t6c phdn.
Day le cdch k61 "dhu cu6i tddng fng"... Lriy lai md bdi ne khdng rdi vAo tinh trang lap lai nguy€n ven ldi le d db bei. Vi nd li srt luydn Liy dd nAng cao, khing dinh chic ch6n ldn cuO'i cirng nhirng gi dn n€u d thAn bAi bing m6t gtqng dhy tinh cAm, mdt cau van "nhd nhdn" nhr.r chinh bdi tho nh6 nh5n, dring y6u, dring nhd ma db bdi dat ra.
d) Kdt nrit nlu ltltortg kdt Chnng tdi n6u lim d6n chrlng d day ldi kdt thric bdi vidt ctia Quang Huy gi6i thiCu tap ttrd Mua Tludn Thinh cua Hodng Chur1 cAu k6t chi ddn giAn th6 ney: Xin c6 lbi nlirng 6ng nl1.A,n dip dttoc ra ntdt nLAt tdp tho ntir. 6ng hlnc h,hodi chd nrcng ld.u ddn tht! niry. Nhung c6i k6t dy crlng kh6ng gidng bdt ki nldt c.ich k6t bdi ndo mi li thuy6t cd ban da n6u. Theo c6ch tdm tat chang? Kh6ng phAi! Theo cric c5.ch: phdt tridn, ven dung, liCn tddng cheng? Dbu kh6ng phAi! Th6 thi c6ch kdt nAy - oii kdt bii nAy sai li thuydt? Cdng kh6ng phai! Bdi ta nhtn ra rdt 16 mQt 104
di[u;
Kli
di ntd lai
cia bd.i uiCt hh\ng sai li tlruydt tuy hodn gidng udi l; tlluydt. Kh6ng nhing thd, n6 gidn
btr.i
tod.tl hhOng
hay.
Hay d ch6 rdt hdp nuc dich dat ra. Gidi thi6u mdt tAp thd, mdt thenh tllu thd cia mdt nhd tho xong thi chfc mttng 6ng. Do hop, do ding lrgc dich n6n cflng hdp l6gic cia vrin db nrd bdi vi6t d6 cdp. Hay d cl$, ldi 16 gon gdng, gian di, chAn thdnh thAn nlal cArr th6ng hdp vdi d6i tuong (Hoing Chm vd tAp tho) vdi tinh c6m vi giong di6u d c:ic phan tren. CAu chir lai drldc chon loc, st dgng c<i dung y md ngridi doc bidt vb "nghi6p di" cia Hodng Chm sO thri vi. Dcj ln c6c 1i chtla trong cric tit nglt "dddc ra m6t" (tai sao lai goi le "dugc" mir khdng don giAn l?L 'ra mat" "khic khodi, chd mong" tai sao?) Hay 6 clt6, kft bai td nhiOn nhu kh6ng, song dd d6n drroc crii td nhien nhu kh6ng ndy Dgrjdi vi6t dl crj chua'n bi. Dd le srl chuydn gigng d doan trOn "Nhung th6i....' mot su chuydrr giong b6o hi6u da b6t dau kdt thic. Ve mdt sd ddi gan giong d chinh cau kdt thirc c[ng ld kdt bAi. Tgu trung lai, c:ic em se thdy n16t kgt bei hay that da dang va thf vi nhdng diiu chung nhau nhdng didm nhdt d!nh: dring, song phAi sang tao, gay dddc dn tuong vd dd lai dd vi trong ngudi doc. Kdt bdi hay vira phAi dcing lai, chdt lai, vUa phAi nd ra, nang cao vA crJ nga$ nga mai trong lbng ngrrdi. K6t bai cnng cci mi hoc cta nci vdy. 105
B. cAc yEu cAu vD olirrr V vA HANH vAN HAy
bi6-u
rdng, toi ngh,i rdng... theo ch6 t6i d.xoc biat v.v... Nhung d0 l6i kdo sV dbng tinh, dbng c6m, dd vdn dE dang bdn bqc trd n6n khdch quan hdn, ngudi vid-t thudng xnng ching tdl, ta, chdng ta, nhx nloi nguiti dbu bidt, nlu nLoi. nguiti dd thd,y, ai ctrng thi.tq nh.6.n rang, kh.6ng ai nghi d.uoc rd.ng v.v.,. Khi vidt vE ngdi thr.1 ba (v6ng mAt) nhu phdn tich mQt nhan vat, goi t6n nldt t{ic gia ndo dri, cbn xdc dinh t:h.o
Sau khi da cci y rbi, thi vdn d'6 quan trong hon cA li bidt di6n dat hay. Ttlc In bidt dirSn dat mdt c6ch khdo 16o nhrrng y cria bdi vidt thAnh ldi vin cu thd. Nhibu khi cirng rrrdt i'nhung do crich di6n dat kh6c nhau md rndt dang thi hay, mQt ding thi chi binh thut ng, Di6n j hay phu thudc vio nhi6u y6u td. Sau dAy chdng t6i xin neu mot sd y€u td tao n€n crich di€n y hay.
I) CIONC VAN VA
SL' THAY DOI GIONC
VA\
TRONC
BAI VIET Trong mdt bdi van nghi luan ngddi vidt bao gid cung thd hien .thrii dO tinh can, trl tudng cira minh tnidc nlot vdn d6 md minh dang theo luan. Gigng vAn ld srJ thd hi6n mdu sic bidu cdm dd. Qua bei ven md nhan ra ngddi vidt t6n thinh hay phAn d6i, ngdi ca hay chdm bi6m, kinh cdn hay subng sa... Hdn nta dd trenh nhilm chan "bubn ngu", dd bdi vidt sinh d6ng phong phri, ngrtdi vi6t chn phai rdt Iinh hoat trong vi6c hdnh vin. Trrinh kidu vi6t mdt giang d6u d6u tir dhu chi cudi, tao cAm giric ddn di6u. N{u6n thd trrr6c h6t cbn srl dgng thAt linh hoat hQ thdng tit nhd'n xung. llhd'c vdi ngdn ngt nrdt sd nrtdc, til xrlng hd trong tieng Vi6t re't gieu mdu s6c bidu c6m vi h6t srlc phong phf. Trong bdi vdn nghi luAn dd di6n dat dn tudng cht quan ctra ri6ng minh, ngudi vi6t thddng xung /dz. Vi du: ,"Dgc nhfrng cau thd tron khong hidu sao /dl l4i hinh dung d6n mdt dbng s6ng dang l4ng 16 chAy, mit nrrdc phing lang s6ng ngdi l6n girra.khdng gian c0 quanh ddn sd". Khi 106
thi y kion cua ri6ng minh ngddi ta thudng vidt: ?di
''
.
lnot d4i til cho phir hop vd tr6nh sd ddn di6u, lap lai. Trong tnidng hdp nAy v6n tir dbng nghia phAi phong phLi dd di6n dat thAt linh hoat. PhAn tich Chi phdo ching han, y, gri, hun, Chi Phio, n6, con qu! ldng V, Dai, thdng chuyin rach nxd.t d.n uo, thang c ng nlttit trong dd.m. cirng dinh... nhjlr,g khi ndi tdi mdt Chi Phdo ludng thi6n thi cfrng cci thd dr)ng dai tir anh hay anll td.... Nhibu hoc sinh tir dau ddn cu6i ch6 ndo cdng thdy ddc mot chil nhit tho, nhit. tho hoac tuc gid, tdc gid v.v... md kh6ng bidt thay ddi c6ch ggi. Vidt v6' Td Hfiu ching han ta ccj th6' dirng khi thi TJ Htu, khi thi tlhit tho, tdi tac gid, 6ng, nguiJi thanh ni€n c6ng sdn, ngtiti con xt Hud, hc gid tup tho,'Viu Bdr,,, nguiti ngh€ si, chidn si v.v... Trong mQt sd tnJdng hop dC" tang su tran trgng ve thdn tinh, ngudi vi61 chi goi ho cia tec gia. Ching han khi vidt vb Nguy6n Tuan, ta cci thd goi ,,Nguy6n": "T6i c6 trich mdt ddan dei trong bai 'C6 T6" m6t md.t dd thdy NguyLn dang dua tai vdi tao hda, mat kh6c cring dd thdy ldi thn nhan su bdt luc cta 6ng rdt d6i hdn nh\6n, (Nguv6n Tudn uit. biti hoe uE su bdt luc ng6n tz7 - D6 Ngoc Thdng _ brio vdn Nghc sd 4711993). Nhibu khi dd tang hon nrla s6c thrii than mat bb ban, ngUdi vi6t chi goi rcn cin tac gia. ChAng han Chd.Lan Vi6n vidt vA Hdn Mrrc Tt: "Khi chrra bi b6nh 107
Tt
dL vi6t va trang: Md cua nh)n trdng, trd'ng tAi mqt Khep phdng ddt ndn, ndn roi chd'u ho+c "T6i phei giei thich cho ?1. Nay nh{ Trl bdo Tri lit thi si cria thi6n chfa girio, sao Ttt vi6t..." (Ch6 Lan Vicn - TUa tuydn tQp Hd.n Mq'c Tu) Trong biri van nghi ludn khi chua xdc dinh dudc lfa tutii cria tric giA thi tdt nhdt ding danh tit dd goi nhtl: nhd uan, nhit tho, tdc gid.... triinh trudng hgp dnng nhitng dai li khdng chinh x6c, goi ngudc, tao cAm giric khti chiu vd bubn crrdi cho ngrrdi doc, vi dg: mQt hoc sinh phd thdng khi viSt vb Td Hitu hoac Nguy6n Tudn v6n dirng "dqc t6c phdm cia anh".'frdi lai khi phAn tich, binh giAng bdi thd cia mOt t6c gia rdt trd ndo d<i, lqi vi6t "thd cia dng mang nang cem xtc", Khong phAi chi d qich dirng iit xung h6, giong vin linh hoat cdn thd hi6n d crich dirng c6c tidd tit nhu: uAng, ding the, hh6ng, dieu dy dd 16, nhu DQy, tuhu the, ehd.ng 1c... nhfrng tit ney tao 6n tuqng nhu ngudi vidt dang tranh lu{n vi ddi thoai truc ti6p vdi ngrrdi dqc. Vi du: " uAng, xet d m6t phrrong di6n ndo dci, cd thd xern Nam Cao thuQc vAo xu hddng vdn hgc cia nhilng ngudi d6i...' (Kien thtc ngit! nay - sd 71, 1991), ho{c: "Cr1 nhd c6i ten cria nd thi tdc phdm mudn ndi vb cdch nhin, vb vdn db quan di6m. Dibu d,y dd, 16, nhung ndi chat chc hdn cdn cf veo nQi dung hinh tugng, thi dri tnr6c hdt ld vdn d'0 lap trudng. D ng .thd,... (Nguycn Dbng Manh - Dqc ldi truyCn "fhi mat" - Nhd, ud.n tu tudng ud phong cdrlr. I\XB T6c phdm mdi, HN, 1979).
khi diing nhftng tit phi d.inh nhu "phai ching ld khi6n cudng khi ta di tlnr cdi g4ch n6i htu co gita ti6ng C<i
cudi trong sdng tAc Vfr Trong Phung vdi ti6ng cudi ven h6a ddn gian Vi6t? Kh6ngl Hoen toan khdng!" (Van Tdm - Vit Trqng Phqng trong ritng cudi nhiet a6i - Cap Ldi thian cd s{ - Van hoc, H, 1992).
Trong qu6 trinh vi6t bdi van nghi lu{n, kh6ng n€n chi ding mdt loai thao t6c td duy md n6n ludn ludn thay ddi. Khi thi dirng di5n dich, khi thi dnng euf n4P, khi thi phan tich tn16c, dAn chrlng sau, khi thi din chrlng tddc phan tich sau, khi lidn hQ, khi so sdnh... cnng ld dd bdi vidt cci giong van sinh dQng phong phri, khong mQt chibu, don diOu. Ba do4n van sau day dudc vidt cing mdt bdi ven, ngudi vidt da srl dung linh hoat nhibu crich di6n dat. Doan I: "O dri kh6ng gian, thdi gian nhtr ngung dong lai tr.ong sri y€n tinh ddn v6 bi6n. Cau thd tring xudng, nhip tho vdn bubn te nhung hdn tho cay ding xcit xa: Ld. udng roi ften 1id'l N€od.i troi nzua bui bay Do4n II:
.
.Hoa tay thd.o tlht ng net
Nhu phuqng
mia rbng bay.
Cau thd dang chet hep b6ng nhi6n md rQng cho ira vdo cai kh6ng khi tei hoa cria con ngudi...) Doan III: "N6i bubn, n6i nhd crla Vn Dinh Li6n d4m dd chdt suy trt'vir.mang nang crii hbn cria qu6 khf xa xua. Ta tho6ng g4p mQt chrit gi ghn gui nhrt th4 dai loai:
109 108
T6i nh6 nre t6i th a thidu thdi Lic ngudi cdn s6ng toi len mxiti Mdi ldn ndng nldi reo ngoiti n/i Ao dd ngudi denl ttudc dQu phoi. (Luu Trong Ld) Cring nhd Lrru Trgng Lu nhd vA n$ldi ne ve n6t tudi thd tddi dep, Vr1 Dinh Licn hudng vb qud khrl, n6i bubn cta ndt thdi de qua..." (Bdi ldm cria hoc sinh) Giong van cdn dddc thd hicn d nhibu phuong di6n khdc nhrr dirng tU. dat cau, n6r.r 5i, cdch lAp luAn, cdch dirng hinh Anh, so sdnh, crich srl dung ddu cAu, ti cam then... Day crlng chinh ld nh0ng bicn ph6p gifp ngr.{di vidt di6n dat 7hay, chring tdi xin dr:gc trinh bdy thdnh cric nlUs ridng ti6p theo.
Nhd vay giqng ven ld mdt cdi gi d<i bao trin.l6n tdt cd bdi vi6t, thd hi6n d moi cAu, moi chr1, moi ydu td cta bAi vidt. Tmng van chddng ndi chung, ngddi ta goi dd ld giang dieu. O bdi ldm vin cia hoc sinh ta goi lit gigng udtu.
2) DUNG TU DQC DIiO
tich, binh giAng ddnh gi6 tdc phdn vdn hoc, nhir nghidn ct1u pho binh Hoirng Ngoc Hidn cd rrrot y ki6n 'dich ddng. Ong cho rang: phrii rim d,uac toc phd.nt dich ddng, bdt dich ddtug, cau dich ddng, tit dich ddng nrd phen tich vd binh gid. , Vi6t mot bii vdn nghi luan cung thd, ph6i dirng dudc nhf,ng tit hay, doan hay rbi mdi cri bii hay. Dr)ng tit hay
\G
110
viQc phAn
ld lrldt trong nhttng y6u to quydt dinh dc' crj c6ch di6n dat 'hay. Se rdt chrin cho ngddi doc, khi mdt bdi vi6t kh6ng dirng drroc mQt tir nio cho "trring", cho ddc drio, cho hay. Drj ld chua kd vidt sai, vi6t kdm. Mot trong nhdng ydu t6 cia ven hay ld bdj vdn d<i doc l6n tit ngrr cr1 nhu "gam" vio tdm khAm ngudi doc, tit ngt linh hoat, dirng dfng luc, dring ch6, ldt te dddc thhn thrii ctra sd vat, sd vioc... ldn1 , cho ngudi doc khorii ch5 thdy minh khdng thd vi6't dddc . nhu vey, phAi thdt l6n ldi cim phuc: "vidt tdi qu6!". Mu6n ihd, nrQt mat ngudi vi6t vila phAi tich lriy cho minh ndt vdn tir ngu phong phri, mat kh6c phAi cci j thfc si d\rng khi vi6l. Cdc nhd van, c6c nhd ph6 binh ldn bao gid cung neu urdt tdrrr gudng s6ng v'6 vdn dii dy. Sau dAy ld mdt s6 doan van trong dci ngudi vi6t da sii dung til ngrl rdt ddc
'ddo.
- Chrtong XIII Tdt D?z khdng kh6c gi m6t c6i ldng chAo darne|r6i di, dd udng dgng lai mOt thd bi!tu lxu nien, ftAn d)o oan leru mQt sd sinh vdt. Sinh uQt Nglli Qud chbng, sinh 'uQt Nghi Qud ua, md ldng tham da hdt tinh ngudi. Sinh vat li tNdng vd lfr sai nha ddc thud ngudi, da tatu hoang di c'i ffinL nâ&#x201A;Źudi. Yd tren cdi so ntac nhdn dr? dd, khong qhn tia nudc ngubn thuong ndo c6... d chddng ndy, cA chi D{u qrly mdn cria t6c gie, cia ddc giA cnng chi la mdt con oinh u me thdi. That dudc lam ngudi v6i ttii thi6u phdnt c6.ch lirm nguiti th\ cd ddi ndo chi Diu lai phdi di doa lac nhd,n ph'Cm. minh d6n nfc phAi dua con bdn di nhu mdt hi|n u|.t cfi 6 ch6 cho ngudi, cho gidi" (Nguy6n Tudn - Truyen Td.t Dbn c a NgO Tfu TA - "Ci cudn tidu thuy6t dni Sdng nLbn cfing vdy. Ddy ld 111
tdn bi hiclt, tlidm thxong k6o ddi cia mdy anh chi tidu trr sAn me c4i nghdo de khidn tdm tri, tem huydt ai bi hnt ch$t vdo bta an heng ngEy. Ho dau hh6, ho tr.tc t6i, ho gdn1. ghe nhau chung quanh mdm com dd rbi sau dci cAm thdy nhuc nfui e ch| cho chinh\ crii td.m. d.ia hbn ha, nh6 nhen ota minh. Vdy Sdng mdn cnng ld tiitng h€u cd.p cttu: hdy crlu l6y nhitng nhdn cdch dang bi hLy diet, r.hirttg linh hbn dang heo hdt che't ntitn vi mi6ng con nlanh d.o". (Cdi doi ud midng d.n trong sAng tua cita Nonz Cao - I{tdn thfc ngdy nay s6 71, ngdy 1.11.1991) - "O do"tr thd cia Tir, tuy chua hi6'u titng i, t6i da cem nh/n cdi hbn, cai hhi h6.u, cd.i hhdng hh!, cd.i nhip d6 bao trirnr todn bei. C6i gi dci rdt ld bi hich, nghich li nhu ddi ctia Tit. Vila Id lua, ld trnng, ld bat ngtu chim bay ld 6m, ddm, udi uoi nh]J ch6n qudng hdn, mi! rd I5 mriu, ld gdnlt md.u cia ddi minh di bo uo tr1n bi€n cd diti minh" (Chd Lan yi1r' - Tha Hd.n Mqc 'ft - 'ILDD.) - "Khic bqc nrQnh d6. gdy xong r6i, mi. o<in hQn vdn c6n di'i mni non Nguy6n Du m6i tr.l xung c6i t6n than m4t cia niinh vd dau d.au h6i: Bdt tri tanl bath du nien hQu Thien hq. hd. nhd.n hhtip ?6 Nhu (XuAn
Di6u
Nguydn Du - yen nghe s6 18. 1958)
- "Md dbu (Vdlt Chiiu I{bz) I
TI-DD
rt2
= tli
lieu d5 dan
li n6t cai nh\n $t bi thidt
vb cu6c ddi. M6t c1i d.uong dm. d,qm., m6t thd gi6i DAng lqng, nlenh ntdng. Toin m6t nldu chdt: "miiu bac cia ngfii lau, mAu vAng cia 16 rung tidng sxong sa lac dac, ti6ng mud hhdc khong th6i.,' (Hodi Thanh - Van chi€u hbn cia Nguy\n Du)
- "Anh (Nam Cao) quang l€n, d6nh bdi ngrla crii thing
t6i nhitu nat mdt crich hh6ng hhoan nhuong, kh6ng p6 tr:inh
vin con chtl. Vidt hdt, vi6t can hiQt..Vidt xong lai "doc, nghiEn ngdm, tin tdi, nhd,n ret uit su! tudng,, rdi lai tdy
cf nhd thd, c{ic trang van qud.n quai ra diti. C6 tidng rcdc, tidng hh6c, ti6ng uen m.inh, tidng chiri thhm thi6n h4 vd chrli ca chinh minh. Tdt th6y cu ngdn ngang biri ,r, tr6n trang vi6t. Anh vidt nhu m6t sn hirnh rdc, nh:J ctlu r6i, nht xua dudi ti, ma trong chinh hbn minh. Vi6t d6r. nghet thd. (Van Gi6 _ Gdnh nqng nLq. cd.nl trong d,isi s6ng uit ditt, ui€t Narn Cao Van ngh6 Nha Trang s6 18. l99B) Tir ddc drio mang tinh hai m5t, sir dung dring hic, cl6ng ch6 ta cci doan vdn, cau v6n hay, ngudc lai dC roi vao sal r6ng, khoe cht. Dcj ld chrra kd nhibu hgc sinh kh6ng hidu dring tI ma vAn dr)ng bira, tlirng du. Tir ngrl la v6n chung crla c6ng dbng, nhrrng trcng thuc t6 cci nhtng tn kh6ng phai ai ctng bidt sir dung, dr)ng dfng, dnng hay. Vi th6 trong quA trinh hoc tep n6n cd sd tay dirng-tir, giAi nghia nhtng tir d6c bi6t vd crich st dung chdng (nhdt la tir ian - Vi6t nhd: bd.ng hoai, hhuXdn thi n, bi thi6t, thanh lgc, dqa lac, fuu ni€n, chd.n, thien, mi, linh didu, tich duong... hoac nhrlng tir thuhn vi6t nhni thao thidt, dau ddu, ud.ng dAng, giol g+.. khdng phni ai cring ding drroc), xcia, th6m bdt...
