ArKwAy - the Book by fabian neuhaus

welcomeTO

AKAtheBOOK ORDER_NOMADS_CYCLES byJAF_juergenH anikaM fabianN UCL the BARTLETT ud 2005/2006 www.jafud.com

TABLE of content A INRODUCTION Project introduction Maps

Nomads

Analyses-Sites

B PATH Order+Chaos C APPENDIX Analyses-General Conclusion Report

Cycles

Idea-Concept

D PREVIUS PROJECTS London Research Patchwork City Recombinant Urbanism Essays Paris E www.jafud.com

INTRO

Arkway - process city It is the place where land, water and sky meet, accomplished by the constant movement of the natural forces over time. The Thames Gateway area has always been affected by the natural forces and projects its unique identity through the harsh landscape and the cold and horizontal environment. The whole world is moving with time and creates constant change. It is this idea of Mobility, Time and Change that we would incorporate within our concept. Force together with movement creates energy, in the physical and theoretical sense and also as a spirit for the location. – A development in relation with the forces. As a floating settlement the project attempts to pick up on problems from a different perspective. Arkway is formed by the different flows within it - the industrial process of reusing floating structures, social and economic connection from people and the flow of natural forces. Through the piers the existing settelments reach into the thames mouth to grab the watercity. These fixpoints and the flows within the area form the basic structure - long armatures, formed out of assembled segments of ships. They host, like oceanliners, different usages but also provide infrastructure and shelter for smaller structures in the range from fixed business rigs to free floating single homes. The structure as a whole adapts to all kind of different changes within the city, such as the yearly event of the fair trade, the monthly activity of the theater and down to short time changes of the local weekly market and the daily tide cicle.

INTRO

ArKwAy is a new development in the Thames Gateway to meet Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need for more urban space. Along the river Thames, London can grow east wards.

INTRO

The Thames Estuary is the site for this project. An edge zone of land and water, where different conditions appear simultaneously and zones of overlapping are created. The natural forces manifest themselves strongly and the place is therefore in constant change.

firing pract

fobbing horse upper horse creek lower horse

two tree newlands

crow stone leigh chalkwell oaze hadleigh ray

blackt

middle clock bank sand

deadmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s point

yanlet small ship anchorage

blyth

egypt bay west point st. maryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bay

knock

yanlet

ft ra oint lc al ardng p smutwssi o ro c

the cant

herryd hill

sand

grain tower garrison point

dead mans island bishops spit

nore great swatch

firingstone london practice areabeach cocklleshell

creek

r watee p e e g d ora anch

west east

leigh small ship anchorage

s i m crnwaall os rd cr sin af gp t oi nt

hole haven chapman

west

firing practice area

mid roial oak point

new hook

holiday newhouse

n wi

middle

east

sunk

inner

r ate e w ep rag de cho an

e de

INTRO

spit

el ann

south west

barrow

mapplin

e de

swatchway

spit

fishermanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gat precautionary area

fis h ga t

bank

edge

outher

long sand swin

sands

st e w

g tice area

west

ail

e oaz

e rag o h anc

l ne n a

t ga

south west

east spit

use south east

al o sh el n an h cnds

g sa erin ge v i h s ora anch girdler

oaze

wind farm

d east re middle sandspanyard

four fathom s channel

W vialge

tizard

bank

patch

so b uth e o mid ding kn

shingles

sand pan hole

ridge

kentish flats

h chann el

tongue anchorage

rg h

an n

l princes channel

est

d n a

north e dingbur g

alexandr a channe

rea ep e da e d t oaze tric precautionary area res

ast

knock john

sand outer

the hole

tongue

approach

annel

ch queen

sand

margate pudding pan

R overland passage

hors

woolpack e cha nnel hook spit

hook

longnose

street

whitestableThe site provides a hidden landscape underneath the water surface. The watermap is an essential tool to navigate shell ness bay the areas with sandbanks and water streams whitch are dangerous. A set of names evolved and points out special areas to provide orientation. The water map gives a hint of all these places. It reveals the existence of certain very speciďŹ c routes and gives informations on how to navigate / orientate in this hidden landscape.

elb

broadstairs

GRAIN

WIDE

SMOOTH ROUGH

NEAR EMPTINESS

CONNECTION

FLAT

WET

CHANGE

USE

FLOATING REGULAR NETWORK PROTECTION

GROWING ARTIFICIAL

INTRO

SHEERNESS 51°28‘45.62“ N / 0°44‘46.40“ E

SWIMMING HOSTILE

FIXED

FLOODING CHANGEABLE DANGER

CONNETED SPACE DISCOVER BOATS

LANDSCAPE BILOCATED

DISAPPEAR POOL

SOUTHEND-ON-THE-SEA 51°32’17.90”N / 0°39’29.23”E OVERLOOK

WALKING GREY DISTANCE

HORIZONTAL RAMP

INTRO

SHEERNESS 51°28‘45.62“ N / 0°44‘46.40“ E

LEYDOWN-ON-SEA 51°23’54.53”N / 0°55’36.25”E

Flooding appears to be one of the main problems of the Gateway in the future. As a result of this and people’s rising demand for ﬂexibility and mobility in life plans, this new development is ﬂoating on water.

INTRO

Wile ďŹ&#x201A;oating the settlement tries to work with the natural forces, like the tide cycle, and using the transition space between land and water. Certain funtions are adapted to natural cycles. Through constant changings, connections brake and build up. This provides a special identity to the place.

Thu. 16th of December 2005 06:42 07:12

07:42

08:13

08:43

09:13

12:45

13:45

14:16

14:46

15:16

13:15

INTRO

09:43

10:14

10:44

11:14

11:44

12:15

15:46

16:17

16:47

17:17

17:47

18:18

The new development can be seen as a core structure to the existing settlements located around the Thames mouth. By a network of water based transport, the new structure gets connected, within and to the surrounding.

ex_urban

heatrow_express

thames link

stansted express

STA

eurostar

greater london area

INTRO

LUT

thames gateway area

water

base waterways minor

long sand

major

southendOS

tottenham hale

SFs

KCs

sheppy

st.pancras

padington liverpool street

victoria

floating infra

HET

ajustable station base station base-important station

AKA

leigh

kings cross

euston

swin

CIT

hole haven chapman blyth

clock bank

westend

NORE nore swatch

il_port

blacktail

southend pier knock

yanlet

oaze spit PP

mid

alhallowOS

the cant

AKA

tongue

international

grain

adjustable connection

sherness

base connection base-fast connection

fixed infra land pier/bridge station

use industry offices/retail housing leisure

density unit

size

amount 133%

100%

66%

01 mile 10 mile 10 kilometer

02 kilometer

INTRO

While floating, it allows the settlement the flexibility to reconfigure and adapt to changing conditions. The structure is in a constant process of organising according to forces and inhabitant’s desires. The amount of units will grow and shrink with the seasons, as inhabitants move in and out.

The settlement builds up on the economical support of a new new UK port ‘BLACKTAILport’ and a international airport ‘AKAinternational’. The ﬂoating units are recycled ﬂoating structures like oil rigs and ships. This introduces a new ‘REUSEindustry’ to the area.

INTRO

Formed through the main waterchannels in the thames mouth, the OAZE area sits on a island of sunken dynamite. A place for gambling and entertainment.

This NORE busines area grows because of its location with respect to the port and the airport.. As a highly accessible area it is a zone of transit for movement and information.

A special feature of the transition area between land and water is the CLOCKBANK restaurant. Accessible only during low tide provides a special adventure where visits might take a little longer...

INTRO

The settlement is built up on the principle that every unit provides connection to the next one. This network is used for the ďŹ&#x201A;ow of people and goods, but also of information. The exposer to strong forces can be answered by larger structures providing shelter for small units.

01_kilometer 500_meter 100_meter

INTRO

Whitin the NORE settlement is the MID area which is governed by the industrial ďŹ&#x201A;ow from KNOCK industry area to the north. There are ďŹ&#x201A;ows of mateial, people and market. The connections between the units provide access to the whole area. Joined large units form armatures which shelter inner basins.

Multiple uses of spaces can be a solution for lack of space. Certain spaces that are not used during a particular time in a day or a week are occupied by other functions. The drydoks are used to play soccer when it is lying vacant.

The structure is able to deal with major changes. Beside natural forces economical forces, like a weekly market, can grow into the settlement to serve the inhabitants needs.

www.jafud.com/arkway/MIDmarketmovement

INTRO

MOBILITY range xx°xx‘xx.xx“N/xx°xx‘xx.xx“E

TIDElow xx°xx‘xx.xx“N/xx°xx‘xx.xx“E

INTRO

Another area in the NORE settlement called SWATCH which is connected with a new pier to the land near Grain. Due to this the area is slightly more stable and denser.

Usages are mostly dominated by ofďŹ ces and hotels due to its connection to land. There is still a mixture with residential functions.

The area accomodates the yearly trade fair within the settlements. The structure opens up and reconďŹ gures aound the event. Unlike the existing city were facilities are lying vacant when the occasion is not taking place.

www.jafud.com/arkway/SWATXHtrademovie

INTRO

MOBILITY range xx°xx‘xx.xx“N/xx°xx‘xx.xx“E

TIDElow xx°xx‘xx.xx“N/xx°xx‘xx.xx“E

INTRO

There are many ways to explore ArKwAy. As each element provides different connections [link] to other related ones, one can choose different routes. The city keeps changing with every decision. There is not one path to unveil it secrets. Make youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re way - it will never be the same! Beside this book, the project can be explored online on www.jafud.com

INTRO

MAPS

INTRO

This section shows the project content in a set of different maps. Their all based on a AtoZ order. To help navigate, different maps provide different ďŹ lters to show how project elements are connected.

A to Z text AtoZ

bookpage

| Aa |

Datastructure network

C_Analysis-General_43

HouseboatSanFrancisco

B_Nomads_75

Mindmap

C_Analysis-General_21

Phasingaka2006

B_Nomads_57

Southenddaywalk

C_Analysis-Sites_19

Waterhightide

B_Order+Chaos_39, B_Cycles_49

Datastructure relation

C_Analysis-General_37

HouseboatSeattle

B_Nomads_77

Mobilestructure

B_Order+Chaos_99

Phasingaka2018

B_Nomads_59

Spit

B_Cycles_77

Waterlowtide

B_Order+Chaos_37, B_Cycles_3

C_Ideas-Concept_13

Mobility

B_Order+Chaos_5

Phasingaka2031

B_Nomads_61

Strangenames

C_Analysis-Sites_21

Watermap

B_Order+Chaos_41, B_Cycles_27

Mobilityrange

B_Nomads_7, B_Order+Chaos_3

Phasingaka2035

B_Nomads_63

Structures

B_Order+Chaos_21

Weatheractual

B_Order+Chaos_47

Mobility_the_globe_is_getting_smaller

B_Nomads_15

Phasingaka2038

B_Nomads_67

Suitcasetravel

B_Nomads_71

Weathersatellite

B_Order+Chaos_45

C_Ideas-Concept_23

Phasingaka2072

B_Nomads_69

Suitcasetravel_movie

B_Nomads_73

Modelvinegar

B_Order+Chaos_17, B_Cycles_73

Phasingnore01

B_Cycles_91

Summary

C_Analysis-Sites_23

Winddirectionreconﬁguration

B_Order+Chaos_49, B_Cycles_81

Model

B_Cycles_93

Swatchconnectionwalkway

B_Order+Chaos_107

WorldExpo

B_Nomads_65

B_Nomads_13

Phasingnore02 Phasingnore03

B_Cycles_95

Swatchconnectionwater

B_Order+Chaos_105

I Yy I

Phasingnore04

B_Cycles_97

Swatchoverview

B_Order+Chaos_101

Yanletenergy

C_Ideas-Concept_43

Phasingnore05

B_Cycles_99

Swatchtrade

B_Order+Chaos_111

Yanletreconﬁguration

C_Ideas-Concept_45

Phasingnore06

B_Cycles_101

Swatchtrade_movie

B_Order+Chaos_113

Yanlettrailor01

B_Nomads_85

Phasingnore07

B_Cycles_103

Swatchusage

B_Order+Chaos_103

Yanlettrailor02

B_Nomads_87

Phasingnore08storm

B_Cycles_83

Swatch3d

B_Order+Chaos_109

Portlayout

C_Analysis-General_25

Swimmingpool

C_Ideas-Concept_35

Portranking

C_Analysis-General_25

Processnetwork

B_Nomads_105,B_Order+Chaos_63

I Tt I

Processself-organizing

B_Nomads_111, B_Order+Chaos_ 65

Activities-thamesmouth

C_Analysis-Sites_3

Datastructure relation a-z

C_Analysis-General_39

Housingimage

Airportexisting

B_Nomads_21

Datastructure topic

C_Analysis-General_35

Airportorganization

B_Nomads_23

Developmentnewtown

B_Nomads_51

I Ii I

Animationcell01

B_Order+Chaos_117

Distancestudy01

Animationcell02

B_Order+Chaos_11

Animation-deconstruction

Identity

B_Nomads_101, B_Cycles_29

C_Analysis-Sites_33

IMIsleofgrain

intro

Distancestudy02

C_Analysis-General_47

IMIsleofsheppy01

intro

C_Ideas-Concept_3

Distancevenice

C_Analysis-Sites_35

IMIsleofsheppy02

B_Cycles_35

Animationjoining

C_Ideas-Concept_5

Distortion

C_Analysis-General_13

IMIsleofsheppy03

intro

Animationvinegar

B_Order+Chaos_19

Distortion01

IMleisdownonsea01

intro

Areas

B_Nomads_43

B_Order+Chaos_68, C_AnalysisGeneral_15

Movement_theGLOBE_is_ getting_smaller

IMleisdownonsea02

intro

I Nn I

Areasstudy

B_Nomads_45

IMsheerness01

B_Cycles_31

Armatureconnection

C_Ideas-Concept_7

IMsheerness02

B_Cycles_33

Armatureuse

B_Order+Chaos_51

IMsheerness03

intro

Arrivingcity

B_Nomads_55

IMsouthendonsea01

intro

Arrivingsouthend

intro

IMsouthendonsea02

intro

Attractorstructure

C_Analysis-General_3

| Bb |

Distortion02

C_Analysis-General_17

Dry-docksmultiple-use

B_Nomads_95

I Ee I Economicalforces

B_Order+Chaos_55

Edgezones

B_Nomads_5

Energygeneral

B_Cycles_9

Energywater

B_Cycles_85

Europeanconnection-water

B_Nomads_27 B_Nomads_25 B_Nomads_15

Blacktailport

B_Nomads_47, B_Cycles_55

Blythgardenhouse

C_Ideas-Concept_9

Europeanconnection-train/ air

Book map

C_Analysis-General_33

Evolution

Book structure

C_Analysis-General_31

Breakthroughsystem

C_Analysis-General_5

I Ff I

Brownﬁeld‘s

C_Analysis-Sites_5

I Cc I

IMsouthendonsea03 Infrastructure

intro C_Analysis-General_19

I Kk I

Noreareas

B_Order+Chaos_81, B_Cycles_53

Norebusiness

C_Ideas-Concept_25

Noreconnection

B_Cycles_23

Noredensity

B_Cycles_79

Noreﬂowindustry

B_Cycles_69

Noreﬂowwater

B_Cycles_5

Noreheight

B_Cycles_39

Noreoverlay01

C_Ideas-Concept_27

Noreoverlay02

C_Ideas-Concept_29

Knockmultifunctional

B_Nomads_123, B_Cycles_71

Noreoverlay03

C_Ideas-Concept_31

Knockrestaurant

B_Nomads_121

Norescale

B_Cycles_115

Knockreuse

B_Cycles_67

Norestructure

B_Cycles_87

Noreusage

B_Cycles_15

Fixation

B_Order+Chaos_29

I Ll I

Fixationtide

B_Order+Chaos_32

Leighafterwards

C_Ideas-Concept_15

Noreusagespecial

B_Cycles_75

Floatingstructures

B_Order+Chaos_7

Leighbefore

C_Ideas-Concept_17

Norewalkway

B_Cycles_19

Cells

B_Nomads_39, B_Order+Chaos_9

Flood

B_Cycles_105

Leisure01

C_Ideas-Concept_19

Norewaterway

B_Cycles_21

Clockworkrestaurant

B_Cycles_43

Floodings

C_Analysis-Sites_27

Leisure02

C_Ideas-Concept_21

NorthSeaﬂow

C_Analysis-Sites_29

Concept02

B_Nomads_49, B_Order+Chaos_79

B_Cycles_89

NorthSeaoilrigs

B_Cycles_61

Connections-settlement

C_Analysis-General_7

I GgI

Lifecycle Longsandﬁshfarm

B_Cycles_13

NorthSeastreams

C_Analysis-Sites_31

Connectionregion

B_Nomads_35

Connectionslondon-aka

B_Nomads_37

Containerport

C_Analysis-General_9

Coremobile

B_Nomads_41, B_Order+Chaos_13

Cruiseshipfrance

C_Analysis-General_11

Cruiseshipusages

B_Nomads_19

Currentprojects

B_Cycles_109

Cyclesscale

B_Order+Chaos_61 ,B_Cycles_111

I Dd I Datastructure points link

B_Nomads_113

Datastructure link a-z

B_Nomads_115

Datastructure links homepage

C_Analysis-General_41

Globalconnections

B_Nomads_17

Golftidalarea

B_Order+Chaos_77, B_Cycles_41

Lowtideimage

I Oo I

Greenﬁelds

C_Analysis-Sites_7

I Mm I

Greenlineintercity I

C_Analysis-Sites_9

Marketchanging

B_Order+Chaos_73, B_Cycles_17

Offshoretool01

B_Cycles_59

Greenlineintercity II

C_Analysis-Sites_11

Mid_3d

B_Nomads_89, B_Order+Chaos_93

Offshoretool02

B_Cycles_57

Groundcondition

C_Analysis-Sites_13

Mid_3d_colour

B_Nomads_91

Oilrigsseatroll

C_Analysis-General_23

Growth

B_Nomads_53, B_Order+Chaos_15

Mid_3d_detail

B_Nomads_93

Oilrigstypes

B_Cycles_63

Midconnectionwater

B_Order+Chaos_87

Orientation

Midmarket

B_Order+Chaos_95

B_Nomads_103, B_Order+Chaos_ 35, B_Cycles_25

Midmarket_movie

B_Order+Chaos_99

Midoverview

B_Order+Chaos_83

I Pp I

Midpublicspaces

B_Order+Chaos_89

Pariswalk

B_Nomads_9

B_Order+Chaos_91

Park

C_Ideas-Concept_33

B_Order+Chaos_85

Personalmentalmap

B_Nomads_109

I Hh I Highspeedconnections

B_Nomads_29

Hotelindependent

B_Nomads_97

Hotelrigs

C_Ideas-Concept_11

HouseboatLondon

B_Nomads_79

Houseboatrules

B_Nomads_81 , B_Order+Chaos_33

Midsection Midusage

Oaze

B_Nomads_119

Overall3d

I Rr I Reconﬁgurationmarket

B_Order+Chaos_71

Reconﬁgurationtide

B_Order+Chaos_75

Region

C_Analysis-Sites_15

Reuseships

B_Cycles_97

RiverThames

C_Analysis-Sites_17

Rhizomic structure

C_Analysis-General_45

Rules

B_Order+Chaos_23

Rulestudy01

B_Order+Chaos_25

Rulesstudy02

B_Order+Chaos_26

I Ss I

Tendnomads

B_Nomads_3

Thamesgatewayarea

C_Analysis-Sites_25

Tidemoon,points

B_Cycles_7

Time

B_Cycles_45

Timetableﬁsherman

B_Cycles_11

Timetablepersonal

B_Cycles_47

Titleterm1 Titleterm2 Tonguefarming

C_Ideas-Concept_37

Trademarket

B_Order+Chaos_115

Trafﬁcwater

C_Ideas-Concept_39

Trailerpark

B_Nomads_83

Transportpublic

B_Nomads_33

Transportwater

B_Nomads_117

I Uu I

Sandbanks1831

C_Analysis-Sites_45

Sandbanks1926

C_Analysis-Sites_47

Sandbanks1831-2004

B_Cycles_51

Scalerelation

B_Cycles_113

Settlementhistory

B_Nomads_31, B_Cycles_107

Shanghaiport

C_Analysise-General_25

Sheernessimage01

intro

Sheernessimage02

intro

Shelterreconﬁguration

B_Order+Chaos_53

Shelterstructures

C_Analysis-General_27

Socialconnections

B_Order+Chaos_57

I Ww I

Socialconnection2

B_Nomads_107,B_Order+Chaos_59

Walkonehour

B_Nomads_11

Waterdepth

B_Order+Chaos_43

Unitconnections

C_Analysis-General_29

Unitrange

C_Ideas-Concept_41

Units

C_Ideas-Concept_47

I Vv I Venice

C_Analysis-Sites_37

Venicearea

C_Analysis-Sites_39

Veniceﬂood

C_Analysis-Sites_41

Veniceport

C_Analysis-Sites_43

ARMATUREconnection AIRPORTexisting

CRUISESHIPSusagesAREAactivity

AIRPORTorganisationAREAS

AREASstudy

CURRENTprojects

CYCLESscale

DISTORTION

FIXATIONtide

FLEXIBILITY

FLOATINGstructuresFLOOD

EVOLUTION

FIXATION

HOUSEBOATrules

HOUSINGimage

MIDoverview

MIDuasge

MIDwater

MIDwalkway

MIDmarket

NOREscale

NOREflowindustry

NOREconnections

NOREusage

PHASINGaka 2018

PHASINGaka 2031

PHASINGaka 2035

MOBILITYrange

PARISwalk

REUSEships

IDENTITY

ISLEofSHEPPYimageISLEofSHEPPYimage SHELTER reconfiguration

WATERdepth

AREASarKway

ARRIVINGSouthend BLACKTRAILport

BLYTHgarden housesPORTexisting

CELLS

CONNECTIONSinfra, CLOCKBANK elements of the city restaurant

DEVELOPMENT new town

DISTANCEstudy01

DISTANCEvenice

DISTORTION01

DISTORTION02

DR YDOCKS multiple use

isle of GRAIN

GREEN fields

GREENLINEintercity GROUNDCONDITIONsite

DISTANCEstudy02

CRUISESHIPfrance MOVEMENT GLOBALconnections GOLFtidalarea the globe is getting smaller

