Urban Contingency - 2019 -Øya by Urban Ecological Planning_NTNU

AAR5220 Byplanleggingspraksis i uforutsigbare forhold (2019 VÅR), Assignment 2, Summer Term 2019

EARLY APRIL 2023 A RAINY SUNDAY AFTERNOON IN ØYA (TRONDHEIM) ...

INDRIT GRADECI KLARA NORDELL BRUNA ROHLING CLARISSA TUBEO

... AND EVERYTHING THAT MIGHT FOLLOW!

A CONTINGENCY PLAN FOR ØYA

1 Introduction 1.1 Research Questions 06 1.2 Structure of the report 07

2 Methodology 2.1 Research methods, Data collection 07 2.2 Site Visits 08 2.3 Storytelling 08

3 Findings 3.1 Site Analysis 09 3.2 Stakeholders 12 3.3 Regulations 14 3.4 Best practice (Schweden, China, Japan) 14

4 The contingency plan 4.1 The Scenario 18 4.2 Response strategy, preparedness plan, Design interventions 25 4.3 Operational support plan 38 4.4 Budget 38

5 Conclusion 40 6 References 6.1 References 41 6.2 Table of figures 43

Abbreviations JD OED HOD MTC MD DSB NVE NAF CG CEC DMA UD

- Ministry of Justice and Public Security - Ministry of Petroleum and Energy - Ministry of Health and Care Services - Ministry of Transport and Communication - Ministry of Defence - Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection - Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate - Norwegian Armed Forces - County Governor - County Emergency Council - Municipal Disaster Management Authority - Urban Development

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research Questions

1.2 Structure of the report

2 METHODOLOGY

Early April 2023 in Øya, a peninsula South-West of the city centre of Trondheim. The new residential area ‚Grønn Naboskap 2023‘ in the middle of Øya had been inaugurated just three month ago, making the area highly dense and populated. At this time of the year, most of the residents had already moved into their new homes. During the last two years, Trondheim gained substantial resources due to its innovative and circular approach in the fish industry. Within a few months, the technology had built up the reputation of Trondheim all over the globe.

The scenario above introduces the initially given scenario as worst case. It reads as follows:

To answer these questions in relation to the chosen area, the peninsula Øya in Western Trondheim, this report divides into four main parts. A Methodology section (see 2) that discusses the procedures and strategies undertaken. Followed by Findings (see 3) that includes information about the area, the stakeholders, the regulations in case of heavy rainfall and the best-practice examples from Sweden, China and Japan. Next to it is the Contingency Plan (see 4), which is the core of the whole report report. This section introduces the proposed plan with its single steps: The Scenario described in a more detailed way, the Response Strategy, the Preparedness Plan as well as the Implementation through Design Interventions. In addition, an Operational Support Plan that includes Budget is also included in the proposal. Lastly is the Discussion section (see 5), which includes results, limitation of work and group reflection. This part also summarizes the whole report and tackles issues and difficulties encountered by the group in the process of formulating a contingency plan.

2.1 Research Methods, Data Collection

During the last two weeks, the first blossoms became visible on the trees in Øya. The sun appeared now and then between the clouds, making the old and new residents of Øya squint in relief on their doorsteps. Alongside the streets and in the backyards, heaps of dirty snow can still be spotted. Since five days, however, rain is literally pouring down the sky, dashing everybody’s hopes for spring. Øya is covered by screens of dust and grey. Puddles and small rivers in the streets are growing. It is an ordinary Sunday afternoon in Øya. Six-year old Maia, the medicine student Magnus at St. Olavs Hospital, the electrician Sander with his dog Oda, the retired couple Hellandsjø as well as Hedda, the employee at Trondheim Kommune - all are spending the rest of their weekend differently. However, this afternoon should soon lose its ordinary appearances. It is the Sunday afternoon before the 10m flood.

“Trondheim is a very high-density city and is prone to floods due to heavy rainfall. The municipality has substantial resources and has a disaster management authority.” The scenario serves as basis of this present report and its core, the contingency plan. The latter seeks to answer the following questions: How to react in case of an unexpected flood due to heavy rainfall? How do people react in case of emergency? How to prepare and the design the urban environment for a possible other such case in the future, especially if there are plenty financial resources? Who to include in these interventions and plans? And last but not least, what costs would the latter cause?

The Data Collection for the Findings as well as the single steps of the Contingency Plan were mainly based on web- and literature research. Within this research, six references could be highlighted as the most consulted: At first, the website of Trondheim Kommune to understand the system of governance, the regulations as well as for an overview of the relevant stakeholders when it comes to heavy rainfall and therefore floods. Secondly and in order to define the single steps of contingency plan, the paper ”Contingency planning and humanitarian action: a review of practice” by Richard Choularton (2007) has been used. As a third crucial reference served the report “Skyfallsplan för Malmö” (2017) by the municipality of Malmö, Sweden. To some extent, the structure of the contingency plan for Øya is orientated along this plan and its interventions. In terms of innovative Design Interventions (which the scenario could afford due to its substantial financial resources), the two webpages ‘Climate Innovation Window’ as well as the Dutch Collection of urban inventions ‘Pop-up City’ were inspiring references. Last but not least, the tools of Google Earth helped to calculate and visualize the effect of floods within the territory around Øya. Beside the web-research, the municipality was consulted in order to get a better overview of the stakeholder structure in case of heavy rainfall and floods. 5

2.2 Site visits

2.3 Storytelling

3 FINDINGS

The area of Øya (see fig.1) has been chosen as a case study for the contingency plan (see 4). This decision was made according to the given scenario (heavy rainfall, high density, substantial resources). Several site visits were made by the group including walks through the area, observations as well as foto-documentations. As a result of the site visits, an inventory of the area of Øya has been listed in order to get a better sense for the area along with the goal to detect strengths and risks in case of floods and an according contingency plan. The findings of the site analysis will be further described in the following chapter (see 3.1)

To introduce the scenario and the single steps of the contingency plan along five main elements (Buildings, Drinking Water, Sewage, Electricity, Transport), the tool of ‘storytelling’ has been given a try (see 4). 5 Persona were developed based on the observations of and short talks with people at the site: Maia (6 years), Magnus (26 years), Hedda (38 years), Sander (57 years) and the retired couple Hellandsjø. The tool of Storytelling was deliberately chosen in order to explore different point of views and experiences based on empathy.