8-VH
113
.r,1
VIET CAU LINH HOAT
O trr{dng phd th6ng chdng ta da ddgc hgc rdt nhi6u loai cAu, ph6n chia theo ttng loai ticu chi khec nhau O dAy chUng t6i kh6ng lDrm c6i viQc nh6c lai cdc dang cAu dy md chi mudn nhdn manh ring: bdi van hay le bii van van dung tdt cd cdc loai cAu 5y n.rdt cdch th4t linh ho+t (cli nhi6n tl'ddc hdt phAi ld vidt cdu dring)
Tinh linh hoat trong vi6c sit dgng cdu thd hi€n d ch6: tiy titng hic, titng ndi, tiy veo giong van cria titng doan mi cci nhrlng loai cau tddng rlng dd di6n dat cho phir hdp ThAm chi cci khi cirng mOt doan vdn ne cdc cdu ngin dAi drtdc vi6t rdt kh:ic nhau. Doc doan van sau ddy, ta thdy chi c<j 3 c5,u, 2 ciu dhu rdt ng6n, cdu th( ba dei 'le thC' nhung di6n ie duoc rdt tdi tinh kh6ng khi gdp gep khdn trudng, stI ngdt ngat, oi bitc. sd. dbn n6n nhu mu6n nd tung I6n tdt cd - cdi khdng khi d ra Trung nghia (tidu thuv6t cria Nguy6n Thi) tnJdc ngdy dilng khdi "Cu6n tidu thuydt b6 tld d chrrong thrl ba. Bdng t6i cbn ddy dac bhu trdi Trung Nghia. Nhr-tng ngon hla vi dai cria c6ch mang da duoc chudn bi, khong phAi d ddu xa mir ngay trong cdi tam trang u udt cria anh Hai Rd, trong c6i thd dr?ng drJ dQi cta 6ng Trt Trhm trudc m4t thing canh sAt, trong c6i giqng ndi d6 ddng md d6o dd crla chi Nam Brrdi, trong ldi ru con hlng lo md hirm 5i de doa crla chi Hai Kh6 d6i v6i thing dai diQn "mai kia phrrgng tl6o vb dinh" , trong nhtrng cAu chuy6n ba lon cci tinh chdt nhrr mot thf ti6u ldm hi€n dai cr.ia 6ng Ba Lung vd c6i hdnh vi ngang nguoc cring rdt tidu lAn, ctra dng khudy d6ng gidc ngi cria vo 114
ch'6ng Ba Sbl vA cring khudy ddng ludn cri vdo cdi cria r:hd dQ MI - Ng]Jy..."
trat
trJ
cria ngdi bft Nguydn ThiNgtry6n'Eang Manh - Nhit uan tu tudng uit pltong cach- TLDD)
(St1c sdng
Cd lUc dd di€n dat tinh cdm vd thdi d6 cia minh, ngrrdi vldt truc tidp dirng cau cenr thdn, kidu nhu: "Nhdng hdi dil Ni6m vui qud ngiin tru6c vd dep cria tinh trgtldi vd cria cAnh ddi" (Van TAn - Bdl tho "Dd! th6ru Vi Dq"- G6p Liti Thian c6 su - TLDD) Honc "Trdi dat di! Tn BA ndi kh6ng dAy nrla phft md nudc bot ndp cia nu vang ra nai tdi ngen nam..." (Xuan Dieu - Nguydn Da - TLDD) Khi rnu6n gAy chn y cho ngrtdi doc ta cti thd ding cAu nghi vdn. Cdu nghi vdn d dAy nhd ld' dat ra vdn dit, rbi sau dd lai tu tra ldi, ttr lb.m sdng t6. V{ du: "Thrrong thi de vay, cdn orin? Thrrc rEr Nguy6n Du khdng bi6t o6n ai,,., bdi vi theo NguySn Du thi bao nhieu dau thudng kl6c dAu cci phAi d'€u do nhnng kd ,,bii binh bd trAn" rrra ngay cA nhrrng k6 dy, Nguy6n Du c0ng thdy hg dring thridng" (Hodi Thanh - Varu chieu hbn - TLDD) Cd lfc cdu nghi vdn lai dudc d6t d cu6i doan, cudi bdi, Logi c9u ndy cing khdng nhim muc dich d6'h6i ai ma thuc chdt nd da dudc tra ldi ngay 6 nhtng cau trddc dd. Kdt thric bing cdu h6i nhu th6'chi cci tric dung l6i cu6n ngUdi doc, budc ho phAi suy nghi ti6'p.
rl
"N$ry0n Hbng da s6ng hon 60 ndm, dd vi6t hon 40 n6m, bldt drtgc Ong de dd ra bao nhi6u nudc mdt cho ddi vd 115
cho nghe thuAt. B6y gid, niim dudi ba thudc ddt, ngubn nudc mit dy liQu cri bao gid khO can drtoc cheng?" (Thtong tidc nhd' udn Ngulen Hdng NguY6n Dang M4nh) MOt loai ceu cring dddc van dgng lirm thay ddi giong van trong bai ngh! lu4n ld loai cAu cd hai nlenh da h6'Ang. Ching thddng theo ldi kdt cdu: Tuy'.'nhung, Cimg"' cd.ng, Khong nhttlg... n?.it cdrL, Vi thd... cho rLen" Loqi c6u ndy nhim nh6ln m4nh mQt f ndo dd vn y dci ludn lu6n nim 6 v6 thrl hai nhrr "cu6i cring v6n til cdng gqitu c6 6ng cdn€ cAnr thdy ro hdn sq bft lgc ndy. Cdng cd'm thdy bdt luc' 6ng cdng ra srlc virng viy, tim dri mqi ldi dd tho6t kl6i cii vdng Kim cd d'dy srlc m4nh, crlng dhy h4n chd crla phudng tiCn ngdn ti{. (Nguydn Tud'n ud' bit'i hqc ngOn titbai da d6n). Hoac: "tuy chrra cd gi Ie phb phdn trong h4nh ph,6c, tuy chrta nhdn nhd vi tiCn nghi, vi srlc kh6e cria minh, nhung ta cing cla bit tai, cring ldng lai, ii nghe c'ii ngon gid shu v6 h4n thdi d bcn ngodi phdng ta d. Trcng ngqn grd dy vi khdng cei vdn d€ xe hQi thi cong cd s6 phf;n con ngrrdi'" (Chd Lan Yi6n- TVa HiLn M'dL
T11-
TLDD)
Khi vidt nhirng loai c6u niy aic em hqc sinh chn chri i vidt tlLr cA hai vd rbi m6i chdm cdu. Trdnh tinh trang chdm cAu chi m6i c<j m6t vd Day li mQt l6i ngt phrip khri phd bidn trong hoc sinh. Vi dq: "Tuy bai thd dtldc B6c s6ng tdc trong cinh nglrc tir. Nhrrng ta v6n thdy trdn dby tinh thbn lac quan". .Cri hoc sinh vidt: "BAi tho kh6ng chi hay vE ngho thuat mA con s6c s6o vb ng6n tii" loai c6u nAy kh6ng sai vb ngtl
'116
ph6p nhuirg sai vb 16 gich. O cau ndy hinh thdc hd - fng kh0ng sai nhung ldgic ngrl nghia khdng d6ng. H6 - fng kh0ng chl cd hlnh thfc (bidu hi6n bing cap tir hd fng) mn cbn phAl cA d nQi dung. O ceu tr6n thuc chdt v6n chi ld nQt th6ng b6o bai thd hay vb nghd thu6t (vi ngdn ngt chi ll mQt phrrong tiQn crja nghe thuat). Ndu mudn dien dat hldu hO - rtng thi phAi ld ; "Bdi thd khdng chi hay vE ngh6 thuat me cdn rdt s6c sAo v6 ndi dung tu trrdng ".
Tlong nhibu tnrdng hdp, cdu khing dlnh duqc diSn dat cia phi dinh nh5.m nhdn manh srr kh&ng dinh ndy. HAy so s6nh hai c6u sau. Cdu 7: Nhd va\n nh6,t dinh phAi phAn rinh trong sling t6c cria minh nhtng su ki6n, nhirng vdn db n<ing b6ng cria bAng c6u phrl dinh
xA
hOi.
Cdu 2: Nhd ydn kh\ng thd khAng phAn rinh trong tec phdm cria rninh nhing srt ki6n, nhirng vdn db ndng b6ng cria xa hQi. (Le Ngqc 'lrd - L{ ludn ud udn hqc)
Tuy nhi6n bdi vdn nhiFu khi cb,n rrdnh su khdng dinh d6i, tric ld phAi uydn chuydn vi ccj mrlc dg trong vioc d6nh giri. Cd hoc sinh vi6t: tuyQt
"Chi cd van hoc m6i dem lai niBm vui vd hanh phric cho con ngudi". LA ra chi n€n ui6t: "Ven hoc dA gip phbn rlen lAi nibm vui vi h4nh phric cho con ngudi".
d nhirng c6u dr4nh g16 mang tinh khrii quet trCn, dd bldu hiQn su than trong, chin c\6n trong suy nghi, n$rdi ta thudng vidt nhfing cdu md dhu vdi nhfrng cgm tir nhu: nhin chung, ub co bdn, ud m6t phuong dien nin d6, thuing L77
thxdng, hiiu hdt, ddi da s6, phdn l6n, ui d,ai tlrd... Tcim lai, trong m6t bdi van nghi lu6.n vidt cdu phAi thdt linh hoat. Tir vd cau Ii nhitng ddn vi ma ngudi doc d6 nhAn thdy crii hay cria sr-t di6n dat. .l,)
vtET VAN CO HINH
ANH
Vnn nghi luAn ncji chung ld loai van cira trr duy khrii ni6m crla suy li l6gic. Y tf can chet che, sdng sria, Idp lu6n phAi ch6c ch5n, bdo dAm d6 chinh xrlc cao, gidu sr.ttc thuydt phuc d6i vdi tri tu6. Tuy nhi6n, ndi nhu thd kh6ng cci nghia ld van nghi luen chi trinh bdy vdn db m6t cdch khd khan, trilu tddng, tir ch6i moi cdm xr.ic vd hinh Anh. Ng6n ngir vnn ngh! luAn cung cAn phdi hdp d5n, l6i cudn bing tir ngir cd tinh hinh trrgng ve ccj sr?c bidu cim cao. Van nghi ludn cring cb.n su trtdi rnet theo cdch ri6ng cia minh. Bdi vAn nghi Iudn hay li bdi v6n vita gidu sric thuy6't phgc luAn lf, vira gidu hinh dnh. Hinh Anh ldm tang sdc thuy€lt phuc, ldm cho ch6.n li vila s:ing td. vira thdm thia. Bi6n phdp cd bAn nhdt dd tao nOn bdi vidt cd hinh dnh Id ngudi vi6't dnng ph6p so sdnh, li6n he, d6i chidu. O day nhung td trtdng triru tudng, kh6i qu6t, kh6 khan duoc minh hoa, di6n dat bang crich so s6nh vdi hdng loat hinh Anh cu thd sinh ddng tao n6n khodi cAm cho n$tdi aloc khdng k6m gi van s6ng tec. So sdnh trong van nghi ludn cfng tuan thi nhirng y6u chu vA cdch thrlc chung crla ph6p ti du tu tir hoc. Nhing so s6nh hay phAi ld nhrrng so s6nh vira chinh x6c dich dd.ng, vita bdt ngd thri vi. So sdnh bao gid cring cci srlc goi cAm, gqi tri t'Jdng tudng phong phf trong lbng ngrrdi Ctoc,
DAnh gi6 vi trl ve Chd Lun Vi€n vi6t:
j
nghia d6c d6o crla tho Hdn Mac Tt,
"Trudc kh0ng cd ai, sau kh6ng cri ai, Hdn Mac Trl nhu ngol mo chdi xoet qua bhu trdi Vi6t Naur vdi crii du6i lda ohdl rgc rd cria minh" (Tuydn tdp Hirn Moc ?, - TLDD)
'
BInh bai thd Sdt?g Ldp cita Tri Xrrong thudng chring ta chl vidt: Bdi thd Sdng Ldp c6 n6t vi tri quan trong trong tho Trl Xrtong. Dd le bdi tho chin nhdt trong srr nghiop thd ndm cta 6ng. N<ii d6n thd Tri Xudng, mir khOng ddn, khOng trich Sdng Lrip ld m6t thi6.u scit l6n. Nguy6n Tudn kh6ng vi6t thd, 6ng k61 thr.ic ldi binh crla minh bing m6t hinh Anh so s6nh: "N6u ching ta liet Td Xuong vdo Ioai dinh tho ndnr, thi Sdtlg Ldp, chinh ld bdng cdy hi6n ngang trCn sudn non dci vAy. DAn thd Tt Xddng md vd tinh hoac c6 j ddnh r6t bii Sriag Ld.p, trtc ld brrdc l6n lbu th6.p md cta titng ndy, titng kia me quen di mdt c6i chudng tr6n vong lAu vey
,
(Thdi uit. tho Tt1 Xuong-'ILDD) C0ng nhu 6ng vidt vE Ts6kh6p:
"Trdkhdp ld con chim linh di6'u cia budi tich drrong tr6n dbng cd dqi nd6c Nga xua, Tsckhdp ld c6i dibu srio vi dai tr6n dOl cdnh em vang ti6ng ncii cria hi6n thdc ve nhip thd cfia lAng m$n" (D?c Ts€hh6p - Van ngh6, 10,1957).
D! al dd chua doc Ts6kh6p cring c<i thd cAm nhan ve hidu dugc drlc didm co bAn trong nhtng s6.ng tdc cia nhd vAn Nga nAy. Nhtng so sdnh cu thd, c6 nhi6n tq.o n6n trang van gieu hlnh Anh. -o| -VI du: "Cct nhing cudn srich nhrr dbng
118 119
rong chAy qua tArr hbn ta dd l4i mdt ldp phir sa, dd lai nhtng dn tugng kh6c ch4m trong tam kham" (...) "Nhfrng ngudi n6ng ddn dy da phAi s6ng quin quai trong lbng cheo b6ng rdt cta xa hdi xdu xa" (Trbn Thi Ngoc Hoa - tNdng phd thong trung hsc Phan BOi Chau, NghQ Tinh) Cd khi cnng ld li6n h6 nhung drrgc trinh bdy nhu ler not dn dg .nghQ thu4t. Binh lu4n vE b6n linh ngdi brit cria Nam Cao khi phii xrl li "nhtng tinh thd cheo leo noi ranh gidi gita con ngudi vd thri vdt", cd nhd ph6 binh vi6t :
l6m Itic cti cAm gi6c nhrr dda trd trong rap xidc lo l6ng nhin brr6c chdn ngrrdi tdi trl di6n trb leo il6Ly gita khoing khdng, Nam Cao khdng ldm xidc n'g6n til, khdng ldm trb ki thu4t, anh tU tht th6ch minh vb tu tddng bing crich buqc minh di lai mQt c6ch m4o hidm b6n bd vrrc th&m. TrOn ndy ld chri nghia nhdn dao, drrdi kia le thai d0 nhgc m4 con ngudi, trCn nay ld chrl nghia hiCn thtJc dudi kia ld chri nghia tU nhi6n. Ding ld nhibu phen Nam Cao de t6 ra nghiong nge, th4m chl mu6n sa chan thut bu6c "NgUdi dqc
Nhuhg ngudi doc, sau nh0ng phft giay hbi hop ceng thang, cdng c6m thdy khoan khorii, th6y anh cu6i cing vdn dfng vilng dugc tron bd" (Nhd Nam, Cao, suy ngh[ DA nhttng bdi hqc sdng td.c ctr.a anh. - TLDD)
Nhtng doan van nhu thd khong chi Ia pho binh, khong chl li ngh! Iudn. Dd cdn ld vdn s6ng td.c nila Trong bi'i vdn ngh! luAn cd nhtng lfc ngudi vidt d\rng lai, md tl lai cAnh vat ma t6c phdm van hgc ggi ra: "V6i nrQt tAm hbn rQng md, trong sAng, ngudi linh c0ng cd nhtng phit giay, nhfing ki niQm th{t em dep, thd mgng. 120
Gi(ta c6nh nrii ritng mOnh mdng, y6n tinh, enh trang vd.ng vac, cric anh du kich chd giac tdi b6ng ph6t hiQn ra "ddu sring trang treo" (Nguy6n Thi Bich Vdn - trudng phd thdng trung hoc Thdi Phi6n, H&i Phdng) Tuy vQy phAi that cci mrlc dd trong kidu vi6t ndy Ndu lam dung vir !'ung v6, bd'i v5.n nghi luan da trd thnnh bdi di6n xudi cdc tric phdm van hoc n6t cdch nhat nh6o,
5) MQT 56 CACH DIEN Y TRONC KIEU BAI PHAN TicH, BINH crANG TAc PHAM vAN Hoc That khd dda ra mot cach trinh bdy ldm khuon
mau
chung cho mqi bdi binh giang ven hoc. Md cti 16 khong n6n dua ra m6t khudn mAu ndo n6u niudn coi dci ld m!1c thudc . ghung (cd dua ra chi ld dd tham khAo thdi). Bdi vi phei tiy ndi dung cAm nghi cia ngrrdi dqc vin, Ma ndi dung vd cdm nghi ndy lai tiry thudc dec didm ndi dung vd hinh thrlc tic phdn, tiry khe ntng ver sA trddng thddng th'tc ve di6n dat cia ngudi vi6t vd tiry theo y6u chu cia bii vi6t do dAu dd quy dinh. Cnng lai chi c<j thd ncu l6n nhtrng nguy6n t6c chung nAy md bdt crl c6ch trinh bdy niro ctrng phAi tudn theo: phai n<ii li 16 gin vdi tinh cAm, can xric vi dti ld quy luit nhan thfc thdm mi, phAi ncii noi dung g6n vdi hinh thrlc. ncii chi ti6t hay bd phdn g6n vdi tdng thd, chinh thd nghQ thu4t vi dd ld d4c didm cta tric phdm ven hoc.
Cbn ngodi ra h6n tiry sdng kidn cia m6i ngudi vidt d mdi bAi vi6t, Thdng thudng thl di til hinh thrlc ddn n6i dung, nhr:ng nhibu khi ntii nQi dung md ra hinh thrlc. Hodi Thanh thudng ltlm nhu vAy. Th6ng thddng thi n<ii tdng thd T2T
tdng thd Ie toan tac phdm, ndu li t6c phdm ngrrn, tring tho mQt doan ndu t6c phdm ddi) rbi phan tich chi filil srrrr' Nhung cflng cd ngrtdi di vdo chi tidt quan trong riri tttrii nAng I6n vd dAn aldn su cam thu tdng thd' ThOng thui'ng thl phan tich tii cau diiu al6n cdu cu6i theo trinh td tdc phdm, nhung cci khi lai phAn tich dAo ngrroc, tir cu6i trd l6n dbu. Drroi dAy xin li6r k6 mdt scj cdch thuhng dddc sir tlurtg cta m6t sd nhd ph6 binh vnn hgc cci uy tirr. q.- Dihl td trtlc tidp nhilng dn tLrong uit cdnt xic ub t(tc
lA ph:it hi6n dirng chi ti6't hay, vd chi ra cho ngrtdi ta chti y. Ngudi thdm vin tinh td sic seo, vi gidu cAm xitc moi ccj thd binh hay theo l6i ndy duoc. b- Dt6n ! ph.dn tich ra thdnh hinh dnh: dAy ld c6ch dd ldnr rd, lam ncii bat rndt dac sec cua tdc phA'm. L6 Tri Vi6n binh bdi Glcil di Vn Minh cia Hb Chi Minh: 'Gidi di V Minh lit nlot sd buc trlc khdng cdm drtoc md ph6i bu6t mbm thdnh hai chtl "bdt binh" dap manh xu6ng cudi cAu, nhti mOt cdi gfly drinh vio v6 Ii, oan dc: Dd. gid.i de'n Nant
Lq.i gidi uE Vn Minh
pltdnt
Di6n ti thing nhfing y nghi, nhtlng An tudng, nhung tinh cAm vA nhtng dibu t'Jdng tddng thf vi cr'ia ninh khi doc tzic phdnl ven hoc. Ldi binh nny don giAn nhdt vi khdng chri y phdn tich binh luAn gi, chi di6n tA nhtrng cAm nghi cht quan cria minh trddc ndt doan ven, mot ceu thd hay' Sfc thuy6t phuc khdng d li 16 phan tich bdn luAn s6c sAo, mA d ch6 cAm nghi cci chdn thAt, chinh x6c vd sdu s6c kh6ng vir ldi di6n tA cd dai khdng Hodi Thanh chi binh v6n tat ve don giAn thd ndy vb m6t doan thd bO ddi thdi kh6ng chidn chdng Ph6p: Nta dant sxong €0i ntdi ddu Chdi cao PhAn PhQt ntdy tdu Ld kh6' BO d,i ndnl giila ritng gid Gi6 uA thrlc tinh gidc nn diet thit' "Kh0ng bidt cti gi trong c6i cAnh "Chdi cao phbn phdt nldy lAu lA kh6ng" n,d cau thd hay thd'(l), crii tdi d ddy chi
(l) li^y'I r11, lh i t22
thanh -
tlp l, NXB vIn
hqc. Ha Noi. 1982.
Ninh
Goi di quon h queo ntli K^o diti cd hilnh tr;ntL binh!" (1) Cd ngvdi binh bdi Cdnh hhuya cta Hb Chi Minh cung bd.t
dirng ldi dy:
Tidng su6i tron€ nhx tidng hdt ra Trdng ldng cd thu, b6ng l6ng hoa
nllx uc, ngtdi chta ngi. Chuo ngi ui lo ndi nudc nhaL. "Bai thd nhu cd lllot cdi ban 16 dat ve.o hai chfr "chua ngu". Chua ngri vi "cAnh khuya nhu vc" hay chrra ngu vi "lo n6i nr.tdc nhd". C6i bAn lb khdp md hai tam trang: say thi6n nhion vd lo vi6c nddc; kh6p md hai th6 gidi: ddng Cdnh hhuya
ti6n vd chiSn khu, Ieng man ve hi€n thuc
(2).
ll) I!?c t1p |hon!: ctlch gart ttgLi Chi tich HA Chi ly'rir, NXB KI{XII. l9lt0.
(2) Nguy6n DIng M4nh. sich da
den.
Il:1 Ni.ti.
7 thdi xua' Hodi Thanh dung BInh bai ca dao Llnh thl thuc cta frftft Anh con ngrrdi gi6 var con ngudi fan-.ii'J+t 'nnUt giA tr'lc con di trdn thri lrru dbn' Con ngudi nsudi ""'ft'Utn cbng k€nh dd nang I6n con lh\ic: ce]r' ;;;;;.;;; thd ''D:n bdi cu6i d drroc ra hiQn vgt lhi f.ii "on "euOi thrrc khdng trdng thdv gi ngodi ta ngudi va lu,t uu tho" ;; i-6"" nhrlng dbng nudc mat" ' nLAt nhu mtta(t) Budc chd'n xu6ng thuydn nudc thidt kd hinh *l' Ldi binh ndv, di ctdi v6i khA ndng 'lt': vita ldm s6ng t6 Ii 16 gqilai i,l" tral cria ngddi seng t6c' ctra nhd Ph6 binh' tum Ii' c- Phd'n tich d'ua Ddn quy tuat con ngudi ta trong cuQc Phdn tich quy luat t6m li crla cAm' c6m bi"t tfr,ri,lg Oe soi s6ng quy luat cria tinh "a"g xric trong ven thd Td Hfru trong cau thd; Dd giAi thich nibm I'ui l6n cira chd Khan hhd't trdm rLd'n nd'i d'oi mo HonL tuaY' Vui ddn ngd trotLg
mir Tuhn tU va ddt bidn' tdt nhi6n M:t:t cuQc s6ng x':a nav ld th6,( ) ril;';nhi6n' nhung ddn ngay hoa fr"" t. t"ii"g, ta bi6t ncj sc nd hoa' n"^ kh6i bd chrlt neac nfri.en 1:'t ".n:.Tl* chi6n thing hom nay nd...cbn thd, ntra ld chuyen thddng cria tinh c6ch Cd khi lai d6' ldm ndi c'ii kh6c c6ch ndi gif;n cia Ctrng Hoai Thanh vi6t vb c6i rh;; ;tO, ,Igoi'i phi thudng nhd Tir H6i khdng thd trong fU t*,
Hodi Thanh vidt:
"
;;r.r'on!
(l),
(2) Slich da d6fl. tAP
124
l'
b4t' n1 UlL.Onnl gi$n gifr n6m mqt c6i chai' m6t c6i Tit HAi ma iuu "ut ont' tam thddns Id chring ta ;;;; khring nhu trdi tlang l4ng 16 b6ng ]iin"g1tr n?" onnt kinh ndi giong t6, sdm s6t: T Con! nghe n6i thiry chung sd'm uongQ) B(it binh ndi giSn' di'tng d'itng s6ng lich lam Binh Ldi binh ndy ttbi h6i phAi c<i vdn gbn gpi' mi g6n vdi ddi s6ng thi bao gid c6ng "nuor,* "* d6 hidu vn tddi m6t' gi6 tri nin ddy d- Phdn tich dua D?n n\t fiau chud'n cia nghe thu t ndo dci vb gi6 tri nghe Nghia Id dga vao mOt ti6u chudn tiSt hav cta da" ddn ch6 d6nh gi6 cao nQt chi
ltc
tfr"ai"ag
t6c Phdm.
thuat cao cria nhan vat van OU Onarr* dlnh gi6 t4 nghC cta Nam Cao' cd ngudi dda Uo"rrg trlg truyQn t)oi nxAt nh6n v{t cri, phdm chdt
"i r"-ii* *"a"" chung cta nhtng
gr6ng "Nhing nhdn vdt nhd thd thudng '16o:niiv: cd mhitng chi tidt cd "rnC U i+" clidm ".U :dl iS" thd hinh dung khong "i-"" md vdy n(ta' v6 nghia chi "n*,-,na* dy dring nhrr bin chdt crfa n<i n6u nhd g4t b: ""-"n." "a, dv Nehia ld rdt ngiu "nt:i.Tu cci khong duoc " "ni"*-"nt'ttui ydu. Lo .,e vd nghia ddy nhrrng kh6ng to l6n ve trang nghi€m D6' binh cei khong khl im lang llb trd vb nu6c hong trong doan tho ndi vb giay phrit B6c biri Theo chdn Bdr:
,n"at
dQc
ti-:liri* -
d5 ddn. tAP I
(IJ
SAch
(2)
NguYEn Ddng M4nh, sech
da dan'
t26
()i sdng xudn nay, Xudn 41 Trdng ritng blen gidi n<i hoa nto Bac ub... int. lang. Can chinr h6t Thanh th6t bd Lau uui ng(in ngo... XuAn Di6u dd bdn vE gi6 td tao "ngdn ngoai" cira crii goi ld "brit ph6p iur leng" ttong thd. Hodi Thanh thi vAn dqng kh6i nien vE "d6" ctia tridt hoc bi6n chrlng dd ncii uii ranh gi6i cheo leo gi{ra hai trang thdi cAm gidc, cAm xfc thu6c hai nhan sinh quan c6ch mang ve tieu cuc, b6nh hoan cia con ngudi, nhin.r d6nh gid bAn linh cao cia T6 Huu khi ha chit "viri" trong cau thd vb me Tdm:
S6ng trong cot, chdt u
i
trong cat
Nhlng trdi tint nhu ngoc sdng ngiti! Theo ldi ndy, nh?r vnn Nguy6n TuAn cdn thd hi6n crii d6c d6o cria minh bing c6ch vdn dung cA nhitng hidu bi6t vb nhi6u ngdnh ngh6 thuet khec nhau nhu di6n Anh ch3.ng han, thdm chi cA nhirng quy luet vb dao li hoc, sinh vat hoc v.v... dd lem ndi nhtng gid tri vAn hoc mi minh phrit hi€n.
L6i binh ndy dbi h6i phAi thdng hidu Ii thuydt trong nhibu linh vuc cta ngh6 thuAt vd khoa hoc d€" vAn dung mdt cAch s6ng tao. Nhu thg m6i l6'i binh lai y6u cdu m6t v6n tri thllc khdc nhau, mQt cAch td duy va nang luc di6n dat kh6c nhau. Nhung chn nh6c lai dibu nd.y: c6i quy6t dinh cudi cing khOng phAi d ldi binh ndy hay ldi binh khric, md d ch6 crii hny, crii dgp cia tric phdm md ta mu6n ldrl ndi l6n cci dfng L\ crii hay, c6i dep that kh6ng, vi ngudi binh cd that su l nr t hlly t:6i hay crii dep dci khdng. l2{t
6) SO SANI] VAN HOC
O tr'6n, trong muc vidt van ccj hinh dnh, chring tdi dr1 ncii tdi so srinh. Nhung so sdnh dd duoc trinh bey nhu mOt biOn phrip tu tit dd tao hinh inh cho cdu van. Trong nuc
n\,
(:rich
so s:inh ven hoc dudc xem nhtt m6t phddng ph:ip, ni6t thfc trinh biy khi vidt bdi nghi luAn v6n hoc.