CONNECTIONS london-aka

CONCEPT02

ECONOMICALforce ENERGYgeneral

ENERGYwater

GROWTH

KNOCKrestaurant

LANDSCAPEintercityLEIGHbefore

LEIGHafterwards

LEISDOWN on sea

LEISDOWN onSEAimage

LIFECYCLE

MIDsection

OFFSHOREtool01

MINDMAP

MOBILITY

MODEL

STRANGEnames

NOREbusiness

NORElocation

NOREareas

NOREdensity

NORE flowwater

NOREspecialusage NOREwaterways

NOREoverlay01

NOREoverlay02

NOREstructure

NORTH SEAflow

NORTH SEAstreams OAZE

OFFSHOREtool02

OIL RIGStypes

ORIENTATION

PARK

PHASINGaka 2038

PHASINGaka 2072

PHASINGnore01

PHASINGnore02

PHASINGnore03

PHASINGnore04

PHASINGnore05

PHASINGnore06

PHASINGnorestorm NORTHSEAoilrigs PORTlayout

REGION

RIVERthames

RULES

RULESstudy01

RULESstudy02

SANDBANKS 1831

SANDBANKS1926

SANDBANKS 1831-2004SCALErelations

OILRIGseatroll

SHEPPYimage

SOUTHENDimage

SPLIT

MOBILEstructure

STRUCTURES

SUMMARY

SWATCHoverview

TRAFFICwater

SHELTERstructures SOCIALconnections SOCIALconfiguration SOUTHENDday walk SOUTHENDimage

PHASINGnore07

LONGSANDfishfarm LEISDOWN onSEAimage

PROCESSselforganizing SETTELMENTShistoryIM SHERNESS01

SWATCHtrade

SWIMMINGpool

UNITconnections

LEISURE

TITELterm01

THAMESGATEWAY area

ARRIVING

TIME

TIMETABLEfishermanTIMETABLEpersonal TITLEterm02

TONGUEfarming

TRADEmarket

TRAILERPARK

UNITrange

UNITS

MODELvinegar

VENICEflood

VENICEarea

VENICEport

VENICE

WALK one hour

TIDEhigh

WATERMAP

WEATHERactual

WEATHERsatelite

WINDDIRECTIONS WORLDEXPO reconfiguration

YANLETtrailers02

ANIMATIONcell01

ANIMATIONcell02

ANIMATIONdeconstructionANIMATIONvinegar ANIMATIONjoining

ARRIVINGcity

DATAstructure linkA-Z

DATAstructure link EDGEzones

FLOODINGS

HOUSEBOATlondon HOUSEBOATsan francisco HOUSEBOATseattle MID3d

SUITCASE

SUITCASEmovie

RECONFIGURATION SWATCH3d tide

OVERALL3d

TIDElow

PORTranking

SWATCHusages

NOREmid inside

HOTELindependent

LOWTIDEimage

MARKETchanges

NOREheight

NOREwalkway

PERSONAL mentalmap

PROCESSnetwork

IM SHERNESS02

SWATCHwalkways

TRANSPORTpublic TRANSPORTwater

YANLET reconﬁguration

COREmobile

EUROPEANCONNECTION EUROPEANCONNECTION water Nair/rail

connection HOTELrigs HIGHSPEED

KNOCKmultifunctionality KNOCKreuse

INFRASTRUCTURE INTRODUCTION

PORTcontainer

PHASINGaka2006

ROADandRAIL

IM SHERNESS03

SWATCHwater

TEND nomads

YANLETenergy

YANLETtrailers01

NOREmid shelter

RECONFIGURATION market

A to Z graﬁcal - sets according to different toppics

ARMATUREuse

A to Z graďŹ cal

PATHs B_Cycles_125

B_Order+Chaos_125

B B_Nomads_125

B_path B__path B_path

In the following section the project can be explored along three differnt pathways. They show a variety of aspects whitin the topics of NOMADS, ORDER+CHAOS and CYCLES. Each path shows the project in a differtent scale. It is also possible to crossread these sections and combine informations out of all three different paths. More over they provide the single sheets links to other sheets either in the paths or in the apendix section - just follow the provided code.

Nomads path

Nomads or travelling people, have been existing in nearly every culture. In most cases, they took their house or shelters with them, as they were travelling through the open land. For example, the ‚yurt‘ in the Mongolian steppe is a shelter which people take with them from place to place. This is essential, as the people cannot find enough material or settlement to have a shelter. For them, these houses or yurts are their

home. There is no temporary place of living as the house is defining this place but not the surrounding. Deleuze and Guitary explained in the book ‘The War machine’ that nomads occupy the ‘smooth spaces’. “Smooth does not mean homogeneous, however, but rather amorphous nonformal (cf formless) in fact” . Our world has become dramatically mobile where

we can nearly reach every point worldwide within one or two days. Accordingly our society is also very flexible and there are many people who change frequently their place of living. It is a kind of nomadic behaviour which can be recognised. We find these kinds of people, locally as houseboats or caravan communities, but also globally in the form of sails men or people working off shore.

Order+Chaos path

In the ever changing realm of a city, it’s an individual perception about whether the city is highly chaotic or ordered or whether there is chaos within the order. The property of the functioning or the existence of a city exists between order and chaos. If the behavior of a system is too ordered, there is not enough variability or novelty; if, on the other hand, the behavior of a system is

too disordered, there is too much noise to sustain. The best exploratory strategy of an evolutionary „space“ appears at a phase transition between order and disorder’ [http://www. iscid.org/encyclopedia/ Edge-of-Chaos]. The idea is based on a top down approach, where there is no order within the system and looks highly chaotic, to an attempt to

ﬁnd a balance between the two situations. To avoid situations of chaos and create a self-organizing system, there need to be and underlying set of rules. But how could these systems function without the presence of an external controller? And how and from where could these rules emerge?

Cycles path

Cycles appear at a variety of different scales. Starting from day and night to tide and seasons they inﬂuence economics and markets, also going down to the personal daily routines. Different cycles cross each other and overlap. Often they interfear. This can cause special movement,meeting points, events or jams, in terms of people, goods and information.

Cycles provide the urban environment with a certain identity and can give information about space and time. This means it can be a help for orientation and identiﬁcation. This path tries to highlight these functions integrated in the project where cycles appear in special constellations and therefore shows the scheme in this unique

relationship to time. As cycles apply a certain rhythms, it is also about the beat of ARKWAY and the puls of life in this waterbased settlement. The cycles do not necessarily need to be stagnant. Often they interupt with small revolutions and lead to evolutions in space and time. Especially the reconﬁgu

ration process of the settlement can achieve a new structure from this hidden baseline.

B_Cycles_path

B_Order+Chaos_path

B_Nomads_path

The maps show the three path. Each of them with content and specially the intersections between the paths. on these points one can also choose to switch and follow an different story line.

B_Cycles_path

B_Order+Chaos_path

B_Nomads_path

B_Cycles_path

B_Order+Chaos_path

NOMADS

ORDER+CHAOS CYCLES

B_Nomads_path

TENT CITIES

>link to book page: EDGE ZONES [B_Nomads_5] HOUSEBOATSlondon [B_Nomads_79] OAZE [B_Nomads_119] >link to external homepage: 1 http://www.christianhubert.com/ hypertext/smooth_striated.html

MOBILTY range

The starting point for the project was the idea of mobility. Mobility is a very wide concept which could be linked to the project in various ways. It is a very wide term- it relates to mobility in nature, mobility within cities, mobility of structures and so on. We initiated the project with the idea of mobility on water and how mobile structures work. This graph shows the

range of mobility and rates each mobile structure with its dependency to land. For example, an island which is ﬁxed and is still mobile, is highly dependent on land but the Ghost ship is the most independent as it never reaches land and is always mobile.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_7

>link to book page: UNITS [xx] MOBILITY [B_Order+Chaos_5] UNITrange

TIDE

The Thames is at the mouth of the north sea and is hence affected by the tide. The difference between the high tide and low tide is approximately 4.5 meters. This water ﬂows together with the sweet water coming down the Thames river resulting in a special salt-sweet water mix.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_31

>link to book page: SANDBANKS1831-2004 [B_Cycles_51] TIDEmoon, points [B_Cycles_7] GOLFtidalarea [B_Order+Chaos_77] TIMETABLEﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] >link to external homepage: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/coast/ data/20060609/0110_20060609. shtml#graph

B_Nomads_3

TENTCITIES

B_Cycles_3

B_Order+Chaos_3

MOBILITY range

water

TIDElow 01 mile 10 mile 10 kilometer 02 kilometer

EDGE ZONES

Edge zones are in the nature zones of diversity and changes. For example, at the edge of a forest we can find the highest bio-diversity of both flora and fauna. The same can be seen at the shore, where the daily tidal change of the water leads to a special world of plant and animals, which can benefit from this phenomenon. These coastal areas are the place of birth and recreation.

But the position to the sea is not only a special habitat for nature, but also for us humans, as most of the worldwide settlements are located at this zone - like the huge populated areas of Asia, North America or partly, of Europe. Unfortunately these zones at the Oceans are in constant danger, as global warming causes a tremendous change in these areas in the coming future. There will be many areas

which disappear from our map and suddenly some other areas appear to be coastal cities which have ever since been a part of an inland area. We also have edge zones in our society which get occupied by people who want to be independent from the conventions of the society. An example for this can be seen in the way of living in which squatters tend to live or also houseboat

owners. These are forms of life style which generate an enormous diversity and vitality. In many of the squattered houses, social centres are established which offer diversity like concerts, cinema and workshops. Houseboat communities are normally more closed up to the environment and tend to be a more closed community. Their appearance on the other hand is highly diverse in social as well as in the

>link to book page: TENDS [B_Nomads_3] FLOODING [C_Analysis-Sites_27]

MOBILITY

In today‘s world, with the new upcoming technology, everything has become highly mobile. One could pack everything in a suitcase and move about. Scenarios are changing with new technology, and even the meaning of mobility is changing consistently. One could be connected all over the world, even if he is travelling. Hence, mobility is no longer only about travelling by vehicles, it is

also about connectivity and convinience.

>link to book page: MOBILITYrange [B_Nomads_7] MOVEMENT world getting smaller

[B_Nomads_13] MOBILEstructures [B_Order+Chaos_99]

Flow structures

The water flow has a major impact on the structure of the new development. As the development floats in these streams, it has to align itself to them. These natural forces are themain factor which help in the shaping of the structure. This is done both in terms of energy efficiency and in terms of energy production. >link to book page: ENERGYwater [B_Cycles_85]

B_Cycles_5

B_Order+Chaos_5

NOREямВowwater

B_Nomads_5

EDGE ZONE

MOBILITY

MOBILITY range

We today, have a wide range of means of transport which enables us to reach every point on the earth. Therefore the earth has become dramatically small! On one hand, there are structures like aircraft carriers which are highly independent from the land but rather inflexible. On the other hand, we have devices which are extremely dependent on the land and also highly flexible.

Sometimes people are living on these floating and moving settlements for several months. They live in a city of its own, a heterotopia.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_5

>link to book page: UNITSrange [C_Ideas-Concept_41] MOBILITY [B_Chaos+Order_5]

FLOATING structures

This image shows our initial idea of ﬂoating structures and their relation to mobility.

>link to book page: MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41] MOBILITY [B_Chaos+Order_5]

TIDEmoon

The tide in general, is inﬂuenced by the moon. The tide travels across the globe according the path of the moon. There are special points in the north sea, where the water circles around with respect to the motion path of the moon.

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Chaos+Order_37] TIDEhigh [B_Chaos+Order_39] NORTHSEAstreams [C_Analysis-

Sites_31] NORTHSEAﬂow [C_Analysis-Sites_29] >link to book page: http://aiuas3.unibe.ch/dpgm/zm_graph_ tide.html

B_Nomads_7 B_Order+Chaos_7

MOBILTYranges

FLOATINGstructures

8 6

VI 12 V 10 IV 08 III 06

2 4

II 04 6 8 10 12 14 16

TIDEmoon, points

00 00

I 02

B_Cycles_7

PARIS one hour walk

Mobility has always been a driving force for decisions in urban design. For example, this can be seen in the position of the old city wall of Paris. It is said, that its position was related to the centre of Paris, the Île de Paris, with a distance of a one hour walk. To pass through the city would have needed two hours in total. For an average walking speed in the city of 4.5 to 5km/h this would lead to a diameter of

9 to 10 km. In the medieval city, walking was the main means of transport and one hour seems to be an acceptable time to get from the centre to any place within the city. Today we still can see this time relation, as many commuters in London accept a single travel time from home to the centre of London from sometimes up to an hour or even more. It is just the range which changes with the present day means

of transport. Every morning, huge amounts of people are literally flooding the city from the railway stations. What once was the one hour walk of Paris, is today’s one hour‘s train journey.

link to book page: TIME DISTANCE STUDY I [C_Analysis-Sites_33] DISTANCE venice[C_Analysis-Sites_35] WALK one hour[B-Nomads_11]

CELLS

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_39

When one thinks of floating elements and of things just mobile and floating, one thing that comes to mind is how chaotic the situation might be. This image shows how elements could be floating and how they might reconfigure and organise themselves.

>link to book page: MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41] MODEL vinegar [B_Cycles_73] MODEL [C_Ideas-concepts_23]

Force transform

The ﬂoating city in the estuary will be exposed to different natural forces. These can be transformed in to energy. Up to now there are a whole bunch of new technologies to transform these forces. The list of usable sources varies from wind energy to solar power to water based energy transformation. The UK runs a big program of developing waterbased energy resources

such as wave energy transformers, tidal and stream generators. As the development is situated in the middle of these water streams, we can achieve many beneﬁts.

>link to book page: WEATHERsatelite [B_Order+Chaos_45] ENERGYwater [B_Cycles_85] WEATHERacctual [B_Order+Chaos_47] WINDDIRECTIONS [B_Order+Chaos_49] >link to book page: http://www.bwea.com/index.html

B_Order+Chaos_9

48°51‘27.74“N 2°20‘17.03“ E

B_Nomads_9

PARIS one hour walk

B_Cycles_9

CELLS

ENERGYgeneral

WALK one hour london

Outgoing from the idea that Paris‘s city wall was first laid-out to be reach within one hours walk, it was the question how far a person can walk within one hour through London. The first walk, which led from Fenchurch to Covent Garten led to the result, that one can walk with an average speed of 4,5 km in one hour, including waiting time at traffic lights and taking unterpasses.The second walk

from Tufnell Park Station towards Tottenham Court Road in the south could be walked through with the same speed. In both cases, the traffic wasn‘t heavy and there were hardly any delays at cross roads. It would therefore interestin to take the same walk on a Saturday along the Oxford Steet. The main aspect however is to design a city on the basis of walkable distances.

>link to book page: MOBILE STRUCTURES [B_Order+Chaos_

99] PARIS [B_Nomads_9] DISTANCE STUDY I [C_Analysis-Sites_33]

CELLS_animation

The clipping tries to show how the elements in the settlement could reconﬁgure themselves during certain conditions.

>link to book page: CELLS [B_Nomads_39] GROWTH [B_Nomads_53] MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41]

Living with [by] forces

The effect of the tide schedule on the individual schedule of the inhabitants in the tide area is quite strong. But this connection to a ‘higher’ force would be quite reliable. In this example, a ﬁsherman has to wait to earn a living due to a gap in the work schedule. From today’s point of view, it looks a bit nostalgic to be connected to such a plan [is maybe what we thought to be

overcome by technology]. To adjust the work plan to natural forces gives a good picture of a life plan ruled by a higher force. By letting the life plan being ruled by something / someone else you seem to believe in destiny, there seems to be no choice that it is a ﬁxed life plan. In connection to the profession of the ﬁsherman, this is also about making a living from nature. His work

place is on sea. It is about getting food to surviveSurvival in all senses.

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39]

B_Nomads_11

WALK one hour london

B_Order+Chaos_11

51°32‘44.74“N 0°08‘29.27“W

ANIMATIONcells02

Timetable Fisherman

day B_Cycles_11

night fishing while high & low tide

(flood [h] - working time [h] ) / 2 x speed = range

fishing while high tide

(4 [h] - 1 [h] ) / 2 x (10-15) km/h = 15-20km

activity while low tide, e.g. cure, preparing the boad, sale

morning

spare time in the evening

0 h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h 6 h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11 h 12 h 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 19 h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h 24 h

26 January 2006

25 January 2006

24 January 2006

23 January 2006

22January 2006

21 January 2006

TIMETABLEﬁsherman

20 January 2006

sleep

19 January 2006

sleep

MOBILITYthe world is getting smaller

The world has become small. Buckminster Fuller showed in his comparison of the range of mobility in dependency to the technical development, that the world has become constantly smaller for the humans. In the very early days of mankind, people only had a chance to reach destinations nearby. At that time, the only way of moving was by foot as man did not have domesticated horses or other animals.

This domistication later gave people a wider range of mobility. To move around the world would have taken the humans few hundred thousand years. With time, the development of the mankind and especially its technical inventions have helped to make the world ‚smaller‘. We have reached the state, that everybody can reach nearly every place on earth within one day. Especially in the last few

decades, our lifestyle has adapted to these possibilities. We no longer forced to stay at one place for a long time. We have the opportunity to travel wherever we want to go and we use these possibilities. What remains to be understood is how the invention of the internet has an impact on the size of the world. Today we can reach nearly every point within seconds not physically but

mentally.

>link o book page: GLOBAL CONNECTIONS [B_Nomads_17] >footnote 1 R. Buckminster Fuller, Your Private Sky

MOBILE core

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_41

An attempt to place the elements in the Thames mouth, where the project is based and how these elements could connect with the surrounding landbased settlements. The mobile core seems highly disordered with things moving about.

>link to book page: MODEL vinegar [B_Cycles_73] GROWTH [B_Nomads_53]

Long Sand

The Long Sand area is already an existing fishing area which is restricted for boat traffic. In between this special configuration of sandbanks, seems to be a good place for fishing. In connecting with the AKA development, this area will be extensively used for fishing and fish farming to support the needs of the growing settlements. To meet the needs of the inhabitants, the marine

Fish farming

supply will be important. A part of Long Sand, the marine agriculture area will be >Tongue. These offshore areas can also be used to produce energy on a sustainable basis such as wind or wave energy. It also provides a number of work places in different stages of the food production.

The ﬁsh farm is a kind of artiﬁcial breeding place situated in its natural surrounding. The articial life cycle is highly isolated from the natural one. The subsystem varies in different aspects and is not integrated. This means that the life cycles function as two different ones which do not match. It is more an overlapping only at certain points. There appears

a gap which causes a different production. In the fish farm, for example, grow more fish inside than around it. So it appears that there is a different flow inside and between these two cycles.