3.1 Site Analysis The area of Øya is located in the South-West of the city centre of Trondheim. It is surrounded by the river called ‘Nidelva’. In the West, the hillside of Sverresborg and Ila begin. Teisendammen, a storage reservoir, is part of Bymarka, but is situated close to Sverresborg. From this spot, the city of Trondheim can be overlooked. (see fig.1)

(DIS-)CONNECTION TO THE CITY CENTRE “Øya” is a norwegian term that means “island”. Even though the area is not an island, rather a peninsula, it is surrounded by water to a high extent. In the southern part, Øya merges into the area of ‘Elgeseter’. From the latter, the city center of Trondheim could easily be reached by bus. The Northern part of Øya is connected to the rest of the city through four bridges. Two of them are only used for pedestrians and bikers whereas the others allow motor vehicles to pass. (see fig. 3) The dependance on the bridges could be perceived as risk in case of floods.

EXPOSURE TO THE RIVER

Fig. 1 - Location of Øya in Trondheim (adapted from Google Earth 2019)

While walking through the area of Øya, its closeness to the shoreline is noticeable. (see fig. 2) At some places the water is only a couple of meters below the path way. The distance to the closest house is about 20 meters, where a small green corridor, followed by the walking path and a pavement road for car serves as a form of barrier. Furthermore, along the eastern shore,

there were buildings built directly along the river with a maximum distance of 2 meters. (see fig. 2) From observation and investigation, there was no further barrier that would prevent the water from reaching the area if a flood occurs. These observations lead to the assumption that, in case of flooding, there might be a general lack of barriers in the area. This, again, could be seen as a risk for the area.

USE AND DENSITY OF THE AREA The area is mainly used a residential, including both free standing buildings as well as apartment buildings. In most cases, the single buildings show two stories and appear to be inhabited by single families (see fig. 4). Compared with the rest of Trondheim, Øya shows an average density. Furthermore, there are buildings for educational and commercial use such as a kindergarten, a shop for violins as well as sports facilities. The latter includes several fitness studios, a sports hall as well as a green sports field in the northern part of the site. (see fig. 5) During the site visit, the space had been analyzed by the group as a potential area for interventions in case of floods. Last but not least, in the southern part of Øya, the hospital area ‘St. Olvas’ is located. (see fig. 6) It could be perceived as an important element of the area.

STRENGTHS AND RISKS OF THE AREA The two main perceived risks for the area of Øya take into account the area’s (dis-)connection to the city Centre as well as its exposure to the river and the storage reservoir ‘Teisendammen’. As a main strength, the St. Olavs hospital has been perceived as interesting element to work with. 7

Fig. 2 - Gudruns Gata next to Nidelva River, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019)

Fig. 3 - Nidelva River with Bridge and buildings right beside the shore , Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019)

Fig. 6 - St. Olavs Hospital, Øya Trondheim (own figure 2019)

Fig. 48- Residential neighbourhood, Klostergata, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019)

Fig.5 - Sports field, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019)

3.2 Stakeholders in the Norwegian context In Norway, the governmental system shows three organizational levels: the National, Regional as well as the Local. In case of floods, the responsibilities and accountabilities differ. In most cases, it comes to intersections between the three levels as well as to intersecting responsibilities within the sectors of one particular level. (Lillestøl and Rykkja, 2016). Figure 7 serves as an overview of the main stakeholders at the the national and local level in case of floods. Moreover, the following sections describe the responsible stakeholders on national, regional and local level in case of floods and are therefore adapted to the scenario. Fig. 7 - The organization of government resources responsible for handling floods (adapted for our context from Lillestøl and Rykkja, 2016)

THE NATIONAL LEVEL On the national level, the five ministries (JD, HOD, OED, MTC, MD) are the main stakeholders when a flood occurs. The Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection acts within JD’s jurisdiction, which has the overall coordinating functions within the area of security. DSB is a ‘lead agency’ within the area of societal safety, because it controls and supervises other government stakeholders in civil protection and societal safety, provides evaluations and organizes different types of exercises. The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate manages Norway’s water resources, lately also flood management and sorts under OED. 10

Related to its prime role in ensuring an environmental focus, efficiency and relevant income from the water and energy sector, NVE now focuses also in preventing and preparing for future floods. It functions as a guiding partner for the municipalities’ development and planning in flood risk areas. Rarely, in cases of extreme crisis, the help of NAF’s resources might be needed, making MD an actor also in cases of floods. HOD’s and MTC’s roles consist only in managing their field of jurisdiction in a crisis situation. (Lillestøl and Rykkja, 2016)

THE REGIONAL LEVEL

THE LOCAL LEVEL

The County Governor doesn’t serve in emergency situations. In rare cases when there is no municipal authority managing the crisis, CG might undertake a coordinating role between the national and the local level through the County Emergency Council (County Governor, 2019). For the given scenario (see 1) in which the Trondheim Municipality has a Disaster Management Authority, there is no need for the CEC.

It is the responsibility of the municipalities to complete the tasks regulated by the central government, to fairly distribute public services and to secure the citizens’ safety. The municipalities’ responsibility for crisis management and preparedness has been both strengthened lately. According to the new regulations, regular risk and vulnerability analyses are mandatory. Also, the municipalities are responsible for funding activities and measures crisis management and preparedness. (Lillestøl and Rykkja, 2016)

3.3 Regulations Regulations concerning the responsibility for emergency and preparedness planning for the Norwegian municipalities are found in the Foreskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt. According to this law the municipalities are obligated to carry out a comprehensive risk and vulnerability analysis. (Foreskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt § 2) The analyses should include mapping along with systemising and evaluating possible risks that may occur and how they would affect the municipality. The analysis should not only consider possible risks within the municipality but also possible risks outside the geographical area of the municipality that could have an impact on the municipality. When the analysis is complete it should be approved by the municipal council. When it comes to physical planning for possible hazards the Norwegian planning and building act is quite clear. The municipalities are relatively free to set the content in their masterplans, even though this freedom comes with restrictions. Requirements concerning physical safety and prevention of natural damage are mandatory to be taken into account as the plans are being developed. (Naturskadelovens § 20)

The first example introduces the ‘Skyfallsplan för Malmö’ (SE). It was chosen due to its similarity to the environment and disaster management in Trondheim.

The second example explains the concept of a ‘Sponge City’ in China.

The third heads to Japan. Both, the example of China and Japan, have been chosen accor ding to their experience with heavy rainfall and flood as well as due to the high density and the substantial resources the two countries manifest.