So sdnh dd thay ch6 gi6ng nhau, ch6 khr{c nhau nhim soi srlng, mat k6 thta truyEn thdng vA mat dO'i mdi cia tric plrtlnr, hodc ddnh gid nhirng chuydn bidn, honc tAi nang bidn hria phong phir clia mdt cay bit trong nhihg tric phdm vi6t chung mdt da tei, nrdt hinh Anh 6 nhi6u thdi didm khdc nhau. Cci khi chi cdt dd ldm ndi bat rlr6t vdi chi tiSt ndo dri cria tric phdm. Dibu ddng ltru i Id trong nhiiiu di3 vdn hiQn nay so sdnh ran hoc rkidu nhu trenr xudt hibn hAu nhu mot ki6"u bdi (cci thd goi ld kidu bei so sSnh van hoc. Dibu ndy ctng da ndi tr6n). \G nguy6n tic, cti thd so srinh vrln hoc tren moi cdp dd cria cdc v6n d€ vd.n hoc.
Ngttdi ta cci thd so sdnh hai nbn van hoc, hai giai doan vtln hoc, hai thdi ki, hai iric giA, hai khuynh hudng, hai tec phdnr, hai phong crich, hai chi tidt ngh6 rhuAt v.v.,. 'l'rrrng qud, trinh ldm vd.n, ndu gap nhirng db tdi ghi 16 fAu "so sdnh" thi khdng ncii ldm gi, di6u d6ng luu j ld ngrrv t:rl nhitng dA tdi khong y6u chu nhrt thd, ngrrdi viSt c[ng chn phAi vdn dung so siinh van hoc thddng xuydn nhr.t lll01. l)i0n phrip "loi hai" cci tdc dung rdt ldn trong vi6c di6n dnt vr\ h\rrr sfng t6 vdn dii md minh "nghi luan". PhAn t.ftrh rrhirng bdi tho chrl Hrin cia Chri tich Hb Chi Minh chAng hqq nhibu ngudi thrtdng li€n hd vdi nhirng bei y{1tt
127
thd Dddng, thd T6ng, so sdnh dd thdy rd thd cria Ngrrdi "ldt Dddng md lai khdng Dudng mot ti nbo" (Hodng Trung Th6ng).
Xudn Di6u binh rdt hay nibm rui kh6e kho6n cia Huy C{n trong biti Mua xudn ffen bidn (1959), alA so s6nh tem sd vb mua trong mot loat bai thd ntua cta cirng nlot tdc g;td nhn DiQu bu6n, Mtta, Bubn dant rnua (Lita thien|' Mua nrudi tld|n. sau (1949). D6y chrra kd 6ng cdn so srinh vdi mua trong thd D6 Phn, thd Nguyon Du, trong ca dao, ddn ca, trong bni hrit Glot nuo thu c'ia Nguy6n Th6 Phong' Hodi Thanh binh bdi Sdng thdng ftdnl cita T6 Huu da so s6nh c5'ch ta gigng ntii cr.ia Hb Chi Minh trong bdi tho ndy, .v6i c6ch te giong n<ii 6y trong bdi ltb Chi Minh cil. cirng mQt tdc gie. Nhe pho binh cdn so s6nh hinh Anh m6i tric b4c cria Hb Chi Minh trong bdn bei thd khac nhau cria T6 Hiru dd ncji l€n "srlc sang tao khdng ngitng" cria thi si'
Vidt vE oii dcii vd nidng an trong tric phdm cri' Nam Cao, cd ngudi da so s6nh nhd vin ndy vdi Ngo Tdt T6, Nguy6n lDng, Nguy5n Tuin, Vn Bing v.v.. tld thdy ring "Nam Cao vin ld c5y brlt vi6t ve crii dtii vd mi6ng dn nhi'6u hon cA vd vidt rnOt cAch sau sic, cay d6ng day drlt hon ce..."
li
dd lirn ndi b{t nu6c nzail d "nhibu cenh ngO kh6c nhau", Hd Minh Drlc tl6n ra chi tiSt nu6c nTAt ndy 6 rdt nhibu t6c phdm eirg Nam Cao. Dti la giot nudc m6t clia nhitng ngudi gid "khdng cdn nudc m6t dd khdc nta" nhu ba me Tir: "Bd chi cdn mQt cich ld cbn drrgc it nrl6c m6t ndo thi 16 ce ra ma
Ctng
.vii6t vE
728
mdt dac didm cria Nam Cao hay
hhdc vdi con", hay nhu Lao Hac: "Mit lao d6t nhi6n co dfn lql, Nhttng n6t nhan x6 lai vdi nhau 6p cho nudc mit chay ra",.. nh0ng ddng nudc m6t cria nhtng ngudi phg nfr dau hhd udt hgn nhu di HAo: "Di nghiSn chat rang dd cho kh6i hhdc nhrrng md di crl khdc... di khtic nfc nE, khcic ndc 16r, hhdc nhu ngudi ta thd ra nudc m6t" hay dau khd n6n chiu nhlLu nhu Tit: "Tit khctc nhd mua, khdc tudng nhrr ching bao giU cdn l4ng duoc".
(Tuydn tdp Nctnl C(Lo - NXB Vdn hoc, 1976) D6' lAm szing to lu€rn didm: M5i nhd van nrang d€n mdt cAch ndi ri6ng crla ho", Ch6 Lan Vi6n so s5.nh: "Cirng m6t
y "ngldi
ddn bd khcic nhd cdnh hoa 16 dhm mua" l6y tit thd BSch Cu Di (LO hoa nhdt chi Xudn trn vri) NguyCn Du vldt:
Citnh hoa IA dd. ddnz dia gigt nrua
Ian lja
vlet:
Cttnh hoa le chiu hd.t nlud. ruAn ddnx oirng mqt
j:
bdn tay ddn d6n chAy m5u, Nguy6n Du vi6t: Bdn dd! nhd ntd.u nam dd.u ng6n tay
Trrong An quAn Vudng vidt:
'Bdn day ta ndu ti bit" (Nghi cqnh ddng tho - NXB \T{, H, 1981) I{h0ng chi crj eic nhir ph6 binh ndi ti6ng mdi hay "li6n hf ro s6nh" md bdt ki mQt ai, mudn bdi vi€'t cria minh sinh dQng, phong phri vd cci sdc thuydt phuc... thi ctrng phAi vdn dgng cdch thrlc ndy. Nhibu khi chi chn so srinh ln da ndi blt vdn dE. l.Vx
129
Binh giing bdi ThuQt hodi c'(:.a Dnng Dung, m6t hoc sinh l6p 10 dA bi6t li6n h6 so s6nh v6i bai thd cia Ngu Co vidt vE Hang Vu: Hd.n binh
di luoc dia
Tu di)n sd ca thanh D{Li uuong chi khl tQn Tietl thidp hd. liau sinh (Qudn Hrin cudp h6t ddt - kh(rc sd vang bdn bb - Dai vddng chi khi can - Ti6n thiSp sdng lnm chi). Hai bdi tho cc! n6t gidng nhau, dti id c6i nhin hdo hing vd bdt hic. C6i dgp cria k6 si, cdi hirng tdm tr6ng chi cria k6 trtdng phu, cai hi6n ngang, bdt khudt cria ngrrdi anh hing chi cdn dgng l4i trong hinh Anh cuSi cing "ki do long tuyEn drii nguyCt ma' (Lo Hbng Quan - 10V - tnrdng Phd thdng trung hoc Lam Son, Thanh Hciar Dd ldm ndi b4t dac di€'m "mdi nhd thd cci oich thric cin nhan cuoc sdng ri€ng biQt, tao nen sq da dang, kh6ng nhim ch6n, don dieu", mQt hge sinh kh6c vi6t: "Cr5 nhrlng vhn tho riu ran vdi c6i rui crla cuQc sdng, l4i cti nhdng vhn thd quAn quai v6i n6i dau cria cu6c ddi Ndu nhrr trong thd cLid T6 Hi1u, 6m hudng chrl d4o ld ni'6m vui vi khi thd tdng bing cria cuQc s6ng XHCN thi thd Thanh ThAo trong nhfing ngey ghn day de "xoay" cho chfng ta thdy rnQt mAng hiQn thuc vila cay d6ng vila xtjt xa: T6i xoay nhftng 6 Duong trong qud'n phd
- dng chn 130
cho hqi b6.t tdi dq. bieL
. Drt, cd ngay. IIai bdt hii dac biQt bdn s6 S . Mi Mi, (tn di con, sao, thit dai it, 6rtg chi? -Ds!
.
Thit bb dai ngod.h, dd di cho hai bat git
- Ds! (Khdi uu6ng ru blch) Ndu nhrr Thanh Thio lanh ling quay lai mdt cAnh tldi tlrot b6n le nhftng ngr.rdi en mdy d<ii kl6t, xin an, m6t b6n ll con chd Mi Mi d6ng dAnh ch€ b6t phd thit bo, thi Chd Lan Vi6n x<it xa dtng lai d n.rdt bfia 6n;
Vit gdy chuo ddy can Inm thit ngity ddn doi Bila on hhong eR& noi Cd nhd inz ntd an. (Bdi cLia Ta Thi Tuy6t - Trddng PTTH Ld Hbng Phong, Nam Dinh) Cd th6' ddn ra nhibu doan van so s6nh, Ii6n h€ rdt dat nhu thd d c.ic bdi viSt crla hgc sinh gi6i. So sdnh le mot blQn ph6p hdt srlc chn thidt trong van nghi luan. M6t met nd lAm sdng t6 ngay vdn db dang nghi luen. Mnt kh6c nd chtlng td ngudi vi6t cci ki6n thrlc phong phri, r6ng rai. Binh Sldng Tdng bi|t hitnh ctia ThAm TAm, c<i thd li6n h6 ddn db tAi clrla ta! - fiAn biet rdt phd bidn trong v6n hoc: chia tqy trong ca dao, chia Ii trong TruyQn Kidu, chia tay 6 Chlnh plu ngd,nt, chia tay trong Thdnt hia (Trhn hiu Thung), C/zio ta! trcng dem Hd N6i cria Nguy6n Dinh Thi, trong Cafc clr,ia li md,u dd cria Nguy6n Mi, v.v... C0ng nhrr
131
Ho{c:
khi phan tich, binh giAng bdi thd Thu uz-nlz crla Nguy6n Khuydn cd thd lion hC, so s6nh vdi hdng loat bai thd vi6t vb mia thu tir xua ddn nay nhr.r ihu trong Hbng Duo qu6c dm thi ftp. M a thu crla bi Ng6 Chi Lan (Thdi L6 Thrlnh T6ng), cAnh thu trong TruyQn KiEu...Cho ddn Dd'y m a thu ftii (XuAn Diou), mira thu trong Ddt nu6c (Nguy6n Dinh Thi) vd "Th6ng T6m mira thu xanh th6n" trong thd T6 Hfru v.v... Nhu thd ild li€n h6, so s6nh van hgc, ngrrdi vi6t ph4i cti mQt v6n tri thfc rdt rdng ve van chrrong Tuy v{y, chn lu6n ludn nhd so s6nh cdt In dd ldnr ndi bAt cdi hay, crii dep crla tric phdm duoc phdn tich, binh gidng chrl khdng phai dd phd tnldng ki6n thtic lan man-, mdt trong tam, bei vi6t trd n6n ten man, l4c db, gay c6m gi6c rdt khti chiu cho ngudi dqc. Nhtng li6n h6 so srinh hay ld nhtng so sdnh khi6n cho ngudi doc c6m thdy rdt tu nhi6n mir vdn d'6 lai ndi bdt duqc c{ic gtic cqnh vi mdru s6c cria nd. Doan vin so sdnh crla Nguy6n Tudn sau ddy li kidu so sinh nhrr thd: "Tdi khdng thd khdng lion tudng tdi mot cudn tidu thuydt Nga cria nhi tidu thuydt hi6n thqc Gd Gdn, ctrng cd nhfrng doan ncji d6n nhrlng nong den da ch6t rbi md v6n chua y€n ch6 du6i mi ddt. Tmng truyen ddi Nhftng linh hbn chllt cria Gd Gdn ctrng thdy kd s5ng dio bdi l6n nhirng nong dan da chdt rbi. Trcng T6't dbn, mot linh hbn mu dich An-Nam cring ldm niln nhac u trbm dd dQm cho mQt doan bi ca vE
ling
cr1 An-Nam" (
TruyQn Tdt din c a Ngd Td't T6 tt'.ch trong NguySn 'f.uat - TulAn tAP, t.2,
vlt,
"Thd gi6i nghC thuat ctra Nguy6n Hbng c<i mot cdi gi rdt gan grli v6i thhn thoai, cd tich, truyQn Thu, lai gi6ng gi6ng nhu th6 gidi dhy gidng bao ctia nhitng tnidng ca, nhcng thi6n truyQn ng6n tdng m4n chir nghia cta M6cxim Gorki hay tidu thuydt cria Jicto Huygo, trong dd cd sg d6i lfp dO ddi gina 6nh sring vir bdng tdi, girla beo tdp vA ning veng' grrla qu! dfr vd thi6n thhn, girra dia ngpc vi ld hla cci nhfrng nhdn vAt cu gid nhrl cu IJ6c, cu Can, cg Vi hirng vi qu6c thrrdc, nhrlng ngUdi den ba nhu me La, rnq Nghia' Grii Den t6o tgn ngang tang khidn ngudi ta lion trlong ddn nhtng ti6n ong ph{t td, nhtng Quan Cdng, Didn Vi, nhirng Ton Nhi Nuong Cd Dgi Tdu.. lai crj nhrlng nhen vat nhri c4u Khda, V6 Qu)'... hinh thir cd qu6i nhtt l4c ddn tir mOt thd gidi ndo khidn ngrrdi tloc nghi ddn hinh lnh Cadim6d6 trong Nhd. thd Dttc Bit Pari c]ioa Victo Huyg6" "
-
Con tuguii Dit sl't nghie.p tlj'ch tmng cudn Chdtl dung udn h4c cria NguY6n Ddng M4nh, Hu4 1990) (NguYan Hbng
7) LAP LUAN SAC SAO CHAT CHE
+
lAp ludn ld ding nhfing li lc va d5n chfng sring t6 vdn db, dd n$di dqc hidu, tin vd dbng tinh
Ai cflng bi6t dd
lim
vdi mlnh. Dd c<i drroc li 16, ngudi vidt phAi van dung c5c thao t6c tu duy nhrr phan tich tdng hop, IuQn ba doan, lo4r suy' tudng phAn, so s6nh. . lap ludn cci mot i nghia \a tbm quan trong rdt ldn trong vdn ngh! ludn. Dibu nay de dugc nhieu
1982) 133
t32
srich db cdp vri ldrn sring t6(l). O day ch6ng tdi chl niii m6t sd kinh nghiom thuc t6 nay: Mudn cho lAp lO:- 1lU luen chet ch6, kin canh, khi vi6,t.n6n dnt minh vao dia vr ngudi doc. nhdn ld ngvdi dqe khdng cing nr6t y vOi minh, rbi gie dfnh nhitng ldi phAn bdc cd thd cci tir dde giA dy d6 lip ludn cho hdt nho vA.'kin vd,,. Vi thd ldp luAn trong m6t bdi vd.n nghi lu6n thudng eh(a _ d9ng mOt n6i dulg d6i thoai ngdm vb m6t vdn d6 ndo d6y. ttno dua ra nhrlng 1i mdi md lai cdng phai lrru y T*o* d6n kinh nghiem tren. Doq.n nghi lu6.n sau ddy.cia Trhn Dinh Srl 16 rAng chrla . ddng m6t cu6c ddi thoai, m6i cu6c tranh luAn thdt srrlhung quanh . mdt crii "li cia hinh thric nghO thuat,, traong
Kibu
TtayAn
.
'T.rong Truy€n
Kiiu
cdi
gj quy dinh su thd hi6n cric nh6n
v{t? Crii gi lim cho su mi6u ta c6c nhAn vAt Ki6u, Kim Trong Ti Hdi, Dam Ti6n khdc vdi eric nhAn vat nhtr Sd Khanh. Tri BA. Ma Girim Sinh? phei chang mor ddng dA
bu6c sang chri nghia hi6n thuc cdn ddng kia thi.chrra tloet kh6i trdi buQc cta mi hoc phong ki6n? Nhrrng n6u nhu vay,
thi tai sao ch6 niy tho6t kh6i cdn chd kia thi b6 talfi O d6y c<i mdt quan niCm ugh6 thuat gin li6n vdi hinh thfc
m0 te dd. Ki6u, Kjm Trong,.. cAc "ddngl', "b4c', trong xA
(l)
IDL
hdi
loai ngudi dddc md te nhu anh hr)ng,, ,,ddng tdi
(,,ddng
Xem:
- Ldl. fin 12 isiich cai ciich girio duc). NXB Gi6o dqc. H.. - D€ hot thi tdt n6n rd . DHSP HNI. ts88.
1992
hoa" " tr{c tAl danh" "bqc b6 kinh"...) MA de lA ddng, b{c thl khong the' m0 tA nhu nhfrng ngudi phem tuc vd phAi tuen tht theo. c6c mAu rngc cri s5n. Cdn bon Tri, Ma, Sd.,. thgc td Ie quAn vd lodi, md d5 ld v0 lodi thi cdn c<! quy tdc chudn mgc nFro rdng budc drroc? M6u mrrc duy nh{t dd mi€u tA chfng ld hiQn thrrc, do tdc giA quan sdt khdi qudt
truc ti6p!"
hrbn Dinh St - rht
phd.p tha T6 Hnu,
NXB Tric phdm mdi, 1987) Doen lap I'rqn dddi driy tuy cda mdt hoc sinh nhung c{ng khri kin canh. Nd cing chda dring m6t d6i thoai nghm. Ddy le doan lap ludn vb mdi quan h6 giira nhe. ven vd. cu6c sdng: "Cu6c s6ng vdi nhtng hi€n thuc phong phti, phric tap vita ld ddi tuong hudng t6i, vira ld ngubn mach nudi dudng van hqc. Quay lrrng lai vdi cudc s6ng mai md vdi chuyon dric chi, Iuy6n cau, moi giri tri ven chudng chi ld mdt thf ki xAo, vdn v6. Lgc Du, n$idi da vidt hdng ngen cau thd, lric sip mdt tr6i lai cho con, Idi hang tr6i mang stlc ning chi6m nghiom cia mOt h6n tho tdi neng, di tron cudc ddi m6i thdu hidu ndi c.ii 16: "Cdng phu crla tho lA d ngodi tho". Thi ra, sdc nang cta trang thd, cia nhitng con cht l4i chinh ld d cu6c ddi dby ning gid ngoei kia. Nhd thd phai ddn dd, phAi iim ddn drj dd ngdi bfi vidt l6n tir thd mUc chung cdt tit chinh cuQc ddi dby phric tap, b6n bb bao dm thanh cria moi s6 phdn. Van hgc ra ddi tit cuQc sdng mQt c6ch tg nhiCn nhu da trd thdnh quy luat, th6ng lQ, n<i quay trd vb dd khdm phri, thd hi6n lai cuOc s6ng".
(Bii cta Trbn Van Toen - trudng PTTH La lf6ng Phong Nam Dinh)
134 135
Ou" le mdt doan binh nrdt chi
- 1:U" ki dd cldra Nguyrin Dinh thi. _
ti6t rrong bdi
tho
"Tho ld tinh c6m, ld cinn x(c Tho khdng ldy vi6c ta ldm chinh, khdng canh tranh nhuns thd ti6t trong tho phAi ld nhrlng chi tidt chon fn" a _O"'"gfr,e, ngA nhdt. Nd chn crii tinh chdt cta cudc SU y6u ta su chon loc cia "O"g "f,"i'fr" trdi tin). "l{: :nO phAi ln nhrlng chi ti6t gidu sdc bidu hi6n nhdt, ";;";,;-r;;;;; khr;;;g runi dong drJdc long ngudi. gui dddc nhdng ,r*"d,rU"* ''vii do bac qudng s(ns trudns,, "U"
;r.*,r. il,lJ'J:'#t:ri",,I.:: ;L,:t*
:: ti6t nhtr thd., .
ta thudl rrar
"ii"?
(Bdi cria Ninh Thi Hoing Anh hqc sinh Hd N6i)
"rri
-
Ooln- van tr6n crng le mot gdi y t6t vb caich thrtc lQp no'i bdt nghia .,,J Ou ,"i 11ar ry.ldm ,!dt tho,.ngudi "0. ";; vi6t di rut lai,, ,tao't"uO";;; su chat ch6 trong ldp luan vA ";;;;;.';.; ldm sdng t6 v6n d ;;;;; Do ddc didm vd tinh chdt cia nci, van nghi luan lt ailllo+i cau m6 te, tran thuat "kd ld, su "i+ loai c6u kh6ng dinh vd pht dinh voi ;; H;;;;T cric ph6n do6n hoac nhfing "Ot " nh{n x6t, drinh ;;;. ,i; Vi du: ',Ddi Kibu li m6t tdm gudng oan khii, m6t cAu , chuypn th6 thAm vb vfn rnQnh ngldi ,""";-:;;; Dgng l6n m6t con ngudi. m6t "o1 ";.
,
^
t
;;"r;
; il;.; il:
on*a, o.'
oiii;:;;H'"#;* iil,J-irhil:fi :
cria thdi dai. l,di ph6t bidu d trudc hdt ri m6t tidng k6u trr,rong. ng dau ddn, sudt trong quydn
Mo,;;;;;;fi;l
truy6n kh6ng hic nio khdng vdng v6ng b6n tai ,, (trich trong anL6n Nguydn Du: mOt trd.i tim, nfit ngh€ si t6n cria Hoii Thanh,
vdn sau dey ,, ,,, vii v6n Nguy6n Hbng ndi riOng.; ; chudng ndi chung. Sau dci ding ph6p [ai J] u, iuo khing dinh dec dic,m van chudng "* Nguy€n Hbng. Nhrr -" vay vE crich rhric t{p ludn vira ta to.ng _ oii" - g;;";"s:y.:. tuy vdy, cdi hay crla doq.n van cbri yo.u in'U"" * *i chu6i phdn dozi.n sdc sAo di6rn dat bang m6t loat cdu khing dinh cci g<ic
,:"ul
nhQn x6t tdng qudt
"r"-T,,1, .:,::';tJtl*
canh.
'Vnn Nguydn ,. chrl dby Hbng bao gid cring ldp kinh srr s6ng. Nhrrng ddng chi ti6t cr? cr:
*. i"* .#,
a';:
#,
ili'"il"Jf,
#.*i :T ta rhudng ncii nhd tho. nhe vdn chncci ba ,.; ;;;r;i;;, -;;,.';; tai, tri ve tam. Ccr criy btt chi nanh vb tei. ,a Nguy6n Hbng rhdy tdi vd id ;"ir,ll1i;,
aa" *a,"rrriarn-L;;;; ;;l} ;l"jrf vin chan chinh xda nay, tam bao gid
,ff jl#:_'ili ""'
cring
h
";;';;: chi ld canh, ld ngon. Nguydn lldng , vidt vdn nhd ld dat ludn c6i ,,tan,, n( s6,ch. N6u ir,at'r.r,r;';:rlH;Tt cho moi chu"a",oi d6 tric phd'm cia Nguyen llbng,;i;; h,i; nh6.n dao, m6t chri nghia nh6n dao bao giA l,ing th6; ;; menh li6r" tll
tri "1
t"rl?t:il?
(Thuong tidc nhd. ud,n Nguten Hong .SDD)
136
r37
Do nhu cbu lAp IuAn, vin nghi luan thrrdng phAi dtng ddn nhrlng t nhu: ?hdl uQy, tuy thd, cho rLAn; ui uQy, hhbng chi,'.. miL cbn, co nghia ld' gid' stL, ngu nh'u, truac lt'eL sau c ng, m\t nxq.t, nLOt hhcrc, n6i chung, tant lai, tuy nhicn, ban cqnh. d.6 v.v... c6 thd goi chung le hQ thting til lQp luAn. Cdc em hgc sinh chn chn 1i hoc vd luy6n srl dgng c6c tit dy thdnh th4o. Trong qu6 trinh nghi lu4n, cd g6ng trdnh mQt s6 l6i thddng mic: lQp luQn thidu l6gic, lu$n didm khdng 16 ring, khdng h6 th6ng, luAn crt thi6u chinh x6c, khdng ddng tin c{y v.v... Nhrrng l6i n?ry tla sd duoc sdch l-anr udD 12(CCGD), (trddng DHSP He NOi 1 bi6n so4n - 1992) lrru i nh6c nhd s) DAN CHUNC VA TRINH BAY DAN CHUNC NOi tlung bdi vdn ngh! luan dddc t4o ndn bdi nhilng li 16 vir din chdng cA hai cirng cd nr6t muc dich lir ldm sdng t6 v6n d6/cAn nghi ludn.., Tuy vdy, n6u nhu Ii /e nghi6ng vb viQc ldm cho ngrrdi 6oc hidu thi ddn chrtng thi6n v€ phia IAm ngudi ta tin. M6t khi da hidu vd tin t(lc liL da bi thuydt
phtlc.