>link to book page: TONGUEmarineagriculture [C_C_37] LIFECYCLE [B_Cycles_89] CONCEPT02 [B_Order+Chaos_79] >link to book page: http://www.defra.gov.uk/ﬁsh/ﬁshfarm/ index.htm

B_Nomads_13 B_Order+Chaos_13

MOBILTYthe world is getting smaller

B_Cycles_13

MOBILEcore

LONGSANDﬁshfarm 51°32‘49.00“N/ 1°16‘11.65“E

MOBILITYthe world is getting smaller

mentally.

>link to book page: MOVEMENT globe getting smaller

[B_Nomads_13] EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail

[B_Nomads_25] EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS water

[B_Nomads_27] >footnote 1 R. Buckminster Fuller, Your Private Sky

GROWTH

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_53

There is a land water relationship that exists in these areas. Also, there is a transition space that exists between land and water. This transition space could be used for different activities and it is this aspect of it which has been worked upon- how this space could be utilized and how these elements come together and shrink and expand according to the needs of the settlement.

>link to book page: ARRIVINGcity_ghost city [B_Nomads_53] CELLS [B_Nomads_39] MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41]

Mixture

As some areas are specialised in a particular economical usage, others are more mixed. The Nore area is inﬂuenced by many different poles and therefore offers a big variety of uses. Its special location almost in the heart of AKA, is represented also by the offered services. Hotels, business and retail are inﬂuenced by the neighbours port and

airport. But, these also serve the local community. The area is therefore very well integrated up to perfect connections to London.

>link to book page: CONNECTIONlondon-aka [B_Nomads_

37]

B_Nomads_15 B_Order+Chaos_15

MOBILTYthe world is getting smaller

B_Cycles_15

GROWTH

NOREusage

GLOBALconnections

Today, we are living in a highly connected environment. Especially the air routes from North America to Europe and further to Asia are highly frequented. As planes can hardly fly longer then 13 hours there is a need for a socalled hub airport, where the passengers can get out of the plane and the plane can be refuelled. After a stop of two hours, the plane leaves to the next destination with partly the same and with

some new passengers. These hub airports are in addition serviced by short distance flights to bring additional guests to the bigger long distance planes, which creates additional flight traffic at these centres. To travel amidst the oceans, has been, for a long time the only possibly to reach other continents. Today, this form of travelling is mostly taken for leisure and holiday reasons beside the ever

increasing volume of cargo on the world oceans. Especially, the last 10 years have seen a dramatic rise in the amount of goods which were carried around the world. This increasing demand for cargo capacity led to an enormous technical progress in the ship building. Today, cargo ships with approximately 12.000 container units are standard for a newly built containership. Some

developments already work on the next generation, the Malacca-Max Class, which then will be able to carry up to 18.000 container units. The travel time from London to New Zealand is nowadays about 8 weeks. Like in the air travel, the ship routes are along big transition container harbours where containers can be changed. The biggest of these harbours are in AsiaHong Kong, Singapore and

>link to book page: EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail

[B_Nomads_25] EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS water

[B_Nomads_27] CONCEPT02 [B_Order+Chaos_79] AIRPORT EXISTING [B_Nomads_21]

MODEL vinegar

The vinegar model suggests how the vinegar floats on oil and forms these blobs that connect and disconnect and grow and shrink with time. The idea is to show how a set of communities could be distinct from each other but could grow and contract as per the needs. Also, it can be seen, how the elements could flow and combine and reconfigure according to the natural flows and the

forces that act upon them.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_ 73

>link to book page: COREmobile [B_Nomads_41] RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] PREOCESSnetwork [B_Nomads_105] DISTORTION 02 [C_Analysis-General_17]

Mobile market

In the structure of the development at any point of time and place, the market can grow to serve the people. Due to changing needs, the market can adapt to it or the structure can adapt to the serving units. In this picture, the borders between stability and changes are blurred. Both of these elements adapt to each another. The market travels along

a path through the settlements of AKA, from one area to thenext one. With it, moves a certain atmosphere. The moving elements bring something in and take something with them along to the next stop. This creates a growth in the atmosphere, generating a certain identity for a certain period of time. Along this movement of the market, a ﬂow of identity is

built up as atmospheres move though out AKA. Identity can also build up to allow a degree of orientation. At different levels, single persons or groups of persons can orientate themselves throughout these identities although they are moving / have moved.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_73

>link to book page: IDENTITY [B_Nomads_101] TIMETABLE [B_Cycles_47] LEISURE [C_Ideas-Concept_19]

B_Cycles_17

B_Order+Chaos_17

GLOBALconnections

MODELvinegar

MARKET

B_Nomads_17

CRUISSHIPS

Cruise ships have been for a long time the only chance to cross the oceans and carry people to long distance destinations. The ships lost this position not until the use and success of the airplanes in the 60s and 70s of the last century became extremely widespread. After a period of declining demand of cruise ships, it has become nowadays fashionable to go on vacation on one of these ocean liners or floating cities.

Therefore, we can recognise that an ever increasing offer for every budget is being given to us. To spend the holiday at one place or in one region is replaced by a nomadic mode of travelling. One destination in one day and the night is used for cruising to the next stop. But in recent years, it turned out that not even these destinations are important for the guests. Many people just stay onboard to use the

variety of offers which are given to the guest. These ships function like small cities, with all the different usages and supplies. There is no need to leave this world of activities and illusions. As a heterotopia, it therefore reflexes our urban space, but doesn‘t stay at one place. With a passenger capacity of 4370, the Freedom of the Sea is actually the biggest cruise ship worldwide. World-cruise tours need

approximately 90 - 110 days and start mostly in New York with termination in New York as well.

>link to book page: SCALE relation [B_Cycles_113] ARMATURE CONNECTION [C_Ideas-

Concept_7]

VINEGAR_movie

Clips of a movie with vinegar and oil to explain the phenomena of configuration and reconfiguration of elements according to the forces acting on them. (It could be a network of fragmented parts within a settlement with no inherent model. The elements are in a state of constant influx, reconfiguring themselves not only in terms of structure but also in terms of content“.

This raises a few questions, mainly that, with a completely mobile core, how can a structure be achieved so that it is not chaotic, and at the same time is highly independent?

>link to book page: CELLS [B_Nomads_39] ANIMATIONcells01/02 [B_Order+Chaos_

11] PROCESSnetwork [B_Nomads_105] DISTORTION 02 [C_Analysis-General_17]

Reachable neighbourhood

Despite the fact that there is water all around one’s unit, one can still reach the local market by foot. As the market is in walkable distance at least at a certain time, one can use the provided walkways to make their way trough the settlements. Most of these structures are provided by private people. It is kind of a service for the community everyone has to set up to get connected and

to connect. It also allows to cross the structure from one side to the other side. For longer journeys of course, there is network of water based connections.

>link to book page: NOREwaterconnections [B_Cycles_21] TRANSPORTpublic [B_Nomads_33] DINSTANCEvenice [C_Analysis-Sites_35]

B_Cycles_19

B_Order+Chaos_19

NOREwalkways

B_Nomads_19

CRUISSHIP

ANIMATIONvinegar

AIRPORTS london

The international air traffic uses a net of hub airports to serve all worldwide destinations. One of the biggest hubs worldwide and the biggest in Europe is London Heathrow and the connected airports of Gatwick, Luton, City and Stansted.With its five airports, London serves yearly, about 120 million passengers. About half of this quantity is served by Heathrow with more then 60 Million

passengers in one year. The Number calculated hence, on a daily basis means that every day 330.000 passengers are arriving or leaving these airports. This means that every day a medium sized ‚city‘ is located temporarily above London region - a flying city. In the last few years, the demand for flights has risen in total by approximately 50 %. For the future, it is

thought that this trend will still continue. On the contrary, travelling through the air is seen as one of the big causes for global warming and climate destruction. Especially the cruising altitude is seen to be as having a very bad effect on the climate, as the CO2 is released high in the upper level of the earth‘s air film. With all the growth, it will be interesting to see what will

happen once the oil is empty or because of the shortage too expensive so that air flights might become once again just affordable for rich people. Will there then be a different pattern of travelling around the world? Will the ship and cruise traffic gain importance once again? >link to book page: AIRPORT ORGANISATION [B_Nomads_

23] GLOBAL CONNECTIONS [B_Nomads_17] EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail

[B_Nomads_25]

STRUCTURES

Since these structures are floating on water, what could be the expected possiblities of their configuration? Exploring the different possiblities of arrangement of structureeither they could be a set of armatures arranged in a web or like a linear system or they could group together with a set of rules attaching themselves, forming a core in itself or they could just be floating

randomly without attaching themselves to anything.

>link to book page: RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] ARMATUREconnections [C_Ideas-

Concept_7] NOREstructure [B_Cycles_87] MIDoverview [B_Order+Chaos_83] SWATCHoverview [B_Order+Chaos_101]

Main routs

To allow access to all areas with larger vessels, the area is served by a hierarchy of water channels. The main channels run around the NORE area. Then there are by four large NORE channels. They cross mainly in north-south direction. They also provide orientation. Inside the settlements there are a lot of smaller channels to provide access to the units. These channels,

due to reconﬁguration activities, have routes that keep on changing.

>link to book page: WATERMAP [B_Order+Chaos_41] NOREconnections [B_Cycles_23] NOREwalkways [B_Cycles_19]

B_Nomads_21

AIRPORT existing B_Order+Chaos_21

51°28‘15.29“ 0°27‘02.70“W

B_Cycles_21

STRUCTURES

NOREwaterways

AIRPORT organisation

The airport as gate number one to long distant destinations - and also for destinations nearby - is one of the most regulated and secured places in our environment. As soon as one is entering the airport, he has to follow a defined route through the processes of checking in, security check, passport control or luggage reclaim. The whole process is because of time efficiency and of security reasons,

highly regulated. To choose different patterns, movement is therefore rather limited. It seems that with more freedom of movement- in this case freedom to get to every destination worldwide, the regulations also increase tremendously.

>link to bok page: AIRPORT EXISTING [B_Nomads_21] GLOBAL CONNECTIONS [B_Nomads_17] EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail

[B_Nomads_25]

RULES

For these elements to be self-organising and reconďŹ guring, there have to be a set of inbuilt rules for them to arrange themselves, so that the system is not chaotic and at the same time, is not stable. Rules would help to give a basis for the system to organize itself. A system must meet a number of conditions and constraints to be able to move from a disordered

state to an ordered one. This could also be done by establishing a set of rules for the system. The intent is to create a system that has no organization within itself but, if provided with the right conditions, it could self-organize.

>link to book page: CELLS [B_Nomads_39] MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41] RULESstudy02 [B_Order+Chaos_25] RULESstudy01 [B_Order+Chaos_27] MODEL vinegar [B_Cycles_73]

Public transport

The whole development is served trough a network of public transport. It is organised in a hierarchy similar to that of the water channels. There is a fast link route from the CANT international airport to Southend on sea. Apart from that, there is a slower route to serve more stations. Within this, there is the local bus service that keeps adapting to the changing of the structure.

>link to book page: NOREconnections [B_Cycles_23] NOREwalkway [B_Cycles_19]

B_Nomads_23

AIRPORT organisation

B_Order+Chaos_23

51°28‘15.29“ 0°27‘02.70“W

B_Cycles_23

RULES

NOREconnections

EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail and air

London is one of the major traffic hubs world wide. Its capacity is at the moment with all five airports about 120 million passengers (arriving and departure) a year. With its great number of railway stations, it is the main centre of rail traffic in the UK as most lines start and end in London. With the Euro star and the tunnel underneath the English Channel, it is also

connected to the European high-speed network for trains. Therefore, it is a key point for the mobility of the United Kingdom.

>link to book page: CONTAINER PORT [C_Analysis-

General_9] EUROPEAN CONNECTION water

[B_Nomads_27] GLOBAL CONNECTIONS [B_Nomads_17]

RULE study01

Exploring a set of rules, and how a change in one situation could affect the rest of the elements within the system. Also, how elements could selforganize themselves with just a few rules. Like in this situation, if the initial condition changes due to some factors, whether social, economic or natural, it affects its surrounding areas. So, the system conﬁgures and adapts

itself according to a change in situation.

>link to RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] RULEstudy02 [B_Order+Chaos_26]

Compass and GPS

To orientate is a natural thing almost like a reﬂex. But over centuries, the way of orientation has changed. Technology might be a part of it, but also perceptions have changed and the consequence of disorientation. This new kind of orientation in the city of constant reconﬁguration is not only about spacial orientation, but also about time and social orientation.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_103 >intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_35

>link to book page: MINDMAP [C_Analysis-General_21] PERSONALmentalmap [B_Cycles_109]

B_Nomads_25 B_Order+Chaos_25

EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS rail/air

B_Cycles_25

RULESstudy01

ORIENTATION animation

EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS

The English Channel and the south area of the North Sea with it harbours one of the most connected areas for the global flow of goods in Europe. Today, the major container port is Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerp - in UK Southampton and Tilbury in the Thames Gateway. But for a long time, the harbours of the North Sea and the English Channel were also a main connection for the flow of people.

Especially in the 19th century, many emigrants started from here their way into a new country and mostly to a new continent. Mostly out of economic reasons and the hope for a ‚better world‘, let these people to leave their home and country. It was mostly a life-long decision with no chance to come back again unlike today’s possibilities of temporal migration.

>link to book page: HIGHSPEED CONNECTION [B_Nomads_

29] GLOBAL CONNECTIONS [B_Nomads_17] EUROPEAN CONNECTION rail

[B_Nomads_25] AIRPORT EXISTING [B_Nomads_21]

RULE study02

This is another test to explore how rules could help re-organize a system.

>link to book page: RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] RULE study01 [B_Cycles_25]

Hidden informations

The Thames mouth may look on the ﬁrst sight, pretty empty and plain. But in fact, there exists a whole landscape hidden beneath the water surface. The water map gives a hint of all these places. It reveals the existence of certain very speciﬁc routes and gives informations on how to navigate / orientate in this hidden landscape. It can save one’s life to know about what is underneath.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_41

>link to book page: SANDBANKS [B_Cycles_51] AREAnames [B_Nomads_43] WATERdepth [B_Order+Chaos_43]

B_Nomads_27 B_Order+Chaos_27

EUROPEAN CONNECTIONS water

B_Cycles_27

RULESstudy02

WATERMAP

HIGHSPEED CONNECTIONS

In the recent years, the numbers of short distance flights within Europe have increased dramatically. The offer of low budget flights has led to an increase in this tendency. Unfortunately, the long distance flights are the worst kind of flights for the environment as for the take-off and landing, the maximum fuel is needed and therefore the average consumption on the short distances is much higher

then on a long distance flight; a high speed network could hence be a possible answer. With a magnetic levitation train, which runs with 500 km/h, many cities like Manchester, Brussels and Paris could be reached within one hour. Especially the geographical structure of the United Kingdom would support such a system, as the main populated cities lie on the line London-ManchesterGlasgow. With these three

nodal points, most of the population could benefit from this system and could reach London within less than two hours. This would be a time benefit, especially when all the time which is needed to get to the airport and to leave it is brought into account. One example for the journey from London to Edinburgh will show this.The pure flight time is 1,5 h, to get to and to leave the airport needs another

hour and the check in time is one hour before. So the total journey time is at least 3,5h without any extra time and delays. On the other hand, a high-speed connection to a ‘north hub’ might need just about two hours. In addition to this, the trains could start within the city as they do not need to be outside the city. Such connections between London‘s single airports could in addition, lead to a more flexible airport

>link to book page: EUROPEAN CONNECTION rail

[B_Nomads_25] AIRPORT EXISTING [B_Nomads_21] Core Mobile [B_Order+Chaos_13]

FIXATION

There are also existing rules for ships and navigation. Some of these rules are unspoken while some are visible, but they are usually related to safety. The ships are anchored by chains so that they do not ﬂow away with the water. The image shows a system adopted to keep the things together in water. >link to book page: FIXATIONtide [B_Order+Chaos_32] LOWTIDE image [B_Cycles_3]

IDENTITY

image: mask_anonymity, through movement you can be who ever you wish to be. Constant changing. Where can people get the grip? To spot any stability we need a rest..?

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_101

>link to book page: UNITconnections [C_Analysis-General_

29] MODELvinegar [B_Order+Chaos_17] KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67] KNOCKrestaurant [B_Nomads_121] ECONOMICALforce [B_Order+Chaos_55] PROCESSnetwork [B_Order+Chaos_63]

B_Nomads_29 B_Order+Chaos_29

HIIGHSPEED connections

B_Cycles_29

FIXATION

IDENTITYimage

retired transport unemployed preparation/ eat/clean/ housekeeping

hauskeeping

work

student 24y sleep

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weekday child 2y weekend child 5y day off

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known places person network

SETTLEMENTShistory

Movement was, during the ages, always a driving force for changes in cities and for new settlements. Most early settlements were situated at junctions of routes of commerce like London itself. The location of the first wooden bridge which was build by the Romans was therefore also the strategic position for the roman town on the North Bank. But the position and the early development of

London can be related back to the Roman dominance of England. Many streets like the routes from London to Colchester or to Rochester and further to Dover were already established by the Romans. In the following centuries, these routes were the driving force for new settlements in these parts of Kent and Essex. Of course, the River Thames has always been the major

generator for settlements in the ‚Gateway‘. Interestingly or it is better to be said, naturally, these early cities and villages have never been in the flood plain of the Thames. This primarily changed in the 19th century with the development of the whole area, which is mainly connected with the revolutionary effect of the railways and the train connections to London.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_107

>link to book page: FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] CONNECTION LOCAL [B_Nomads_35]

FIXATION tide

The chains tie the elements together. During low tide, the elements rest on the ground loosely, but during high tide, the elements rise with the water and the chains are stretched which then protect them from ﬂowing away with the water- A system that holds things together.

>link to book page: FIXATION [B_Order+Chaos_29] LOWTIDE image [B_Cycles_3]

The image of the site

How does the site look like what it is in its existing atmosphere and visual conditions? To describe it in a few words one could say: Flat, brown, grey, blue, horizontal, breathing, divided in here and there, ﬁnite... Specially the borderline between here and there appears to be very special and powerful. On one hand, in the ‘here’,

the man built barriers to protect their built structures and seem to talk about continuity and stability. On the other hand, ‘there’ is the emptiness and fluidity of the water surface. This side talks more about movement and non-rest. In fact, it appears that the flexible side is more constant than the fixed and stable one. The world goes

upside down. The walls which are focused on to the water turn out to be weak and are not able to carry out their duty over a longer time.

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] HISTORYsettlements [B_Cycles_107]

B_Nomads_31

SETTLEMENTS history

B_Order+Chaos_31

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

FIXATIONtide

51°26‘50.90“N/ 0°44‘58.33“E

B_Cycles_31

IM SCHEERNESS 01

PUBLIC transport

Most of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s employees are dependent on the public transports, especially on the tube as well as the local trains. Therefore, the train stations in London appear to be flooded with people in the rush hours of the morning and evening. Especially the City of London is one major destination for commuters. During the day, about 300.000 people are commuting into the city. This stands in a significant contrast

to the approximately 5.000 inhabitants of this area. The journey can last up to one hour for those who need to travel for example from Southend-on-the-Sea to London Fenchurch.

>link to book page: EURPEAN CONNECTION RAIL

[B_Nomads_25] TRANSPORT WATER [B_Nomads_117] SUMMERY [C_Analysis-Sites_23] CONNECTIONS london-aka [B_Nomads_

37]

HOUSEBOAT rules

There are other rules that exist for houseboats and are unspoken in a way. Each houseboat provides a path connection to the next boat, so each one provides a public space with itself. Along with the crossing area, it also provides exchange points for services like water and electricity. The infrastructure is integrated within the units unlike the trailer park where there is

a common infrastructure plug-in area which determines the structure.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_81

>link to book page: RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] STRUCTURES [B_Order+Chaos_21] ORIENTATION [B_Cycles_25]

Brown horizontal

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39] REGION [C_Analysis-Sites_15]

B_Nomads_33

PUBLIC transport

B_Order+Chaos_33

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

HOUSEBOATSrules

51°26‘35.95“N/ 0°45‘52.53“E

B_Cycles_33

IM SCHEERNESS 02

CONNECTIONS region

The whole street system in the Thames Gateway is divided by the River Thames. Today, there is just one bridge at Dartford which crosses the River Thames outside of Greater London.