SWEDEN - MALMÖ

The regulations

Due to climate change and densification of the urban area the city of Malmö has been increasingly exposed to heavy rain falls. The municipality has taken action through a collaboration with the local water-and sewage distributor (VA SYD) and compiled a plan for heavy rainfalls. The plan is described through the report “Skyfallsplan för Malmö” (2017) from which the contingency plan for Øya to some extent will be oriented from. (Malmö stad, 2017)

As for Norway, Swedish municipalities are obligated to provide their citizens with certain safeties and preparedness for crisis according to Swedish law. However, Malmö chose to be even more progressive when it comes to heavy rainfall planning through adding a vision and ambition in order to increase the resilience even further, according to following (see figure on the left, copied from the report, Malmö stad, 2017)

Within the steps of the contingency plan (see 4), the best-practice examples are referred back to either as help for structuring the plan and the implementation of the steps (Malmö), as background concept (Sponge City) or in form of small scale Design interventions (Sweden, China, Japan).

Crisis management and responsible stakeholders

3.4 Best practices Based on the given scenario (Heavy rainfall, high density, substantial resources, disaster management authority), three best practice examples have been chosen, analyzed and are listed in the following section:

Vision: No damage or severe damage occurs in any parts of the city due to heavy rainfall. Ambition: Increase the resilience towards heavy rain falls and reduce the risk of material and personal damage, as well as minimizing the disruption to the society. Responsibility: The municipality’s responsibility according to law. (Malmö stad, 2017)

Fig. 8 – A multifunctional solution through an activity area that also can be temporarily flooded. (Illustration: Mona Falck, 2016)

At an extreme event the municipal organization goes into preparedness mode. The responsibility during a heavy rainfall is described through the three main actors; the property owners, the municipality and the municipal water distributor. (Malmö stad, 2017) Overall, the preparedness planning is done through mapping of the exposed area and describing the impact of not making changes reducing the impact of heavy rainfall. The method is mainly installing of multifunctional solutions, serving both as appreciated elements in the urban environment but also for the managing of storm water. (Malmö stad, 2017) (see figure 8) 13

‘SPONGE CITIES’ IN CHINA After Beijing had been confronted with severe floods in 2012, the Chinese Central Government stressed to apply the ‘Sponge City’ concept across the entire country. In 2013, several cities had been selected to serve as pilots regarding the sponge city approach. (Hanley 2017) The concept of a ‘Sponge City’ The main idea of a sponge city is to manage the urban water systems. This includes the implementation, maintenance and adaptation of the related infrastructure with the main goal of the collection, the retaining of water as well as its as well as its (slow) dispersion. These goals address also the case of water excess due to rainwater or sea-level rise. (Zevenbergen et al. 2018)

JAPAN Moreover, the concept of a sponge city follows the guideline of the protection of “the original ecological environment of cities including natural rivers, lakes, wetlands, ponds, ditches, meadows, woodlands, and other ecosystems” (UNEP 2018). This includes also the “remediation of contaminated waters” as well as “low impact development and water logging prevention concept” (UNEP 2018). However, besides the urban (rain-) water management, the concept of a sponge city involves other beneficial functions such as the mitigation of urban heat islands, the increasing of air humidity or the regulation of urban microclimates. This again affects not only the urban nature positively but also the public health. (UNEP 2018) Facilities and measures The concept is based on facilities which support the permeability of the predominant concrete and pavements in cities. Green roofs and facades, wetlands, swales covered by grass as well as natural vegetation play another important role. Among others, one of the major challenges regarding the sponge city concept constitutes the need for “a more robust regulatory environment” (UNEP 2018). This refers to appropriate laws and independent regulating within the implementation of ‘Sponge cities’. (Zevenbergen et al. 2018) (UNEP 2018)

Fig. 9 - Model of a sponge city. Yangming Archipelago, Changde, China (UNEP 2018)

Japan has been chosen as best practice because of its developed skills to cope with constant threat of natural hazards, with deep expertise in everything from physical infrastructure to rapid recovery. The similarity with our scenario is in the considerate amount of resources. In many past disasters, Japan has shown outstanding collaboration and coordination between different stakeholders making sure to shorten the time to recover from these events. This rapid recovery is due to two factors: deep internal expertise and broad external collaboration. (Ft.com, 2019) Urban sprawl had a crucial impact on the increasing risk of floods. Possibly due to Global Warming torrential rains are more frequent. Tokyo has taken active steps to reduce flood risk. Japan’s government decided that radical measures are needed to to protect the 3.3 million people living in the suburban area of Tokyo. (Ft.com, 2019)

In 1993 started the construction of Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel (MOUDC), costing approximately $3 billion, and ending after 13 years in 2006. (Ft.com, 2019) The project shows Japan’s advanced civil engineering technology. The tunnel is the world’s longest underground river with a length of 6.3 with five shafts big enough to fit a space shuttle. However costly it might have been, the decision to build underground was actually taken for economic reasons, following the path of a national road, which is public property. In 1991, 19 centimetres of rain falling in a 48-hour period, causing 31,000 houses to suffer flood damage. When the same amount of rain fell in 2017, only 43 houses were flooded. As proof of its cost effectiveness, estimates show that in the first 10 years since this project’s completion, the channel averted approximately $930 million of property damage. This is almost 44% of its construction costs. Indirectly the local economy is boosting because floods are not being perceived anymore as risk in the area. (Ft. com, 2019) While constructing advanced and sophisticated infrastructure, it can never be an absolute solution to floods. Japan has also developed a precise quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) as a result of applying an algorithm to combined observa-

Fig. 10 - Illustration of the Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel (MOUDC), 15 Tokyo, Japan (Ft.com, 2019)

tion data from multiple equipment sources, ranging from weather radar and weather satellites—both particularly important for short-range forecasting of violent weather phenomena—to automatic weather stations. (Ft.com, 2019) As Citizen Risk Awareness is still a challenge for Tokyo, the authorities have been working on different measures to strengthen it. One example is the double-purpose parks in the city. These parks are properly adapted with the right facilities and serve as Evacuation Parks in case of emergencies. To help information spread there are several information boards, located every 2 km radius, in parks, metro and bus stations. (Global Water Forum, 2018)

4 THE CONTINGENCY PLAN The given Scenario for the contingency plan reads as follows: “Trondheim is a very high-density city and is prone to floods due to heavy rainfall. The municipality has substantial resources and has a disaster management authority.” In the following, the scenario approached as worst case scenario of the stated one above. This would include a 10m flood, leaving Øya (around 8m above ground) flooded 2 to 4 meters (see risk maps, figures 12-15) In order to understand the possible case of floodings more easily as well as to explore different point of views, 5 Persona have been developed: Maia (6 years), Magnus (26 years), Hedda (38 years), Sander (57 years) and the retired couple Hellandsjø. Accordingly, the Scenario has been extended. In a first step, the Season and Density is being described. Secondly, the section ‘Before the flood’ describes how the individual character experience the flood growing. In the third step, small scenarios for every Element at risk (see below) are being told, each out of the perspective of one specific Persona.