Nhrr vay cA hai d'6u cd tbm quan trong nhrl nhau. MQt bdi ven kh6ng thd khdng chri y tdi vdn db ddn chrlng trong quri trinh vi6t. Vb vdn d6 ndy, nhibu s6ch vidt vb lim v5,n, bei v5.n ciing cla rt'c cdp, ti6u bidu ld cudn ,Ldnr. udn 12 (.CCGD) md chring doi da nh6c 6 c6c phbn tron. Trong cu6n sach ndy soan gi6 Nguy6n Minh Thuydt da trinh bdy ng6n gon vlr s6ng sria vdn db din chrlng qua oic mlrc: cho.n dd'n chung, sdp xdp 138
dd.n chtng, phdn
tich ddn chtng, cac hinh thtc nau ddn " chtng, ud chfra m,Ot sd hidu l6i ub ddn chtng, Dri ld nhtng didm h6t srlc co bdn ve cAn thidt cia ki nang ndy. Chnng tdi cho ring, ngay tir khi bdt dhu hoc vd le.m van nghi luAn, cric em dA phAi drroc trang bi nhtng kidn thrlc nAy (chf khong phAi dd dc'n ldp 12), cing vdi nhiEu ki ning cd bAn kh{ic. Bdi vi, ki nang chi trd n6n thudn thug thdnh thao vd m6u mrJc khi ngudi ta drroc luy6n tap ngay tir nhtng brrdc di ban dhu vd phAi ln nr6t qu6 trinh ldu.ddi (ngay tir dbu cdp ddn cudi cdp mdi cti thd goi le. mOt qu6 trinh). Chring t6i coi nhu c6c didm co bin vd. cb.n thi6t vira nhAc d tren. hoc sinh de nd.m dudc. Vi thd d dAy chi ncii them nrdt sd didm dd cdc em hoc sinh luy6n tap trjt ki neng nay.
a- Tnt6c hdt chn phdn bi6t hai loai dAn chfng trong bdi van nghi luAn. Dci ld ddn chrlng bd.t bu6c vd ddn chrlng m6 rQng (li6n h0, so s6nh) DAn chrlng bit bu6c ld d5n chrlng nAm trong ph4m vi 1'6u chu c0a db vE trJ li€u. Cdn d6n chrlng md rdng ld loai din chrlng ngodi pham vi tr6n do ngudi vi6t vi6n ddn ra dd li6n hO, d6i chi6u, so s6nh nhAn ldm sd.ng 16 th6m j tlang drrqc bdn bac.
V; da 1: Cti y kidn cho ring Nguy6n Khuy6n li
m6t
tmng nhilng nhe thd ddc s6c cria lAng c6nh Vi€t Nam. Anh (chi) hay chrlng rninh dibu dci qua vi6c phAn tich chrlm tho mira thu cta Ong.
O dE ndy, "Chirm tho mia thu" cta Nguy6n Khuydn ld 139
pham vi tu liCu me n$Jdi vi6t buQc phai trich ddn Dci Id nh(tng ddn chtng bd.t buQc. Tuy vf;y, trong qu6 trinh vidt, ngudi ldm bdi c<i thd li6n hO vdi nhibu nhe thd khac cring vidt v'6 mtra thu dd so srinh. d6i chi6u, ldnr ndi ro nhtng n6t d4c s6c cta mia thu trong thd Nguy6n Khuy6n. TaiL ca nhilng t6c phdrn trich d6n ngodi y6u chu cta db ndy dbu Id nhtng cldn cluing nt'o ratug.
Vi d.u 2: Nghc thuet treo phfng c0a Vfl Trqng Phgng qua chrrong Hanh ph c cia m,t tong ?ia trong Sd dd. O Aa tray d.6n chtng bat bu6c phei ldy ti doan trich Hanh phic cia nat tang 9ia. Nhung ngudi vidt cring cti thd md r6ng ra ldy mQt sd dAn chrlng khdc trong c6c chrlong kh6c cria tidu thuy6t Sd tii, hoac cao hdn nrla ld ley trldt s6 d6n chrlng c]i'l:a c6c lAc giA khec crlng thdi nhr: Nam Cab. Nguy6n Cong Hoan, Ngd Tdt Td... dd lam ndi b4t ngh€ thuAt trdo phring cria Vri Trpng Phqng. Nhrr vay vb nguy6n tic nhirng ddn chitng md rdng ney cd thd d nhi6u cdp dQ. Ndu ddn chtrlg b&'t bL0c le mdt doan trich, thi dd.n chtng nxd r|ng cci thd ld nhrlng doan kh6c trong tdc phdm dy. nhrlng tdc phdm khdc cia cing mdt nhd van, nhi:hg t6c phdm khdc crla nhd vdn kh6c (cirng thdi, trrJdc dd, sau d6, trong nudc, ngoai nddc, vin hoc dAn gian, van hqc vidt...) Phan bi6t hai loai ddn chrlng ndy d6'hm gi? Dd ngrrdi vidt chri j tuan thit quy t6c sau diy: phAi tdn trong va tap trung vdo nhrtng ddn chtng bd't buQc, l'rinh tinh tr4ng ddn chttng ntd rQzg lAi nhi€u hdn, coi trqng hon, ldm 6t cA d'6'n chtng bdt 6ud,c. Giting nhrt xem ti6t mqc tdu ghi ta mn lei r+o
nghe ti6ng kbn vd b0 gd cirng cec nhgc cu khric ld chi y6u. Nghla Ia d6n chrlng md rQng chi la dd L\na sd,ng t6 thetn cho d6n ch(ng b6t bu6c.
NgOii ra vi6c luu i crj hai loai dAn ch(ng dy, crtng dd ng$di vi6't thdy nhi€u khi chn phAi cd nhfrng d6.n chtlng nld r|ng. Nhrlng ddn chfng ndy m6t mat dd li6n h6 so s6nh, net khdc cring chrlng t6 tbm ki6n vAn rQng rai cria ngudi vidt. Ngoiri vi6c phan bi6t hai loai d6n chfng tr6n cldy, cri nhfrng dE van y€u chu ngudi vidt tu x6c dinh ldy ddn chrlng.
, vi
du:
Anh (chi) hidu nhrr thd neo vb ndi dung kh:ii ni6m tinh nhan dan trong ven hoc? Li€n h6 thuc t6 van hoc. Hoec: Hey giai thich vd binh ludn j kidn cria Nguy5n Van Si6u (1799-1872): "Vnn chudng cci hai loai ddng thd vd khdng d6ng thd. Loai khdng d6ng thd ld loai chi chuy6n chri & van chudng. Loai dr4ng thd lA loai chuy6n chri d con ngrrdi".
R0 rirng, d hai dE vta n6u ngudi vi€t phAi td minh xdc dinh vd lua chon l6y nhrlng ddn chfng sao cho phir hop, ti6u bidu, lAm s6ng t6 duoc nhtng li lc vira n6u. Trong trudng hdp ndy khdng cci srr phdn bi6t hai loqi din chring ndi d tren,
Trong mdt sd tnrdng hgp de bei n6u y6u chu vb pham vi tu li6u rdt rQng (mdt thdi ki, mdt giai doan, hay mdt khuynh hudng van hgc...) d nhing trddng hdp ndy dAn chrlng vira bdt buQc, vira tg chon.
Vi du: "Phdn rich cdm hfng lang mqn c6ch m4ng trong
t4I
thd
tir
O db ndy dd.n chtlng bat buQc la thd yiOt Nam.giai doan 1945-.L975, Nhung chon ddn ch(ng nd.o cu thd hoan toa.n do ngudi vidt, Nhdn dey cring chn ndi th6m: db tr6n, n6u dring nhu drip rin crla ngudi ra dE thi phAi srla lai cho chat chc nhrJ sau:
tich cAm hrlng l6ng man cdch mang trong thd Vi6t Nam (mibn Bdc ve virng gi6i phring mi€n Nam) tir . "Phdn
t945-t97'',.
i ti lo gita ddn chrlng va li
Nhd t$n da ncii, n6i dung vdn ngh! ludn bao gid cnng ld li lC vd d6n chrlng nhri.m thuydt phuc ngrrdi doe (hi6'u vd tin). Tuy vdy, trong qu6 trinh vi6t bdi nghi ludn, ngudi vi6t phai tny tirng v6ir db, tirrig kidu bdi mA xric dinh ti 16. gita li lc vd dan chrlng cho phi hop. Bei vidt chi cd li I€ (hoic d6n chrlng qu6 it) se trd ndn khd khan... tqo c6m giric nli,ng n6 cho ngudi doc. Tr6i lai ndu bdi nghi ludn chi toA.n d6n chrtng (li lo que it) so trd'n6n hdi hdt va nhat nhco gay cho n$Jdi dgc c6m gi6c bai vidt r6ng, thidu s6u s6c. Nhrr vdy phAi kdt hgp ddgc cA hai y6u t6 nly. Khdng n6n hi6'u m6t c6ch m6y mtic ring: chrlng minh li dirng d6n chfng nhibu, li l€ It, giei thich la l{ l€ nhiEu ddn chrtng it. Lf 16 vA dAn chdng nhi6u hay It phu thu6c vdo tirng n6i dung vdn dE chn nghi luan. O kidu bai nghi luAn v6n hoc, nhln chung loai dE hi6'u vd cim tric phdm vdn hgc horic lem rO mQt vdn dd vdn hoc srl -nd.o dd, chn ddn chfng nhibu hon loai db vb mdt vdn tlb li ludn v6n hoc. Vi. du: "Cdc chric nang chir y6u cria vd.n hog n6i dung ola tirng chrlc ning ZIy Ii gi?" b-. Chn chri
142
vb m6t vdn db li luin van y6u trinh bdy nhrlng hidu bi6t cria vi6t chri hgc n6n ngrrdi mlnh bdng cdch ncu nhirng li lc dd giei thich mQt loat vdn dl nhrr: Van hoc co mdy chdc nang chri ydu? Tai sao chdng l$ cd nhfing chdc nang dci? N6i dung crla titng chdc ning ll gl? Quan h€ qua lai oia nhrlng chrlc nang nEry nhrr thd nao? TAc dung cia m6i chrlc nang ra sao? v.v... Di nhi6n d dAy c0ng khdng thd thidu d6n chfng. M4c dn vay, ti lO ddn chfng A bdi vi6t niry khdng thd chidm nhiEu dhd de DAy lA
1945-1975'
16.
d! kidm tra ki6n thric
sau ddy: "Phdn tich vd chring ninh mdt trong nhfrng dec didm cd bAn sau ddy crla van hoc ViQt Nam tt 1945 ddn 1975: ehu ydu dugc sdng tec theo khuynh hddng st thi vd cAm hfng Hng m4n". Dey .le db bdn vb mdt vdn db vdn hoc stl (dac didm cria mot giai doan van hgc). L; rc tap trung chri ydu vdo dE giAi thlch thg neo le khuynh hrrdng s thi vit th6 ndo li cAm hdng l6ng m4n, cdn lai phbn ldn Ii ldy ddn chung tit th\rc t6 t6c phdm van hgc dd lim s6ng t6 dac didrn ndy.
Logi dE phAn tich, binh gieng mot clo4n trich hoAc mot tAc phdm vdLn hoc thi tt Ic nghilng vb vi6c chi ra t6c phdm ly hay d ch6 ndo? Cdn dd.n chtng lit tdt ca nhf,ng chi tl6t, c0u cht, hinh Anh, nhlp di€u, nhdn vet... trong t6c phdm dy.
Nhu v4y phai that linh hoat trcng viCc xric dinh d6n ohrling ccng nhu ctich drta ra dan chrlng: khi ndo thi trich nguyon van, khi nio chi cbn tcjrn tit ddn chrlng vd khi nlo trlch mot sd tir ngrl, chi tidt ti6u bi6'u. Cu6i cirng, ctng llln luu y vigc trlch d6n chrlng. Ngudi vidt ven nghi luAn t43
chn cd mOt 7ia titi ddn chfng giau cd, phong phri, da dang' Phii tloc nhibu, nh6 nhibu, nhr.t vay khi vidt mdi lga chqn duoc nhirng d6n chfng ti€u bidu "dich dring". Phai cd trong ddu hiLng tram cau tho thi may ra mdi trich trong mQt bai vi6t ndo dd dr.toc vdi ba cdu phi hdp, "ctring" vd "tning" vdi vdn db dang bdn bac Nhd phe binh HoAi Thanh, sd di "didm huyQt" rdt ding, tdt tt'un'7 tilng phong c6ch 1lr6i nhd tho chi biing ud'i ba biti, uiti ba cdu thdrn chi uiri ba ch , bdi vi b6n canh neng khidu thdm tho tinh nhay trdi cho, 6ng ct'n le mdt tdm g:ddng lao ddng chn ci, dgc nhiEu, nhd nhiEu non cd tam bao qu6t rdng ldn Dd cd dAn chrlng phong phri, da dang, dd vdn dgng ching m6t crich linh hoat vi huy dQng nhanh, ngudi dQc chn tich lny chtng theo mOt h6 thting vir c6ch thrlc clia ri6ng minh. ThrJdng le tich loy theo d€ tai, chrl db, hinh tdgng, kidu sring tdc, e5ch ntii, cech miou tg hay theo he thdng chi ti6t, nhdn vet cing loai ndo dcj. Crich tich Iny ndy rdt ti6n lgi cho viec li6n h€ so sdnh cong nhd viCc lga chon d5n chrlng.
c- Cbn nh6: dAn chrlng phai dugc phdn t{ch oho hay vd g6n nd vdi li 16 ma nci chn ldm s6ng t6. MOt bdi v6n cci nhi€u din chrlng la liQt chi mdi chrlng t6 ngudi vi6t cham hgc vd cci tri nhd (dey li ndi trudng hqp ddn chrlng chinh x6c), chf chrta ncji gi vb trinh dd nhAn thrlc, nang khidu thdm mi vd tiri hoa. Ngudi doc bdi, chdm bdi nhdn biSt cluOc trinh dQ vi ndng hlc nby nhd nhilng ldi phAn tich, binh giAng binh ludn dAn chrlng cta ngudi vidt' Cd nhrtng trudng hgp ndu ngudi vidt khdng phdn tich d6n chfng thi ngubi doc hhu nhr-t khdng hidu dugc d5n chrlng nhim phgc
v$ gl cho ll 16, cd y nghia gi vdi li lc. Thl dU: Trong n,6t doan vrin vidt vb td tudng mi hoc. cta Hb Ch{ Minh, cd m6t luAn didm ld: "D6i v6i Hb Chi Minh, c6i dep ld cuOc s6ng thrrc tai tr6n mat ddt ndy, cu6c sdng ludn ludn vAn d6ng, biSn ddi vd dhy say m€ cria con ngudi trong coi ddi tran tuc ndy',. Ngudi vi6t d6n chdng bdi Budi trua trcng Nll.Qt hi trong tit: Trong tir hltoan hhoai gi(fu: ban trxa, M6t gidc ntidn m,an su6t nzdy giit Mo thdy cudi rdng
thuong gi6i,
Tinh ra trong nguc udn
nd.m tro.
Ndu khdng cd doan phan tich, binh lu4n d6n chfng sau d0y thi ngrrdi doc kh<i thdy drroc j nghia cria ddn chrlng: "I{h6ng thd hidu drlng tinh thbn bdi thd nay ndu kh6ng nhAn ra nu cudi nia mai kin d6o vdo chinh gidc md .cudi rbng" cira ngudi ii thi si, Ttit nhi6n Hb Chi Minh khao kh6t tg'do hdn ai h61, nhung khOng hb mudn ,'crl6i rbng bay l6n trdi". N6u quA thrrc phAl bay l6n trdi thi chic ngudi thd d trong ngyc, the d cdi trhn dau khd ndy cbn hon. Bdi thd tu trdo that chua ch6t, cay dSng nhung kh6ng hd cci . tinh thhn tho6t tgc. Ta li6n tudng ddn ldi phrit bidu cria t6c giA bei thd nhan dd mdt cuOc tridn lam hdi hoa td chrlc tqi thir dO ngay sau Crich mang th6ng Trim 1945 (7-10-1945): "Nhtng brlc tranh ndy t6 ra c{ic ngh6 si cta ta lau nay dEu d6 c6 g6ng tim m6t con atudng di. Nhung tigc mdt dibu ld kh0ng mu6n di dudi ddt md cd mu6n wt l6n trdi (...) thet le mot thd gidi tien! Nhung toi nhd mrrdng tugng nhu L6 Tdn, nhd v5n c6ch mang Trung Hoa dA nrji d ddu mQt cdu l0.vH
144
t'n
145
dai 1i th6 ndy: "Ngrrdi tran l6n ti6n c<i l€ ciing thich that Nhung nhin thdy nai cdi dep kh6ng thay ddi rbi cing thdy ch6n n6n, nhat nh6o vir mdi bi6t ring: mu6n tim thdy sg thay ddi, su ham rno that, phAi trd v'6 vdi cuQc sinh ho4t thuc tai cta con ngddi". (Suy nghi nl6i uA NhQt hi trcn7 t.. Giao Duc. 1993. rr. 1321. MOt d6n chrlng khdc vE tinh thbn ddn chi sAu sic cila mi hoc Hb Chi Minh: bai Ghe Lby ninh d6 tim nhu hoa gd'nt', SOt soqt ludn tcLY t [a gdY dittl M4c gd'nt bqn t dbu khdck qu! trong n€uc thdy tri anr. Vd day ld ldi phan tich: "Bdi tho c<i giong dia vui thoAi Drrii gi6ng nhd nhiCu bei thd khac cria Hb Chi Minh. Qua ti6ng cddi rdt d6i h6n nhi6n dy, nhd thd mu6n ndi dibu ndy: Hb Chi Minh ctng ching phAi xddng c6t dec bi6t gi, <la thit Hb Chi Minh cflng nhd da thit mqi ngudi vay thoi, bdn thi ghd, ghe thi gei "F 9i gtto ctng cd cei thf rieng c{ra nci. Cl nQt nhd. lao cing gai gh6 thi th4t Ii hidu nhau vd cirng, that ld "tri am tri kl' kdm gi 86 Nha-Ti Ki ngay trudc, Cd ai dci ncii rdt dring ring: Hb Chi Minh rdi vi d?i, nhrrng vi dai nhdt ld dng khdng bao gid tu coi minh ld vi dai. Dti chinh ld trJdng hdp bdi thd ndy" (srich da ddn, tr. Gd.y dir'n,
138).
Nhrr v4y, phnn tich ddn chrlng cdn quan trong hon cA bAn thdn d6n chrlng. \'i thd khi chqn din chfng ngodi ydu cbu chinh x6c, da dang, chn chti f ddn nhtng d6n chrtng .md t1r minh thdy cti khA ndng phdn tich drroc q6c sAo vi hay. 146
tv. vb cAcH LUyEN TAp vrfT vAN NGHr LUAN Mudn nghi luan mdt vdn d6 gi ngudi ldm bei phei cci y dd nghi luAn vd bi6t c6ch nghi lu6.n. Dibu dd dA 16 rang. (i{t i, bi6t crich rbi, cdc en.r ph6.i s6p x6p lai thdnh h6 thdng rau dd chon ti/, det cau, dung doan theo qich dd trinh bAy thAnh bdi bAn bing ldi ndi hoac vidt ra tr6n "gidy trdng ttr(c den". V(ti urdt bei
lly
lin
van nghi ludn d nhd trudng qu6 trinh
ld;
1. Tim hidu suy nghi tru6c dA 2, Chudn bi chdt li6u cho bdj vin
3, Dr;ng klung bdi vi61, tiur cdch vi6t. 4, Vidt thenh bdi. Cric khau I, 2, 3 de duoc trinh bny. O phbn ndy chring tOi di vdo hudng dan crich luy€n t6'p dO" thuc hi6n khAu thrl t(. Khi bri6c vdo l6p hoc hay phdng thi, vdn db ld phAi vidt rao cho hay md lai kip gid. Mu6n vQy phli thdnh thao. Mu{n thdnh thao phAi luy€n tAp m6t cd.ch thi6t thtrc vd ccj phuong phrip.
I) LUYEN VIET NGAN, VIET DAI a) C6ch t4p luy6n ndy rdt cri ich, hrlu hi6u ddi v6i t6t cA c6c em hoc sinh dir d "tang,' ndo, quen ,'ddi dbng vdn trl" hay chl cci thd vi6t dudc mdt mdu qu6 ig6n. Tai sao l,ql uQy! Tai ddc didn cta bdi vdn nghi ludn cring gi6ng nhu ul tru ta dang s6ng vay. Cri thd dni r6ng d6n v6 cr)ng nhtlng cUng cci thd r{t gon dO'n tdi giAn. Vrt tru cd c6c I47
thi6n hd, thi6n ha c<i cdc hdnh tinh hdnh tinh thuc ra chi tir mQt vei hat co bAn mir thdnh Bdi v6n cti thd k6o ra thdnh ci mdt cuon s6ch nhung rirt lai thi chi tit mdt crii dau oe. b) Sau khi da thanh thao trong vidt bdi vdn ng6n rbi' vin cdc ban chuydn sar'g luyQn ui6t biti uan ddi C6c bdi ddi chinh le sd ph{it tridn cr.ia nrdt bai van ngAn tudng fng vdi ndo dci. Ddi nhd thd ndo ld theo mot ti lc nhdt dinh so bdi vdn ng6n kia. Tuy nhi6n tit m6t bdi van ng6n, ta khdng thd k6o cldi ddn vd cing bdi nghi luin thi cti thd vd han song nghi IuAn vb mdt vdn cle, d'6 tdi ndo dcj thi hr:u ha'n' K6o ddi v6 cirng se !'rldt qu6 crii dO hoirn chinh cria bii lran. i5c em tAp k6o ddi nhu thd nAo dd dbn dhn ddi d6'n dring kich thu6c hgp Ii, dep nhâ&#x201A;Źit cria bdi van lA thdnh cdng c) Crich luy6n taP cu thd, cci thd luyQn ffip theo tilng c6ch ho{c tdl cA c6c c6ch sau ddY: Tht nhdl: Dua veo khung bdi van (ddn y) vidt lan ltlgt tirng luen didm $ ldn) crla "khung" ney thenh cdu vdn M6i luan aidm mQt cau, Li6n k6t cic c6u 6y I4i vdi nhau bing aic til ngir n6i, c6u ndi. Dgc l4i, srla chia, bd sung dd chinh d6n, sao cho ddgc mOt chinh thd - bei van ng6n Thtl hai: T4p tdm tit bAn ngh! luin Crich thric; chgn mot vdn bAn nghi luan cd al6 dai vira phAi X6c dinh cric (lu4n phb.n c.ic do4n van bAn. Tim luirr didm chinh trong dd didm nay thudng dttgc thd hiQn bing m6t hoac hai cau ma ngudi ta gQi lir cAu chti d'E). Vidt ludn didm ndy gqn. lai thanh mOt cdu (ndu lu4o didm ddgc thd hiQn bing ceu chti cfb thi dirng ngay cau chri db ndy Lign kdt c6c cau nay bing tir ndi, c6u ndi. Ntji chung tdm t6t nhu vey doan sE 148
mgt di (vl thdnh mOt cau) song phhn (md bei, than bei, kdt bAi) cria bdi v6n vdn cbn. Nhd gin lai ddu hi6u hinh thrlc crla c6c phhn ndy (chdm qua hang, thut dhu ddng, vidt hou cht dbu). Dqc, chinh lai. Ndu bdi tdn t6t kh6ng bi ph6 v6 t(nh chinh thd (thdng nhdt theo m6t n6i dung - chri db tihdt dinh, c<i md bdi, th6n bdi, kdt luan) la da tdm tit drlng, vi nhu vay te da dugc mdt bii vrn ng6n, Thti ba: TAp chuy6'n biri van nghi luan ngdn da vidt drrgc, thAnh bei dei hdn, bing cach tt cau van chrla luAn dldnr chinh (cdu chrl d6) vidt nhdng cau ven tridn khai theo c6ch di6n dich hoec theo crich quy nap. Sau dd tr,On cd sd cria hQ thdng ney vidt nhfrng cau ndi hoac drlng tit ngit n6i dd li6n k6t cAc doan vdn trinh bdy titng lu$n didm 5y I4i vdl nhau. Nhrt chring ta da bi6t, c:ic luan didm niy dirng aho tirng phhn cria bei: nd bai, th5n bdi, kdt bdi, do viy cbn chri f d6n srr li6n k6t cric phhn.