>link to book page: SETTLEMENT HISTORY [B_Cycles_107] CONNECTION london-aka [B_Nomads_

37] SUMMERY [C_Analysis-Sites_23] EUROPEAN CONNECTION rail

[B_Nomads_25]

ORIENTATION

How do people orient themselves? People always look for landmarks or signages to orient themselves. But on water, orientation becomes even more difďŹ cult as there are nvery few landmarks except for the endless water that one can see. There are lighthouses to aid navigation and orientation on the sea. These are marked to show dandergous coastlines

and shoals and also safe entry points to harbours. There are a set of lights from the lighthouse that help in orientation and for navigating through the sea. Even ships and boats have a system of lights to guide the other sailors around them, so that there is a hidden order. These days, due to new technology, a lot of lighthouses have been abandoned. New ways of

navigation have come up like the GPS system that now help to navigate and orient oneself.

>intersection with path NOMADS

go to B_Nomads_113 >intersection with path CYCLES

go to B_Cycles_25

>link to book page: MINDMAP [C_Analysis-General_21] RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] PROCESSself-organizing [B_Nomads_

111]

Growth on artiďŹ cial structures

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39] REGION [C_Analysis-Sites_15]

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Cycles_35

ORIENTATION

B_Order+Chaos_35

B_Nomads_35

CONNECTION regional

IM ISLE of SHEPPY 02 51°26‘38.69“N/ 0°45‘31.64“E

NEW CONNECTIONS for the thames gateway

With the ongoing development of much larger containerships, more and more harbours will not be reached by these ships in the future. For the new container terminal at the Shellhavn, a huge part of the investment is already needed to make the waterway deep enough. But how long will this be deep enough? Therefore,this concept shows a new offshore harbour with swimming pontoons.

The whole capacity will be collected in this adjustable and enlargeable port at the north-east end of the Thames Gateway. As London’s airports have already a huge capacity and therefore big impacts in the surrounding settlements, it will be hard to enlarge these airports in the future. To enlarge, for example, the capacity of London Heathrow, it would need in the future an additional runway out of

the surrounding settlements, which cannot be made without confrontation with neighbouring residents. As a conclusion out of this, there have already been proposals for an offshore airport. Our concept tries to show a possible position at the south-east edge of the Thames Mouth. This will be built, like the BlacktailHarbour , on floating pontoons which enable in the future a repositioning

and enlargement of the whole system. This would also avoid the whole airport from sinking into the ground like it is happening in reality at the Kensai Airport in Tokyo. The mouth settlements, including the airport and the harbour will finally be connected with London and continental Europe, via the high-speed connection of the Eurostar and one additional high-speed train connection, north of the Thames.

tidal activity from the North Sea. Low tide and High tide occur twice daily and the difference between the two is about seven meters.“Each high tide occurs slightly more than twelve hours later than the last, commanded by the gravitational pull of the moon the tide advances. Near to the new and full moons (about every two weeks) we have spring tides when there is a rise

and fall between low tide and high tide of up to 8m. Seven to eight days after spring tides we have neap tides where the tide is neither as low nor as high, then the difference between low water and high water is around 5m“. The most imporatant affect that the tide has on a vessel is its direction.

take advantage of these cycles.

pontoon constructions are often used. This zone perfectly represents the pulsing of the water. The incoming high tide slowly gains more land and the outgoing low tide releases bit per bit more sand and mud. Some animal species like mussels, birds, worms and crabs have perfectly integrated this zone in to their habitat. For humans and specially for human

settlements this zone has not been of interest so far.

>link to book page: HIGHSPEED CONNECTION [B_Nomads_

29] EUROPEAN CONNECTION rail/air

[B_Nomads_25] EUROPEAN CONNECTION water

[B_Nomads_27] BLACKTRAIL PORT [B_Cycles_55] >link to external homepage: http://www.geoscience-online. de/index.php?cmd=focus_detail2&f_ id=116&rang=7

TIDE high

Looking at the Thames Gateway area, where we would exploit a few of these rules and study the area, the project is a ﬂoating city in the Thames mouth. It is a way of seeing how the rules are affected by conditions that govern the rules like the natural forces. These could help in creating rules as per the forces acting in the area. The Thames river exhibits

These factors could affect the settlements and could

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_3

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Cycles_3] SANDBANKS1831-2004 [B_Cycles_51] GOLFtidalarea [B_Order+Chaos_77] RECONFIGURATION tide [B_

Order+Chaos_75] >link to external homepage: http://www.portoﬂondon.co.uk/

Bridging

What exactly is there between land and water? Due to tidal activity, there appears to be a special zone of water-land. It is according to the tidal chard twice a day ﬁlled with water and twice a day is appears as land. But actually this zone is an element on its own. To maintain permanent access from land to water, to reach ships - load or unload, bridges, dams or

>link to book page: TIMETABLEﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39] GOLFtidalarea [B_Order+Chaos_77]

B_Order+Chaos_37

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Nomads_37

CONNECTION london-aka

IM_CANVEY01 51°30‘39.45“N/ 0°35‘12.37“E

B_Cycles_37

TIDElow

CELLS mobil settlements

When settlements shall be built on the Sea, one of the major questions is, whether the settlements can adapt to already existing infrastructures, equal to a yard harbour, or whether every unit provides the infrastructure for the next unit. Such a system would then be equal to the thinking of self organising networks, where every unit provides something for the next one.

In this project, the units will be floating in the Thames Mouth where they are reconfigured through the processes which are driven by economic, social and environmental forces.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_9

>link to book page: CORE MOBILE [B_Order+Chaos_13] ARMATURE connection [C_Ideas-

Concept_7] MOVIE VINEGAR [B_Order+Chaos_19] MODELL [B_Order+Chaos_17]

TIDE low

During low tide, the river exposes some hidden shores and riverbeds. These areas are muddy and harsh and look cold but they have their own beauty and character. The river changes its character many times in a day and that is the beauty of it. Also, this tidal cycles controls a lot of things in the river, like the larger ships have to wait for high tide to

reach London so that the water is deep enough. So, they are anchored outside the thames, in the thames mouth and only when there is high tide, they move towards London. So, we can see how these natural cycles get integrated with the daily cycles and how at times, things work according to the nature.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_3

>link to book page: TIDEhigh [B_Cycles_49] SANDBANKS1831-2004 [B_Cycles_51] IM LEISDOWNonsea [intro] GOLFtidalarea [B_Cycles_41] RECONFIGURATIONtide [B_

Order+Chaos_75]

Up and down

The Nore area lies on a sandbank. Therefore the area is also affected by the tidal cycle in terms of water depth. Larger structures that lay deeper in the water have to move outwards during low tide. In general, it produces this picture of a shallow and a deep water zone. This then translates into structural height above sea level.

>link to book page: NOREstructure [B_Cycles_87]

B_Cycles_39

B_Order+Chaos_39

NOREhight

B_Nomads_39

CELLS

TIDEhigh

COREmobile

Outgoing from the idea of independent units which provide and receive the necessary infrastructures and goods like water, these settlements can be adjusted with existing settlements like Southend or can be independently floating on the Sea. During a constant reconfiguration process, these settlements will always appear to be different. Therefore, the whole core will appear to be smooth

whereas the outer rings of settlement will create a hard mantle. This is unlike in the classical city, where the inner core tends to be the most stable and constant part.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_13

>link to book page: GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] ANIMATIONvinegar [B_Order+Chaos_19] ANIMATIONcell01 [B_Order+Chaos_11]

WATERMAP

It seems that there are no rules for the sea and that there is just water all around, but the water map suggests that there are rules and also a hidden landscape that exists underneath this water body. It provides with information about the depth of the water and the water channels to navigate through. It also gives a whole lot of information on the dangers along the water

and helps one navigate and orient oneself. So there is a whole underwater map that cannot be seen, but it exists- A whole new world underneath which guides the system about. ‘A nautical chart is a graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions. Depending on the scale of the chart, it may show depths of water and heights of land, natural

features of the seabed, details of the coastline, navigational hazards, locations of natural and man-made aids to navigation, information on tides and currents, local details of the Earth’s magnetic ﬁeld, and manmade structures such as harbours, buildings and bridges. Nautical charts are essential tools for marine navigation‘

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_27

has closed and opens now around one in the afternoon. Therefore, one needs to adapt his weekly organisation according to this effect of two overlapping cycles and the slight shift appearing out of this.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_77

>link to book page: NAMESarea [B_Nomads_43] ROADandRAIL [B_Nomads_35] WATERdepth [B_Order+Chaos_43] BLACKTRAIL port [B_Cycles_55]

A just the timetable

The tidal zone provides quite a big area of sometimes useable landSometimes only according to the tide and therefore to the pulsing of the sea. But during this low tide period, one can think of a variety of activities for humans in this zone. Despite the fact that this is in some areas dangerous, one can get closed in by the incoming ﬂood. On an organised basis, activities

could be carried out safely. The tidal golf could be one of them. A ﬁfteen cup course whit site changes in the landscape everyday. As the tide cycle is a bit longer than the 24h human day cycle, the gap of the low tide slowly travels over the day during a week. So on Monday, one can play around ten in the morning for about one and a half hours. But on Friday of the same week, this gap

>link to book page: TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] ARRIVINGcity [B_Nomads_55] IM CANVEY01 [intro]

B_Order+Chaos_41

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Nomads_41

COREmobil

B_Cycles_41

WATERMAP

GOLFtidalarea

AREAS

Analysis of the site which takes into account the different geographical conditions, the existing settlements and the weather conditions are the starting point to define different areas with its formed characters. Taking the anaylsis forward, living areas are mostly situated towards the West of the area. Heavy industries, harbour and airport as well as off shore agriculture will be

located in the East towards the open sea. On one hand, they are near the commercial routes of the North Sea whereas on the other, this huge structure can also provide shelter for the settlements which are situated in the Thames inlet.

>link to book page: KNOCK restaurant [B_Nomads_121] KNOCK reuse [B_Cycles_67] KNOCK mulifunctionality [B_Nomads_

123] BLACKTRAIL PORT [B_Cycles_55] BLYTH garten houses [C_Ideas-

Concept_9] LONGSAND ﬁshfarming [B_Cycles_13] YENLET trailer I [B_Nomads_85] YENLET trailer II [B_Nomads_87] YENLET energy [C_Ideas-Concept_43] YENLET reconﬁguration [C_Ideas-

Concept_45]

WATER depth

This map provides the information about the depth of water and helps to understand which vessels could travel in which part so as to make the larger vessels travel only in the deeper parts while the smaller ones travel more easily in shallow water.

>link to book page: SANDBANKS1831-2004 [B_Cycles_51] NAMESarea [B_Nomads_43] TIDEhigh [B_Cycles_39] TIDElow [B_Cycles_37]

Stop the time

Time is getting more and more important. But we seem to have less and less of it. Time management and efﬁciency is the task for everyone. This special location situated in the tidal zone of the area CLOCKBANK combines the tidal aspect of acessibility gaps and the time aspect. As one stays at the restaurant, one can extend to stay in this area, but one

also has to stretch the time or better stop the time, take some time out. One is forced to take the time out because everyone has to wait upon the next low tide. So dinner can take a bit longer and all the important things can wait. It’s quite easy to stop the time, take a break. >link to book page: HOTELrigs [B_Cycles_23] TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39] CONCEPT02 [B_Nomads_49] AREAS [B_Nomads_43]

B_Nomads_43

AREAS

WATERdepth

CLOCKBANKrestaurant 51°31‘10.26“N/ 0°40‘21.91“E

B_Cycles_43

B_Order+Chaos_43

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

AREASII

>link to book page: AREAS [B_Nomads_43] WATERMAP [B_Cycles_27]

WEATHER satelite

Weather is another aspect that could affect a settlement and help reconﬁgure it. These are frequent images transmitted by an artiﬁcial satellite to monitor the weather of the Earth.

>link to book page: WEATHERactual [B_Order+Chaos_47] ENERGY general [B_Cycles_9] >link to external homepage: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/

Here and now - hope

Time is a tool to orientate in different cycles. It divides long periods in shorter segments. For humans it is very difﬁcult to orientate fare ahead or remember for a longer time. The grid of time, gives supports by providing links to connect memories to or ﬁx future plan with. Time in a broader sense is

more than only a human invented tool. It is talking about the here and now, the past and the future in on go. This connects to the life plan for all living things and beyond. With time there is always hope.

>link to book page: WALKonehour [B_Nomads_11] TIMETABLEpersonal [B_Cycles_47] TIMETABLEﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] CYCLESscale [B_Cycles_111]

B_Nomads_45

AREASstudy

B_Order+Chaos_45

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Cycles_45

WEATHERsatelite

TIME

BLACKTAIL habour

Blacktail harbour which is situated offshore at the mouth will replace and enlarge the capacity of the inland harbours. The inland harbours will be hardly reachable when ships are getting bigger and therefore their draft, higher. Unlike normal offshore developments with artificial islands, this harbour will be created mostly out of floating pontoons. The containership will finally not reach the

harbour but more the areas of the harbour. Like in Hong Kong, where many containers are offloaded offshore,, the main activity will be out in the Thames estuary. Only the pontoon with the containers will afterwards come into the harbour, where they adapt to the system and will be unloaded by the fixed crane system. Afterwards, the lighter ones get reconfigured with other containers and brought back towards the

next ship. Most goods are for transit destinations. The rest will be brought to the mainland with the railway system.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_55

>link to book page: CONCEPT 02 [B_Nomads_49] CONTAINER PORT [C_Analysis-

General_9] PORT ranking [C_Analysis-General_25]

WEATHER actual

This is the actual weather condition on a particular day showing the wind direction and the sea level pressure on that day.

>link to book page: WEATHERsatellite [B_Order+Chaos_45] ENERGYgeneral [B_Cycles_9] WINDDIRECTIONSreconﬁguration

[B_Order+Chaos_49] SHELTER structures [C_Analysis-

General_27] >link to external homepage: http://www.xcweather.co.uk/

Timetable

Time to schedule is the connection between ‘exact’ and ‘natural’ time. People try to bring these things together. It is also a record of the past and a scenario for the future. This forecast could also be a plan for the changes. >reconﬁgration and orientation due to this >link to book page: MOBILITY [B_Order+Chaos_5] KNOCKrestaurant [B_Nomads_121] TIMETABLEﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] PERSONALmentalmap [B_Cycles_109] IDENTITY [B_Nomads_101]

B_Nomads_47

BLACKTAIL habour

B_Order+Chaos_47

51°30‘34.59“N / 0°50‘39.60“E

TIMETABLEpersonal

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B_Cycles_47

WEATHERactual

CONCEPT II

The Arkway city region will be developed as a polycentric city system. This means that the sites Southend-on-theSea, Rochester, Chatham and Sheerness join together and create with the Thames mouth, new settlements. With the development of the floating airport of Crain and the concept of the offshore harbour at Blacktail, the region will be first well connected and second receive two huge magnets

for future economies. The more offshore the settlements are, the rougher the sea gets. This means towards the open sea, bigger structures which can stand the waves will be situated beside fishfarming and aquacultures. Towards the land and especially in the Mouth itself, are then, the calmer areas positioned. This means we can find here a variety of different forms of living like

houseboat colonies and also huge apartment ship structures and business zones. Within the whole concept, the connection to London on the one hand and to continental Europe on the other, is a major aspect. As the Euro star is not far from the position of Arkway, it is easy to connect these two targets without a huge technical and financial task. It is therefore not necessary

to enlarge London’s tube system until the North Sea, as the new area will have its own hub, because of which it is connected to London and Europe at all.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_79

>link to book page: PHASING AKA 2006 [B_Nomads_57] LONGSAND FISH FARM [B_Cycles_13] TONGUE FARMING [C_Ideas-Concept_37] PHASING NORE 07 [B_Cycles_103] NORE BUSINESS [C_Ideas-Concept_25] GREENLINE INTERCITY [C_Analysis-

Sites_9] MOVIE DECONSTRUCTION [C_I-3] BLYTH GARDEN HOUSES [C_Ideas-

Concept_9]

WIND_DIRECTION reconﬁguration

Wind could also be a criteria for the reconﬁguration of elements in a system. As the wind direction changes every month, the system could adapt itself to the changing situation. This map shows how the wind direction changes every month and how elements could change their orientation in accordance to it such as the armatures with the system could curl up and protect

the smaller structures or the larger structures to organize in such a way so as to protect the others. This could be an important part of the settlement as the wind is very strong on the water.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_81

>link to book page: WEATHERactual [B_Order+Chaos_47] SHELTERreconﬁguration [B_

Order+Chaos_53] ARMATUREuse [B_Order+Chaos_51]

TIDE

The Thames mouth is due to the north sea affected by the tide. The difference between high tide and low tide is approximately 4.5 meters. This water ﬂows together with the sweet water coming down the Thames river resulting in a special salt-sweet water mix.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_39

>link to book page: IM SHEERNESS02 [intro] SANDBANKS1831-2004 [B_Cycles_51] TIDEmoon, points[B_Cycles_7] GOLFtidalarea [B_Order+Chaos_77] TIMETABLEﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] >link to external homepage: http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/coast/ data/20060609/0110_20060609. shtml#graph

B_Nomads_49

CONCEPT II

B_Order+Chaos_49

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Cycles_49

WINDDIRECTIONS

water

TIDEhigh 01 mile 10 mile 10 kilometer 02 kilometer

DEVELOPMENT new town

The developent of the Arkway region will be a development beyond county boundaries. Therefore, one of the initial conditions will be that the existing cities of Southend, Rochester and the Isle of Sheppy are joining together. In this alliance, it will be easier to coordinate the future developments and endeavours. With time, the different parts of the concept, like the harbour, the airport and the

new floating house types, will be developed and brought further. The milestones will be for sure, the new harbour and the new airport, as these major developments will also attract further investments and so sustain the whole area. So the areas will have a dramatic increase in the population.

>link to book page: CONCEPT 02 [B_Order+Chaos_79] PHASING 2006 [B_Nomads_57]

ARMATURE use

The settlement consists of armature like structures that are built from slices of different structures. Theses armatures sway according to the natural conditions and protect the smaller structures from wind and storm. So, they work in coordination with the natural forces but also with other forces like the economic and the social onces.

>link to book page: WIND-DIRECTIONreconďŹ guration

[B_Cycles_81] ARMATUREconnection [C_Ideas-

Concept_7] REUSEships [B_Cycles_97] CRUISEships [B_Nomads_19] FRANCEship [C_Analysis-General_11] KNOCK reuse [B_Cycles_67]

Landscape shift

The cycling forces of the riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water and the tide cause a constant movement in the hidden landscape of the Thames estuary. In this overlay of sandbanks from 1831, 1926 and 2004, the shift is clearly visible.

>link to book page: WATERdepth [B_Order+Chaos_43]

B_Order+Chaos_51

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

B_Nomads_51

DEVELOPMENT new town

B_Cycles_51

ARMATUREuse

SANDBANKS1831-2004

GROWS corns

The development the whole settlement will grow out of single units. Like in some houseboat communities, these units provide a footpath to the neighbouring units. This means that at first, there is no mega structure needed before the settlement can start. Second, the whole structure can easily be reconfigured if an inhabitant or a group of people decide to move somewhere else.

Not only the social circumstances could lead to such a shift in the settlement. The constant flow of the water which changes its direction twice throughout the day will also lead to a frequent change in the structure. As the settlements are not fixed to a rigid structure, it will be affected by this flow in the streams. It therefore doesn‘t work against the natural forces, as it doesn‘t opposethese.

One of the early ideas is that even the settlement itself could join and separate from the existing buildings on land in this daily rhythm. One effect would be that the movement of the inhabitants is highly affected by the fact that they reach certain parts only in certain times.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_15

>link to book page: ARRIVING goast city [B_Nomads_55] PROCESS SELFORGANISING

[B_Order+Chaos_65] CELLS [B_Order+Chaos_9] CORE mobile [B_Order+Chaos_13]

SHELTER reconﬁguration

This image tries to show how these armatures protect the other structures against severe atmospheric conditions and act as shelters.

>link to book page: WIND-DIRECTIONreconﬁguration

[B_Cycles_81] ARMATUREuse [B_Order+Chaos_51] SHELTERstructures [C_Analysis-

General_27] KNOCKrestuarant [B_Nomads_121]

Invisible visible

The AKA areas adapt the existing names to describe certain locations or neighbourhoods. The invisible landscape suddenly appears and gets a corresponding elements above water level.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS

go to B_Order+Chaos_81

>link to book page: STRANGEnames [C_Analysis-Sites_21]

B_Nomads_53 B_Order+Chaos_53

GROWS corns

B_Cycles_53

SHELTERreconďŹ guration

NOREareas

ARRIVING

Twice a day, the floating communities are reaching the old settlements. For a short period of time, this is the moment of exchange and movement between these settlements. The personal schedule of everyone would be affected by the tide and the natural forces. This is like on some natural island in wadden sea. These communities can only reach their neighbouring communities either at high

tide with the ship or at low tide by foot, but not in between these periods. Another aspect would be the overlaying of areas which could be used in a totally different way. In this case, a park on the mudfall could appear where the floating city has been earlier. >link to book page GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] RECONFIGURATION TIDE [B_

Order+Chaos_75] ANIMATION VINEGAR [B_Order+Chaos_

19] GOLF TIDAL [B_Cycles_41]

ECONOMICAL forces

Economic and social forces are a big element in the functioning of any development. Things constantly undergo changes according to the market forces and the social forces acting on them. This is one part of the city that is highly unstable and is constantly affecting the people and the city. So, this could also be another condition that affects the conﬁguration of

the settlement. The market forces could reconﬁgure the elements according to the needs of the people and the society.