Fig. 11 - Facts about the MOUDC, Tokyo, Japan (Ft.com, 2019)

Beside the 5 Persona, Five Elements at risk have been chosen: Buildings, Drinking Water, Sewage, Electricity, Transport. Instead of going through every step of the Contingency plan, every single element is being

5 ELEMENTS AT RISK provided with a table that discusses the ‘Goal for the response’, ‘Immediate response strategies’, ‘Preparedness planning’ as well as ‘Design interventions’ according to this element and to the given scenario (referring to the substantial resources, a disaster management authority). The interpretation of the ‘Immediate response strategies’ and the ‘Preparedness planning’ have been made through a short term approach and a long term approach. The response strategies are resembling the crisis management, and is suppose to give guidance to what tasks that need to be handled once Øya is flooded . The preparedness plan, on the other hand, serves to achieve two long term purposes; (1) to identify actions that can be taken before the flood to improve the response, and (2) propose infrastructural changes that will make the impact of future floods smaller. This approach and structure has been adopted from the Best Practice example from Malmö “Skyfallsplan för Malmö” (2017) (see 3.4). In that way, some of the steps of the Contingency Plan merge at some points. However, as the table juxtaposes every step, the single interventions, goals and plans relate clearly to each other.

Figures on the right - 5 Elements at risk: buildings, drinking water, sewage, electricity, Transport (own figures)

4.1 The Scenario DENSITY AND SEASON

BEFORE THE FLOODING

Early April 2023 in Øya. The new residential area ‚Grønn Naboskap 2023‘ in the centre of Øya had been inaugurated just three month ago (see fig.17). The twelve new buildings form a neighborhood within the existing society of Øya. The high amount of floors, apartments as well as the greenery aim at more housing opportunities within this half-peninsula of mostly single-family residences. At this time of the year, most of the residents had already moved into their new homes.

At Margretes Gata 5, the six-years old Maia finds herself astonished by watching drowned mice and branches floating by. The rain had turned the backyard into a almost waist-high pond. Maia is not at all being thrown by her wet shoes and trousers. After failing several tries to call Maia inside the house, her concerned parents have to catch her forcibly from the flooded steps that lead into the garden. Her father starts frowningly to shove towels into the window boards and the doors.

During the last two years, Trondheim gained substantial resources due to its innovative and circular approach in the fish industry. Within a few months, the technology had built up the reputation of Trondheim all over the globe. During the last two weeks, the first blossoms became visible on the trees in Øya. The temperatures were rising slightly but remained chilly. The sun appeared now and then between the clouds, making the old and new residents of Øya squint in relief on their doorsteps. Alongside the streets and in the backyards, heaps of dirty snow could still be spotted. Both, Bymarka in the East as well as the height around Jonsvannsvatten in the further West of Øya are covered with snow. Since five days, however, rain is literally pouring down the sky, dashing everybody’s hopes for spring. Øya is covered by screens of dust and grey. Puddles and small rivers in the streets are growing, turning the remaining snow heaps into jellylike watery mud before they finally merge with the rainwater. It is a Sunday afternoon. 18

At the same time, the medicine student Magnus is doing a run alongside the heavily swollen Nidelva. He felt the need for some fresh air during his twelve-hours Sunday shift at the St. Olavs hospital. The head of his department is stressing him straight from one patient to the other. Today, however, he finds himself even despised during his spare freetime: The path where he uses to run is entirely flooded, not to speak of the heavy raindrops soaking his gear. Nonetheless, the frustration about his demanding supervisor makes him sprint through the calf-high water. To his surprise, the streaming is eerily strong, giving him at the same time a relieving thrill.

Magnus, 26 år

Maia, 6 år

The retired couple Hellandsjø lives at Kronprins Olavs Allee 19. Initially, they had planned to gather their adult children and grandchildren at their big table under the two trees in their backyard. The driving rain changed their plans. Still, the grand family resists cheerfully chatting the weather at the half covered veranda. Wrapped into woolen blankets or rain capes, they cluster around the oven, enjoying coffee and cake. The son of Mr. and Mrs. Hellandsjø had even travelled from Portugal where he lives now to join the gathering. Everybody is so busily exchanging news that nobody sees the waves rising slowly but steadily from Nidelva.

The electrician Sander goes for a walk with his most beloved dog Oda at Sverresborg. As usual, he got off the bus at Nyborg and is now walking towards Teisendammen, a water reservoir that overlooks the city of Trondheim. Oda runs happily 30m in front of him. ‚What would I just do without this fellow?‘ Grinning in his most appreciated solitude, he pulls his hood even deeper over his face as the rain starts to rip aggressively through his raincoat. He almost reached Teisendammen when he heard this wheezing cracks that led him shrink back. The sound reminded him on a giant that unwillingly woke up. Without realizing, panic occurred to him - he starts calling for Oda, running into the direction where he had seen her the last time before he stopped abruptly. In front of him, Teisedammen is literally frothing. The artificial lake flows over the retaining wall, causing a flood hurtling down on Ila and Øya, sweeping away everything that is not fixed on the ground. (see fig. 12)

RISK MAPS: WORST CASE SCENARIO, FLOODING OF 10 METRES IN ØYA

Fig. 12 Risk Map for possible floods around Trondheim, Norway (adapted from Google Earth 2019)

Sander, 57 år, with Oda Hedda, the 38-years old employee at the Municipality of Trondheim, is just going through the schedule for the upcoming week at her apartment in Rosenborg when she sees the name of her supervisor at the municipality on her smartphone. Surprised but in her usual good spirits, she answers the phone: ‚Torun? How nice that you give me a call! I was just about to prepare next week! Ah, but yes, I should stop thinking about work on…‘ Torun interrupts her harshly. „Hedda! You must come to the office immediately. Ila and Øya completely under water! Tell you more when you are here.“ The connection is cut.