Thrl tu: Tit dang bdi thf hai ndy, nhan x6t, tim ra c6u, y' nAo cci thd ph6t tridn th6m nta thi trdn co sd f phrit trldn dd vidt thenh ceu vin mdi. Vidt xong doc lai dd kidm tra tfnh li6n k6t, tinh hudng dich (tfc la hddng vao muc dlch ldm s6ng t6 vdn dE dang giei quy6t) cria chring. Crl th4 vi6t th6m vA chinh, cudi cring se cd mot bai vtn dei. Thtl na,m: Bii vdn nghi lu4n ddi d d4ng ba cfing chi rndi ll !U ph6t tridn h6 thdng ludn didm chinh. M6i lu4n didm nhu v$y cdn cd luan cf (crl licu dd nghi lu4n, dd ld tu li6u vln hac, ddi s6ng nhilng 5; kidn dting tin cay...). Hey chuydn nhtng lufln crl nd.y vlo bni dring vio ch6 cria luan didm (j) nA nd cd nhiEm vq lAm d6n chrlng. Chuydn theo hai crich: chqydn thAng (ndu t{ than chring dE thdnh vdn vd do y 749
dinh ngrrdi vidt, chi. mu6n din nguy€n chring) hodc chuydn bing cdu ven, doan van do ngrldi vi6t di6n dat theo y minh qua phan tich, gidi thi6u, di6n giAi chring. Ngodi ra cdn tiry nhAn thrtc cia hoc sinh d6i vdi ludn didm (he thdng ludn didm) cd thd vi6t nhing ceu. doan tu li6n he. li6n tddng. so s6nh, md r6ng sang c6c ludn didm, vdn dA ddi tddng khdc cci li6n quan.
Crl nhrr vdy c6c enr s6 vi61 dugc mdt n6i h6ng thd vidt th6m drrdc gi nta.
bii
vnn ddi ddn
ThtI sdu: Luy6n chung. Chon m6t bdi van nghi luAn rrd cdc em thdy y6u thich, phn hop vdi minh. M6t ngudi rnt ngan van bAn nghi luAn m5u dA chon. Ngudi thf hai, thf ba.,, drra vdo vdn bAn r{t gon dd vi6'J dai Sau dci kidm tra, dtii chrlng vdi van bAn g6c d6' rdt kinh nghi6m.
Lufen uidt ngd.n vd tit ng6n lai luyQn uidt diti lit cdch Bdc 116 da luy6n thdy rdt hi6u nghiOm d6' ndng trinh d0 vi6t brio, vidt van crla minh hbi Ngudi mdi bit ddu tAp vi6t. 2) LUYEN NGEI LUAN B,i.NG HINH ,,iNn DAT V BANC NHIEU CACH KHAC NHAU
vA
prEN
N6u luyQn vi6t ng6n - ddi girip c6c em lim bdi vdn nghi luan chat ch6, g9n ch6c, chQ dOng trong l{p y, khai th6c 5i thi luy€n vidt theo hai hudng tr6n dAy sO girip c6c em dua bdi vi6t crla minh d6'n dQ nghQ thuet... Khdng phAi ngAu nhi6n mi nhibu t6c phdm nghi lu4n chinh tri xa hdi dudc coi le tdc phdm vAn chrrong. Chinh vi nhrlng tdc phdm dd da nghi lu{n bing hinh Anh, vdn nghi luAn cd hinh Anh, cd ki thuat di6n dat cao. O ddy kh6ng phAi chi cd li 16, lep lu6.n sic sAo md cdn c<i hinh Anh sinh dOnC, cu6n hrit tri 150
tu$ vA trdi tim ngudi doc, gay khoti cim cho ngudi dqc. Nhu ta bidt nghi luan ld nghi luQn vb m6t vdn dil ndo dd. Vdn db dy dudc trinh bdy, dicn giei, ban bac, ^thuydt ph1rc bing kidn thrlc, Ii lc khoa hoc, nhitng chfng cd deirg tln csy, Song nhrlng vdn db nhu the'khdng phAi chi cri "c6i It crla nct" md cbn crj "crii hinh" cria nd nta Chiing hqn song li Ia m6t vdn dE. Ngddi ta de nghi luAn bing c6ch ding bao nhicu li tc dd ben vb nci. Song cong li cdng drrgc thd hiCn cu th6' bing bao nhi€u hinh 6nh, cuQc ddi, s6 phan con ngddi, hien tddng trong ddi s6ng x6 h6i Cho ndn dd cri thd nghi ludn bing hinh dnh, ta hey tap nhin c6i "hinh" cia vdn db bcn canh. viQc phAn tich cai -li" gnp nd. M4t kh6c tdp nhin cuQc sdng, cuQc ddi, con ngrrdi - tfc ld nhtlrig hinh 6nh thdc cta ddi sdng dd thdy "Y4r,! d6" trong dri, tim ra 'vdn d6" lrong dci. vd khi vidl van nghi lu{n trong khi trinh bny bing hinh 6nh, trinh bay mQt crich hinh Anh. Vb ldi vidt van ndy ta h6y doc uic bdi nghi luan ven hqc crla nhrlng cdy brit bdc thdy, nhdt li cria nhring nhd v6n bAc thdy. Ta h6y doc Bdn dn chd do thUc dan PhAp cria Nguy6n Ai qudc, cdc bAi vidt cia Nguy6n TuAn vb Itl dln cria Xudn Di6u vb tho Trdn Td Xrrong ch6ng h4n. Yi.dq, 4d liLrn 16 c6i ban chdt cta cdng li md thgc @1 Phrip dem lai cho nhdn dan ta trong nhtng ndm thring phfng dd hQ, Nguy6n Ai Qu6c da nghi luAn: "Thbn c6ng li cta "nudc m9" D4i Phrip dugc tudng tflrng bing nlot ngudi den be mQt tay cbm cdn, rnQt tay cbrn guom, "can'l, $d dAm bAo dong tlo dring cdng li, cdn I'gudm" dd tritng ph4t kd cci tOi. Ctng li vi c6ng ll. Th6 nhung khi sang ViQt Nam thi cAi cAn roi $6t, cld cb4 thanh gudm Themh- ra c6ng li md 151
-
. thrrc dAn Phrip dem ddn cho d6n
ta chi la su ddn 6p, ch6m
Ctdt".
Nghi ludn mudn cho dfng, vil mnt di6n dat chi c'dn vi6t cau ding ngU ph6p, chinh tA, vi6t dirng y chn n<ii vdi hai loai c6u thrrdng dirng: cAu ph6n dodn vd cAu suy luAn vii d6i tudng ta dang nghi ludn. Dci ld cdu don (thddng dirng dd ph6n dodn, drta ra nhdn x6t, ii ki6n vb d6i trrong).hoac c6u phrlc (thudng dUng dd suy luAa vE ddi tddng). Nhrrng mu6n vi6t vnn nghi ludn cho hay ta kh6ng thd chi bd hep trong chuyCn vidt cAu me cAn tap diSn dat j nghi luAn bing nhiing criclr, nhtng ldl di6n dat kh6c nhau. Crich tdp luy€n di6n dat thddng rip dung la: trudc m6t y, mOt d6i tuong cdn di5n dat, h6y tim crich di6n dat chring bing nhibu c6u, doan k}6c nhau dd chon cdch di6n d4t mi minh thdy hay nhdt, rrng 1i nhdt. Db ven da cho (cci trong phhn Pbu luc): "Ld dd - mot bdi thd ddng yOu ddng nh6". Cd ihd viSt phhn md bdi mdt aich binh thudng: ".Ld dti cta Nguy6n Dinh Thi ld n6t bai tho chi cri nudi ddng, 52 cht. Dcj le m6t bei tho nh6 nh6n, nhung dring yeu dring nh6". Cr)ng vdi uruc dich md bdi, gi6i thi6u ".Lcl dd
- m6t
bAi
thd d6ng y6u, d6ng nhd" nhrr db ra, song Ninh Thi HoAng Anh da tim cdch gidi thi6u khric: "Tir hi6n thrrc khdc li6t cria cuQc chi6n tranh ch6ng Ml da di qua cdch day mrrdi ndm, v6n cdn hlu lai trong tam tri ngrrdi doc nhtng dbng thd crla m6t thdi hla ch6y, cria nhfng nem theng kh6ng thd ndo qu€n. Ldm sao khdng nhd, khdng y€u mQt bei thd nhrr thd
t52
nA.y:
LA DO (d6n bai tho)
Ldi dii5n dat thrl nhdt lA ldi di6n dat "trung tinh" chi nhim vdo drldc bei, gidi thi6u bei thd ta se binh gid. Cdn Ninh Thi Hodng Anh da dhu tu dd tim l6i di6n dat gdy dddc dn tddng t6t dep. 3. LUYFN VI6T cAU DoAN CHUY6N TI€P
Mot bei van nhu chdng ta bidt IA mdt thd thdng nh6t hoin chinh dudc tao ndn bdi cdc phbn, c5c do4n, c5c cAu. Cho ndn "dinh li dAo" d ddy so ld, n6u cric phhn, cric doan, c6c cdu khdng k6t dinh v6i nhau chet ch6, thdnh mdt kh6i thi chinh thd th6ng nh6:t cr.ia bei van sO bi phri vd. Nghia ld biJ vd.n bi ph6 vd. Tuy nhi6n chn thdy ring trong m6t bAi vtn, nhiEu do4n, phan da U thAtu kdt dinh vdi nhau vi ching tidp ndi, quan h6 htru co v6i .nhau chung quanh mdt chri db, mQt nQi dung,
y tf. Lai cci nhtng phhn, doan khdng cd s{ tfr then kgt dlnh hoic d0 tu than kdt dinh gita chring qu6 thdp do kh6ng c<i s'J li6n tidp hay hrlu cd cao trong quan he ndi dung. O nhrlng doqn, phbn ndy, dd tdng cddng sU kdt dinh, ta ph|i chuydn tidp. D ng tit ngtt, cAu doq.n dd chuy€ft ti6p. Srr chuydn tidp thudng phai thuc hiQn d vi tri ndo trong bdi vidt? Cd thd kd ra c6.c v! tri sau ddy:
Tht nhdt: Girla cric phbn bd cgc chinh: md bii v6i thdn bAi, ihAn bdi vdi kdt bdi. Tht hai: giita cic phhn trong n6i dung bii, n6u ndi dung bdi dci crj c6c phhn: phdn phdn tich - phbn li€n hQ, vf;n dung; phhn chinh thrlc theo l6gic n6i 153
tai crla vdn db dcj, ndi dung dd - phdn phrit tridn, md rdng... Thr2 ba: glita doan ;i vdi doan 7!. Tht2 rrz: girra trinh bdy luAn di6'm, lap luen vdi luen cr.1. Thudag dnng nhitng don vi nAo dd chuydn ti6p: dirng ngtt, cd.u, dodn.
trz
Ve thudng chuydn tidp bing nhtng cdch ndo? Xin n6u mQt s6 c6ch thdng dung. a) Cdch "n6i" Dri lA cdch dirng tit n6i, cAu ndi, doan ndi dd ntii f niry v6i ! kia, phbn, do4n ndy vdi phbn, doan kia nhirn chuydn ti6ip ching qua "crii cdr.r" ndy. S6ch LitnL uatl 12 do Trhn Dinh Srl chri bi6n ggi lir "d ng lrdt t hoq.c ngil tuong duong udi hdt t " vd "d ng cdu chuy'n doqn"
Vi du:. "Qua cric phin tron kia, ching ta da thdy nhttng j nghia crla thd Xuan Hddng; nhtng y nghia dcj luOn ludn cci m6t didm ndy di kdm: La thd Xuan Hrrong rdt s6ng. Chinh cdi "rdt s6ng" dd lim cho thd Xuan Hudng d nlai trong ldng nhdn din". (Xuan DiCu - Cac nhir tho c6 didn Viet Nan) Sau doqn n6i ndy t6c giA chuydn sang trinh bAy I'cdi rdt song" trong thd Hb Xuan Hudng.
- "Trd l6n. t6i dd dfng
vE phia ngrrdi doc. ngrrdi nghe nhQn tric dgng cria phe binh. C0ng cci ihd dttng
mA nhin vb phia ngridi sdng tdc md nhin nhAn vdn dii.
(Hoii Thanh - ddn theo Ldm, udn 12) b, Cath 'ddt cdu hdi" Yi dU, - "... }.Jhrtng sd mQnh d ddy lai hi6n ra dri6i hinh thtiC nh(ng con ngudi. Bon ngudi dy khri d6ng? D4y dSe r54
Kibu khdng phAi chi c<i m6t ngudi nhu trudng hop Thach Sanh hay Ngoc Hoa. Pham TAi. Ddy doa Kiau le ca m6t xA h6i.
Ta thdy gi trong xd h6i dy?" (Hoii Thanh - So hltdo lich sl uan hcx ViAt Nant quydn IV) Phhn sau tdc gid chuydn sang ndi vb ',Bd n6.t xa h6i ' phong ki6n t"*or.g Truyan Kieu" . - Cring rrong bai vi61 rr€n, rrong phhn phan tich 'BO nrat xa h6i phong kidn tror'g Trulen Kl?u', sau khi trinh bdy bO rrrat dy, Hoai Thanh mudn trinh bdy, li giai n6t i nrla dd khoan sAu vdn db dat ra, Ong lai dirng ti6p m6t loat cdc cdu h6i dd chuydn ti5p. "Cei xa hQi Nguy6n Du t6 cdo lA xa h6i ndo? Ld xe h6i Trung Qudc thdi Gia Tinh Tri6u Minh? Hay xa h6i Vi6t Nam cudi LC dhu Nguy6n?" Ti6p theo. nhd ph€ binh da luAn giAi dd khing dinh "hi€n thric rni Nguy6n Du td cdo chinh ln crii hi6n thdc dudng thdi d Vi6t Nam".
-
O vi, dq nCu trCn, bing c6u h6i - hO thdng cAu h6i HoAi Thanh d6 chuydn tic'p ti phiin ndy sang phdn khric, tit doan ndy sang doq.n no. c) Dirng phep tep
Vi du: "Nh6 Nguy6n Trai, chring ta nhd ngudi anh hirng crlu nUdc, ngudi cirng L6 Loi ldn n6n srr nghi6p ,,Binh Ng6,', ngudi theo "Binh Ngd dai
crio',.
Nhd Nguy6a T1Q! la nhd nggdi alh !ir4g crlu !udq, dbtg 155
thdi ln nhd nhd v6n ldn, nha thd ldn ctla nrrdc ta,,. (Pham Van Ddng _ Nguy'n Trdi ngxdi anh hitng ddn t6c) Mdt di6u I'Ju i rit ra tt d6n chrlng n)a n6u ld, dd chuydn tidp sang phhn trinh bdy khd.c, n6u dr)ng ph6p lep, ngudi vidt chn cci su "nhic lai" cht db da giAi quy6t d phhn tr€n. Bdi ndu kh6ng ,'nhic lai,' th\ stt chuydn titip dndc thnc hi6n nhung su tiAtu hdt cd thd kh6ng chdt vi gh6p lap chuydn tidp dddc thuc hien d n16t khoeng c6.ch qu6 xa (khor4ng crich gan, trong chuydn ti6p kh6ng chn ldm nhu th6l. d) Tidu hdt, khdng d.inh ngan gon n\i dung dd, tintt biry: Dua ra luin cL?, luen didnt ddng tin cdy l1,odt ludri gidi mQt hhia canh c6 lian quan gitta hai lud.n didnt (dE trinh bdy v} s6 trinh biryt d6 a6rr6n , UO. Vi du: - "Bon quan lai, bon luu manh dbu ld nhrlng hi6n th6n crja s6 mdnh, uii s6 m6nh cay nghi6t nd giay vd Thriy Ki6u, Nhdng ncii d6n nhtng luc ludng b4o tan cta s6 m€nh, khdng thd khdng ndi al6n th6 ltJc cria dbng tibn', (Hodi Thanh
.
SDD)
-
"Nhd v6n T6 HoAi cdn goi D{ii mdt lit m6t thrl tuy6n ng6n ngh6 thuat chung cria l6p ngh6 si crlc anh h6i dy,,. (Nguy6n Dang M^nh - NhiL uan, tu tudng ud. phong cd.ch). - "Ai ctng bidt rang: Nguy6n C6ng Hoan sinh ra vd ldn lan dudi ch6 d6 thuc ddn phong kidn th6i n6t, ngey ceng di d6n ch6 sup dd hoin toen. Dfng trudc cdi hi6n thrrc dd, nhe vAn cd tinh thbn y6u nrrdc, j thrlc ddn t6c, lbng khinh gh6t nhtng gl bdt c6ng, khong thd kh6ng clb c6p d6n nhtng 15G
.
vdn dB ldn ctia x6 h6i. Nguy6n C6ng Hoan da dirng ngdi brit cta minh chdng thuc ddn, ch6ng phong kidn, phdi bay n6i cuc khd cria nhtng ngddi lao d6ng nhtng ngudi ngh6o khd, ph6 ph:in nhtng thdi hu tat xdu cta nhi6u hang ngrrdi trong xa hdi hic dci. Ong da srt dung nhibu thti phrip ngh6 thuat trong khi phAn 6nh nhtng hinh tudng nhan vat cu thd, nhirng nhAn vAt cu thd... d ddy, chring tdi mudn n6u m6t sd trddng hop ldn vi du,'. (L6 Thi Ddc Hanh - NgD{ thuet uidt
.
truyAn ngan cita Nguy4n COng Hoan) d) Chuy6'n tidp biing cd.ch tao c6c thd txong tng glita hai phbn, hai doan... Ching han thd ddi nguoc, the h6 _ ttngt so sdnh.
Vi du: "Nd.t nhu cec nha v6n hi6n thuc phc _
phri.n mu6n
tidu thuydt (v6n hoc) ld su thuc d ddi, nhu Vi Trong phung titng tuy6n ngdn, thi c6c nha ven lang man chir trddng thorit ra khdi hi6n tai..." (Bai lam cua hoc sinh) "Tdi v6n nghi ring, khOng phAi d6r\ DOi nld,t, Nam Cao m6i ddt vdn db "dOi mit"...', aNguy6n Dang Manh
e) Chuydn bdng
"trt tinh
-
SDDr
ngoai dd"
V! du: "Tdi thdy chn phAi ndi th6m vb c6i sudt suu,
crii
the suu nay, crii thrl thu6 bdt nhdn drinh trlc di6n vdo th6n con ngudi ndy, drinh ca veo ngudi dang sdng drinh ci vio ngudi de chdt. Nci li nrdt c.ii the ki di ma tmng thdi cn ai cring phii mang ludn tr6n minh minh. Tir ngiy cci chlnh quybn cich mang mdi xda dudc c6i thrl thud dA man cld.nh 157
vdo dbu vd thAn ngudi. Nhic lai cili v61 nho dy cr.ia ngdy c0, hin nhibu ddc gie th6 he hai mudi tudi ngdy nay khdng kh6i cho dd le c6i qurii di vi tat dA cd nh'J th6, hoic hdi nhau ring sao cei stl xdu hd dci lai ccj thd xAy ddn cho con ngudi!...
T6i nghi ring ndu chn cho th6n ln6t c6i nhan d'6 thri hai nita cho Tat ddn, thi ri6ng tdi, tOi s6 goi nci ld cu6'n C/i] .T H E SUU .
.(Nguy6n
T:u€n
- Truyin
"76.t ddn" cict
NEo Tdt Td)
"Trr1 tinh ngoai db" cci thd lA nhfrng ph6t bidu c6m nghi, li€n h6, Ii€n tudng, cd th6' le nh{hg ldi binh luAn, nhing cAu chuydn v.v... Nci nham ldm s6ng t6 n6i dung, md rdng nEi dung phdn tich (n6u nci ninr d do4n ndi dung) song cung cd khi dring dd chuydn tit j ng, vdn db no sang ,i kia, vdn db kia. Vdi tril tinh ngoai d6 cd trudng hop ngudi ta vidt thdnh cA mdt phhn dd chuydn tidp. Ndi chung I4i, tuy cting chi dnng tir ngir, cdu, doan d6' chuydn tidp nhr]ng crich chuydn tidp thi vd cirng phong phri, da dang. D<j ld cA mdt nghe thuat trong van nghi luen. Chuy6n kh6o, vUng, that thd qurl hay tinh vi, lit 160, td nhi ta dbu cci thd tim thdy trong chuydn tidp. Vi6c luy6n tep,
do vAy cfing ddi h6i .c6ng phu.
tap nhu lhd ney: - X6c dinh srt chuydn ti6p trong c5c bd.i vnn nghi luen hay phdn tich c6ch chuydn tidp trong dd dd hoc tdp, rrit kinh nghiQm: Tai sao ngrrdi ta lai chuydn ti6p nhd vey? Chuydn tidp cdch ney cd hay khdng? llay d ch6 ndo? Cci the' luy6n
158
" Tlm cric c6ch chuydn ti6p khric, ngoai cach chuydn ti6p rll cd. So s6nh, d6i chidu dd chon mdt oich hay nhdt. - Tgp chuydn tidp theo nhidu c:ich kh6.c nhau, trong khi luyen vigt ven. . T{p denh gi5, nhAn xdt, srla chia c.ic chuydn tidp cia nhau,
4, LUYEN VIET DOAN VAN $
a) Doan ven chring ta db cip idi d day lA doan udn lrong bdi udn nghi luQn. Doen vin trong blri vdn nghi ludn ld doan van nhd thd nAo?
- Trd6c hdt nci phAi dAm btrc ld doqn udz. Nghia lA dem bAo hai ti6u chi. Thrl nhd.t, r'b,n girla hai ch6 xueing ddng; thUt dhu ddng. vi6t hoa khi rnd dhu; chdm, xudng dbng khi kdt th(c. Thtl hai, ch(a m6t y tudng ddi hodn chinh - ni6t chh db nh6.
.
TiSp theo phAi bAo ddm ld doan udn trong bdi udn. Nghla Ia phAi xoay quanh lenr sing rd chri dE ldn cta cA bAi van (doan van ddc l{p kh6ng chn ti6u chi ndy).
b) Sau khi dAm bAo ba ti6u chi chung n6u tren, doan van trong bai van nghi luen cd nh0ng didm chn luu y sau: Tiry theo nhi6m ll, cric doqn van dddc chia lam: do@tl gi6i thilu; doan nghi ludn: doan minh hga: doqn chuy1'n tidp; doqn tidu hdt; dogn tdng hdt.