>link to book page: TRADEmarket [B_Order+Chaos_115] CHANGINGmarket [B_Cycles_17] SOCIALconnection [B_Order+Chaos_107]

The gate to the seven seas

Most of the goods are transported on water. They are shipped from one port to the next one and travel all around the globe. The UK need of goods is still rising and therefore a major port is needed. In history, the ports of London have once been the biggest in the world. This was during the big time of the colonies. Since then, the port activities have declined and

the ports moved out along the Thames. This new port is laid out as an off-shore solution to even gain access for the next generation of super containers ships without expensively digging out the Thames channels. To even save more time, the big containers ships do not need to moor, they get unloaded and loaded during their journey into the Thames mouth. These

smaller pontoons bring the goods or containers back to the edge of the tidal zone where they are stored or transferred to the rail.

>intersection with path NOMADS

go to [B_Nomads_47]

>link to book page: PORTlayout [C_Analysis-General_25] PORTcontainer [C_Analysis-General_9] CONCEPT02 [B_Order+Chaos_79] KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67] >link to external homepage: http://www.portoﬂondon.co.uk/

B_Nomads_55

ARRIVINGcity, animation

B_Order+Chaos_55

51°26‘36.12“N / 0°44‘36.44“E

B_Cycles_55

ECONOMICALforces

BLACKTAILport 51°31‘31.93“N/ 0°51‘50.28“E

PHASING 2006

The Arkway region joins together and from now makes all strategic decisions in common.

>link to book page: PHASING 2018 [B_Nomads_59]

SOCIAL connection

One of the criteria of reconﬁguration would be social factors. As the elements are not ﬁxed, social conditions would be an important aspect to bring elements together into an unstable environment. There would be an area with strong social and economic conditions which would be more closely knitted as compared to the others.

>link to book page: SOCIALconﬁguration [B_Cycles_67] ECONOMICALforces STRUCTURES

Offshore operation

Offshore operations are already in practice in certain areas, such as military strategies to support operations independently from the costal infrastructure. Some major ports such as Hong Kong already integrated such operations in their daily routine. >link to book page: MOBILITYrange OFFSHOREtool01 BLACKTAILport

B_Nomads_57

PHASING 2006

B_Cycles_57

SOCIALconnection

B_Order+Chaos_57

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

OFFSHOREtool02

PHASING 2018

The Blacktail harbour will be opened. As the first big infrastructure project for the region, it requires new settlements and some new related businesses. The population rises slightly. More people from Southend on the Sea will find a job in the harbour industry and also in the related companies.

>link to book page: PHASING 2031

SOCIAL conﬁguration

The social connections could be strong or weak, and therefore, the stronger ones remain intact, whereas the weaker ones could break away more easily. So if the community is socially and economically connected in a strong manner, it is likely to be more ﬁxed and stable.

connections are less ready for a change and are more ﬁxed, as compared to nomadic people with hardly any social connections which would keep them ﬁxed.

One can see this in an existing city where people with strong social

>link to book page: SOCIALconnection [B_Nomads_107] ECONOMICALforces [B_Order+Chaos_55] MODEL vinegar [B_Cycles_73]

Work at sea

To run an offshore port, some specific tools are necessary. This type of port faces many different problems compared to a fixed one. Two basic elements are the floating pontoons to unload and load the ships and the brake water system to calm the sea around the ship. To work with pontoon, one can cut down the mooring time to only special cases, and the brake water system

allows to handle the goods faster but with care.

>link to book page: SHELTERreconﬁguration [B_

Order+Chaos_53] OFFSHOREtool02 [B_Cycles_57] BLACKTAILport [B_Nomads_47]

B_Nomads_59

PHASING 2018

B_Order+Chaos_59

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

B_Cycles_59

SOCIALconnections02

OFFSHOREtool01

PHASING 2031

The CRAIN international airport will be opened.During the time of construction, it already promoted an economical growth. Hotels, business areas and trade companies started settling nearby to receive benefits from this strategic position. Through the project of the first floating airport, this will also be the biggest floating construction in Europe, the whole region will experience recognition all over the world.

This will lead to additional attraction for businesses and new settlements. The travel time to London would have been reduced dramatically and is now half the time as earlier. With the Eurostar, the airport in addition will be well connected to continental Europe and belongs therefore to one of the gates from overseas to the UK but also to the north of Europe. >link to book page: PHASING 2035 [B_Nomads_63]

CYCLES

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_111

Cycles affect the daily functioning of any system. These cycles could be social or economic or even natural. Our entire life and functioning is based on these cycles and revolves around it.

>link to book page: ECONOMICALforces [B_Order+Chaos_55] TIDEhigh [B_Cycles_49] TIDElow [B_Cycles_3] WEATHERactual [B_Order+Chaos_47] KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67] PROCESSnetwork [B_Nomads_105]

Offshore industry ﬁelds

For oil drilling, the time is running out. For the North sea area, the forecast is around thirty years to go, but then this place will be out of black gold. At the moment, there are around 350 oil and gas rigs located only in the North sea. But what to do with these really big steel structures if their time is up? AKA could develop a need for existing oil structures

and set up a reuse cycle to transfer them into for the development usable units. Once transformed, they could host living, working or retail or they can be used as ﬂoating support structures. This reuse process could be opened up for all different sorts of ﬂoating structures such as oil tankers and container ships. This transformation process would mean heavy

industry work and lot of waste and hazardous material would be involved. But the steel structure itself can be reused and brought back into a sustainable cycle.

>link to book page: KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67] KNOCKmultipleuse [B_Nomads_123] BLACKTAILport [B_Nomads_47] OILRIGtyps [B_Cycles_63]

B_Nomads_61

PHASING 2031

B_Order+Chaos_61

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

CYCLEscale

NORTHSEAoilrigs

4HE OIL AND MUCH OF THE GAS RECOURSES OF THE NORTH SEA WILL BE USED UP IN THE NEXT YEARS AFTER THE CASE OF THE BRENT SPAR OIL PLATFORM IN THE /30!2 #OUNTRIES DECLARED THAT EVERY OFFSHORE DRILLING STARTION HAS TO BE RECYCLED OR REUSED AT LAND THERE ARE APPROXIMATELLY

GAS PLATFORMS AND SUPPORTING

THERE ARE APPROXIMATELLY

OIL PLATFORMS AND SUPPORTING

city

Grafik: Nicole Krohn, Stand 04/2005; Daten in Zusammenarbeit mit Fabian Meyer, plan-GIS GmbH

FACILITIES IN THE NORTH SEA

2ERCYCLING INDUSTRIE

FACILITIES IN THE NORTH SEA

USED OIL PLATFORMS

B_Cycles_61

Industriegebiet Nordsee

PHASING 2035

As a kick-off event for the development of the different settlements within the Thames mouth, a world trade exhibition will be held in 2035 as a floating event. It is thought to be fully ecological and its main theme is the growing fear of many states to sink into the oceans because of the rising sea levels. >link to book page: PHASING 2038 [B_Nomads_67]

PROCESS network

When one thinks of elements ďŹ&#x201A;oating on water, one thing that comes to mind is how these would organise themselves and how there could be an order within this chaotic situation. There need to be rules to provide a base for these elements/units to selforganize themselves. Also, how this system could work as a process. The previous

section was exploring what the important conditions are that affect rules and how to create a system that could reconďŹ gure and organize itself. The units connect to a network which studies the unit, what the unit could provide to the system and what the unit takes from the system.The system senses the needs of the units and the inhabitants and works

accordingly.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_105

>link to book page: PROCESSself-organizing [B_Nomads_

111] RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] UNIT connection [C_Analysis-General_

29]

Giants

Gigantic steel structures are used to drill offshore for oil. Oil rigs host often around one hundred workers and provide living and working spaces. Different types of oil rigs are in use. They all operate under different conditions and in a variety of sea depths. They mainly are constructed from two elements. One is the head above the water, the top operation and living

module and the other one is a pipe construction under water to stabilise the whole structure and is often also used to store oil.

>link to book page: ARMATUREuse [B_Order+Chaos_51] OILRIGSseatroll [C_Analysis-General_23] KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67] >link to external homepage: http://www.rigjobs.co.uk/oil/oilrigs. shtml

B_Nomads_63

PHASING 2035

B_Order+Chaos_63

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

PROCESSnetwork

B_Cycles_63

OILRIGStypes

THE FLOATING WORLD

sea levels to everyone, even those who are far away from costal areas.

>link to book page: PHASING 2035 [B_Nomads_63] AREAS [B_Nomads_43]

PROCESS self-organizing

The system self-organizes itself with the help of these general rules about the unit attaching to system and how each unit inﬂuences the whole system. The units form an interactive loop amongst themselves where they share the information. It could reorganize itself becuase of social, economic or natural factors.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_111

>link to book page: PROCESSnetwork [B_Nomads_105] MODELvinegar [B_Cycles_73] ORIENTATION [B_Nomads_103] GROWTH [B_Nomads_53] UNITconnection [C_Analysis-General_29]

Introduction

New elements arrive. Similar to the early 20th century where the big steam liners arrived at the specially erected Southend on sea pier, the new units out of the AKA reuse program arrive. They introduce the new ﬂoating structure which changes the landscape. The former ﬂat and horizontal sea line becomes a multi layered skyline.

>link to book page: SCALErelations [B_Cycles_113] LEIGHbefore [C_Ideas-Concept_17] LEIGHafterwards [C_Ideas-Concept_15]

B_Nomads_65

WORLD EXIBITION

B_Order+Chaos_65

51°28‘58.50“N 0°46‘58.32“E

B_Cycles_65

PROCESSself-organizing

51°31‘53.42“N/ 0°43‘33.46“E

ARRIVINGsouthend 51°32‘1.13“N/ 0°42‘56.14“E

PHASING 2038

After the World-Expo, the whole settlements starts to grow and distinguished areas can be recognised.

>link to book page: PHASING 2072 [B_Nomads_69]

UNIT connections

Industry

KNOCK is the industrial heart of the AKA development. This is the place where the big structures get cut off into smaller pieces. The place where the heavy work takes place with heavy machines. Part of its work is also going out from here. This place is also used to assemble large structures and ship them to other destinations. These could

be wind energy generators, boats or ďŹ&#x201A;oating structures or railroad material.

>link to book page: CRUSESHIPS [B_Nomads_19] MOBILITYrange [B_Order+Chaos_3] NORTSEAoilrigs [B_Cycles_61] OILRIGtyps [B_Cycles_63]

B_Nomads_67

PHASING 2038

B_Order+Chaos_67

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

V@VTgZ"jhZ

AKA - recycling (large offshore structures)

KNOCK | HOLE HAVEN

KNOCKreuse 51°30‘42.27“N/ 0°47‘49.90“E

V@VTedgi

V@VTegdYjXi^dc

B_Cycles_67

UNITconnection

PHASING 2072

The whole development will have led to a huge settlement within the mouth. The city system will be so far developed that it is in a constant change and reconfiguration. This process refers mainly to the inhabitant’s needs and questions, with the concept of fully self-contained energy production and consumption, its ecological footprint is comparatively small.

The Balcktail harbour needs to be enlarged another time and has become a prototype for offshore harbours. As the ships will have already got too deep for many European harbours, the Blacktail harbour will become more and more a transit port for the UK and the north of Europe. >link to book page: PHASING NORE01[B_Cycles_91] CONCEPT 02 [B_Nomads_49] MOVIE VINEGAR [B_Order+Chaos_19]

DISTORTION 02

The system could reconﬁgure and selforganize itself by the introduction of attractors within the system. These attractors could be events or special usages. The areas become dense according to theexistence of these attractors.

>link to book page: DISTORTION 01 [C_Analysis-General_15]

Structuring

The reuse industry is beside the port and the airport, the main work provider for AKA. Therefore, it also settles in all areas of the development. As everything is mobile, the process of reusing tours throughout the areas. This mainly inﬂuences the structure. In this case of the Nore area, the strong ﬂow between Knock and Nore shapes the structure.

>link to book page: NOREspecialusage [B_Cycles_75]

B_Nomads_69

PHASING 2072

B_Order+Chaos_69

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°45‘00.00“E

B_Cycles_69

DISTORTION02

NOREﬂowindustry

SUITCASE

A suitcase found at the Camden Market in London shows equipment for a nomadic person and people on the move. Compared with inhabitants of caravans and houseboats, who just take their shelter with them and only change the surrounding, this suitcase needs to provide everything for its user - in different surroundings but also in different shelters. It is interesting, that the inside is not only configured for

storing clothes, it is also a kind of ‚home‘ from within. As it is organised, in addition to the coat hooks with small desks and space for personal belongings, one seems to have his private space within this small box and is not inside this space.

>link to book page: CRUISSHIP [B_Nomads_19] HOUSEBOAT LONDON [B_Nomads_79]

RECONFIGURATIONmarket

There are a lot of functions in the city that use up space that is not in regular use. The economic forces could reconﬁgure or shape parts of the city as and when required. Like a weekly market or a market for a special occasion could seep into the settlement and then move out when not required. The settlement could expand and contract to accomodate market changes. The system

organizes itself and adapts to the situation.

>link to book page: CHANGINGmarket [B_Cycles_17] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_

Order+Chaos_113] TRADE market [B_Cycles_115]

Double use

The KNOCK area is a heavy industrial site. It is where the big pieces are handled. A large number of work places are provided through this and another large number are connected to it. This is a very busy place. But this changes. KNOCK has two faces. During periods of non-working or in areas where there is no activity at the moment other things happen. Cultural events are sneaking in

to ﬁll the spots with life. Concerts take place on oil tankers waiting to be reused or cinemas on the top of an oil rig. This mixture of different uses transforms the picture of the place into a double sided one, where one cannot ﬁgure out the main activity. They get along, despite the fact that they have different cycles. This difference is also part of the reason

why this can function. They overlap and beneﬁt from each another.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_123

>link to book page: DRYDOCKmultipleuse [B_Nomads_95] NOREspecialusage [B_Cycles_75] OILRIGtyps [B_Cycles_63]

B_Order+Chaos_71

51°32‘32.80“ N 0° 08‘56.40“ W

B_Nomads_71

SUITCASE

B_Cycles_71

RECONFIGURATIONmarket

KNOCKmultifunctionality 51°30‘42.27“N/ 0°47‘49.90“E

SUITCASE

>link to book page: CRUISSHIP [B_Nomads_19] HOUSEBOAT LONDON [B_Nomads_79]

CHANGING market

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_17

This picture shows how the market moves in and how the streets expand to accomodate it. This shows how space could be used efﬁciently and as and when required, it gets acommodated in the system.

>link to book page: RECONFIGURATIONmarket [B_

Order+Chaos_71] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99]

A liquid development

The proposed development is based on the idea of movement and changes. As it is floating on the surface of the Thames estuary, it gains the ability to change its layout. Units can get together, form a structure and at certain points break again to move together with other structures. The brings the whole settlement in to a process of continuing configuration and reconfiguration.

Although the structure appears to be fixed on a local level, in an overall picture the structure keeps changing and appears in different configurations. Different forces are involved in this process- the natural forces, the economical forces and the social forces. But for the configuration, the economical and social forces are more important.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_3

>link to book page: PROCESSselvorganising [B_

Order+Chaos_65] PROCESSnetwork [B_Order+Chaos_63] RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] COREmobile [B_Nomads_41]

B_Nomads_73

SUITCASE

B_Order+Chaos_73

51°32‘32.80“ N 0° 08‘56.40“ W

B_Cycles_73

CHNAGINGmarket

MODELvinegar animation

HOUSEBOADS san francisco and sausalito

The beginning of floating communities in San Francisco and Sausalito can be dated back to 1890. In this year, the first vessels were moored at the Belveder Cove. Mostly used as a weekend residence, the houses showed an existing mixture of appearance. Some were simple rafts whereas others were individually designed ‚houses‘. One of these individual domiciles ‚was made up of four abandoned

streetcars‘1. The settlement rose until the turn of the century to a community of 30 to 40 families. The floating constructions which stayed during the summer in the Belveder Cove were moved in to the nearby lagoon. After the great earthquake in San Francisco, many families were homeless, which led them to use now the floating constructions as permanent residences. Out of the need for housing, some of the

boats were brought onto land, where they were then used as houses. Some of these constructions can still be found in San Francisco and Sausalito. During WW II, there rose another need for houses, when 75000 people rushed into the city for working in the dockyards. This led to a explosion of houseboat communities along the shore. After the war, the water settlements were discovered by arties

and Hippies.They established their own lifestyle. The rising concerns of health and environmental issues led to the introduction of a plan and a commission on how to use the Bay. Today, this varies from the state established Dockyards to the privately organised Cooperation. While permanent living on water was in the early days out of a housing shortage, it turned to be a special lifestyle within the city in the

>link to book page: HOUSEBOATS SEATTLE [B_Nomads_77] HOUSEBOATS LONDON [B_Cycles_79] HOUSEBOATS rules [B_Order+Chaos_33] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] >link to external homepage: http://www.baycrossings.com/ Archives/2001/07_August/barging_ in.htm http://www.ecoboot.nl/artikelen/WeblogT iesFloatingCommunities.html.php

RECONFIGURATION tide

The area between land and water is a transition space. It appears and disappears during high tide and low tide and has a certain character to itself.The shore or the hidden river bed appears during low tide and is the unappreciated part of the river with its muddy character. It is usually a waste area but it could be used for special functions that could only be accessed during a certain time.

>link to book page: TIDEhigh [B_Cycles_49] TIDElow [B_Cycles_3] GOLFtidalarea [B_Cycles_41] ARRIVINGcity_ghost city [B_Nomads_55]

Impacts

Reconﬁguration and changes happen in all parts of the development. Some places are subject to major changes which can even appear in certain cycles on a monthly or yearly basis. In Nore, the big events are a trade fair in the Swatch areas, a theatre close to it, the weekly market that tours throughout the whole settlements, the industry impact and the main

passenger port in the Spit area.

>link to book page: TRADEMARKET [B_Order+Chaos_115] SPIT [B_Cycles_77]

B_Nomads_75

HOUSEBOATS sausalito

B_Order+Chaos_75

37°52‘28.45“ N 122°30‘11.89

B_Cycles_75

RECONFIGURATIONtide

NOREusespecial

HOUSEBOATS seattle

Like in San Francisco, the houseboat culture of Seattle rose out of a lack of living spaces in the city and also out of poverty. The early settlers were shipbuilders or sails men who found on the lake, a space outside of the city where they could settle with little money. The problem of the sewage was solved in the 1960s when a big sewage system around the lake was introduced. This was one of the main aspects

This image shows how this transition space between land and water could be used for activities like golf. It uses vacant land but also forces one to work with the nature as it could only be accessed during lowtide.

which led to the legality of the present day settlements. Today, every houseboat is connected to this sewage system in different principles like by gravity, and also by pumping. This means that the land underneath the water, on which the floating constructions are moored belong sometimes to private owners or to the state. Most of the houseboat communities are organised

in co operation, which deals with the leasing of the area, the sewage system and accessibility. The price which everyone has to pay is depending on one hand on the area the houses occupy and on the other, on the side they are located. Therefore, we can see here, also a principle of prices which are related to the side, which can be compared with normal settlements on land. Since living on the lake has

therefore lost its illegality, the prices and the attraction to house builders has risen extremely. Nowadays it is like in San Francisco quite fashionable to live on the lake and to enjoy with this, the feeling of independence. It is interesting, that the loss of physical fixation with the ground leads to a more legal fixation. As owners need to join in cooperation, they are rather fixed to a certain area again.

>link to book page: HOUSEBOATS Sanfrancisco [B_Nomads_

75] HOUSBOATS LONDON [B_Cycles_79] HOUSEBOATS rules [B_Order+Chaos_33] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] >link to extermal homepage: http://www.ecoboot.nl/artikelen/WeblogT iesFloatingCommunities.html.php

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_41

Costal connection

The passenger port is highly connected to the airport. With a highspeed boat shuttle to the European coast, people can travel to and from the airport.