Hedda, 38 år 20

Fig. 13 Map showing the area which would get flooded in case of 10 m river water level rise (adapted from Google Earth 2019)

4.2 Response strategy, Preparedness plan, Design interventions Fig. 14 Section of the terrain in case of our scenario flood (adapted from Google Earth 2019 and Kart5.nois.no, 2019)

Fig. 15 (below) Illustration of the level of the flood (adapted from own picture, 2019)

As the situation in Øya has deteriorated, different actions are being carried out immediately, lead by the Municipal Disaster Management Authority. The Flood Contingency Plan was designed to activate all the actors needed to respond quickly and mitigate as much as possible the damage of unexpected floods alike this one. For the plan to be effective the actors must show deep internal expertise and broad external collaboration. Even with the best preparation of the authorities, one of the most important actors is the community itself. As the flood information tables serve more of a general purpose, part of the preparedness planning is also to strengthen the community. Different flood simulation

exercises, organised previously by the DMA, helped the citizens of Øya to strengthen their response actions to floods. To achieve this, a neighbourhood board for Øya residents was created. The board works as a bridge between the residents and the municipality, making the communication and the preparedness planning easier and more efficient. Involving the citizens has resulted in the creation of better technical solutions such as the “WaterView”. Through the smartphone cameras of the residents together with surveillance cameras (etc.) data is collected in real time and returned to the base as precipitation measures, which makes it possible to map changes in the weather and surroundings faster. (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019). Moreover, the concept for Oya would be a Sponge City (see 3.4) as proposed in the following map. The peninsula would include channels and it would be able to turn the actual sports area into a temporary water pond. (see figure 16)

Fig. 16 Map showing the proposed Sponge City interventions (adapted from Google Earth, 2019)

4.2.1 BUILDINGS

Immediate response strategies The immediate response will therefore firstly be implemented by the organisation of the emergency response. The evacuation will be done through operations by rescue boats or helicopters. Prioritization will be done with consideration of children and elderly. Secondly, the crisis management will also be implemented through preparing of the venues for the evacuated people, making sure places to sleep are available along with food assurance.

Scenario Sunday, 9pm. When Hedda arrives at Elgeseter Bru which overlooks Øya from the East, she realizes the dimension and damage of the flood. Through the still ongoing shower of rain, she spots that small island is covered by two to four meters of muddy water. Branches are floating on their surface. All roads are vanished or destroyed, also the smaller bridge north from Elgeseter Bru is out of sight. Most of the basements are flooded completely if not up until the first floor of the buildings. Some people have installed themselves on their roofs, waving with glow sticks. Others are standing in crowds behind the windows of the upper floors of the new buildings in the centre of the half-island Øya. Hedda tries to make a rough estimate of the people living at Øya: 2000 people at least! For a moment she loses her usually strong composure. How to evacuate these people as fast as possible amidst the night and in pouring rain? Without electricity and access by roads? And Hedda, 38 år where to shift all of them? 24

As fast as the water withdraws the emergency response will be done through supporting increased capacity for pumping the water from drainage buildings. This action will not only make the returnal possible faster, but also for making the damage impact on the construction as small as possible. Tab. 1 - Element 1 / Buildings

Goal for the response The built environment will be directly affected from flooding. The predicted water level rise would lead to heavily flooded basements and possibly first floors, which further would result in people being unable to be transported from their homes or occupations through traditional modes of transport. Therefore the main goal is to ensure safety for the affected people through evacuation. The approximately 2000 inhabitants of Øya shall be evacuated in an efficient and safe way. The evacuation shall not last longer than needed, and a fast return will be the main goal once the water is withdrawn.

Preparedness planning To simplify the response strategies the preparedness planning for the built environment will revolve around creating conditions for self-help. Moreover, this includes the identification of suitable placement of the temporarily evacuated people. The self-help will be supported by the installment of rescue boats on the roofs of the buildings. If installed beforehand they will simplify the response management, as some of the people will be able to manage the emergency transport themselves. Concerning the agreements of suitable venues for temporary living, they should provide spaces within institutions such as schools or sports center in the vicinity.

Furthermore, an alarm system should be installed. The alarm system could consist on different levels; one actual alarm that would warn people of a sudden flood, such as if the Teisendammen would fail. But there could also be more small scale alarms such as an smartphone app through which warnings can be send and shared. Design Interventions The following Design Interventions include an Evacutation Park, a self-supported-Brewery as well as a Water-Roof-Farm. Figure 17 proposes possible locations for these particular interventions. Evacuation park Evacuation parks, inspired by flood preparedness in Japan, shall be implemented also in Trondheim. The park works as a common space known to the inhabitants to which they will go in case of a flood or similar disaster. It is of importance that the inhabitants are aware of the location of the evacuation point along with the best evacuation routes before the crises occur - making the municipality responsible for distributing this information in an efficient way in advance. As this preparedness is not necessarily only connected to the risk of floods, but also other disasters, the information spread should not only be limited to the population on Øya but the whole population in Trondheim. The parks are usually designed for large scale rescue operations including cooking facilities, solar powered lightning, portable toilets, landing areas for helicopters along with roads adjusted for other emergency transport. (Global Water Forum, 2019)

Self-supported-brewery Locally produced beer and management of water from heavy rainfalls are two functions possible to combine through a self supported brewery. The water supplement for the brewery will be disconnected from the buildings plumbing system and instead use rainfall water. The building will have capacity to collect rainfall water in a tank that would later be used for production of beer. (Rain Harvest Systems, n.y)

Water-Roof-Farm and Extensive Green Roofs To increase the urban water management water-roofsfarms are to be introduced at Øya. The intervention is not one preventing the damage of an actual flood, but is helpful reducing water from heavy rain falls and using it at the same time. This intervention could therefore, similar to the Brewery, been described as multi-functional. (Roofwaterfarm n.y.) (Global Water Forum, 2019)

Fig. 17 - Map of Grønn Naboskap in 2023, showing the possible Evacuation Parks (adapted from Google Earth, 2019)

4.2.2 DRINKING WATER

Scenario Sunday, 7.30 pm. About an hour before the water started to flood the basement of the house, Maia was just about to go to bed. In Pyjamas, she sat with her father on the sofa, listening a story he read to her. It was a fairy tale about a city that sinks in sweet porridge. Maias father snapped the book shut and Maia asked for a glas of water before going to bed. When he opened the tab, she could hear a rasping sound. Out of the tab came brown smelly water. Frowning, her father tested the other tabs in the house: the same polluted liquid in every pipeline. Later this evening, Hedda together with her colleagues from the municipality, would figure that this was the case all over Øya: No drinking water for the area until at least the next day!