*
*
tri cia cSc do4n t\ttitng ddng d dhu bdi vnn,
Cring do nhiqm vU khric nhau n6n.vi
kh6c nha , hq.n gidi thiQu duu m6i phhn cta bei van. Doqn nghi luQn, doqn htinh hga 159
drlng girla (than bai) bdi vdn, girla cdc phAn cua bdi Doqn chuydn tidp dilng d ranh gidi gita cic phhn cta bdi, cia c6c doqn kia. Doan tidu kdt ddng sau mQt hay m6t s6 doan nghi luin, do4n minh hoa. Doan tdng k6t nim d phhn kdt bAi vd thr-ldng drtng cudi cirng trong hc thdng c6c loai doan vita n6u. + Trong mdt bdi v6n nghi lu4n khdng phAi bao gid ctlng tbn tai di cric lohi doan kd tron Trong b6 cuc co b6n gbm ba phhn cria mdt bii van nghi luan, phhn ndo c'ing cci thd tbn tai c6c loai doan ndy trt doan tdng k61 phAi nim d phbn kdi bdi, +) ViQc bd tri c6c doan nhrt vdy trong rdt bei van nghi luAn cci thd rdi vao c6c tinh tr4ng sau ddy' MQt Id: 86 tri bdi bAn, doan nao viro tling vi tri cta doan dy trong bai ven Trudng hqp ndy bei van dddc trinh bdy 16 rdng, nach lac nhrrng d6 khu6n ph6p, kh6 cr?ng'
Hai td.: 86 tri khong dring v-l tri Trudng hdp ney n6u tiy tion, vUng ve, bei vtn sg ldn xon, ndu quri ddng s6 dan tdi ch6 phri vo bai v.rn Ba ld.: 86 lri Iinh hoat, uydn chuydn, td
nhi'on doc deo,
bdi van so hay, c<i sdng t4o. +) C6c loai do4n ndy dbu c<j thm quan trong vA dbu licn quan, trjdng t6c. tudng h6 v6i nhau Tuy nhi6n quan trgng bac nhdt v2r xudt hi6n nhi6u nhdt ld doan nghi ludn' c) M6i loai doan cci m6t cdu t4o ri6ng vdi m6t m6 hinh co bdn,/it nhtng bitin th6. O tfay chtng toi tap trung irinh bny cdu tgo cria doqn nghi luan. 160
c1 Cdu tao
cia dogn nghi
LuQn
+) Mo hinh co bd.n cita doan nghi luin Id di6n dich. Dien dich ld doan co cau ch(a noi dung thdng tin chung, khdi qu6t cta cA doan (thrtdng Ie mOt luAn didm ldn hodc nh6) drlng d vi tri dhu doan tcau ndy drjgc g9i Iit cdu chi dI). CAc cAu ti6p theo d6n giAi, tridn khai nQi dung cria cAu chri db. CAu chrl d6 thong thudng la n6t cau song cilng ccj khi lA hai ho4c ba cAu. \G net cdu tao ngt ph6p, cau chri db thddng ld cdu don, cci thi chri ngu, vi ngir. VI du: "MQt s6 ngudi da tint tbi, thi nghtQm hinh thtlc moi. W cudi c ng n6i len ben i dd.n hW phdp c6 hai ng\i sao sdng: Tdn Dd ud Triln Tud.n Khd.i. Tin Dd lA nhd thd I6n dddc m6nh danh la "Ngudi cia hai thd t<i" (Hoai Thanh) trlc lA 'thd ki" cta tho ca cd didn (Trung dai) vn "th6 ki" crla tho ca hi6n dai. Trhn Tudn Khii c<i crii dQc d6o ld sudt ddi ldnl thd hiu nhrr chi vdi mQt ngubn cim htJng trir tinh c6ng {An rnd tho vdn da d4ng phong phri...". {Van '11 - Nguy6n Dinh Chri chri bi6n) Trong do4n ven tron, cau in nghiong ld c6u chri d6, cac cAu lidp theo di6n giai y cr.ia hai cdu chri db. + Cdc bi6n thd gbm c6 quy nap (cAu chri db dfng cudi doqn), hdn ftep (ph6i hgp di6n dich vdi quy n4p, tdng phAn - tdng), gid thidt (l{t nguqc vdn dE dd xem x6t) so s6nh (tudng dbng vd trrong ph6.n) phd.n tich nhd.n qad (nhdn trudc, quA sau; quA tnr6c, nhAn sau; nh6n quA li6n hodn). Vdn d6p, tuong duang (cdc f cr)ng dddc tridn khai bing c6c ceu cd vi trl, y nghia nhrr nhau). Nhrlng bi6n thd
v a ndu trcn
dudc goi ton bdi dnc didm
161
lap luan erla doan, cfing nhtr m0 hinh cd ben. X6t .vit met di6n tlat ngdn ngr1, ta cd thd gqi mQt sd trong dd bing mQt tCn kh6c. Yi 6t phd,n tich nhd.n qud, lidn hoan cdn cd ten ld doan m6c riclr. Vi du: ''Mudn teng gia sAn xudt phAi lim thrly loi, phAi ctj nhibu ngudi, cd srlc I6n. Vd nhtt v{y phAi xay dr;n! hqp tric xa (Ild Chi Minh)" Lloac tuong d,uong cdn goi ld doan song hitnh.
d) C6e doqn van tmng be! ngh! lu4n nhrr th6, tiry theo chfc neng, tinh ch6t mA dAm nhdn nhi6m vU nghi luan: giAi thich, ch ng minh, binh ludn... LuyQn vi€l do4u van nghi lu{n 6 y6u chu-cao nhdb ld luyQn vi61 tdt ca ciLc loai do4n ndi trCn. Tuy nhi6n d day tap trung vito luyQn ui6t doqn nghi luQn. Cdch thrlc luygn: dua vdo khung (dan 3i1 651 vin, IuyQn vidt vdi tirng luan didm, Ban dlu hay luyp n vidt theo rzd hinh co bdn. Ti6n trinh nhrr sau: Thi nhdl, chuydn lu4n didm thanh ceu cht dE. Thn hai, ren co sd phtn tich c6c khia cgnh cria iufn didm, vi6t qic c.Au tridn l at. Thtt bo, vidt cau cti tlnh chdt k6t do4n sau khi dn thdnh thqo, chuydn sang t4p vi6t c6c d.o4n bidn thd. Me)r bi,i v5.n gbm nhibu ludn didm m6i m6J lu4n didm thrl vidi mQt do4n theo oric thd kh6c nhau, l6p nip t4i thdnh chinh thd xem x6t d6nh gi6 tinh chlnh thd 6y dd tlibu chinh cdch vi6t (dgng) titng doan. O dau,. doan ndo cdn dtrng doan thd nAy hay th6 kia. Cu6i cirng tron c6i sudn cta c6c doan nghi lu6n niy b4n xric dinh chung ch6 ndo chn do4n gidi thi6u, ch6 nno chh dogn minh hga hay chuydn tidp... vd vidt ndt c6c loai do4n ndy. . Cri tip di €p lai nhu thd ta s€ thnnh th4o. Khdng phii t62
chl thdnh thao dung d,oan dQc ldp md thdnh th4o vd nh4y cAm trong dgng doan cia bai van nghi luan. : 5. LUYEN "NHAN XET
VAN NGUoI,
SUA VAN,MINH"
VE vdn db ney c6c em hay luy6n tap nhrJ sau:
Tht nhdt: Phdn tich bd.i vdn nghi lurin hay cria ngrrdi (bdi vdn hoc sinh gi6i, bni nghi lu6n cta nhfing t6c giA d6ng tin c6y) vb cdc m6t chri y6u: hC thdng,lap luan, tu liCu, trlnh biy di6n d4t, nit ra nhtng ndt dic s5c trcng
c6ch
vi6t vdn nghi lu6n dd hoc tAp. .Tht kai: CUng tr€n nhitng bdi ndy, tim c6c nhudc didm, chi ra nguy6n nhan vd srla lai, n6u cd. Tfu1 ba: Chfun baj van cira nhau. Thti tu: S:lia lai bai van cia minh sau khi thly, c0 gido dd chdm. Chd j nhtng thi6u scit mi thhy cd gi6o da phdt hi9n. Vi6t lai theo su chi ddn, N6u cd dibu ki6n, vi6t lai ca bai. Tht ndm: Ldy db bei c0a cric kl thi hoc sinh gi6i {cd trong phhn phu luc ndy hoec dudc c6ng M trong qic tai li9u khdc) dd ldnr. D6i chidu v6i bei dudc giei, sta bai ven ctla minh. Cnng ldm nhu thd vdi rn6t sd bdi ven nghi luen cta cdc tdc giA khric n6u tMy vira sr1c. Thrt sdu: Luy6n vi6t rham (vi6t trong dhu) bd.i ven, sta chrla thhm. Sau dci vi6t ra gidy vi sta tr6n gidy. Luu i churlg; Khi doc v6n ngudi, hay v6n minh kh6ng phAi chl dgc bAng mit, n6n doc thhm th{m _chl tloc thdnh l0t, I{ng nghe, nghibn ng6m vE c6i hay, oii dd; ch6 drroc, ch6 chua dudc.
i63
Mot s6 crich luy€n tdp vi6t van nghi luan n6u d phhn nAy kh6ng phii ln tdt cA, nhrrng IDL nhr.rng cd,ch co bin, chfng ta n6n c6 g6ng thdc hAnh. Trudc khi thrrc hdnh. d6 nghi c6c em doc ki phhn din gili mi6u tA vb cric c6ih 6y, nhAn ch6.n vb mnt li thuy6't rbi mdi b6t tay vao "ldh theo". Trong khi tidn hdnh net they cti di6u gi chrra hdp vdi ninh cAn cci su diiiu chinh hoac seng tao thOn.
PHAN BA
YEU CAU VE NOI DUNG PHUONG PHAP VA QUY CU MOT BAI TAP NGHIEN CUU CUA SINH VIEN DAI HQC (DUOI HiNH THUC NIEN LUAN, KHOA LUAN). O b4c dai hoc, nhi ttudng cAn rdn luy6n cho sinh vi6n 'khA,nang trr duy khoa hoc. KhA neng nay khdng phii chi nhd hqc li thuydt na cci thd nim dugc, mir phAi dudc r6n luy6n qua vi6c lAm nhtng bdi tdp nghiOn crlu khoa hqc (bdi tAp.cudi m6t nem hoc goi ld ni6n ludn, cudi cd khrja hqc goi Id khcia ludn - khda luen t5t nghi6p). Dudi day ld nhdng y6u cdu vb noi dung, phuong phdp , vd quy cri vidt m6t ni6n luAn, kh<ia luAn. Y€u cdu ndy d6i vdi IuQ,n vdn cao hgc hay nghidn crlu sinh khdng cci gi khdc vb nguydn t6c, chi kh6c 6 mrlc dd rQng, hep, cao, thdp crla db tdi md th6i (ludn dn nghidn crlu sinh thuc ra cring chi ld trr6t hinh thrlc bdi tAp nghi6n crlu khoa hoc c<i quy m6 tddng ddi l6n mn thoi).
I.- xAC DINH Db TAI KHOA HgC I- THE NAO LA M9T DE TAI KHOA HOC Db tii khoa hgc li mdt vin dE cd y nghia khoa hqc (d 164
.165
ddy ld khoa hoc nghidn crlu vrin hoc) chua giei quy6t. Nghia li khi b6t tay ldm ludn vdn thi vdn db md db tdi cta luan
van det ra chua cd cdng trinh nio ld.m s6.ng td, Chn nhd: vdn db dy phAi qd f nghia nhdt dinh. Trong ddi sdng cd thd cd nhtng vfn db m?r khoa hgc chda giai quy6t, nhrrng khdng cci 5; nghia gi lim. Nhtrng vdn db nhrr th6 chda thd xem ld db tAi khoa hoc.
Vi thg khi xr4c itinh db tdi ngudi vi6t ludn vdn phai
thuydt ninh dddc y nghia it nhi'ou quan trong c0a v6n dC md dE Di det ra. Ngudi ta thrrdng nrii dO.n j nghia khoa hqc ve y nghia thuc ti6n cta db tii. Thi du 1: Db tai "Kh6ng gian lang qu6 trong thd Nguy6n Binh' (Kh<ta ludn tdt nghi6p Dai hoc Srr pham Hd Ndi 1, 1993J
- t nghin khoa hlc: Gcip phhn sai seng ntQt phrrorig di6n cd ben cta th6 gidi nghQ thuet thd Nguy6n Binh. - | nghia thqc fiAu Girip cho vi6c giAng day thd Nguy6n BInh d tnrdng phd thdng trung hgc. Thi du 2: DE tdi "Nhan vet tdi hoa ngh€ si trcng tdc phdm Nguy6n TuAn,' (Khcia luen tdt nghidp Dai ho; Su pham Hd Noi l, 1982). - f nghla khoa hx: G<ip phhn soi s6ng mdt phuong di6n cd ben cia tu tuang va phong c6ch nghQ thuAt Nguy6n TuAn.
-f
ngfuia thuc ti6n: Girip cho vi6c giAng day Nguy6n Tuan ve. t6c phdm Nguy6n TuAn d phd th6ng trung hgc vi.
d dai hoc. Thi du 3: Db tei',Nguy6n Tudn - nhi 166
phC binh v6n hgc,,
(Lu0n van cao hoc
- Dai hoc Srr Phqm Ha Ndi 1' 1993)
nghia hhoa hoc. Gdp phhn soi s6ng mdt b6 phAn quan trong cria sd nghidp Nguy6n Tudn' dbng thdi gitip hidu rd thom quan didm nghc thuat cia dng' - f nghin thUc tidn: R{t ra nhtng bai hqc bd ich cho ho4t tldng pho binh van hgc vd cho vi6c phan tich vn giAng d4y t6c phdm vin hgc trong nhe trudng hien nay' Cci nhtng db tni thoat xern cd vd kh6ng quan trgng, nhrrng khi dudc n$Jdi vi6t thuy6t minh m6i thdy i nghia sdu s6c cria nd. Thi du db tai: "VO cii nhan dE Da ud den cha cu6n tidu thuy6t mang ten nery cia Xtangdan" (Ph6p)' Nhn tidu thuydt hic dbu ldy tdn nhan vat chinh dd d{t nhan db cho tric phdm cria minh: Giuy lidng Xoren Nhung rbi 6ng lai xda di vA thay bdng rndy chir D6 ud den NguUi ta da tranh lu{n nhibu v.b J nghia c6i ten truyCn nay vdi nhrlag li 16 rdt kh6c nhau. Day lA mOJ dE tai khoa hqc rdt li thf vd cd f nghia GiAi quy6t drroc db tii n}y sd lirm s6ng to quan ni€m cria t6c gi6 vE td tudng tric phdm ering nhu tinh cSch vFi sd phAn nhAn vat trung t6m cia cu6n tidu thuygt l6n ndY. Nhtrng, nhrr t€n da n<ii, de tai khoa hoc Phei le m6t vdn .dE mdr cho aldn nay, khoa hoc chua giAi quy6t' N<ii chung, dE tii khoa ]rioc xud't hi4n d noi ranh gi6i gitra cai dd bi6t (dd gidi quydt) ud' cdi chua bidt (chua giAi qufdt)
-i
cia khm
hoc.
V{y khi xric clinh db tai, phAi thu thap dby dir thdng tin vE c6c cdag trinh khoa hoc de cdng b6 cd li6n quan d6n vdn ttb minh dit ra. N6u dd cti cdng trinh ndo dii gifi quydt t67
dudc vdn d'6 6y riii vd. urinh ctng kh6ng cc, y kion gi khric, thi d'e tAi xem nhu phAi x<ia b6 (vi kh6ng cdn ld vdn db
chua dudc khoa hoc giAi quydt).
D6'thuydt minh db tai nhd mot vdn d6 chua dddc khoa hoc giAi quydt, lu4.n vdn phAi trinh bity lich sti udn d,b. Lich s . ud.n db la m6t su duy6t lai m6t cri.ch cci h6 th6ng tdt cA nhing c6ng trinh khoa hoc ldn, nhd cri li6n quan t6i db tdi luen ven. Su duy6t lai nhu th6'nhim mgc dich khing dinh: db tdi ludn vdn cho d6n nay chua cd cdng trinh ndo d6 c6p de"n theo dring ydu chu md d'6 tdi dat ra, hoac tuy cci dii c6"p ddn nhrrng srr giai quy6t chda ih6a ddng honc chr:a dby dri hay chrra d6n noi, ddn chdn. Nhu vay, lich su udn da ld su duy6t lai mot c6ch cd phAn tich, ph6 phdn, ddnh giri cdr t;; liou khoa hoc ccj li6n quan deh db tai. Dd ld m6t c6ch khing dinh sd can thidt cr.ia db tdi d6i vdi khoa hoc. Ching han, db tei: "Khdng gian ldng qu6 trong tho Nguy6n Binh". X6t vb lich srl vdn d6, th6y de cd khri nhi6u bdi vi6t vb thd Nguy6n Binh, trong dcj ccj ndi ddn c6nh qu6, tinh qu6. hbn qu6 hay cdi goi la 'chAn qu6 cta thd 6ng. nhung chrta c<i cdng trinh ndo mi6u tA vd phAn tich Li6ng vb kh6ng gian ldng que trong cric tric phdm crla thi si nhu mOt phan
trir thi ph{ip
hoc.
Db tdi "Nguy6n Tu6n - nhd phC binh v6n hoc,, ctng vay. Cci khdng ft c6ng trinh cong phu vd s6c sAo vidt vb srj nghi6p cria Nguy6n Tu6n. Nhlrng ri6ng vb nhilng bdi ph6 binh.v6n hgc cria nhd vdn ndy thi nhirng c6ng trinh kia hoac kh6ng db cAp d6n hoac chi n6u l6n nl6t va.i nhan xdt nAo dci hdt srlc khdi qu6t ye vAn t6t ma thOi, 168
Cci nhtrng db tdi, Iich srl v6n
dii rdt phong phri, vi vdn db dat ra da cti rdt nhibu ngrrdi bdn d6n, ching han nhu nhirng d6 tdi vb Nguy6n Du vd Truyen Kiiiu, v6 tho Hb Chi Minh, thd Td Hnu, vii tdc phdm cria Vri Trong phung v.v... Tr'6i lai cri nhilng d6 tdi, lich sr] vdn d6 cdn Ii. m6t khodng trdng. Ch6ng han, ghn dAy cci m6t ludn vin vidt vb thd chan dung van hoc d nrtdc ta nhrl mdt hiCn tudng ven hoc srl. Dd tdi ndy, cho ddn nay, chrra c<i ai dd cap ve giAi quy6l - nrdt db tdi khOng cd lich st udn dE. 2. DE TAI KHOA HOC DUOC XAC DINH NHIJ THE NAo
a) Db tai khoa hoc phai dudc xdc dinh phir hop vdi diiiu ki6n td li6u, dibu ki6n thdi gian ldm viCc vd trinh dO tu duy khoa hbc, khA neng nhen thrlc Ii thuydt cia ngr,tdi vi6t luan van, Vi6c giai quydt mot db tdi khoa hoc dat ra nhibu v6u chu:
- Phai
cci ddy dri
tu li6u li6n quan d6n db tdi. Kh6ng c<i
tu liCu, kh6ng thd nghien cfu khoa hoc dr.roc. M6i dC tdi ddi h6i nhtng hl li6u kh6c nhau. Thi du, mudn nghien cfu db tdi "Nguy6n TuAn - nhd ph6 binh vin hoc,' thi phAi c<; dhy dri trt liQu ching nhtrng v€ nhung bii ph6 binh crla Nguydn TuAn md cdn vb c6c s6ng t6c crla Nguy6n Tudn nia, vi khOng ihd hidu drroc b6 phAn ph6 binh cia 6ng n6u khdng dit nd trong toan b6 su nghiop van hoc cria dng. Lai phAi cri tdl cL nhtng bii nghi€n crlu vidt ph6 binh vb Nguy€n Tudn. Ngodi ra cdn phAi cd trong tay nhrrng bii phd binh cria nlQt sd tric giA khric ctd ddi chidu so s6nh, tim 169
ra nhfing d6c sdc ri€ng crla ph€ binh Nguy6n Tu6n: Ddy li chua ndi ctng chn cri nhrlng tu li6u nMt dinh vE hod.n c6nh xe h6i - lich srl, hodn cAnh v6n hcia, vdn hoc khi Nguy6n Tuan vi6t c6c bai ph6 binh... Ndu ngvdi vidt lu6n ven tU x6t thdy khdng c<j di6tr ki€n suu thm ddy di cic trl 1i6u n<ji rrCn thi dE tdi phei dudc cdn nhic lai. Trl ligri ddi vdi ngUdi nghi6n cfu cci thd vi nhu nrtdc d6i vdi c6. .KhOng cd td liCu, ngudi nghi6n cfu tai gi6i mdy cring dinh bci tay. - M6i db iei lai ddi h6i phdi vAn dung m6t s6 khei ni6m vb li ludn vdn hoc - goi le kl6i ni6m cOng cu (c6ng cU tu duy khoa hSc). Ching han, db tdi ,Nguy6n TuAn - nhi ph6 binh vrin hoc' ddi hdi ngudi vidt luan van phAi hidu th6 nno ld, phf dnh udn he, bdn chd,t, chtlc ndng crta ph€ binh, cdc phuong.phdp ph€ binh v.y... Hodc nhu db tai "phong c6ch truyGn ng6n cria Thach Lam" ddi h6i ngudi giAi quy6t ph6i hidu rd hai khld ni€m: phong cdch ngh6 thuet va dec trdng thd loai cria truy6n ngdn, hay nhrr db tai "Thi phrip tho XuAn DiQ u' dbi hdi phei hi6'u m6t e6ch ch6c ch6n khrii ni6m thi phrip v.v...
Ndu clb tai bu6c phii ndm duoc nhtng khrii ni6m li thuydt qur4 khti trr thdy khdng sao vdi t6i dudc, thi cring phai n6,u ma tlm dE tdi kh6c cho phir hgp vdi tAm nhan thfc li thuy6t c<i han cia rnlnh. - Khoa hgc bao gi) cring ld mdt khrim ph:i ben chdt ve quy luej cfra m6t hi6n tuqng nao ddy. Nri dbi h6i m6t trinh dQ kh6i qu6t tdng ho.p nhdt dinh. Trinh d6 ndy d m6i ngudi m6t kh6c. Kh6ng n€n chod db tdi y6u cbu trinh d6 khrii qu6t tdng hop qu6 cao ddi vdi minh. - Ngudi ta, trong t70
nghien cfu khoa hoc, thudng cd nhing thi6n hd6n€i ve sd trudng kh{ic nhau. Cci ngldi ret thich thf ve cci nang luc dac bi6t trong viec suu tbm trr li6u, d6i chi6u chrl nghia, xdc minh van ban v.v... Cci ngudi gi6i khdi qudt tdng hdp, khdm phri bin chdt vb. quy luAt crla c6c hi6n tugng v6n hgc, c<i ngudi lai gihu ndng khi6'u thdm vin vd cci tai phan tlch thdm mi c6c t6c phdm vdn hgc mQt crich stc seo tinh td v.v.., Mudn lAm luan v6.n cho tdt m6i ngrrdi phAi tu hidu minh vd chon db tei ph! hdp vdi sd trddng ri6ng crla minh.
b) Db tei khoa hoc, dring ra, chi ndy sinh trong qu6 trinh nghien crlu c6c tai li6u vb mdt linh, vgc van.hgc neo ddy. MQt cuQc db tlm, md m6m mOt c6ch chn m6n, doc, ghi ch6p, phan tich. khai qu6t suy ng6m, h€n h6 doc, ti6n hO ngang... trCn cec trr li6rr ddn mot lf c na|o ddy m6i tim ddn drroc ch6 khoa hgc cbn dirng lai d mdt didm ndo dri. Ddy chinh ln cai didm nAm tr€n ranh gi6i cria crii da bidt vd. c6i chrta bi6t cria khoa hgc. Tit didrn dy, ngrtdi nghidn crlu sC phi.t hi6n ra mot vdn db cti j nghia nio ddy md khoa hgc chua giei quydt vi minh thdy cd thd cd dibu ki6n va kha nang giAi quydt dudc. Dd la dE tei. DE titi cia luQn uAn phd.i ld db tdi nzd luQn udn th|e sq gidi qutdt duoc. C<i kh6ng it trudng hgp, trong qud trinh tridn khai vi€c nghien ,criu va vi6t luan vnn, db td'i phii dibu chinh lqi vi wgt qu6 kha ndng giai quydt cta ngudi lem luAn vin. Tg bi6t minh cd khA nang ct6n d6u trong vi6c nghiAn cfu mQt db tei, kh0ng phAi. bao gid ctng d€ ddng. Nhibu khi phti qua thrtc td nghien criu mdi thfc nhan drro.c dby drl. Cho n6n nhibu c6ng trlnh khoa hgc chi c<i thd tlm cho nd c6i t6n chinh x6c khi c6ng trlnh da hodn thnnh (crd t6n
.
177
thdt sdt, that khdp vdi db tdi). c) Nh,lng di6u nrii trOn vE vi€c x6c dinh db tdi khoa hoc ld drta ren ydu chu vd kinh ngbiFm nghidn crlu k}roa hoc thdc su. Ngddi sinh vi6n rdt can phAi hidu nhu vAy d61 c<i y thfc chudn bi cho minh sau ndy budc vio ddi se phAi nghi6n c{u khoa hoc m6t cd.ch ddc ldp vd cht ddng. Cbn trong nhe tnJdng dai hoc thi vi6c ldm ni6n h.rQn, khcia luAn, luAn dn cao hoc tlong nghidn cfu sinh chi le cOdg vi6c, mp nghi6n cdu kloa hoc nrA thoi. O dAy co su huong ddn cia cec gilio su. ViOc x6c dinh db tdi, vi thd thuen ldi hdn nhi'6u. Nhd su hddng ddn cia cdc gi6o sd, sinh vi6n khOng phAi md mAm quanh co rrdi tiin drrgc cdi goi lir noi ranh gi6i gitJa crti da...bidi ve cei chua biSt crla khoa hoc. Vi6c ph6t hi6n vdtr dil c<i y nghia khoa hoc ctng dudc gdi y, vi6c tim td li€u d6 hay khd, tim d dAu cring ddgc chi d6n. Cdc gido srl con co the gjnp sinh vidn tu ddnh gidr dung neng luc cia minh dd chon db tdi cho thich hop v.v... CA ddn c.ich giAi quy6t dE tei n$.ldi sinh vi6n crlng kh6ng phAi lnm viQc hoin todn ddc ldp. Khoa hgc dich thuc le su ph6t hiQn chin li mdi, ld chuydn dich crii ranh gidi giita qii da bidt vd cdi chda bi6t cira khoa hoc nhich lCn mdt chlit vii phia trrrdc.
Tuy nhi6n trong pham vi nhd trudng, y€u chu dy cung chi dat ta mQt crich h6t sric khi€n tdn. Diiiu quan trong nhdt ddi v6i vi6c ld.n niOn luan, khda luan, IuAn rin d nhd trudng lA tap dddt c6c thao t6c tu duy khoa hoc, ld nin drrgc quy cri xdy dr;ng m6t luan van khoa hgc.
t72
II.
XAY DUNG LUAN DIEM, LUAN CU. LAP Db crJoNG. Db cuoNc od r.Alr vrEc vA
Db cUoNG od cnuNc nrmu. .I, XAY DUNG LUAN
DTEM, LUAN CU
Khi x6c.dinh dudc dA tei thi trong dhu ngrrdi nghi6n ctiu thd ndo cring da cd vai ba lud.n didnr tudng al6i quan tr9ng. Nhdn d€ tei rdi ma dhu dc vAn tr6ng trdn thi phAi xem ld nidt quygt dinh libu linh. Ludn didm khoa hoc ld nhttng phd.n doan nd.o dd.y ui chan l[. M6i luAn didm nhtr th6 gdp phhn ldm sdng t6 mdt phr.rong di6n hay m6t khia canh co bAn ndo dci cia dd tdi. Db tdi khoa hoc n6u ra mdt vdn db ldn (trong cdc phhn tren da tam dirng thunt ngri,'ludn d6,,). Ngudi nghi€n crlu phdn tich vdn d6 dy ra thdnh m6t s6 v6n di5 nh6 hon dd giAi quydt lhn ludt. Nhilng ph6.n dodn vi1 chAn Ii lam s6ng t6 nhtng vdn dE nh6 hon ndy ld nhrlng luAn di6'm. Cdc luin didm ndy lai dddc lem sd.ng td bing nhtng luAn didm nh6 hon nta (c<i thd goi ld ludn didm cdp I, ludn didm cdp IL..) Nhrr da ndi, luan didm khoa hgc lir m6t phrin do6n ndo dd vb chdn li, hay n<ji cdch kh6c, ld su khing dinh mdt chen li ndo dd. Cdc luen didm phAi drroc chrlng minh m6t crich thuydt phuc vd srr dring din crja nd bing nhfrng li 16 vd bdng chrlng nio ddy. Li 16 vA bing chfng ndy goi ld nhilng luQn ct1 hhoa hqc. C6c luAn didm l6n vd nh6 (cdp I, c6p II v.v...) drroc s6p xdp mdt cdch hop li vd cri h6 thdng trong phhn ndi dung chinh c0a ludn vii.n, goi ld phbn giii quydt vdn ttb. 173
LuQn ct: Thi du nhrlng luAn crl chrtng minh cho lu{n didm (d) tr6n day: "H6 thdng hinh Anh tugng irdng udc lc dddc dan chu hcia sAu sdc'.