>link to book page: HOTELrigs [C_Ideas-Concept_11] AIRPORTexisting [B_Nomads_21] OILRIGtypes [B_Cycles_63]

B_Order+Chaos_77

47°38‘20.01“ N 122°19‘49.57“ W

B_Nomads_77

HOUSEBOADS seattle

B_Cycles_77

GOLFtidalarea

SPIT 51°29‘2.39“N/ 0°51‘4.43“E

HOUSEBOATSlondon

Compared with the examples of floating communities in North America, the houseboat community of London seems to have the biggest flexibility. Of course, they are restricted on the ‚small‘ size of the canals but with being proper boats, it is easy to relocate them. How the movement is still affecting the ‚style‘ of this floating homes, can be seen in the shape of the boats. As the locks were normally not

wider than seven feet, the vessels needed to be slimmer than this. Most of the boats were first used to transport goods on the canals and later changed to domiciles. Like in most examples of water communities, the occupation of the canals in London rose out economic reasons. The early shippers could afford a cottage or a flat in the city so they reused the transport vessels. Today around 16.500 people are

living on houseboats all over England. There are houseboat communities in every continent with all the connected cultural differences. In the western cultures, it first evolved as a cheap way of living in the urban areas. Mostly, sailsmen reused old vessels to live in. With time, this need for cheap accommodation is not any longer the case, so living on a houseboat turned

a balance between a chaotic state and a highly ordered static state. The elements within the system conﬁgure and reconﬁgure according to the needs of the system or interaction within these elements. How these issues explained earlier about nature affecting organisation of a system and how economic factors can affect reorganisation and also social ones help in the group are exercised

and explored in this area. This is an overview plan of the area in the Thames mouth. The settlement is conceived not as a whole but as a series of distinct sites with differeent functions and strong identites and atmospheres.

to be a matter of a special lifestyle. There are people with the desire of leaving the ‘normal’ society and to get the feeling of being more independent. To move along the canal is on one hand an exciting experience as scenery is magnificent and the nature seems to be near. On the other hand, it is also this flexibility to leave the surrounding and the seek for new places which makes this way of living attractive.

>link to book page: HOUSEBOATS saualito [B_Nomads_75] HOUSBOATS seattle [B_Nomads_77] HOUSEBOATSrules [B_Order+Chaos_33] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] >link to external homepage: http://www.ecoboot.nl/artikelen/WeblogT iesFloatingCommunities.html.php

CONCEPT 02

These ideas of order and chaos and rules were exploited in a design proposal in the Thames mouth. The conditions that affect the rules like the natural, economic and social forces are explored within this area. Also, the point to be noticed is how the elements in the city can be seen as being responsive to the environment and the conditions. The project attempts to ﬁnd

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_49

Denser

Despite all the movement and reconﬁguration, the structural, site and force impacts allows high density only in certain areas. Denser areas in Nore will build up according to the impact and catchment areas. The main structure and walking connections are the main factors.

>link to book page: VENICE [C_Analysis-Sites_37] NOREwalkway [B_Cycles_19]

B_Nomads_79

HOUSEBOATSlondon

B_Cycles_79

CONCEPT02

B_Order+Chaos_79

51°32‘20.32 N 0°09‘04.33“ W

NOREdensity

HOUSEBOATS rules

In Paris, we met an inhabitant of one of the houseboats on the Seine.It was an interesting conversation about how to live on a houseboat and why people choose this way of living. In addition to this, he explained the unwritten rule of how to pass by such a houseboat. One has always to pass such a boat only on the fore of the ship, as the aft is reserved for the owner of the ship. Beside the footpath, which needs to be provided

from one boat to the other , also the infrastructure, especially the supply of water and electricity need to be provided. This is different froma trailer park, which shows a pattern of connection point which already determines the whole structure of the system.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_33

>link to book page: HOUSEBOATS sausatlito [B_Nomads_75] HOUSBOATS london [B_Nomads_83] RULES [B_Order+Chaos_23] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15] TRAILOR PARK [B_Nomads_83] STRUCTURES [B_Order+Chaos_21] ORIENTATIONS [B_Cycles_25]

NORE area

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_53

Within this area in the Thames mouth, is the NORE settlement which is connected to land by a pier and is close to the airport. There are areas within the settlement whose names are taken from the existing water map. The detail of these areas woud further explain the use of rules within a self-organizing system.

Performance

The floating structures are exposed in many ways to the natural forces. Waves, flows and wind are everyday factors to deal with. The natural forces are changing according to the seasons. Over the period of one year, they show a certain pattern. To deal with these forces, the floating structures will have to arrange themselves according to it. Through this they can gain shelter

or produce more efﬁcient energy. Larger structures can shelter smaller ones. This means that the structures change with the seasons to catch up with the wind impact in this example. This strategy can be extended up to the impact of storm and ﬂood.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_49

>link to book page: NORTHSEAstreams [C_Analysis-

Sites_31] NORTHSEAﬂows [C_Analysis-Sites_29] PHASINGnore_storm [B_Cycles_83] >link to external homepage: http://www.windﬁnder.com/windstats/ windstatistic_southend-on-sea.htm

B_Nomads_81

HOUSEBOATSrules

B_Order+Chaos_81

48°51‘27.74“N 2°20‘17.03“ E

B_Cycles_81

NOREareas

WINDDIRECTIONSreconﬁguration

TRAILERPARK

In Australia, a new trend can be seen, the trend of the ‚grey nomads‘. These are retired people who have decided to sell their house and live further on in a caravan. Actually, more then thousand elderly people are travelling like this through Australia, mostly towards where it is warm - so that they are also called ‚Snowbirds‘. The whole way of living is called RV Lifestyle, whereas RV stands for recreational

vehicle. In general, this way of living will be of growing importance as there are more and more elderly people in the future. The Trailers in general are another type of flexible and moveable houses which can be found all over the world. This system can be quite different from the houseboat communities, as here, every user has its own plug in for the infrastructure. Furthermore,

many trailer parks here in England are normally highly fixed structures. There are hardly any trailers which will be moved every year, it is more common that they are fixed to the ground and rather stable. In order to allow everyone to move their trailer at every time and to support it with infrastructure, there must be a fixed structure which is already determined.

>link to book page: YANLET TRAILER [B_Nomads_85] RULES study I [B_Order+Chaos_25] HOUSEBOATS rules [B_Order+Chaos_33] >link to external homepage: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RV_Lifestyle http://www.decemberﬁlms.com. au/Nomads/nomads.htm

MID overview

One of the areas in the Nore development is the MID area. The area is dominated by the reuse industry and adapts its structure from the flow of material and structures through it. The structures flow through the settlement, undergoing a process of recycling and then are used within the city to built it. The development looks primarily organised for vertical flow through it but

it also has a horizontal flow for pedestrians. It acts like a web with more connected and less connected areas with important intersection points. The structure reconfigures according to the natural forces and work with it like the movement of the elements as per the wind and so on. So there is a vertical flow of elements and a horizontal flow of people through the settlement. Though this is

just one of the many ways in which this settlement could look like as it is constantly undergoing change and reconﬁguration. The development has a variety of structures existing within it like the armatures where the structures attach themselves to each other or they could for smaller communties or they could even exist as free ﬂoating in the area. Also, there exist various rules within these

settlements for joining to another structure and to provide public spaces within the structure. So, the area conﬁgures itself with a few rules attached to it. >link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_publicspace

[B_Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

Closing the city

Due to sheltering and protection from storms the structure can close. With this move, inner parts of the smaller units can be protected and endure this time in relatively calm conditions.

>link to book page: NOREphasing01 [B_Cycles_91] AKAphasing2006 [B_Nomads_57] FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] WINDDIRECTIONSreconﬁguration

[B_Order+Chaos_49]

B_Nomads_83

TRAILERPARK

B_Order+Chaos_83

51°24‘01.92“N / 0°54‘42.70“E

B_Cycles_83

MIDoverview

PHASING norestorm

TRAILER ON SEA I

Living with reduced space: in the offshore trailer parkYanlet, several floating trailers are combined together to create a small floating community. Like on land, these trailers are highly flexible. The inhabitants mostly live for a season in a certain area and then continue their journey. Therefore, the number of inhabitants of these communities is highly fluctuating and the structure is in constant change.

>link to book page: YANLET reconﬁguration [C_Ideas-

Concept_45] YANLET trailers II [B_Nomads_87] TRAILERPARK [B_Nomads_83] AREAS [B_Nomads_43] HOUSEBOATS london [B_Nomads_79]

MID usage

The main development in this area is industrial as it is already mentioned. But the industrial area is more concentrated towards Knock from where the industrial ﬂow comes from. The area facing the land has more residential uses and with a mix of leisure and hotels.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_publicspace

[B_Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

Productive worms

The field of water energy based system is quite broad. There are systems working with all sorts of flows, tidal or estuary flows. Systems produce energy from waters with different salt levels [in estuaries where freshwater enters the saltwater sea] or systems that work with the waves. The one that looks like a snake is a wave energy generator. It produces

energy in the ﬂexible joints as they get shaken by the waves. Such technology can be integrated into the structure where units can join together. This functions even on a temporary basis. In the overall scale, it is then a question of energy distribution as not all areas will produce the same amount of energy and neither consume it. The whole system is based

on a Produce local and distribute global basis.

>link to book page: YANLETenergy [C_Ideas-Concept_43] ENERGYgeneral [B_Cycles_9] PROCESSnetwork [B_Nomads_111] >link to external homepage: http://www.bwea.com/marine/devices. html

B_Nomads_85

YANLET trailer I

ENERGYwater

B_Cycles_85

MIDusages

B_Order+Chaos_85

51°29‘00.04“N / 0°34‘51.69“ E

TRAILER ON SEA II

>link to book page: YANLET reconďŹ guration [B_Nomads_87] YANLET trailers I [B_Nomads_85] TRAILERPARK [B_Nomads_83] AREAS [B_Nomads_43] HOUSEBOATS london [B_Nomads_79]

MID connection water

Since the entire settlement is on water, there are different modes of transport used for travel with various routes for easy accessibility in the area. Also, there are fast transit links to other parts of nore from here, but also there are other public transport facilites within the area.The centre is less accessible by water buses and other public transport systems but is well connected in terms

of pedestrian walkways. Also, there are a set of bus stops provided after regular intervals for easy movement.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDoverview [B_Order+Chaos_83] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_public space

[B_Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

The picture

An overview in a tick of an eye. The structure keeps changing, but some main characteristics remain or change slower. Trough existing water channels this area becomes an island but in the mean time is also very well connected. Maybe the heart of AKA.

>link to book page: >MIDoverview [B_Order+Chaos_83] >SWITCHoverview [B_Order+Chaos_101]

B_Nomads_87 B_Order+Chaos_87

YANLET trailer II

B_Cycles_87

MIDconnectinoswater

NOREstructure 51°28‘48.80“N/ 0°46‘13.59“E

MID the overview

The Mid community in the Nore area shows different types of structures. The basic element is the armature which stretches from North to the South. As they are not straight, they cross over at certain point and create therefore a mesh of buildings and connections. With this arrangement, they additionally create sheltered areas within the city. So the armatures provide inhabitable space

as well as connection to attached housing structures and shelter zones for those houses.The principle that one unit provides the facility and connection for the next one is also considered. Through the interconnections of the units, this system provides the whole settlement with stability and protection. Within the sheltered zones, we can find a variety of different boat structures. These structures are more

temporary. The owners of the boats join little communities together which then set up the local rules for this particular community. Like at the armatures, the principle of a network where every unit provides something for the next one is therefore also practised here.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_93

>link to book page: MID overview [B_Order+Chaos_83] HOTEL independent [B_Nomads_97] NORE drydock [B_Nomads_95] ARMATURESuse [B_Order+Chaos_51] MARKET change[B_Cycles_17] SHELTER reconﬁguration [B_

Order+Chaos_53] NORE perspective inside [B_Nomads_93] NORE shelter [B_Nomads_91]

MID public space

The area is served by a lot of public spaces which could reconﬁgure and adapt according to the needs of the society, the people and the economic forces. But most of the public spaces appear along the crossings, where two paths meet, as they act as attractors and have an important location.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_public space

[B_Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

The beat

Breathing, walking, heart beat, eye bat are all the essential ‘body moves’ to live. These moves are perfectly integrated, one does not even notice it most of the time. They get noticed at a certain moment when they stop. The life cycle builds up on these moves or moving elements. The end of a single subject on a personal scale is not the end. On a

global scale, the beat rises up again and brings a new subject to life. This new one is similar to the old one and so it goes on for generations. It is not sudden but slight changes that sum up an evolution. Evolution happens along changing surrounding conditions. Through the generations, the subject is able to adapt to changing environments and conditions.

But the cycle remains and maintains the beat.

>link to book page: NORTHSEAoilrigs [B_Cycles_61] TIME [B_Cycles_45] TIDElow [B_Order+Chaos_37] TIDEhigh [B_Order+Chaos_39] CYCLESscale [B_Order+Chaos_61]

B_Nomads_89

NORE MID perspective

B_Order+Chaos_89

51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

B_Cycles_89

MIDpublicspaces

_lifecycle

LIFECYCLE _evolution

SHELTER ZONE

The sheltered zones will also give a chance for all kinds of activities like sailing and rowing. It is the place at the water, which makes this settlement so unique and rich. Most city dwellers dream of a house in the free landscape or at the coast. All interaction and also the personal schedule is related to the water and so to phenomena like the tide and floodings.

>link to book page: MID overview [B_Order+Chaos_83] HOTEL independent [B_Nomads_97] NORE drydock [B_Nomads_95] ARMATURES [B_Order+Chaos_51] MARKET change [B_Cycles_17] SHELTER reconďŹ guration [B_

Order+Chaos_53] MID perspective inside [B_Nomads_91]

MID section

MID section tries to show that the location of each structure gets decided according to the site constraints. The heavy and the deeper structures do not appear on the sandbank area as the water is not too deep. So, the site also governs the location of elements within the system.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_walkway [B_ Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

B_Nomads_91

NORE MID shelter

B_Order+Chaos_91

51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

B_Cycles_91

MIDsection

PHASING nore01

WITHIN THE SHELTER

>link to book page: MID overview [B_Order+Chaos_83] HOTEL independent [B_Nomads_97] NORE drydock [B_Nomads_95] ARMATURES [B_Order+Chaos_51] MARKET change [B_Cycles_17] SHELTER reconďŹ guration [B_

Order+Chaos_53] NORE shelter [B_Nomads_93

MID 3d

A three-dimensional view of the development showing how the larger structures protect the small ones against natural forces and how they are placed in accordance with the site. It also tries to show the different types of arrangements that could exist together in one area.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_89

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_walkway [B_ Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_ 99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

B_Nomads_93

NORE MID perspective inside

B_Order+Chaos_93

51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

B_Cycles_93

MID3d

PHASING nore02

FOOTBALL IN THE DOCKS

As ‚land‘ in floating communities is rare and expensive to build, the whole settlement uses elements differently. One example is the double usage of a drydock. On the one hand, it would be used in its primary function to build ships and floating structures. On the other hand, it could also be used for public activities which needs more space like soccer or tennis.

>link to book page: NORTH SEA oilrigs [B_Cycles_61] KNOCK reuse [B_Cycles_67] KNOCK multifunction [B_Cycles_71]

MID market

Scale comparison of the MID area with a part of London. The area reconﬁgures itself as per the market forces. For example, if there is a weekly market, the structure opens up to accomodate it and then comes closer again after the weekend. So, the sructure grows and shrinks as per the needs.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_walkway [B_

Order+Chaos_89] MID3d [B_Nomads_89] MIDmarket_animation [B_Order+Chaos_

99] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

B_Order+Chaos_95

51°28‘58.50“N 0°46‘58.32“ E

B_Nomads_95

TRY DOCK FOOTBALL

B_Cycles_95

MIDmarket

PHASING nore03

THE INDEPENDENT SUIT

As a speciality, the mid town town hotel offeres free floating hotel rooms and suites which are completely independent. After the guest has checked in, he gets the keys for the floating rescue island which then drops down onto the water. As it is floating and drifting in a closed basin, this structure is nearly independent from the surrounding structures and also not connected to them.

Ships get constructed in parts which eventually get joint together to complete the whole ship. As they are constructed in parts, they could easily be dismantled in sections and then reused for other purposes. The area mostly deals with the reuse industry, where heavy elements come in from Knock area and go through the process of reuse and recycling here.

Sewage and all ather disposals are collected and get into the recycling process after landing again. Water is stored for a short period of time. An additional application could also be to have their own room or flatâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; floating in such a basin. Therefore, it would be the easiest to change the place of living or simply the surrounding. A person just needs to search for the next inhabitable

shelter.

>link to book page: UNITS range [C_Ideas-Concept_41] HOTEL rigs [C_Ideas-Concept_11]

>link to book page: KNOCK multifunctionality [B_Nomads_

123] KNOCK reuse [B_Cycles_67]

B_Nomads_97

HOTEL independent

B_Cycles_97

REUSESHIP

B_Order+Chaos_97

51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

PHASING nore04

MOBILITY elements in the city

The mobility and nomadic pattern of people can not only be seen in the travel habits or the houseboats communities. We are surrounded bz elements which change throughout the day, the appearance of the urban space. Like market stands which occupy a street on the weekend or the small vegetable stands of corner shops which take place on the pavement during the day and open it through the

night again. But this pattern of changing in the streets does not only show a different local mobile and changing pattern but it also gives a kind of orientation of time during the day and the week. As most markets are only opened at defined periods, we can orientate on them. >link to book page: TIMETABLE ﬁsherman [B_Cycles_11] TIMETABLE personal [B_Cycles_47] MOBILITY range [B_Order+Chaos_3] HOUSEBOATS rules [B_Order+Chaos_33]

MID market_movie

The area undergoes changes according to the natural, economic and the social forces attaching on it. The clips show how the market ﬂow changes the settlement and how elements ﬂow through the development for recycling. >link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] MIDusage [B_Order+Chaos_85] MIDconnection_water [B_Order+Chaos_

87] MIDconnection_walkway [B_

Order+Chaos_89] MIDmarket [B_Order+Chaos_95] MID3d [B_Nomads_89] MID section [B_Order+Chaos_91]

B_Nomads_99

MOBILEstructures in the city

B_Order+Chaos_99

51°32‘04.88“N 0°08‘20.77“W

B_Cycles_99

MIDmarket_animation

PHASING nore05

IDENTITY

What is the identity of a place and of its inhabitants? The character of a place or a certain district develops and changes throughout the time. Elements like markets, community centers, shops and cafes bring life into the streets and function as meeting point. We connect these places with people and their faces, with events in our history and with atmosphere. This needs time and stability-

stability in the timetable of the place and also stability in the surrounding. How will this be possible, when the surrounding is frequently changing? Therefore, it is important that the social structure creates a network, which keeps such a settlement together and in certain areas stable. These areas will be mostly towards the core or center, where changes are not as dramatically as in the outer

zones where changes used to happen more often.

>intersection with path CYCLES

B_Cycles_29

>link to book page: PROCESS network [B_Order+Chaos_63]

SWATCH overview

Another area within the Nore settlement is Swatch. This is the part of the settlent which has a connection to land. So it has a direct inďŹ&#x201A;uence over the area. The basic structure of the place is similar to that of MID, but the usage is different. The main transport hub is placed at the tip of the pier as it is the transition between land and water.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHconnection_walkways

[B_Order+Chaos_107] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_ Order+Chaos_113] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

B_Cycles_101

B_Order+Chaos_101

PHASING nore06

B_Nomads_101

IDENTITY

SWATCHoverview

ORIENTATION IN A CHANGING WORLD

There are many ways of how to orientate. Mainly the devices for orientations aredependant on the surrounding. For example, in the city we have street names, a map and orientation points or landmarks like a tower or a river. With time, we develop our own mental map, in which we connect our own landmarks and orientation points with different associations. This is rather easy and common to

everyone. However,this is an orientation, which is highly dependant on the local surroundings. The meanings for help are rather simple. But it gets difficult, when this surrounding does not give many points for orientation. One of these rough surroundings can be found on sea. Here, we have to rely on other devices to guide us the way. Over a long period of time, the light fires and landmarks along the

cost gave us an orientation on where we are or where we needed to go. Sometimes following the stars was the only method to get to the right position. Both examples show, that in each system there are special points which need to be stable in order to provide help for orientation and give the people a sense for the place. If now this surrounding is constantly changing, what can be the new way of

orientation? What will be the sense of place in this case? There is certainly a need for local positioning system but of course also a global system, like GPS. Out of the idea, that some connections remain more stable then others, there is an opportunity to develop a way of orientation. The more stable a certain connection is, the more it can be seen as a local landmark.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_35 >intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_25

>link to book page: PROCESS selforganising [B_

Order+Chaos_65] PERSONAL mantalmap [B_Nomads_109]

MID usage

Since the area is connected to land through a pier, and also because of the link to London and to Europe, there are a lot of hotels and other leisure activities in this area. Also the area near the pier is more ďŹ xed than the others as it is the more stable part. The rest of the settlement has business and housing uses.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHconnection_walkways

[B_Order+Chaos_107] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_ Order+Chaos_113] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

B_Cycles_103

SWATCHusage

PHASING nore07 B_Order+Chaos_103

B_Nomads_103

ORIENTATION

SELFORGANISING

The thinking of a city as a system of attachable units leads to the question of how to rule or organise such a system. First, the units are connected to a network in which every unit can detect the next one. Therefore, the whole citysystem is able to recognise its configurations like shape but also like demand of energy and other needs. Every unit works as a sensor as well as a display.