Maia, 6 år

Tab. 2 - Element 2 / Drinking Water

Goal for the response

4.2.3 SEWAGE

The load on the water- and sewage system due to floods can result in contaminated drinking water. Worst case scenario is that that the water is undrinkable, leaving the inhabitants of Øya without water. As drinking water is a basic human need the response will in first hand make sure that people, while waiting for being rescued/evacuated, will be provided with drinkable water.

Scenario

Immediate response strategies The immediate response will consist from distribution of portable water containers. This will be done in combination with the first rescue actions, executed by the emergency staff. After handling the emergent situation of drinking water the response will also consist from disinfecting the water, which will be the main task for the municipal water enterprise. Preparedness planning However, the response strategies in this particular element at risk will also rely on that distribution of supply have been made in advance. Portable water filters will be distributed to the households and business in advance, which will make the inhabitants somehow water independent for a temporarily time period (The Prepared, 2019). As the level contamination of the water will be unknown those will only work as a supplement so far. That is why the response also will be ready with portable water containers. The preparedness for long term resilience will be through water tank installments along with continuous inspections of wells and pumps. The water tank installments would be part in the water-roof farm mentioned in the previous section. 28

Monday, 7am - the morning after the worst flooding of Øya. Magnus sips at his vending-machine coffee and starres out of the hospital window into the dawn. The heavy rain is still pattering on the sill, covering the view with clouds. He is about to go back to his last shift when he spots the crowd of people in front of the main hospital entrance. Magnus heads for the common room of the medical assistants and asks one of his colleagues if he knew the reason for the crowd. Appearently, Øya got flooded entirely yesterday evening. Most of the people are still locked in their houses, but some of the evacuated ones are afflicted by heavy stomach troubles.‘ What news! Magnus is all awake again despite his sleepless nightshift. He should have already informed someone while taking a run yesterday! Frowning, he asks his colleague: ‚Any clear reasons for these stomach troubles?‘ His colleague refills his cup of coffee, with an indifferent expression, he reported: ‚We have been informed that the sewage pipes had been flooded as well. The sewage mixed with the rest of the water as well as the drinking water systems. I assume, the people got in touch with these bacMagnus, 26 år teria while waiting for being evacuated.‘

Tab. 3 - Element 3 / Sewage

Goal for the response

Preparedness planning

Once the wastewater system gets flooded there is a high risk of sewage water getting mixed with the flood water. If so, the main goal must be to make all environment in the area free from sewage as this is a potential risk connected to spreading of diseases.

The long term preparedness will mainly revolve around changing the combined sewage system to a seperate one. The separate system will prevent the sewage water from getting mixed with the rain/flood water (Sswm.info, 2019). As quite obvious, this intervention would save a lot of time and resources in times of floods.

Immediate response strategies The immediate response will be to increase the pumping capacity as well as disinfect the already contaminated areas, which both will be done by the municipal water enterprise. The area must be completely free of sewage when returnal of residents and others are allowed. In order to do so, it is required that the preparedness has ensured that there are possibilities for increased pumping, which also would be the task for the municipal water enterprise.

Design Interventions Composting toilets In order to make the households of Øya more independent in case of a flood composting toilets are to be installed. The toilets will work without being connected the sewer system, and work as a temporarily toilet as well as one for normal use. Each building should at least contain one composting toilet. (Ekolet. com, 2019) 29

4.2.4 ELECTRICITY

Goal for the response As floods not only will affect the water and sewage system but also the electricity system it is of most importance to plan for electricity disturbance as well. If the electricity distribution is disturbed the main goal is to avoid fire that could occur due to short circuits. The second goal would be to, when the circumstances are safe (the water has withdrawn), have the electricity back running as fast as possible.

Scenario Sunday, 8.30 pm. Standing in front of Teisendammen, Sander called immediately the Emergency number 110, when his dog Oda returned from the forest nearby. She was soaked and looked like she had fallen into water. Sander had never been as happy to see her! He leashed Oda and returned back to his single apartment near Munkvoll. From the bus which headed in direction Flatåsen, he had the could overlook Ila and Øya. It gave him a chill when he realized that Øya was almost completely flooded. A fire around the newly build sports arena lighted the half-island in the darkness. Despite the still heavy rain, it kept growing. The masses of water must have caused an electrical short in the building. Sander had just arrived at home, when he got a call from the municipality: Emergency operation! The electrify in Øya and around had gone off. The residents were trapped in their houses without heating. A fire had already broken out. All electricians needed for the next upcoming two days and nights. There would be a meeting and short briefing by the municipality at Studentersamfundet in 45 minutes, 10pm. The connection is cut. Sander just freed himself from his drenched clothes, towelled tenderly the wet head of Oda and left his house. 30

4.2.5 Transport

Tab. 4 - Element 4 / Electricity

Immediate response strategies

Scenario

However, the immediate response would be firstly addressed to the risk of fires and make sure that those are avoided. By locally shutting down the electricity there will be assurance of avoiding short circuits, which would be the concern of the electricity distributor in Trondheim.

Monday,12.30 pm. Finally, a motorboat heads towards Mr. and Mrs. Hellandsjø who waved exhaustively and relieved. The entire family of 14 people had been spending the whole night jammed together in the mansard. The basement and first floor were flooded entirely. So far, Mr. And Mrs. Hellandsjø didn’t dare to think about the damage of their house, their residence of retirement. Kronprins Olavs Allee was entirely covered by mud, water and branches. Some car roofs jut out of this aqueous sludge which caused an unpleasant smell. The roads must have been badly damaged.

Preparedness planning

Sander, 57 år, with Oda

However, part of the preparedness planning shall contain mapping of potential weak parts of the electricity system so that if the shut down somehow is prolonged there will be guidance on where the main concern would be and where resources should be focused on. As a more small scaled preparedness the living at Øya should be concluded with alternative energy production, separated from the municipal electric system. A separate generator, producing electricity from wind or sun, could be installed at the higher floors or roof of the building and could be used during the critic time before evacuation.

Tab. 5 - Element 5 / Transport

Goal for the response

Immediate response strategies

When it comes to transportation and what affects the flood would have on this element they are quite severe. As the total area of Øya would be under 2-4 meters of water all traditional transport modes would be prevented from functioning, making boat and helicopter the main reliable transport modes. The flooding would also make the two bridges for pedestrian use in the north part of the area, unavailable, even for rescue operations.Therefore, the main goal for the response will be to still assure an efficient evacuation without relying on rolling vehicles, at least not for the area of Øya. After this, the main goal will be to reconstruct damaged roads and bridges so that normal use once again is possible when the residents of the area returns.