Thi du: DE tdi'Phong c:ich thd nghe thu4t lI0 Chi Minh" Db tii niy nCu l6n mQt vdn db l6n: midu tA vir phdn tich nhirng dac trung oia phong c6ch thd nghC thuet cta IIb Chi Minh (bao gbm tQp NhQt hi trong ti ve mdt s6 bei thd cem hfng trfr iinh, chri y6u s6ng t6c thdi ki kh:ing chi6n chdng Ph6p d ViQt B6c, phbn l6n vidt bing chit Hdn)' Cat ludn didnr cdP I: l GiAn di, trong seng. hbn nhi6n, t'J nhi€n' 2. Chdt chi6n si thudng duqc bidu hiQn qua hinh Itiong
thi
si.
3. SU kdt hgp
dQc drio
btit phdp bd didn vd b
t
phzip
hi4n dai. 4. Hinh Anh nu cudi ihoai mdi trd trung' LaQn didm, cd'p 1I: Thi dg, nhrlng lu{n clidm c6p II ldm s6ng t6 n6t phong crich "gien di, trong s6ng, hbn nhi6n tli nhien" {LD cip I) ln: a) Gi6n cI!, hbn nhi6n ngay trong quan ni€m vd ciich ldm tho {nhibu khi chi.dd dia l'tli, giai trl, I}m thd fng khdu).
b) DE $i thd ret mrlc gian di ("dn c4 m6m mu6i trlong ca" - Chd Lan Vi6n) c) Nhdn v4t trir tinh h6t sfc khi€rn tdn (kh6ng dit mlnh l€n tr6n ngudi khac. Trong sinh hoAt cing nhu trong tinh clm ctEu h6t sr.?c chan hda vdi nhitng con n$ldi binh thddng nh6t...)
d) lte thdne hinh 6nh tuqng trung udc lc dudc d6n chi hcia sdu s6c.
t74
- Nhrlng hinh Anh tdgng tnhg
ncii chung dAu dddc xav dung tren cd sd sd lien lddng so s.inh gir-ra hai ddi tddng cci nhtrng ndt trldng dbng nhdt dinh.
I
- T?ong thd van xda, ngudi quan tir, ddng anh hing phii dudc vi vdi ting pao, brich cA, cop gid, rbng m6y (,'I?dzg m.dy cop gi6 ngqi ng ng gi, mi\n thanh khi thi. hg ngudi ttung ngoai" - Phan Bdi Cha:ut Vd.n t€ Phan Chu Trinh). Nhung trong thd Hb Chi Minh, ngudi c6ch marng cd thd drtgc vi v6i nhfrng yat hdt st1c nhrin nh4n thm thddng. D6n chdng {ldy til NhOt ki trong ti.r): vI vdi cdi rang (Rang i6t mQt chidc rarug),' cii e4y (Linh nguc rtdnh cdp nLdt chidc gaJ), hat g4o Whe ti g gi,r eSn\, con gd (Ngiz ti6n g ga. gAl, c6.i c6t cey 6 (C,t cdy sA... 2. LAP DE CUONG. DE.cUoNc DE LAM VIEC VA CUONG DE CHL/NC MINH
Di
a) Db cudng. ndi mot cdch giAn di, la mdt thrl dirn bii, ddn j ctia mdt luan ven khoa hgc. Ngodi phin d.qt udn dd vd hdt thric udn dd, n6 bao gbm c6c luAn didm c6p I, cdp II v.v... duor s6p xdp tmng phbn chinh cria db cudng phbn gftii quy6t udn dd. Db cuong ddn gien chi gbm nhirng ludn didm cdp I. Db crrong chi tiC't bao gbm tdt ct c6c luan didm c6p I, cip II, cdp IiI...
N
cuong hay ddn
j
dich thuc cia luQn udn chi c6 thd 175
ffgn c s4 thdnh hinh hhi db tdi dd duoc gidi quydt bdn' can ua n|hia td hhi lu,n uan d'd hodn thdnh giAi qrtydt tron Cho n6n moi db cudng l4p ra trudc khi ph6c ra dd ven db tdi chi Ia nhirng alb cudng dg do6n, tam vd tidn hinh cdng vi6c nghicn cfu cho c<i phrrong hrrdng db cuong dd ldm kd hoach ura thoi. Cd thd goi dd ld nhrlng luan van' ret can viQc. Dd tidn hiLnh nghiOn cr1u, x6y dgng v{y' cci. nhirng db cudng dd laur viec nhrr nhting luAn Cac d'o cudng ctd ldm vi6c la su phdng ra nhiEu ludn didm drl dodn, chrta dua tr6n tdi li6u diy dt' cf cdn bd tr6ng Ngui,i I2Lnr lurin van dqa veo trr'Ic gidc hQ thdng lu{n khoa hoc vd kinh nghi6m mir du dorin mOt va giau Jtgm niu thd. Nhrlng nhd khoa hqc cd tdi nang dd len} viCc kinh nghi6m cd khi "phdng" ra nhtng d€ cudng luan van' md dA gbn dring v6i db crrong dich thrlc cira cddng cu6i ciing Db cddng sau ndy, hay ntii dring hdn' db ld trai qua ndy gqi ld d'b cxong dd chtng m'inh Nglia didm c6c tei lieu, tim dri cdc luf;n crl' c5c luAn "0" viQc cci "gilt# cbn xdc' chi lo"n, nh6 de ddgc xec minh ld chinh chr.lng minh cho seng td md th6i l2r Tt clE crrong l?rm vi6c 'l6n dE cudng d0' chring minh vd vdp v6p ca mdt con dddng ddi dac, tlhy gian khd' nhibu minh chfng dd tdi db clldng nhbm lAn Nhung khi da 'ti thi c6ng trinh nghiOn criu c<j thd xem nhu da hodn thirnh vb c5,n b6n. vi6c lAp d'6 b) Cong nhd vioc xric dinh d€ tai khoa hoc' cdn ngbi tr6n gh6 nhd cddng cria luan van d6i v6i sinh vi6n va ddi.vdi ngudi ldm khoa hoc thdt su cd ch6 khdc trrrdrig .-rdt gi6o srr cci cd ben. Nhd sq hudng dAn cria nhrlng nhau uen'
tl
176
1
kinh nghi6m, sg vdnh nhau giila db cudng dd ldm vi6c vd dE cudng cld chfng minh khdng qu6 l6n Vd con drrdng di tit db cttong ndy ddn db cudng kia, c'[ng vi thd, dudc nit ngan, nghia Ie it phai mb m6m vdp v6p nhrr trudng hgp nht-khoa'hqc phAi ddc l4p nghi6n cfu c) Vidc ldp d€ cudng cia sinh vi6n dai hqc vd viQc l6p dnn j mQt bAi luAn crla hgc sinh phd th6ng cd gi kh6c? Sg kh6c nhau cd ben kh6ng phAi d quy md l6n hay nh6 crla bdi vi6t, md d ch6: mQt ding ld khoa hqc, ld sg tim tdi nhihg chAn li rndi (dn rdt khicm t6n) cdn m6t ding khdng phti ld khoa hoc, chi le mot sU ki€'m tra kidn thrlc vd ki nang tli6n dat: hgc sinh trinh bny lai nhfing chdn li da alugc thay gido vd s6ch gi:io khoa cung cdp Tdt nhi6n cfing cd s{ sd,ng tao Nhung sang t4o chri y6u chi li van clgng nhtng kidn thr.lc ata hoc dd drip rlng y6u cbu cria dE tuy me thoi. Cho nOrr ddn bdi tap ldm vin cia ho.c sinh 'didm' ludn nhtng nhrrng cring cti dri c6 ludn didm, luin crl, Iu4rr .cd fo l$Ong phA! ces em cd thd tg minh nghi ra nhd nhirng phdt hien khoa hoc m6i rn6, clQc d6o' D6i vdi hqc sinh phd th6ng, vdn db chi la huy ddng vd nhio nen lai kidn thrlc ata dddc hgc, td chrlc thAnh mOt din f hop li dd giAi quy6t vdn db do d€ bELi ndu ra CAi gqi ld j m6i la dOc ciio cria hgc sinh chl n€n quan ni€m d mtlc dQ
rdt
thdP.
Cdn IuAn vin cia sinh viCn al4i hqc thi ngay db tei da phAi d?t ra mQt vdn db chrla ai glAi quydt vd c6c 1u4n didm dbu it nhiEu phei Ia sg irhgLng atinh nhihg chen li rndi Xay dgng mot luarl van la ce mot qu6 trinh nghicn cfu'khoa hoc, ddu ph6i mQt bai tlp lim v6n d phd th0ng cci thd hodn -
*.vr
177
thenh ngay t4i ldp hoc trong vdi tidng dbng hb v6i nhirng kidn thrlc, nhfrng li 16 d6 c<i sin trong dhu Bdi t{p ldm van 6 phd th6ng chrl ydu y6u cbu s\l th6ng minh tidp nhQn uir uq.n dun9. Bai tap nghi6n cfu cria sinh vi6n, ngoiri ycu cbu tr6n, cdn ddi h6i sq th6ng minh phdt hi€n vd s6ng tao nita dir chi d mfc rdt khi6m tdn.
NHIJNC QIry CU CTA MOT LUAN VAN KHOA HQC
III.
A. QUY CO Vb NOI DUNG MOt bdn luan van gbm cci 3 phbn:
il5t
v€tn d€, gi6i quye't
vdn d6, k6t ih(c v6n db thay kdi luan)' 1- DAT VAN DE
Phan det vdn dE phAi crj cr6c muc sau dAy: a) Quan ni4nt uE dE rdi: Ngudi ldm lu4n van phei xdc tfinh 16 diii tugng nghiOn crlu cria minh Quan niQm vb db tii cri nghia lA quan niQm vb d6i tfdng crla lu{n van' Thi clu, d'6 tdi: "Phortg crich giAn di clia thd nghQ thuat lfd Chi Minh". D6i trrgng nghian cfu le: mot trong nhilng n6t phong c6ch co bAn cta thd nghe thu4t cria Hb Chi Minh. Phong crich gi6n cli d day chi ban vE thd nghd thuaq . tho trryett truybn minh hqa chinh t4 kh6ng nam trong dion nghiCn cfu cia db tdi. ,b) Li do chqn d'2 tiLi hay ! nghia c d dA ftti'
- Y nghia khoa
hqc
- Y nghla thgc ti5n (Dibu ndy d[ ndi r0 d tren) c) Lich
e
udn dd
Dibu nAy c0ng de ndi d tren. Cbn chri j thom: khi duydt lai cti phAn tich, ph6 phrin, ddnh gid cric bdi vi6t li6n quan ddn db tdi, dd cho drroc rinh m4ch ve d6 theo doi cbn phdn loai cac bdi vi6t theo nQi dung clra ch(ng, dbng thdi phAi duyet chdng lan ldqt theo tret t1t thdi gian, til bei vidt sdm nhdt d6n bai viqt ghn dhy nhdt. Str duyQt lai cric bdi vi6t khdng nOn binh quAn: bd,i quan trong ddi v6i d'o tiri chn dirng lai phnn tich, denh gi6 ki hon. Bdi khdng quan trqng thi chi lrrdt qua.
d) Gi6i han cia db
td.i
Tiry theo di6u ki6n td liOu, di6u ki6n thdi gian cho ph6p vd dibu kiQn vb khA nnng crla ngddi ldm lu4n vnn, cd thd xric dinh rd gidi h4n hay ph4m vi d6i, tuqng nghi6n crlu cria dE tai. Thi dU, vb db tei: "Phong oich gi6n di cria tho nghp thuAt lI0 Chi Minh" cri thd gidi h4n: chi nghidn crlu phong c6ch giAn di cria nhilng bii tho cria II0 Chi Minh trong NhQt h; trong ti md thoi.
d) Phuong ph6.p nghian alu aia lu|n ud'n LuAn ven nao cdng phAi v{n dgng hdng lo4t phudng ph6p tri duy khoa hoc khric nhau. Trong mqc niy, ngrrdi vi6t lu4n vin chn n€u l6n nhirng phuong phrip cht ydu duoc vAn dqng trong qud trinh gidi quydt dE tdi. - Db tdi vb ti luf;n vin hgc thi chtl ydu phAi vAn dung phudng ph6p ldgic. Phrrong phrip ndy xem x6t c6c quy lu{t vin hgc d dang thubn triy, triru tudng, Cgng trung binh t79
178
li tddng, gat bd nhrlug.srr
ngAu nhi6n, chi chri
y ddn nhdng
tri thrlc b6n ch6t, nhtng srr ki6n ti6u bidu dldn hinh. - DO tei vb vAn hoc srt thi phni kdt hop phrrong ph:ip
'
l6gic vdi phudng phdp lich srl (chri y6u sr1 dung phuong phrip lich sir). Phuong ph6p lich sir quan tarn tdi nhihg bi6'u hi6n cu thd - lich srl cria nhtng qua trinh van hgc, k6' cA nhilng su ngAu nhi6n, nltng bd6c di quanh co phtlc t4p. Nci tim quy IuQt ri6ng bi6t cta nhirng qu6 trinh vdn hoc cu thd. Nd kdt hdp mO ta hi6n tudng vdi gidi ihich bAn chdt vd quy luat, m6 te trOn cd sd giAi thich. GiAi thich la giAi thich bAn chdt vd quy lu6"t tdt nhi6n.phAi chn ddn tu duy l6gic, nhr.rng khdng phAi d6' soi s6ng nhfing bAn ch6t vd quy luat chung cia van hgc moi ndi, moi thdi, mi dd ldm s6ng t6 bal t}€t vi q{y {uat ri6ng cria rndt quri trinh qin h9c crl thd ctia m6t d6n t6c, trong nhirng giai doq.n lich srl cu th6' crla nci.
Thi du: nhn li lu{n vin boc ding phrrong phrip l6gic xric din.h.khfi niem tidu thuy6t. Ong ta khdi qudt. tir nhtng dec trung thubn ttiy nhdt crla cdc cu6n tidu thuydt ddng vd tAy, gat b6 nhfrng ydu td pha tap khdng ti6u bidu, khOng didn hinh crla chring. Khdi ni6m tidu thuydt ndy s€ fng vdi ca Anna Karenina, Chidn tranh uit hda binh cta L.Tdnxt6i, TOi d.c uit tri.tng pltat cria D6txtdiepxki, Nltitng n7xiti hh6n hhd clta .Y. Huygd cring nhu Nra chitng rudn c{ra Khrii Htng, Gi6ng /d- cr.ia Vfi trong Phung, Sdng nt i:n cta Narrr Cao v.v...
Nhd v5n hoc sr}, nghi6n crlu tidu thuy6t cia Vi Trong Phung ching han, tuy cnrig phAi vgn dung khrii ni6m tidu thuy6t cria li luAn vdn hgc li.m c6ng cu tu dJU!.lhU_4€ l4i
chli trong nhtng gi lam nCn tinh d6c drio ri6ng bi6t eta tidu tfuhVii' Trong Phung v6i t6t cA nhfrng bidu hi6n kh0rg ddn hinh cia chring. Ong ta phAi vira mO tA, vita gidi thich dd ldn ndi F -lddu dang va phong cAch d6ng cia nhfrng cudn d6'u thuy6t.ci,a -Vt Trong Phung... O day y6u t6 khdng didn hinh, it tiOu bidu cd-khi lai ln bin chdt chn khAng dinh.
- Trong nghien ctln r4r':lge,tqrr'i,tEttng hay ven .dgng phudng.phdp tidp cln h6 thdng. Nghia ld nhin d6i tudng nghidn cdu.nhd nrdt hO tMng dd._kh6o.srit, phAn tich, tim ra bAn chdt vd quy lu6"t. Ching han, tric phdm vnn hgc li m6t he th6ng- Phong c{ch nghe thuAt nhe ven ld mot h6 th6ng. Trdo lrtt vdn hgc ld mdt h€ thdn!, Giai doan lich sir vd.n hoc cung la mot hO theing v.v.,. - Nghi6n crlu vdn hoc hid. n nay tlang cci phong treo van dung phuong phdp tigp can thi ph6p hoc. Ddy cing ld-mdt dang ti6p cdn hO th6ng. Ti6p c{n thi ph6p hoc ld ti6p cdn h6 th6ng c6c phddng thrlc bidu hi6n ddi s6ng bing hinh .tudng ngb thuat clia v*r- hoc b6t ngubn tir mot quan ni€m thdm rni nhdt dinh vb th6 gi6i (cci thi phrlp.nidt Lic phdm, m6t tdc gie, not trd.o luu, not thdi dai v5'n hgc v.v...). - Phuong phrip so srinh van hoc cing dud.'c van dqng rQng rai trong nghi€n cfu van hoc. Cci thd ndi, moi ph6n dodn cia con ngudi dir nh6 nhat cring phei dua tron su so 6dnh. So siinh dd thdy c5i chung vA cdi ri6ng cia c6c hien tugng ven hgc. Nhtng dA tei ddi h6i phet hiQn ddc di€'m ri€ng cria mot hien tudng ven hgc ndo ddy thi ncii chung dbu phAi dirng d6n phudng ph6p so s.inh vin hgc nhu mdt phudng phdp cd bAn.
180 181
cti thd n6u 4 luin didm cdp I nhr.t sau: 1- Drlng d tlinh cao cria tAi hoa vd uy€n b6c me trdu gheo thi6n h4. 2- Mi hoc "vang bcing mOi thdi" (hay mi hoc "hoai c\ru") 3- Khao kh6t clm gi6c menh liQt (D6 cci c6m hfng tnr6c nhtug hi6n tudng dap manh vdo gi6c quan nghe si)' 4- Stl dqng rdng r6i l6i ven tiy b6t - ddc tdu Bdn lutn ttidn lA dbng h4ng, dbng ding vi cirng chi phdi totn bd th6 gi6i nghq thu4t cia Nguy5n Tudn Chfng ddng ihdi kh6c loai v6i nhau, kh6ng bao gbm dr-toc nhau, vi rn6i lu{n tlidm ld m6t phdn dodn ri€ng vb mot phudng dien cd bAn nAo d6y cria phong cich nghC thuat Nguy6n Tudn, khdng ludn didm ndo trilm lcn hay d6m chdn sang dla h4t
- Phtrong phrip ph6n loai, th6ng k6 ctng r6t bd ich ddi vdi nghi6n ctlu v6n hoc. Mdt phdn do6n ndo dA.y md cd nhitng con s6 ldm luS.n cf thi bao gid cring cd srlc thuydt phuc l6n. Ndi chung tinh quy ludt thd hi6n d su lep di lep lai. Sd phdt hl6n ra thi phrip, phong c6ch vd.n hoc cring dua tr6n nhAn x6t vb nhirng ydu td ngh€ ihuet lnp di lnp lai. Dibu dy rdt cdn d6'n nhtng con s6 thdng k6. Tdt nhi6n kh6ng thd kd h6t c6c lq.i phrrong ph6p rrong nghiCn cfu ven hgc. Trdn ddy chi ddn ra mdt sd phrrong phdp quan trong thudng thdy dugc van dqng trong aic loai luan ven khoa hoc mir rh6i.
.* Nhin chung, phhn d4t vdn db hdt srlc quan trong trong kdt cdu mot bAn luAn vdn. D4t vdn db tdt chrlng td ngrrdi vi6t that srt n6m vtng db tai, thet str ldm chri db tdi crla
cria
minh.
nhiom vu lem s4ng t6 cric ludn didm c6p I Nhtng lufn didm c{p III c<! nhi6.m vq lem s6ng t6 c6c lu4n tlidm cdp II v.v vi v.v.. Nhilng lu{n didm trong cirng mQt cdp phfi .drroc td chfc {ibng nrdt quan hd ch{t ch€; hgp U, theo moj logic neo ddy' Thi du: tir ndi dung d6n hinh thfc (hav ngdd. c lei), dr
lufn di6'm ndo. Nhtng luin tlidm cdp I cci nhi6m vg iim s6ng t6 vdn db elo tlb tdi lu4n ven ndu ra (luQn db). Nhtng lu{n didm cdp
2. GIAI QUYET VAN DE
Ddy ld phhn trinlr bey oic ludn didm cdp I, cdp ll vd qic ludn cr1 dd chrlng minh cho cdc luan didm dy. DiEu ndy da trinh bdy d tr6n. Chn chri
y
a) Luan didm cirng m6t cdp thi mdt mai phdi dbng hang. dbng ding nhung m6t khric lai phAi kh6c loai. Nghia b kh6ng thd luin didm ney lai cd thd bao gbm, hay ddm dap l6n ludn didm kia.
182
c<i
nguy6n nhdn d6n k6t
thCm:
Thl dq, db tdi "Phong crich
II
nghQ thuet Nguy6n. Tuan",
'
qui
v.v..
MOt luan vdn kh6ng n6n cd que nhibu luln didm cirng cdp. Di nhi6n diEu ndy tny thuQc viLo ydu chu crie m6i db 'tai ludn van. Tuy nhi6n, kinh nghiem cho thdy, drra ra qud nhibu lu4n didm cing cdp chrlng t6 ngUdi vi6t trinb dQ khrli qudt tdng hqp chrra cao, ho6c suy nghi chrla ehin, con t6 183
ra bdi rdi, chua quan ni€m ddgc van db m6t cech sdng sta,
rt
rang.
trang
3- KEr
rHUc vAN DE (HAY K6T LUaN)
Phhn niy.cgudi leri'r .luan vdn p\Ai trinh bdy m6t cach v6n t*t+ ad. dlic. nhung 16 rang k6t qua d:nr tdi cua ]uen ven, nghia ld nhrlng 9*g g"F a*ne kd crla,_luan yan 66i vdi khoa hoc. 4-
vAN DE rRicH DAN vA cHU THicH TRICH DAN
a) Dd chrlng minh cho c6c luAn didm, luAn van phAi cbn ddn nhiEu luen cf. Dci la nhirng li 16 vD. nhrrng bing chfng. Dd tAng srlc thuydt phuc cria luQ.n crl, luan vAn. edn d6n nhtng trich dan i; tiO" cria mQt nhd li ludn, rn6t nhd nghien . crlu.*<i..uy tinrsise:. d6y hodc trich ddn nhrtrng edu,.:.sffirrg do4n cria mQt hic phdm vnn hoc vd.o.d65r thu6c ddi tddng nghidn criu.
b) Nhtng do4n trich d6n phAi dAt trpng.. ngoac k6p vA phdi chrl thich xudt xrl vdi d{y dri c.ic ydu tfi s4u dgr; TCn tdc gie, t6n s6ch, t6n nhDr xudt bAn, noi xu6t b6n, ndm xu6t bAn, s6 trang c<i doan trlch. ' Thi du: Trhn Dinh S.u: fhf pnap n T6 -Hfiu, Nhd xu6t bAn Tric phdm m6i, He N6i, 198?, trang 3b. _Ndu
li
bni brio thl ph6i.ghi:.
Ten t6c gi6, t6n bii brio, t6n td bao hay tap chi, s6 brio, ngBy ra b6o, s6 trang (ta.r: ehl).
fhi 184
Dan T4p chi Van h9c, Vipn vArl hoc, Hd N6i, sd
du: Hoing Ngoc Hidn: Nhd phe binh
cdn
phdi
c6
2,
1989,
38.
cr Trich dAn dii hay ng5n tiry thudc d nhu chu cria m6i ludn crl. Khdng nhit thidt phdi irich tron ven cA cAu hay c6. do4n vin. Cd thd dnng hinh thrlc luge b6t. Doqn ludc b6t thay bing ba ddu chdm d{,t tronf ngodc tton (...)
Thi du: 'Khdng md r6ng vi suy ngdm vb con ngrrdi (...) chring ta chdp nhdn lem sao day su du nhAp d.o at vi,o ddi s6ng thdnt mi cua ngudi Viet Nam ngdy honr nay nhrtng cay blit phrrdng Tay thi6n hinh van trang" (Van TAm: G6p liti thiAn cd sz, NXB Uu. nn*O Hd N6i, 1991, tr.155)
** Khoa hoc y6tt cau chat
che ncii cci sdch. mdch cii chrlng". Vi thd nh,lng quy ct tr6n ddy vb trich din vd chri thich txich .d6*r dnt -ra rdt nghi6m tldi v6i nhirng ngudi tap sd , nghi6n crlu khoa ho.c. Tuy nhi6n cin trrinh khuynh hrrdng trich ddn kh6ng phAi do ludn crl cin d6n md chi cdt tld khoe sd.uy6a bdc. Nhnng ngudi m6i nghidn erlu, m6i vi6t thudng hay miic vdo khuynh hudng du tri ndy. B. QUY cU 1.
vb gixu
THOC TRiNH BAY
Bd cuc PI#iI RANH MACH RO
vA
HANH vAN
i
RANG.