This means every unit equally gives information into the whole system as it also receives information and energy and supply out of it. With this sensing ability, the whole settlement can finally detect the needs of its inhabitants. For example, when there is a need for a new connection, as most people go to a certain destination. All decisions will be made on a local basis within the

community.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_63

>link to book page: UNITS connections [C_Analysis-

General_29] PROCESS selforganising [B_

Order+Chaos_65] ORIENTATION [B_Cycles_25] ORIENTATION datastructure [C_Analysis-

General_43] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15]

SWATCH connection water

Water based transport system with water buses and taxis with stops at regular intervals. Also, this settlement is highly connected to the rest of the NORE settlement by high speed transit system. >link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHconnection_walkways

[B_Order+Chaos_107] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_ Order+Chaos_113] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

Rising levels

Flooding is a serious issue in the Thames gateway and has been a problem for generations. The solution to this was found with the use of the Thames barrier. But, this works only on the western side. Also, due to global warming, it works only for a certain period. Experts predict that the existing Thames Barrier can accomodate the water level rise only till 2030. New ways of dealing with the

ﬂooding issue have to be found and implemented. In historic developments, one can clearly see that the developments touched the river only until where there was no ﬂooding impact. But now, with the upcoming development of the Thames gateway, this issue needs to be taken even more seriously. Most of the recent developments or projects in the Thames gateway are

located in areas that are highly prone to ﬂooding.

>link to book page: SETTELMENTShistory [B_Nomads_31] CURRENTproject [B_Cycles_109] COREmobile [B_Order+Chaos_13] MODELvinegar [B_Order+Chaos_17] >link to external homepage: http://ﬂood.ﬁretree.net/

B_Order+Chaos_105

B_Nomads_105

PROCESS network

SWATCHconnectionswater

B_Cycles_105

FLOODthames

water

flooding area

01 mile 10 mile 10 kilometer 02 kilometer

SOCIAL CONNECTIONS

A community without fixed physical connections was likely to be reconfigured and therefore appear instable. What could be the factors for stability and instability on the contrary? One of the major factors will be the social connections between the members of the community. If there are strong social fixations but also economic contacts, it is unlikely that the structure will change a lot. But if there

is a part which is hardly connected and fixed with the neighboring units, the system will get instable and start to settle at a different place again.

>link to book page: SOCIAL conﬁcuration [B_Order+Chaos_

59] STRUCTURES [B_Order+Chaos_21]

MID connection walkway

The area is horizontaly connected by knot points for pedestrian movement across the area. The part close to the pier is a bit more connected than the one away from it.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_ Order+Chaos_113] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

They knew it

Historic settlements along the Thames have always been built on safe spots where they were not exposed to ﬂooding. In these days of course, the pressure on land development for housing was not comparable to the present. But they still needed the river access for commercial purposes and living. In the old days, the water was much more feared and

suspected. But the forces to destroy built structures and lives remains the same-the water. All the historic settlements appear in the plan outside the ﬂood line. They settled at the river, but only at the safe sites. These days, the green land along the river has fully functioning marshes that integrate in a natural cycle of water rising and then going back into the ground.

These marshes were able to swallow a big part of the ﬂood water. The result was a slower rising and a lower ﬂood level.

>intersection with path NOMADS go to B_Nomads_31

>link to book page: PORTexisting [C_Analysis-Sites_5] FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] RIVERthames [C_Analysis-Sites_17]

B_Nomads_107 B_Order+Chaos_107

SOCIAL CONNECTIONS

SETTELMENTShystory

B_Cycles_107

SWATCHconnectionswalkway

PERSONAL MENTAL MAP

Besides a map that one uses for navigation, each individual has his own map with varying associations and different notes of places in a city – “street, building, alley, department store or park “ . These are “mental maps”. Everyone has particular ranges in a city and special places that each one visits or used to go. These are places like the university, the workplace, the supermarket or a pub around

the corner. Everyone who is new in a city can experience a feeling of being lost. At the beginning, everything is new and unknown. In the first few days, one examines the immediate surroundings, the neighbourhood park or the closest market place. With due course of time, the imaginative map starts to fill up with all the different associations – pictures, smells, time- that make orientation easier and gives

a certain “local geography” . As each individual creates his own mental map with different places and different aspects, these maps are never identical for different people. >link to book page: PROCESS selforganising [B_

Order+Chaos_65] UNITS connections [C_Analysis-

General_29] ORIENTATION [B_Cycles_25] >footnote Towns for people – Ken Worpole – 1992 – Page 26 A theory of good city form – Kevin Lynch – 1981 – Page134 Towns for people – Ken Worpole – 1992 – Page 26

SWATCH 3d

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_ Order+Chaos_113]

What do we know today?

Thames Gateway is already subject to large scale development plans. There is a number of projects going on. But as the map shows, most of them are in the impact zone of a major ﬂood. The ﬂooding problem is more than just local. The whole Thames Gateway needs a strategic orientation with an overall perspective. The gateway was chosen

to meet London’s need for growth. In the government’s plan, lots of new living units shall be built along with work places and infrastructure. The problems of the gateway are known but at this stage not respected. Most of the current developments and projects are situated in a zone highly affected by the ﬂood. New possibilities to deal with the impact of the

water have to be found and installed. This has to be worked out on an overall scale. Local measures can only be second choice solutions.

>link to book page: FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] RIVERthmaes [C_Analysis-Sites_17] THAMESgateway [C_Analysis-Sites_25]

CURRENTprojects B_Cycles_109

B_Order+Chaos_109

B_Nomads_109

MENTALMAP

SWATCH3d

SELFORGANISING

The whole city can be seen as a combination of different units. In this system, every unit is an input device and an output device. First, this enables this system to detect every unit and update it physical map, as every unit transfers its geometry and physical components to the system. Second, the system actually knows what every unit needs and what every unit can provide, like energy and

also sewage. Third, the city can communicate by the help of the single units with its inhabitants. On the other hand, the inhabitant can also proclaim his needs.Therefore, for example, the bus service can be changed due to the demand rather then due to a fixed schedule. As the units work as well as a detector of the environment, the system can be optimized in order to reduce the stream

resistance or to provide more sheltered areas within the settlement.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_65

>link to book page: UNITS connections [C_Analysis-

General_29] PROCESS network [B_Order+Chaos_63] ORIENTATION [B_Cycles_25] GROWTH [B_Order+Chaos_15]

SWATCH trade

The scale of the area in relation to Munich trade fair. The area reconďŹ gures itself during an event like a yearly trade fair. Unlike the existing city, where these areas lie vacant after the event gets over, this settelement opens up to accomodate the event and then shrinks back.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHtrade_animation [B_

Order+Chaos_113] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

Clockwork

The settlements are driven by hidden forces. The cycles are built up out of a multiplication of a many small cycles. These interfere with the natural cycles and create possibilities and chances. This pattern appears on different scales.

>intersection with path ORDER+CHAOS go to B_Order+Chaos_61

>link to book page: TIME [B_Cycles_45] SCALErelations [B_Order+Chaos_61] WEATHERsatelite [B_Order+Chaos_45] FLOOD [B_Cycles_105] KNOCKreuse [B_Cycles_67]

B_Nomads_111 B_Order+Chaos_111

PROCESS selforganising

B_Cycles_111

SWATCHtrade

tHgWaY - thamesgateway 12m

52w

Y - year

AKA - arkway

06m area

T - term 03m 04w

30d

M - month

S - season

community 07d unit

W -week

24h ~24h

CYCLESscale

D - day

personal_unit

Lc - light_cicle

~12h

Tc - tide_cicle 60s

H - hour

personal

ORIENTATIONdatastructure

An additional interesting aspect within this topic of orientation is the way of orientating through information. With an ever rising amount of information, it will be important to find a method of mapping this information. This could also function like a mental map of a city, in which you set yourself landmarks which then can help you for further exploration of the surroundings. These

landmarks could be main themes but also familiar topics with which someone can find a connection to a further topic. Deleuze already described a network and the dealing with information with the word rhizomes. He describes that a tree structure which through its hierarchical structure allows no side connection of information is overcome and that we have to think within several plateaus of

information. But Christopher Alexander described the same phenomena as not a tree. Of course, this was related to the city but can also be translated to the orientation within information.

>link to book page: ORIENTATIONS [B_Cycles_25] ORIENTATION datastructure A-Z

[C_Analysis-General_39] PROCESS network [B_Order+Chaos_63] >link to external homepage: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizom_ %28Philosophie%29 http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/ kellner/pomo/ch3.html >footnote Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus - Capitalism and Schizophrenia, THE CYPER READER (ed) Neil Spiller

SWATCHtrade_animation

The clips try to depict the way in which the area self-organizes itself and adapts to the needs of the people. The trade fair comes in annually and the settlement spreads out to accomodate it and then once the event is over, it comes back together. So, as compared to an existing city, it saves space and also adapts to varied situations.

>link to book page: NOREarea [B_Cycles_53] SWATCHoverview [B_Order+Chaos_101] SWATCHusage [B_Order+Chaos_103] SWATCHconnection_waterways

[B_Order+Chaos_105] SWATCHtrade [B_Order+Chaos_111] SWATCH3d [B_Order+Chaos_109]

Changing scales

On the seas, there are gigantic ﬂoating structures . What is their size as compared to ﬁxed built structures? A line of 20 xl cruise ships would almost catch up with oxford street. A supertanker is about double the length of the Centerpoint‘s height and an oil rig can accommodate more people than the royal hotel.

>link to book page: MOBILITYrange [B_Nomads_7] UNITrange [C_Ideas-Concept_41] CYCLESscale [B_Order+Chaos_61]

B_Nomads_113 B_Order+Chaos_113

ORIENTATIONdatastructure

SCALErelations

B_Cycles_113

SWATCH trade_animation

ORIENTATIONdatastructure A-Z

The analyses of our homepage shows that there are mainpages, which have a huge connectivity. These pages are most likely to be entered and therefore they are also important connectors to other pages. It can be seen as a cross road for information, which people can access from different directions. and afterwards can leave in different directions. Beside such highly connected

points, it can also happen that the user of the page gets into a loop of related information with little cross connections to different topics.

>link to book page: ORIENTATION datastructure

[B_Nomads_115] ORIENTATIONS [B_Order+Chaos_35] >link to external homepage: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizom_ %28Philosophie%29 http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/ kellner/pomo/ch3.html >footnote: Deleuze and Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus - Capitalism and Schizophrenia, THE CYPER READER (ed) Neil Spiller

An image of the trade fair and how the ships provide public space for the event to take place.

Comparison

The size of the Nore area can be compared with Oxford street in London. Not in terms of usage and meaning, but in terms of scale. Nore areas measures about ten kilometres in length and about one kilometer in width.

>link to book page: SCALErelations [B_Cycles_113] CYCLESscale [B_Cycles_111]

B_Nomads_115 B_Order+Chaos_115

ORIENTATION datastructure A-Z

B_Cycles_115

TRADE

NOREscale

FLEXIBLE TRANSPORT

To create a city on water, it is also important to have different forms of transport. More than on land are the inhabitants depending on technical equipment. But transport should not only be the question of individual traffic. This city should also, like in our build surrounding on land, be supported by means of public transport. The location on water doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have only weaknesses in terms of transport. As

the structure of the city constantly changes, the routes of the public transport also need to adapt to this new surroundings. In addition to this, it is possible to adjust these routes accordingly to the needs of the guest. As there are no fixed routes, people can choose their destination and the process system of the city allows finding the best configuration of the journey. This would happen

actively as it would adjust the routes accordingly to the majority of destinations and passively in the way that the system provides the best and fastest interchanges.

>link to book page: BREAK THROUGH [C_Analysis-

General_5] TRANSPORT PUBLIC [B_Nomads_33] NORE CONNECTION [B_Cycles_23] MID CONNECTION [B_Order+Chaos_87]

CELLS_animation

The clipping tries to show how the elements in the settlement could reconďŹ gure themselves during certain conditions.

>link to book page: CELLS [B_Nomads_39] GROWTH [B_Nomads_53] MOBILEcore [B_Nomads_41]

B_Order+Chaos_117

51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

B_Nomads_117

TRANSPORT public

B_Cycles_117

ANIMATIONcell01

EVENT

What would happen, if many cruise ships come together for one event, using the same facilities together just for a period of time? Like the tent camp and all the supporting infrastructures for a concert, such a settlement would just be created for this event and then vanish afterwards. So that finally the event or occasion is the driving force and not the already existing city which needs to create or catalyse activities. After all, it

is the question, whether cities are able to create activities just through its physical form and shape or if it is more the activities that are the driving force to create the space, but at least the appearance? In the given example, the â&#x20AC;&#x161;city zoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; of Oaze is creating such an event. As a casino and gambling area, the activity forces the adjusting settlements.

>link to book page: NORE business [C_Ideas-Concept_25] HOTEL rigs [C_Ideas-Concept_11] ECONOMICAL forces [B_Order+Chaos_

55] AREAS [B_Nomads_43]

B_Order+Chaos_119

B_Nomads_119

51°30‘57.64“N 0°46‘48.32“E

B_Cycles_119

OAZE

TRESTAURANT IN THE ELEMENTS

In the process of reusing old offshore structures like ships and oilrigs, these structures find new and multiple uses. On one hand, they are still in use for production purposes while on the other, they will be used to host different leisure activities like restaurants or concert areas. As these big structures are more situated towards the open sea, where they can provide sheltering for the whole settlement, it would

additionally give the chance for a close contact to the rough elements of the sea wind, waves and tidal flow. The KNOCK restaurant uses this situation and is therefore created to get as close to the elements as possible. It uses an old oil tanker which is still in use for storage liquid goods and has attached like a parasite to it. >link to book page: KNOCK multifunctionality [B_Nomads_

123] KNOCK reuse [B_Cycles_67]

B_Nomads_121

KNOCK restaurant

B_Cycles_121

B_Order+Chaos_121

51°30‘48.60“N / 0°47‘14.14“E

CONCERT IN THE RIGS

The need of space but also the timetable of certain usages of different units askes for a multiple use. It is the need of space, which will be the driving force to accomotate a variety of uses at one place. Like the fisherman and his relationship with the tide, all inhabitantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; timetable have to adjust to the timeframes and the possibilities to use certain facilities only upto a certain point of time.

So it can happen that some of the oilrig structures get used for concerts when they are not in use actually or this can happen even in parallel.

>intersection with path CYCLES go to B_Cycles_71

>link to book page: LEISURE [C_Ideas-Concept_21] AREAS [B_Nomads_43] HOTEL rigs [C_Ideas-Concept_11]

B_Nomads_123

KNOCKmultifunctions

B_Cycles_123

B_Order+Chaos_123

51°30‘57.64“N 0°46‘48.32“E

CONCLUSION REPORT B_Cycles_127

B_Order+Chaos_127

Bb B_Nomads_127

B_Nomads_129

CONCLUSION

In connection with the internet: Like in the city project we have a rhizome like structure in the homepage. Similar to a web page, there are private and public spaces within the units. These units also provide excess to the next unit but also have private spaces for the users themselves. There are changing patterns of connections and links within the proposed development but also analogous to the internet. Through these changings it is important to get help for orientation. Like in the city there must be a system which provides us this help â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a system of navigating through. Please check: www.jafud.com The thesis would deal further with the paths of Nomads, Order + Chaos and Cycles that are already explored in the project, but with different perspectives and at different scales.

B_Cycles_129

The project started with the initial idea of mobility trying to create highly independent units catering to todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s independent lifestyle. In the process we discovered that the communities that get formed by the attachment of such mobile units are independent and mobile only in terms of individual units being able to move around. However, they are extremely grounded with respect to the social connections, as all the rules are formed by the community and the people that live there.

B_Order+Chaos_129

The project in this environment is in many ways connected to the natural forces. To exist in this environment the settlement has to work with the forces and not against them. This also gains beneďŹ ts in terms of energy production.

B_Nomads_131

UD REPORT BENVBE90 NOMADS of interest. One question could be for example: What is deﬁning home for them? In addition to these existing moving patterns it will be the question what impact the internet has on the decision where to be and where to move to. Are we today independent from the urban fabric and what impact does this have on the urban spaces? So it will be

eventually to prove whether there could be global communities of moving people, who are settling down just for a certain period of time and then moving on.

B_Order+Chaos_131

The report on nomads will mainly concern with the nomadic way of living within the city, but will also look at global patterns of movement. It will ﬁrst investigate existing houseboat communities and would question the organization and lifestyle that exists within these communities. In the global scale sails men, but also global nomads will be

UD REPORT BENVBE90 ORDER+CHAOS explore how a system could achieve a state between chaos and stability, while still undergoing a state of reconﬁguration. Also how conditions affect rules and how systems could become self-organizing with respect to changing conditions.

B_Cycles_131

Starting with a bottom up approach by looking at the existing city, and how the perspective of order and chaos changes as one moves through different scales within the city. Also trying to understand how there are spoken and unspoken rules that exist within the city and what are the conditions that affect these rules. Further the thesis would

UD REPORT BENVBE90 CYCLES Cycles appear through a wide range of scales and often without referring to them. These cycles apply a particular rhythm to urban life. But as they are not synchronized they interfere/overlap/top/disturb/... on one another. This causes a type of movement and action in urban life. To make these hidden cycles

visible, I will look at them in a personal scale of daily life activities. Observe my personal interaction with the city in terms of cycles. The goal will be to point out the different ways of cycle intersctions and their effect on daily life. There is a second step of intervention in which I can make the cycles visible in the urban environment.

The medium will be a diary in any form with a theoretical background.

APENDIX C_Ideas_Concept_49

C_Analysis-general_49

C C_Analysis-Sites_49

C_Analysis-Sites_1

ANALYSIS - SITES

This chapter is containing general analysis of the project ArKwAy but also of the internet presentation and its structure.

IDEAS - CONCEPT

Additional ideas for ArKwAy, which are not contained in the three pathes.

C_Ideas_Concept_1

ANALYSIS - GENERAL

C_Analysis-general_1

This chapter is containing studies of the site in the Thames Gateway, of the North Sea and of Venice.

ACTIVITIES thames mouth

The area of the Thames mouth is already subdivided into parts of different usages.

ATTRACTOREstructure

Attractors and events are the magnets for settlements. For example, the pier at Southend on Sea could be an attractor.

ANIMATION deconstruction

One of the main elements in Arkway is the reuse of old offshore structures like ships or oilplatforms. A short animation illustrates this here.

C_Analysis-Sites_3

ACTIVITIES thames mouth

C_Analysis-general_3

51°33‘00.00“ N 1°10‘00.00“ E

ATTRACTORE structure 51°30‘59.90“ N 0°43‘18.41“ E

ANIMATION deconstruction

C_Ideas_Concept_3

titel

BROWNFIELDS / PORTS

Map showing the movement of the port over a period of time, towards the south-east. It also shows the present location of the Brownfieldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Ports and brownfields cover huge parts along the River Thames. Mostly they are lying in the flootplains.

BREAK THROUGH

It is a question whether it is important to provide most connections for the inhabitants or for the sea going traffic. One idea is, that minor waterways are just appearing temporarily. In the other times, the pedestrians have priority.

ANIMATION joining

The reused elements get assembled to form a new structur within the city.

C_Ideas_Concept_5

BREAK THROUGH

C_Analysis-Sites_5

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Analysis-general_5

BROWNFIELDS

ANIMATIONjoining

GREENFIELDS

The marshes and greenfield along the Thames are very important for the environmental aspects.

CONNECTION element of the city

Most daily facilities should be located nearby and in a walkable distance,whereas major elements have a far bigger range.