Making sure that boats are accessible for the evacuation service will be part of the immediate response. Part of the emergency service operated by boats will be through autonomous boats, so called RoBoats (Boom et al., 2019), which will make the rescue service more efficient. Also, drones should be present so that the area can be monitored during the critical time, supporting the emergency response. The immediate response will also consist from making sure that the alternative routes will be available and work as planned. This will be important both for the evacuation process but also for the accessibility to the hospital, making sure that they do not prevent each other.

Preparedness planning

Design Interventions

For this to work the preparedness planning is of great importance. As the location for where the evacuated people will stay already is agreed on, alternative routes both for the evacuation process and the hospital access will be done in advance. Making sure that those very important functions will not compete or disturb each other during the critical time of the flood.

Self-erecting flood protection system In case of sudden floods that might be caused by a failure of Teisendammen, there might not be enough time to prevent damage. This self-erecting flood protection system could be built as a protection line along the shore. Under normal conditions it stays in a horizontal «quiet position», where cars and trucks can move over it. If a (sudden) flood occurs, the system will self-erect without the need for manpower or electricity. The flood wall is will be able to withstand not only water pressure but (with certain limits) also other impacts caused by wood or debris. (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019)

Information about flood awareness can be distributed in different forms, one of them being through physical information tables installed in the city, similar to the ones introduced in Japan. Tables with information about the risk of floods along with evacuation routes and places (such as the already proposed evacuation park) would be placed in Trondheim to raise awareness. Not only raising awareness in the exposed areas but also to the rest of the inhabitants in Trondheim. Further, the accessibility to Roboats and drones must be secured in advance, as part of the preparedness planning. Apart from mapping the alternative routes and preparing the alternative vehicles, the preparedness planning will also consist from implementing smart solutions, which have multifunctional purposes in the transportation system. So called buffer blocks and solar streets will continuously replace the traditional paved streets and roads (further described in the next chapter).

After the flood event, the protection wall will return to its original, horizontal position and is easy to clean. This system was developed by the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern.

Fig. 18Roboats (Boom et al., 2019)

Fig. 19 - (above) Self-erecting flood protection system (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019)

Fig. 20 - Bufferblocks (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019)

Bufferblocks The buffer blocks will allow water to be absorbed through pores in the material. The buffering effect will prolong the water so that it can be infiltrated to the ground during a longer time, which will prevent floods to a much higher extent than a paved street. (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019) Solar streets Solar streets is also a solution that can replace the traditional pavemented streets in Öya. It is an multifunctional surface made out of solar panels that can be walked and driven on. The solar panels will produce electricity, which can heat and light road, which will also make sure that water, ice and snow will not stay at the road. (Solmove.com, 2019) Location of the Design Interventions Figure 21 proposes possible locations the interventions listed above within the high density sceanario for Oya. Fig. 21 - Map of Grønn Naboskap in 2023, showing interventions in roads (adapted from Google Earth, 2019)

4.3 Operational support plan, Budget

However, when disasters occur the DMA becomes the leading authority for the municipal territory. Beside the permanent employees, other members from the municipality are added to DMA to help managing the event. These new members are usually high-rank employees from the other departments of the municipality, other central government institutions serving in Trondheim, Civil Society and the Community leaders. This structure helps the DMA to coordinate better with all stakeholders, while being more time effective.

however, is based only on assumptions by the group according to secondary literature. The same applies to the budget. The measures are divided into the range of Low Costs +, Medium Costs ++ and High Costs +++. As the given scenario provides substantial resources, the measures were chosen without financial constraints. Even though most of the budget shows only Low Costs, the sum of all measures would cost the city a high amount of money.

The table below shows the list of the stakeholders (see tab. 6) who are responsible for the implementation of the measures/interventions which are proposed in the contingency plan above. The choice of stakeholders,

In the given scenario, there is a full functioning disaster management authority (DMA) under the municipality’s jurisdiction. During normal functioning (not in time of crisis), it is composed of a certain number of permanent employees, that mostly deals with keeping track of risk and vulnerability in Trondheim, and to prevent/prepare for adverse events. DMA’s role is also to train different stakeholders with exercises simulating disaster situations.

Fig. 22 - Municipal Organisation Structure during normal functions (based on the actual Trondheim Municipal structure)

Fig. 23 - DMA operational structure during disasters (own diagram adapted from Lovdata.no, 2011 )

5 CONCLUSION Making sense of the content in a contingency plan has shown to be more difficult than our first perception of the task. As the different steps of the plan are parts in the same chain, many of the actions are in the border line between two different parts of the contingency plan, making it hard to make the final call for where the specific action actually belongs. We also realized that it is challenging to work on the contingency plan based on a scenario which we constructed our selves (based on the given guidelines), as we have to merge the made up scenario with real structures and perceptions. However, through various methods such as case studies, creating personas as well as consultation with experts, it became easier for the group to set the limits of what we can do and what is beyond our scope. We found that the introduction of the concept of a sponge city as an interesting way to approach the long term transformation to make the city (Øya) more resilient towards flooding. However, this is more than a design intervention and actually a transformation of the whole city structure and landscape, which we do understand is quite unrealistic prospects for Øya. Even so, working with concept made us more brave and creative with the overall approaches in the plan, which we found suitable with regard to our given scenario (“The municipality has substantial resources and has a disaster management authority”). Reflecting on the whole process of creating a contingency plan, we all could agree that the proposed contingency plan, based on the scenario, case studies and analysis, might be a little too utopic for a small part of the city as Øya. But, considering the development taking place in Trondheim, being Norway’s technological capital, it is not impossible to adapt 40

6 REFERENCES such plan and strategy in smaller scale, with the goal of reducing damages due to flooding. It is also important to note that, in reality, coming up with a good framework for a contingency plan requires interdisciplinary skills and background to see through all the aspects necessary in planning. Collaboration is needed to gain proper knowledge in formulating an effective plan. Collaboration not only with the decision makers, authorities and experts but also with the residents in the area, which could make the long term transformation more sustainable in the future.