Phei lam sao cho ngrrdi doc nhin lu4n v5n thdy ngay cric phhn cta nd, c5,c lu6.n di6'm. cria n<i.
Nhtng ludn didm cing mQt cdp khdng nOn trinh bdy qu:i chdnh l€ch vE sd trang, g6y cim giric mdt cen ddi. 185
Cdc phhn cong nhd cd.c ludn didm n6n drinh s6 thrl trr ranh nach ve n6n det cho chrlng ti6u db ng6n gqn, stc tich vi hay, goi d(ng dddc ndi dung co bdn cria m6i phhn, rn6i luAn didm.
2- Dgng chan dung nha ven - ddi thrldng. 3- Thd hi6n.mot c6i "t6i" s6c lanh, tinh trio, tinh qu6i. 4- Drrng chan dung tr6n cdi nbn cria nhtng phong tgc la,
Thi du 1: db tdi "Dac didm ngdn ngrr nghC thuet truydn ng6n trao phdng cria Nguy6n C6ng Hoan".
2. LAP BANC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.
C5.c
luAn didm:
1- Trong sdng, giAn di cd tinh crich binh ddn. 2- Ldi 16 gigng diou then met, subng se.
3- St dung rdng rai ng6n ngit gi6u nhai. 4- Dnng thi phrip choi chil h<tm hinh. 5- Sdng tao nhirng vi von so sdnh ddc dd.o, cich dirng tir tdo bao cd tinh hei hu6c. Thi du 2: db tdi "Nhfing tinh hu6ng ti€u bidu cta truyen ng6n Nam Cao" Cic hldn didrn: 1- Tinh hu6ng con ngudi bi ldng nhuc 2- Tinh hu6ng "6o com ghi set ddt" nhdn tlnh bi xdi rndn
3- Tinh hudng ddi khdt crjng dudng, mi6ng i.n trd thinh miSng nhuc.
4- Tinh hudng d hibn khong bao gid gep lenh. Thi du 3: db tdi "Nhtng brlc chdn dung vAn hoc crla T6
Luan vani ngoeli phhn chri thich, phAi kbm theo d cudi mdt ban phu luc ghi cric tAi liQu tham khlo cria luan 6n, x6p theo thf tu vAn chil c6i cria chn dqu t6n tric giA (hay chr? athu ho tic gie cfrng dudc, mi6n ldlphAi nhdt qurin). Thi du, theo cht dau t6n tec gie: Ldu Dfc Ttrlgt Vdn hqc in Da, Lin, Cdmpuchia, NXB Gi6o Duc, He NOi, 1989. Phirng Ven Tiru: Edu thuytit Phdp hi€n dai - nhttng tint tdi adi nfii. NXB Khoa Hqc Xa Hoi - NXB Mni Ca Mau, 1990.
LO
Tri
Vii5n: Dqc didm
lich srl udn
hOc Vi1t
Nam. NXB
D4i hoc vi trung hqc chuydn nghiQp, Hn NOi, 198?. Nguy5n Vnn X'udrt Khi nhftng luu dan tui lei, NXB Thdi Mdi, Sni Gbn, 1969. Cec tu lieu ndn phan loai: thi dq, iei li€u tidng ViCt ve tdi li6u ti6ng nudc ngoai, hodc s6ch s.ing t6c vi. s4ch nghion criu, ph6 binh v.v... M6i loai xdp ri€ng theo thd tu da ndi d tr6n. Tni [6u tidng ViCt d?t trudc tai heu tiohg nudc ngoii, s6ch s6ng t6c d?t tru6c sdch nghi€n crlu...
Hodi"
Cric luAu didm:
1- Dgng ch6n dung theo ddng hbi tudng 186
3. HANH VAN KHOA HQC
Van khoa hgc cdt nhdt ph6i chinh x6c, rdnh mqch, sdng srla, ch4t chc. Ldi vi6t v5.n hoa, chu ki cring nhrr sg lu6m t87
thu6m, dirng khdu ngir subng s6 di:u khOng phi hop v6i n6t luan viL khoa hoc. Van khoa hoc thuydt phuc bdng luin didm, bing li lC n6n phAi 16 ring ch6c ch6n. T6u cEri quan txong nh6t,la su chinh xdc. Chinh xd.c thi phAi dtng mdc .d6. Kh6ng dudc ruy6t ddi hcia nhrlng gr khdng co gia trl tuy€t d6i. Ndu chrra phAi ld tdt ca thi phAi ndi ',phhn ldn" "phbn nhibu" hay hdu hdt". N6u chua ph6i IA irodn todn thi phdi ncii "vil co bAn" "can ben 1d"... N6u cam thdy cdn md hb thi phAi ndi "hinh nhrr" I'dirdng nhrl' v.v... Van khoa hoc cci crii hay rGng crla ncj. Co :thi6n vier cho h*y khdng phAi d6. Nhibu n$idi nghiCn cfu de vidt hdng chuc cu6n s6ch, hdng trnm bdi b6o md. vin khdng cd van hoac lan) van rdt vung vF. Ldnr ven mA \,'llng vi: thi rat phen tac dung.- Nhu vAy thd khdng lam ven cdn hon. Ven khoa hoc gifp cho li lc sdc b6n hon, Idp ludn rdnh mach hdn, tao nen su k}todj ch6 vb tri tu6. Nd c0ng chn d6n nhip di6u, ludt bing tr6c1c6 thn phap ddi ng5u ntra.
Thi du, day la sg so s6nh dd ldm ndi bet ch6 khric nhau vE td tudng gita NgO Tdt T6 vd Narn Cao khi..cric dng cr)ng vi6't vb mdt db tdi: c6i drii vi miSng dn. Loi k6t luAa drroc di6n dat nhu nhfing vd ddi: "Nhrr la khric v6i Ng6 Tdt Td, Nam Cao rrrji vb "4y nlidng an hdn ld ndi vb cdi d6i, tuy li midng dn crla nhrlng ngrrdi dcii; nrii vb cdl nhuc han ld n<ji vb cdi kh6, tq. lit c6i nhgc cria nhtng ngudi khd'. (Kien thtc ngdy nay - Sd 71 ngay 1.11.1991
- tr.ll-L2)
Cdn ddy, Xuan Difu phrit bidu vb quy ludt s6ng tao ngh6 thuAt: NghO thuat luOn lu6n la nrdt thd quAn ,binh sinh ddng: qurin binh gina cdi nroi vd. cii bEn, girla cei ru do ve cei gb bd. Ngh€ thudt cing nhu cuQc ddi, sling nhd mAu rhudn nr?r ch6t trong su bira bdi nhdc ludi" tTidng thot. Van khoa hgc cring cri th6' dirng hinh Anh, nhdng khec v6i hinh Anh cia vd,n sring t6c. Nhin chung cci hai loai hinh Anh nhrt sau trong van khoa hoc: 1- Hinh 6nh nhim ldm seng t6 m6t khrii ni6m niro d6y, nrQt quy luAt ndo ddy md n6u khdng dirng hinh Anh thi khrj di6n tA dudc tinh chAt tinh vi uydn chuydn vd phfc tap c0a nd. Nguy6n Tudn cd mOt dinh nghia ve thd: "... ..Thd .la dlh, ld nhan Anh, .lhd-clirg'd loai cu th€' htu hinh. Nhtng nci kh6.c vdi c6i cu thd ctra v5'n. Cr)ng moc l6n tir c6i ddng tdi liou thuc t6, nhdng tir mdt c6i hiru hinh n<i thttc d4y dridc nhtng vd hinh bao Ia, til mdt cai didnr rrhdt dinh md no' md ra dddc mQt c6i dien kh6ng gian thdi gian, trong d<i nhip mai l6n mdt tdm ldng sf di6p" (Thdi uit tha
T
Xuon g
t.
Ch6 Lan Vi6n di6n tA rdt hinh 6nh quri trinh chuy6'n. bi6n cria ng6n ngtt ven hgc nudc ta, khoang ba mudi nim dhu thd ki ndy v6i cA di€n mao vd quy ludt cria nd: "Tdi rdt y6u TAn De le mdt thi si cci tdi, nhung tdi kh6ng nd db biu Hodng Tich Chu hic dy ln nhi brio cri thrl van coc cach. Dring b6n Hodng TAn Dd cri ldi ven xem nhu tlong s:1ng bi6't bao. Nhrrng ddy ln aii trong sdng khan la 60 ludt 16 girio con nhd s6p ch6t cia ldi van xu6i bibn ngAu (...) -coa c6i ase cach cia Honng Tich Chu lfc a'y, l4i ld oii ddrn 189
188
ciia - dir ld bet luc - nhrrng chinh dd md crla cho mdt l6'i ndi m6i xudt hi6n tr6n v5n den". (Su.y nghi uit binh tudn)
bdng nguyct?" (Nh.d udn, tu tudng uil' phong ccich, NXB T6c Phdm Mdi' H, 1979, tr.23-24)
2- Hinh Anh nhim ldn cho ngudi doc cAm duqc va hidu dudc thd gidi ngh6 thuAt cria vdn hoc. Trong trrrdng hop ndy, ngUdi ldm ludn van tao ra mdt doan van dd ld.m sdng t6 vAn bAn cia tric phdm van hoc. Diiiu ndy thudng dddc thttc hi6n d nhtrng doan binh van, phdn tich van dd ldm bing chrlng cho mdt luan di€'m nio ddy. \4 Ia binh vdn n6n hinh inh 6 day phai truybn dat drroc tinh cdlr, cAm xric, nhrtng dir th6 nci kh6ng drtgc qudn y6u chu chinh ld phAn tich, li giai dd gi{p hidu dudc tec phdrn.vin chrrong. Nghia ld vdn phAi tdc ddng veo tri tu6, veo nhan thrlc li tinh ld
DAy ld nr6t do4n di6n tA vd phan tich th€ gi6i nghe thudt cia thd Hoeng Chm, tir Ben hta sdng Dudng d6n Ld (tiqu bongt "Hai lhn gdp thd Hoang Chm. Hai l6i ihd khec nhau lAm. Nhung cA hai d6u cci m6t qii gi rdt Hoang Cenr. l{lnh nhu cd mOt khdng gian Kinh B6c, mdt thdi gian Kinh B[c rdt d5i cd kinh trong thd dng. Vd tr6n oii nbn thdi gian, kh6ng gian 6y, cit thdy thdp thoeng m6t cd grii qu6 Kinh B6c ctra mQt thud ndo, cci vd dep duy6n d6ng tinh trl Cudi nhu nlia thu toe ndng. Tdt ci duqc vdn vE biLng rndt ngon brit tai hoa, dOn theo mQt di6u nh4c bubn... ch6 khric nhau ld d day chdng: O Ben hia Sdng Du6ng, tho cci say md vAn cci tinh, cd mdu tdi, nhung cring cd mi"u sdng, than chi trldi t6n nr1a. Cdn 6 Ik dieu bOng thi say tribn mi€n vd chi crj m6t thf 6nh s6ng budi chi6u ddng chi6u tron mdt c6nh ddng v6ng, cri bting ai dci dang ngdn ngd tim ki6n nr6t c6i gi..." (Van ud, day - hec uan. So girio dgc vEr ddo tao Thanh Hcia, 1993, tr.292-293) Cbn dAy lFr mQt doan binh giAng chdt tho ddc d6o trong vdn xudi cta Nguyen Hdng (doan viSt vb tdm trang Me La d nhd tir Hd Giang lrong C1TL bd:o dd den). 'Day ld not doan tho ngqi ca 6nh seng ve sU sdng. Nhung ndo cd phAi rinh binh minh vdi nhirng ngdn tay hbng hay vang trdng nhrr libm vdng, dia bac! DAy chi ld mgt ngqn dbn ddu ti rnir nhu chft linh hbn hdp hdi trong crii bQnh x6 khrlng khi6p crla nhe tir HA Giang... Chao 0i, c6i nggn ddn nh4p nhbe, dirng duc dy b6ng duoc van sdng lcn vio mOt thdi kh6c nio dd cria nhitng dcm ddng ding d4c noi'nrii ritng,
chinh.
Day le m6t doan binh bdi thd Cdnh hlzuya cia I'i-. Chi Minh: "Kh6ng khi tho cd mQt c6i gi nhtt ld huybn Ao khidn ngudi doc cAm thdy nhrr br:6c vao coi than ti6n. Ta l6ng nghe nlOt giong hrit tit xa ving l4i. Khong d<5 ln ti€ng sudi ngan nga trong ritng sAu: Tidng su6i trong nhu ti6ng hdl xa... CAu tho d6t nhi6n crj m6t d6ng di6u trd trrrng hi6n dai rdt thich. Hinh nhrl ngtdi xtra thudng ndi din sudl, ph6ch sudi - "?o rLghe su1i chd.y nhu cung dtm cdnr" (Nguy6n Trai)
- chrl chua titng ndi su6i hdt
cheng? M6t li6n tridng rdt thuc, phr) hop vdi c6nh vdt vd sinh hoqt cta con ngrtdi ta l6c bdy gid d chidn khu Vi€t B6c.
Nhung l6i vi von tho6t s6o dy, dbng thdi lai mudn dtra thAng tri tudng tugng cta nhd thd vao cdi md mang; tidng sudi hay gigng ngudi, 6m thanh cia tu nhien hay diQu h6t cdt l6n tit mot cdi xa xam nao gita ritng khuya lung linh 190
191
thi cd kh6c nio 6nh hdo quang lung linh ndi tba sen bao thdp d5i vdi nhilng ngudi ti khd sai dang tddng ninh bi viri sdu drr6i d6y cirng crla dm ti dia nguc! C6i dnh sdng dy Igc qua sudng dom bu6t lqnh, Iot viro khu qta nhd giam, da thfc tinh me La tii c6i chdt, Iirn sdng lai trong tam hbn ngudi tir khd sai niry nhtng ki niQm dhy chdt thd c0a tinh me con, tinh chbng vd, tinh quO hrtong ling xrim, vA de lam birng ch{iy trong tr6i tim ngudi dirn bA v6 cirng dau khd nay ngon lta cdn thir nanh li6t quydt ch6ng lai sd .:nh, ch6ng lai bdng tOi Oay t't khi c']a nhd tr) dd qudc Tf tha that ld dn dQi d6 cdt l6n irong am hddng theln d4m cria tidng k6ng ti, trong nhqc diQu hoang dai cta gici ritng th6c nrli hda vdi tidng r'6n ri cria trl nhan vd tidng xich xiiing loing xoAng" \Nttit varL, ht tudng ad phong citclt - NXB Tric Ptram ltai. H. 1979. tr. I 40t
IV. K6T LUAN 1- Xay drrng mdt luan van (hinh thfc nion lu4q, khcta lu{n crla sinh vi6n d dai hoc) diEu quydt dinh tnr6c hdt Id xdc clinh dugc db tai vira cd j nghia (de tAi hay ld d'c tdi co nhieu j nghia) vira phir hop vdi dibu kicn td ii6u, di6ir kien thdi gian va neng lqc cia ngudi lin luAn vdn Cti sinh vi6n xudt sdc md ldm ludn vin thdt bai vi x6c dfnh db tii qu6 srtc minh. Cd sinh vi6n nang luc trung binh r mi "lem en" lai tr6i. chey vi tim dugc d'6 tni thich hgp (tdt nhicn gqp dtlgc gieo su hu6ng dan cd kinh nghiQm thi rdt thuan lgi). 2- Cd ato tdi t6t rbi thi xay ddng luf;n dic-m dring, td chfc de cudng hgp li, chqt ch€ ld khdu co bAn nhdt Lu{n
tsz
dldm lA nhrlng j ldn. Mudn cd 1,. m6i md, d6c d6o, sdu sic thl phAi cci mdt vdn ki6n thfc rQng va sau. Huy ddng mdi. vtJn ki6n thfc nhu thd md soi mdi vdo mOt Aigmr dt aj, dlo. Mi vA suy nghi quydt li€t thi thd nao cring ndy ra mEt t gl dd cd nghia li. Mudn td chdc dudc dE crroag cho tdt, cho hay. thi phAi thqo nhirng quy ludt ldgic hoc. 3, Cdn mr*6n vidt cho hay thi phAi c<i v6n tir ngr1 phong _ phri, chdc chin, phAi bidt qich dat cau cho sa"e go.; nrA sic sAo. Y6u cAu tdi thidu ld ph6i chinh ,a", ",iu, ,o .a; n4ch l4c. Y6u chu cao hdn le phAi s6u s6c, d6c drio. y€lu c[u cao hon nira ld gay drroc kho:i.i chri v6 tri tre, ai"g thdi cci sr.lc truybn cern nhdt dinh. .hgc,Chung quanh viQc xay dung hinh Anh trong v5n k}roa n6n chri y dibu ndy: n6r thdnh cdng *i o* tray, nh,rng khOng thanh cdng thi rdt ch6i. Cnng nhu chuyCn irnn aai v[y. Den hay thi tdt nhi€n r6t m6. Nhrrng khdng hay thi nhu lA bet bong, chi td ldm ngrrdi nghe khci ctriu. Oay U c0ng vi6c ddi h6i it nhibu nang khidu. Cd mdt ti6u chudn kh6c dd d6nh giri vnn, c<i thC, di6n khzii ni6m "srng',. Id qua van. ldi doan van, ,S"ng" lqj llr* thC hi0n tu th6 van hcia, t; thd thdm mi cao. Cd mdt cdu ngan ngtt Trung Hoa dai y ncii rlng, mn lU trl dir bdt th6 nd crlng drlng hdt s'1c. Bit th6 thl cby, Olo cong bat dud€. Nhung dong tlic b6t th6 cia su trt v6n Orl phong hing vri vi sang hon. phAi phdn ddu d6 cd dddc vln rU ttr chll khdng, n6n chi bdng long vdi thd van cAy rrlo, Tdt nhi0n phAi chiu khd khd luydn. Vidt vdn ngh€ thu{i bry ven ngh! luQn, vdn khoa hgc ctng d-:u ph6i khd luyQn. ll'vH
193
Nhung viSt van, dir loai ndo, cring trddc hdt phei chen th4t. Phei hidu th4t hey vidt PhAi cdm thdt hav ncii Hidu that, cem that thi di6n dat vta sSng sta vita hay (tdt nhi€n cnng phdi cci tdi nrla). Tuy nhi6n chn nhd ring, khdng phai h6 cd tei thi cf dat brit xu6ng ld l{p trlc cci vnn hay Nhibu tai nang ldn vdn chita di chila lai biri vi6t cta minh d6n n6t ca ban thAo. M6i ngrrdi cci thr-tdc do cao thSp kh6c nhau vb cdi hay crla van, tiry theo trinh dQ vnn hda, thdm mi vd kinh nghidm cd nhAn. Ngldi ta tu minh srla l4i van clia minh ld theo cei thddc clo dy. Cho n6n cd ng{di srla hdt mfc vd trl thdy hoAn todn th6a mAn rbi md van vdn thdp k6m. Trdi l4i cci ngrrdi van da khe hay miL vdn mudn sia chita th6m n{Ia, si/a ch{ra th6m mei, tham chi cci khi brrc bQi len mu6n vdt phang c6 bAn thAo Dd ld nhtng n$Jbi mudn dat tdi mfc vdn su ttl, nudn trd h6't s'lc su tt dir chi dd b6t mdt con thd
PHU LUC
rTaQT
s6 BAI VAN DAT LOAI GIOI
O phhn phu luc ndy chring t6i cung cdp tdi ban doc 10 bAi lAm dat loai gi6i cirng c6.c nhan x6t. Nhnng bii ldm thuc hien 3 ioai dF thudng gap nhdt trong cjc ki thi hoc sinh gi6i, cric ki thi vdo dai hoc, cao ding. Dci ld: - PhAn tich binh gi6 m6t tric phdm vdn hoc cu thd (toen tric phdm, mdt doan trich, mdt khia canh hay toAn di€n) - Binh ludn m6t vdn dE vin hoc hay li ludn ven hgc. - So sdnh van hoc theo m6t chrl db. Nhnng bAi lArn mi ban doc s6 tham khio, hoc tdp c<i bAi cta hoc sinh ldp 10, l6p 11, c<i nhirng bdi dddc giai tir giAi Ba d6n giei Nhtit trong c6c ki thi hoc sinh gi6i qu6c gia, Nhrr vdy chdt ludng
tihg bdi cci khdc nhau, song chring cd chung m6t didm; dbu nim trong thang bdc nhirng bdi vdn loai gi6i ve tdt nhion se aludc didm cao trong cic ki thi. B4n hay
t{
dqc (cA bdi
lirn vd nhAn x6t), ddi chidu
vdi
nhtng goi j vb "vi6t vAn' md chring t6i gi6i thi6u d eic phbn tr6n, ve nit ra tir dci nhtng bdi hoc cho c6 nhdn mlnh. Dd bi6n crii cria ngudi thenh crla minh, hay nhu ngrrdi l,a thudng nrii "dd dring tr6n vai ngudi khric,, mi ti6n l€n i n con dudng hgc ven, IAm vin. (Nhdn x6t nb.o cira Baz
t94
195
gid.m. hhd.o cdc
ki thi thi chfng t6i ghi rd cria BGK -
Cdn
lai ld nhdn xdt cria chring tdi).
DE1 1) Hay kd lai m6t oich ng6n gon truydn "Vo chbng A Phi" tit dhu cho ddn khi Mi vd A Phri thorit klr6i Hbng Ngdi.
2) Hay phAn tich m6t chi tidt md em thich thri nhdt trong doan vdn dy. .
(Phdng theo db thi Dai haf 1985 - Thnnh phd HCM)
ndm
BAI LAM
t. I(i,:
Ai d xa vE, cci viQc qua nhi th6ng li Pa Tra, thddng thdy cd mQt cd g6i lric nAo c{ng cfi gudng m4t bubn nrdi rdgi ngbi quay sgi gai b6n tAng d6 c4nh tdu ngga trddc cira. Ngudi ta bAo Pri Tra ldm thdrlg li dn cia ddn nhiEu, lai nhAn mudi dbn Tdy vb b6n, nhd gidu nhdt trong le.ng, vgy thi con g6i nd cd bao gid bi6t c6i khO', c6i bubn... H6i ra mdi 16: cd gat dy khong phAi con gii th6ng li. Cd dy le Mi: vo cr.ia A Sri con trai th6ng li. Mi vE ldm ddu nhd P6 Tra tit bao gid, cd khdng nhd, 196
vA c[ng chAng ai nh6 c4. Nhrrng chi bidt ring ngey xua b6 nrg Mi crtdi nhau phAi ddn vay tibn nhd thdng li, M6i nam
phr\i trA cho chri nd mOt nrjdng ng6 tibn IAi. Crl nhu thd khi bd me Mi da gia, vd d6n lfc me Mi ch6t cli, no v5n chua. trA dudc.
Mi ldn lâ&#x201A;Źn nhu b6ng hoa dai nd girla ritng. Thdng li ddn nhA Mi, bAo ki Mi cho Mi vb nhd rh6ng li ldm dAu thi sc trit dr,roc no. Giita ltc bd Mi nta ti6c nrJdng ng6 m6i nim phAi tr6, nrla thr.rong con grii phAi hhu ha nhd giAu, chda bidt tlnh sao, Mi dA ng6 i xin b6 cho ninh dddc d nhe dd lAnr ngd trA nd. T6t nem dy, trui gai di choi, thdi s6o goi ngudi you khip nrii ndy nrii no. Thira dip dci, ngudi nhd thting li Pd Tra giA ldm ngrrdi yCu ddn goi Mi, b6t ccjc Mi vU trinh ma nhd thdng li. Trd thAnh con d6u gat no khd nhuc moi vb, Mi triin vb Iay chdo cha dinh an Li ngdn trr tr1, nhung rbi nghi minh chdt di kh6ng ai trA no thi cha mlnh lai cdng khd sd, Mi c6n reng quay trd lai nhe thdng l(. Nhrlng nem sau d<i Mi sdng lhrn lti nhrt con r a nu6i tmng xd crla, lric ndo cfing chi nh6 di nhd lai nhrlng vi6c gldng nhau. Bay gid Mi tddng minh la con trau, con ngra, chl bidt an c6, bi6r di ldm md th6i. Cnng khdng cdn nghi ddn trl tt nta, bdi da kho' qu:i nhibu rbi, d6 d quri ldu trong cei khd rbi, ching cdn bidt thd ndo ld khd nta. Ddi Mi crl th6 tr6i di trong cdi bubng ccj m6t 16 cta bing bdn tay, ngEly neo cing nhu ngay neo... Cho ddn crii T6't nan1 dy. Thdy ngudi ta u6ng nrou, thdi rdo, di choi, Mi cnng mridn di choi, udng nrou. A Sit di tudi dem, vb nhd thdy vd dinh di choi bdn trdi vd veo c6t nhA, rbi lai di su6t d6m. Trong b<ing t6i, Mi nrla m6 nrla 797