6.1 References Boom, J., Triboli, A., Beekmans, J., Gelmers, W. and Doumpa, V. (2019). Roboats Roaming Amsterdam Waters. [online] Pop-Up City. Available at: https://popupcity. net/roboats-roaming-amsterdam-waters/?fbclid=IwAR2UNoF1eElpZYzrJd6XNyD1-92PqpvmE-r9TIEIVGOs-i24SJGFqoAM3iw [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Climateinnovationwindow.eu. (2019). Bufferblock | CLIMATE INNOVATION WINDOW. [online] Available at: https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/ bufferblock [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Climateinnovationwindow.eu. (2019). Self-erecting flood protection system | CLIMATE INNOVATION WINDOW. [online] Available at: https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/self-erecting-flood-protection-system [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Climateinnovationwindow.eu. (2019). WaterView - IR2 | CLIMATE INNOVATION WINDOW. [online] Available at: https://climateinnovationwindow.eu/innovations/ waterview-ir2 [Accessed 2 May 2019]. Ekolet.com. (2019). Composting Toilets For Home | Indoor & Outdoor Dry Composting Toilet Systems – Ekolet.com. [online] Available at: https://ekolet.com/ [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Lovdata.no. (2011). Forskrift om kommunal beredskapsplikt - Lovdata. [online] Available at: https:// lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2011-08-22-894 [Accessed 5 May 2019].

Global Water Forum. (2019). Flood disaster prevention: Lessons from Tokyo. [online] Available at: http:// www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/01/22/flood-disaster-prevention-lessons-from-tokyo/ [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Hanley, Steve (2017): Shanghai Experiments With “Sponge City” Technology. https://cleantechnica.com/2017/12/29/shanghai-experiments-sponge-city-technology/ Malmö Stad (2017): Skyfallsplan för Malmö. Available at: https://platsforvattnet.vasyd.se/skyfallsplan-for-malmo/ Lov om sikring om sikring mot naturskader (1994). Available at: https://lovdata.no/dokument/NL/ lov/1994-03-25-7 Rainharvest.com. (2019). Rainwater Collection and Stormwater Management. [online] Available at: https://www.rainharvest.com/info/beer/ [Accessed 1 May 2019]. Sswm.info. (2019). Separate Sewers | SSWM - Find tools for sustainable sanitation and water management!. [online] Available at: https://sswm.info/ sswm-university-course/module-2-centralised-and-decentralised-systems-water-and-sanitation/further/separate-sewers [Accessed 3 May 2019]. Solmove.com. (2019). Technology – Solmove. [online] Available at: https://www.solmove.com/en/technology/?fbclid=IwAR0KvEhqHB7tRceZJltGxbbn6FYBM7jPBOcbScznV9lFtghXWZuye6e_2us [Accessed 2 May 2019].

The Prepared. (2019). Best Portable Survival Water Filters for Preppers - The Prepared. [online] Available at: https://theprepared.com/gear/reviews/ portable-water-filters/?fbclid=IwAR1osgDG9XUTRpoOAoPvLLFMFemeklQxqpfj3H79Aj8kmxT_xl-rINyAQxY [Accessed 1 May 2019]. UNEP (2018): Emerging Sponge Cities. Foresight Brief. https://environmentlive.unep.org/media/docs/ early_warning/foresight_brief_005.pdf Zevenbergen, Chris et. al (2018). Sponge Cities: Emerging Approaches, Challenges and Opportunities. https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/815 Ft.com. (2019). Japan: Pillars of Resilience. [online] Available at: https://www.ft.com/brandsuite/cabinet-office-japan/japan-pillars-of-resilience.html [Accessed 3 May 2019]. Global Water Forum. (2018). Flood disaster prevention: Lessons from Tokyo. [online] Available at: http:// www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/01/22/flood-disaster-prevention-lessons-from-tokyo/ [Accessed 3 May 2019]. Lillestøl, C. and Rykkja, L. (2016). Dealing with Natural Disasters: Managing Floods in Norway. [online] Bergen: Stein Rokkan Centre for Social Studies, p.33. Available at: http://uni.no/media/manual_upload/ WP_4-2016_Lillestoel_og_Rykkja.pdf [Accessed 3 May 2019]. County Governor. (2019). Civil protection. [online] Available at: https://www.fylkesmannen.no/en/Civil-protection/ [Accessed 3 May 2019]. 42

Kart5.nois.no. (n.d.). NOIS WebInnsyn. [online] Available at: https://kart5.nois.no/trondheim/Content/Main. asp?layout=trondheim&time=1556739751&vwr=asv [Accessed 4 May 2019].

6.2 Table of Figures Fig. 1 Location of Øya in Trondheim (adapted from Google Earth 2019) Fig. 2 Gudruns Gata next to Nidelva River, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019) Fig. 3 Nidelva River with Bridge and buildings right beside the shore , Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019) Fig. 4 Residential neighbourhood, Klostergata, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019) Fig.5 Sports field, Øya Trondheim (own picture 2019) Fig. 6 St. Olavs Hospital, Øya Trondheim (own figure 2019) Fig. 7 The organization of government resources responsible for handling floods (adapted for our context from Lillestøl and Rykkja, 2016) Fig. 8 A multifunctional solution through an activity area that also can be temporarily flooded. (Illustration: Mona Falck, 2016) Fig. 9 Model of a sponge city. Yangming Archipelago, Changde, China (UNEP 2018) Fig. 10 Illustration of the Metropolitan Outer Area Underground Discharge Channel (MOUDC), Tokyo, Japan (Ft.com, 2019) Fig. 11 Facts about the MOUDC, Tokyo, Japan (Ft.com, 2019) Fig. 12 Risk Map of Trondheim, Norway (adapted from Google Earth 2019) Fig. 13 Map showing the area which would get flooded in case of 10 m river water level rise (adapted from Google Earth 2019) Fig. 14 Section of the terrain in case of our scenario flood (adapted from Google Earth 2019 and Kart5.nois.no, 2019) Fig. 15 Fig. 16 Fig. 17 Fig. 18 Fig. 19 Fig. 20 Fig. 21 Fig. 22 Fig. 23 -

Illustration of the level of the flood (adapted from own picture, 2019) Map showing the proposed Sponge City interventions (adapted from Google Earth, 2019) Map of Grønn Naboskap in 2023, showing the possible Evacuation Parks (adapted from Google Earth, 2019) Roboats (Boom et al., 2019) Self-erecting flood protection system (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019) Bufferblocks (Climateinnovationwindow.eu, 2019) Map of Grønn Naboskap in 2023, showing interventions in roads (adapted from Google Earth, 2019) Municipal Organisation Structure during normal functions (based on the actual Trondheim Municipal structure) DMA operational structure during disasters (own diagram) 43

Tab. 1 Tab. 2 Tab. 3 Tab. 4 Tab. 5 Tab. 6

Element 1 / Buildings Element 2 / Drinking Water Element 3 / Sewage Element 4 / Electricity Element 5 / Transport List of the stakeholders involved in implementing the proposed measures