Richard Rogers and Anne Power, Cities for a small country (London: Faber and Faber,

ARMATURESconnections

One of the main structures within Nore are the armatures. These are assembled ships segments which are joined together. They include both, connections with infrastructure as well as usable space. Though the reuse of ships, it is possible to introduce a mixture of usages as the structure of the ship alows this easiliy.

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Ideas_Concept_7

CONNECTIONS elements of the city

C_Analysis-general_7

C_Analysis-Sites_7

GREENFIELDS

ARMATURE connection

GREENLINE intercity I

A future development should take into account to leave the flood plain empty and to save the marshes along the river. Therefore, a green line from the Thames mouth into London would help to protect this area from damage of the environment but also future developments from the flood risk.

CONTAINER SHIPS

The demand for bigger containerships is constantly increasing. Today, there is already the situation, that some the harbours can only be reached at high tide or though deepening the waterways. For example half of the investment for the new container terminal at the shell havn is needed to deepening the Thames. These problems will increase further with the next generation of container

BLYTH garden houses

Blyth is the â&#x20AC;&#x161;gardenhouseâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; settlement in Arkway. Small houses are created on floating pontoons or within old containers.

ships, the malacca-max class.

C_Analysis-Sites_9

GREENLINE intercity I

C_Analysis-general_9

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Ideas_Concept_9

CONTAINER PORT

BLYTH garden houses 51°28‘48.94“ N 0°39‘05.33“ E

GREENLINE intercity II

The new â&#x20AC;&#x161;greenlineâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; in combination with the existing green fields and marshes.

FRANCE

The France, once the biggest passenger ship is nowadays without use. It served the route from Europe to America until this route was closed because of the increasing offer of air planes. From then on, it was used as cruise ship and also as a casino

HOTELRIGS

One of the hotels nearby the AKA international airport is created as an offshore hotel. The speciality of this hotel is the living on former oilrig structures. The guest can choose between a room on top of the platform but also within the old tanks underneath the sealevel.

C_Ideas_Concept_11

FRANCE

C_Analysis-Sites_11

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Analysis-general_11

GREENLINE intercity II

HOTEL RIGS 51°29‘03.97“ N / 0°51‘07.71“ E

GROUND CONDITIONS

This map shows the existing ground conditions in the areas around the Thames. It also shows the currents sites of mineral extracts.

DISTORTION GRID

The deformation of a grid with different movements. The zones and spaces inbetween evolve in different shapes.

HOUSING images

Housing structures in Mid area. A variey of building types can be found here.

C_Analysis-Sites_13

GROUND CONDITIONS

C_Analysis-general_13

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Ideas_Concept_13

DISTORTION GRID

HOUSING images 51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

REGION

The Thames Gateway area comprises of areas like Rochester, Canvey islands, Chatham, Isle of grain, Southend on sea, Sheerness and many others. But this project is based in the Thames mouth in close proximity to southend on sea, Isle of grain and Sheerness.

DISTORTION I

Deformation of a grid through the forces of the water flow.

LEIGH afterwards

Leigh after the â&#x20AC;&#x161;arrivingâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; of the settlements.

C_Analysis-Sites_15

REGION

C_Analysis-general_15

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

DISTORTION

LEIGH afterwards 51°32‘15.86“ N / 0°39‘36.60“ E

C_Ideas_Concept_15

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

RIVER thames

River Thames flows through southern England and was a crucial part of London’s existence and expansion. The river is tidal and is navigable. The history of London and its growth is widely connected with the river Thames. As it lies at a major junction of road, river and sea-going traffic, it was and still is pre-destined as a place for settlements and for trade.

DISTORTION II

Structural deformation of a grid through attractors and effects. A changing pattern in the city fabric.

LEIGH before

Leigh before the ‚arriving‘ of the settlements. Ships are lying on the mud. The topographies of the sea ground and an underwater pool appear just at low tide. The sea releases it only for a short period of time.

C_Analysis-Sites_17

RIVER thames

LEIGH before 51°32‘15.86“ N / 0°39‘36.60“ E

C_Ideas_Concept_17

DISTORTION II

C_Analysis-general_17

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

SOUTHEND day walk

A daywalk at the mouth shows the changing conditions of the water front. Pools appear which are hidden under the waterline while high tide as well as undersea structures and topographies of the ground.

INFRASTRUCTURE

How to provide the infrastructure? Is it possible to create a city without megastructure or a plug-in system, so that every unit provides the infrastructure for the next one?

LEISURE I

As walking through the city is more complicated in a floating city than in a normal city, people need to get supply by floating markets and sailsmen.

C_Analysis-Sites_19

SOUTHEND day walk

C_Analysis-general_19

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

C_Ideas_Concept_19

INFRASTRUCTURE

LEISURE I

STRANGE names

Like on land, the topography under the water has its distinguished areas and names. The canals and sandbanks have their names like streets and places in the city.

MINDMAP

Like the mental map helps us to find our way through the city, the mindmap helps us to find a way through our ideas.

LEISURE II tennis

Leisure activities are mostly created on floating structures which can be fixed to all the settlements. These devices are only for a certain period of time at a certain place and then they will be moved again. This means, people need to a have a timetable for the usage of these elements of the city.

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C_Analysis-general_21

STRANGE names

51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

MINDMAP

LEISURE II C_Analysis-Sites_21

SUMMERY

This map shows a summary of the study of the area along the thames.

SEATROLL

The Norwegian Seatroll is the biggest oil platform which was ever built. Despite its size and weight, it is completely floatable. It was built in the Norwegian fjords and then pulled to the final position in the North Sea.

MODEL

A model of the Thames Gateway.

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SUMMERY

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51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

OILRIG seatroll

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60°40‘00.00“ N / 2°12‘00.00“ E

MODEL 51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

THAMES gateway

Thames gateway is a 40mile long area on either sides of the river that extends towards the eastern part of London. The area is undergoing a high level of urban regeneration.

PORT layout

Container ports are designed very systematically. It is the connection point for movement on the water, the railways and the streets.

NORE business

The Nore business area is mainly assembled out of old oilrig structures. Some parts of this settlement can stand during low tide so that people can use the open space for recreation and their lunch break. As the times of the low tide are shifting throughout the days, this lunch break is always depending on the natural flow or rhythm.

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THAMES gateway

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51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

KNOCK business 51°29‘03.97“ N / 0°51‘07.71“ E

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PORT layout

FLOODINGS

Floodings and the rising of the water level transform the costal areas to zones of changes and instability. But these edge zones at the coast also inhabit huge populations and therefore, floodings will be an increasingly serious issue in the future.

SHELTERstructure

People at the coast have always created artificial shelters. Mostly, they are designed to protect the coast line from erosion but also to provide calmer water areas like in the harbours.

NORE OVERLAY I

An overlay of The water connection, walkways and dencity in the Nore area.

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FLOODINGS

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SHELTER structure

NORE overlay I 51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

NORTH SEA flow

The North Sea has a big impact on the whole Thames estuary. Therefore, it is important to understand the tidal mechanism as well as the general flow of the water.

UNITS conections

Different forms of network connections. One shows a unit to unit network,the other one, a direct connection to a knot point.

NORE OVERLAY II

An overlay of walkways, main connections and flow of the reuse industry.

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NORTH SEA flow

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UNITS connections

NORE overlay II 51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

NORTH SEA streams

The rain water of huge parts of northern Europe, including the south of Scandinavia and the east of the United Kingdoms flows into the North Sea. In addition to this, the golf stream carries warm water from the Central America into the North Sea. It is the main moderator for the European weather and an engine for the water flow within the North Sea.

BOOK structure

The book â&#x20AC;&#x161;Warlockâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; is an example of a book in which the reader must find his way through. Differents tasks and decisions lead to a different path. Like in a homepage, in which every decision for a certain link gives the opportunity to connect to different other links.

NORE OVERLAY III

An overlay of the density, the flow of the industry as well as the water flow in the Thames mouth.

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NORTH SEA streams

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BOOK structure

NORE overlay III 51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

DISTANCE study I

For every community, especially for those on Sea, it is important to have a closer look at walkable distances. The example of Venice shows that the network of canals and waterbodies is mainly less than 200 m wide. This means that the next canal can be reached within a two to three minutes walk. This is important mainly for the supply ofgoods and also for the public transport.

BOOKmap

The mapping of the book ‚Warlock‘ shows a clear map and logíc behind the story. The Arkway-Book and also the Homepage provides these interlinks between the pages as well, but it is not possible to draw such a clear map, as the homepage has a clear rhizomic structure and is non hierarchical.

PARK

An offshore park means to have trees within hutches. People can see the trees but not get into contact with them unless the wind is not drifting them towards the pathways at the edge of the ‚park‘.

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

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DISTANCE study 1

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BOOK map

PARK 51°28‘40.04“N / 0°46‘44.64“ E

DISTANCE VENICE

The distances from within the city to the main water bodies is in most cases less than 400 meters.

DATASTRUCTURE topics

Topics in homepage.

the

ArKwAy

SWIMMING POOL

Floating swimming pools allow to swim on the level of the seawater, but not to get into contact with the water of the Thames. As these structures are flexible and attachable to all the settlements, it is easy to reassemble these elements at new locations in new configurations.

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

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DISTANCE venice

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DATASTRUCTURE topics

SWIMMING POOL

VENICE

Streets and canals creating together, the unique pattern of the Venice map. Most of the waterways however can be found on early maps of the settlement.

DATASTRUCTURE relation

The analysis shows the relation that every sheet has to other sheets.

TONGUE farming

The Tongue maritim farming provides the new floating settlements with food.

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VENICE

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

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DATASTRUCTURE relation

TONGUE marine farming 51°26‘15.75“ N / 1°11‘31.42“ E

VENICE area

Venice is built on several islands within the saltwater lagoon of Venice. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s total population is about 272.000 whereas only 62.000 people are living in the historic city. The main excess nowadays is through the train which is running on a damp from the mainland to the island.

DATASTRUCTURE relation A-Z

The analysis shows the relations a sheet has to other sheets, in a graph from A-Z.

WATER traffic

Settlements on sea need special forms of transport.

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VENICE area

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

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DATASTRUCTURE relation A-Z

WATER traffic

VENICE flood

As Venice water levels are rising and the city itself is sinking more and more into the ground, it is becoming important to protect it against flooding. One of these protections could be to close the lagoon on three points during a highwater of the Adriatic Sea.

DATASTRUCTURE LINKS arkway homepage

The links in the ArKwAy homepage.

UNITS range

There are different ranges of mobility of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;s units. It varies from complete fixed oil platform structures to free floating resque island in sheltered areas.

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VENICE flood

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

DATASTRUCTURE links homepage

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UNITS range

VENICE port

As trade has always been a driving factor in Venice, the port is still an important element of the city. Whereas the port for goods is nowadays at the coast of the main land, the passanger port is still part of the island. Most passengers arrive by cruise ships and fast ferries, but the number of nomal ferry passengers is now decreasing.

DATSTRUCTURE network

The network of the ArKwAy homepage is on the first hand, an equally distributed network. Through the development of the different stories,it is possible to provide a path through the network for better understanding. These paths as well as the links can change and so the pattern of connections and interlinks can change. It appeared that some pages created a more or less closed cycle. Few links and the paths

YANLETenergy

As the energy of the settlement should mostly be produced out of regenerative sources, every unit needs to produce its own energy. This could, for example, be made with the help of energy generators in the joinings or with wave energy.

make it possible to leave these spaces.

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VENICE port

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45°26‘16.97“ N / 12°19‘54.972“ E

YANLET energy 51°29‘00.04“N / 0°34‘51.69“ E

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DATASTRUCTURE network

SANDBANKS 1831

The location of the sandbanks in the Thames mouth in 1831.

RHIZOMICstructure

A homepage like wikipedia and the whole internet shows a rhizomic structure. This is compared with the dichotomic structure which is a non-hierachical structure. The tree structure leads only to subtopics but it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;t allow the connection of related topics out of different main topics.

YANLETreconfiguration

As the coastal trailor parks are still exposed to the danger of flooding, they are likely to be re-configured though the natural force of the water.

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SANDBANKS 1831

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51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

YANLET reconfiguration 51°29‘00.04“N / 0°34‘51.69“ E

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RHISOMIC structure

SANDBANKS 1926

The location of the sandbanks in the Thames mouth in 1926.

DISTANCE study II

Distances from the core of a settlements to the edges of the communities and the waterways.

UNITS

In todays World, our mobile and independent livestyle is increasingly dependent on moveable units.

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SANDBANKS 1926

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51° 30‘00.00“N 0°30‘00.00“E

UNITS

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DISTANCE study II

D_Juergen Haepp_1

previus work Juergen Haepp Anika Mittal Fabian Neuhaus

D_Fabian Neuhaus_1

D_Anika Mittal_1

section

LONDON Research BENVUD02.01

LONDON Research BENVUD02.01 Research on the city of LONDON

D_ ue gen H epp_3 3 M D An system element

media use

non system element

ﬂow?

D_ b n Neuh u _3

relevant connection non relevant connection

area

how does london look

system

london research

infrastructure

citizen

zoom? system/politics atmosphere

LOOK RIGHT

history

imprint

100’000

inhabitants

how does london sound m

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how does london smell

how does london feel

fabian neuhaus_ 2005-10-14 research on the city of london_ [work in progress...] the bartlett university of architecture_ urban design course_

7’421’201

LONDON Research BENVUD02.01

LONDON Research BENVUD02.01 Research on the city of LONDON

D_Juergen Haepp_5 D_Anika Mittal_5 2100AD 2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2040

2050

2060

2070

2080

greater london 1тАШ579 km2 > 4тАШ700 inhabitants per km2 > 212.8m2 per inhabitant

russian

1тАЩ579km2

chinese 122тАШ000

english [american]

japanese 406тАШ000 urdu 500тАШ000 caribbean

bangladeshi

689тАШ000 hindi 102тАШ000 french, afrikan

area - persons per km2

london area remains 25x inside switzerland country area

bahasa indonesia

тАв

spanish

2090

1. Algerian Finsbury Park D2 2. Australian/New Zealander EarlтАШs Court C3 3. Australian/New Zealander ShepherdтАШs Bush C3 4. Australian/New Zealander Willesden Green/ Brondesbury C2/3 5. Baltic/Eastern European Chichele Road C2 6. Bangladeshi Brick Lane/SpitalямБelds D3 7. Bangladeshi Church Street estates C3 8. Bangladeshi KingтАШs Cross C3 9. Bangladeshi PonderтАШs End D1 10. Bangladeshi South Uxbridge A2/3 11. Bangladeshi & Filipino WorldтАШs End estate C3 12. Caribbean Catford D4 13. Caribbean Lea Bridge D2 14. Caribbean & West African Clapton D2 15. Caribbean (esp Guyanese), West African & Turk-

ish Tottenham D2 16. Caribbean (esp St Lucian) Bow D3 17. Chinese Lisle Street/Gerrard Street C3 18. Chinese & Indonesian/Malaysian Colindale B2 19. Chinese/Vietnamese Poplar D3 20. Chinese/Vietnamese Thamesmead E3 21. Colombian/Ecuadorian Elephant and Castle D3 22. Congolese West Green Road D2 23. Ethiopian/Sudanese/Eritrean/Djiboutian North Kensington C3 24. Filipino/Thai Kenway Road/Hogarth Road C3 25. French & American South Kensington C3 26. Ghanaian Broadwater Farm estate D2 27. Greek Moscow Road C3 28. Greek Cypriot Camberwell D3 29. Greek Cypriot Green Lanes (north)/Palmers

Green/Brunswick Park/Southgate/Winchmore Hill C/D1 30. Indian Drummond Street C3 31. Indian Neasden B2 32. Indian Seven Kings E2 33. Indian West Hendon B/C2 34. Indian (esp east-African Gujarati) Harrow & Kenton B2 35. Indian (esp east-African Gujarati) Wembley B2 36. Indian (esp Hindu) & Jamaican Thornton Heath C/D4 37. Indian (esp Hindu)/Pakistani Green Street E2/3 38. Indian (esp Punjabi Sikh)/Pakistani/Sri Lankan Southall A/B3 39. Indian (esp Sikh) South Hayes A3 40. Indian (esp Sikh)/Pakistani Heston A3

41. Indian Sikh Mitchell Close F3 42. Indian/Pakistani Hounslow A/B3 43. Iranian High Street Kensington C3 44. Iranian Queensway C3 45. Irish Dollis Hill/Dudden Hill C2 46. Irish & Eastern European Kilburn High Road C2 47. Italian Old Compton Street C3 48. Italian Clerkenwell C3 49. Italian & Somali Streatham High Road C4 50. Jamaican Battersea C3 51. Jamaican Brixton C/D3 52. Jamaican & Somali Stonebridge B2/3 53. Jamaican & West African New Cross (south) D3 54. Jamaican & West African Old Kent Road

& North Peckham estates D3 55. Jamaican/Barbadian/St Lucian Harlesden B/C3 56. Jamaican/Barbadian/St Lucian Willesden B/C2 57. Japanese Totteridge C1 58. Japanese & Iranian Hanger Hill/Ealing B3 59. Korean New Malden B4 60. Lebanese/Arab Edgware Road C3 61. Nigerian Northumberland Park D2 62. Pakistani Ilford/Loxford E2 63. Pakistani QueenтАШs Road D2 64. Pakistani & Caribbean Leyton D2 65. Pakistani/Indian Barking E2 66. Polish Acton B3 67. Polish Balham High Street C4

68. Polish King Street C3 69. Polish Lillie Road/Dawes Road C3 70. Portuguese South Lambeth Road/Stockwell Road C3 71. Roma St PaulтАШs Cray/St Mary Cray E4 72. Russian Mayfair C3 73. Somali Crystal Palace D4 74. Somali DormerтАШs Wells B3 75. Somali Kentish Town Road C2 76. Somali Stratford D2 77. Somali Wapping D3 78. Somali Wembley Central Square B2 79. South African Jewish Swiss Cottage C2 80. South African/Australian/Zimbabwean Putney/ SouthямБelds C3/4 81. Spanish/Portuguese Portobello Road C3

82. Spanish/Portuguese & Moroccan Ladbroke Grove/Goldborne Road C3 83. Sri Lankan Alperton B3 84. Sri Lankan Broad Green D4 85. Sri Lankan/Indian/Pakistani Tooting C4 86. Sri Lankan/Tamil East Ham High Street E2/3 87. St Lucian Paddington C3 88. Tamil Chessington B5 89. Trinidadian/Barbadian Notting Hill C3 90. Turkish Walthamstow High Street D2 91. Turkish Edmonton D2 92. Turkish/Kurdish Green Lanes (south) D2 93. Turkish/Kurdish Stoke Newington D2 94. Vietnamese Mare Street & Kingsland Road D2 95. West African Canning Town/Beckton/Royal Docks D/E3

96. West African Rye Lane & Peckham D3 97. West African & Caribbean Stroud Green Road C2 98. West African & Turkish Dalston D2 99. West African (esp Nigerian) New Cross (north) D3 100. West African (esp Nigerian) Woolwich/Plumstead/Abbey Wood E3

41тАЩ285km2

energy use water use waist water waist noise pollution ....

not rezicled 4тАЩ036тАЩ000 t (? kg/person) > 79% landямБll, 21% incinerated

energy use water use waist water waist noise pollution ....

rezicled 411тАШ144 t (? kg/person)

construction waste/year ? t (? kg/person)

energy consumption in london 1999 - TWh 155

water consumption in london 2002 - 416тАЩ043 m3

50TWh

200mio m3

4тАЩ339тАЩ000 t of municipal waste in 2003/2004 in london ondo

200mio 20 m3

тАв

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london tube lines

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Every day, about 30 million journeys are taken in Greater London: 6.3 million by bus 3 million by Tube 1.4 million by rail 150,000 on the DLR 11 million by car or motorcycle 7 million on foot 333,000 by bicycle

#OCKFOSTERS

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london transport

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animals seats at mc donald cars tube trains mail box computers telephones cabs bus .....

FACTS

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undeveloped area developed area street area tube line water area housing area shop area business area parking area gr├╝nfl├дche park area 220km2 data cable length .....

FACTS

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OBJECTS

тАв

ENVIRONMENT

switzerland 41тАШ285 km2 > 179.6 inhabitants per km2 > 5тАЩ567.7m2 per inhabitant

тАв

personal space

transport system

personal property

212.8m2 per london inhabitant

personal space

material flows

switzerland 41тАШ285 km2 > 179.6 inhabitants per km2 > 5тАЩ567.7m2 per inhabitant

london 1тАШ579 km2 > 4тАШ700 inhabitants per km2 > 212.8m2 per inhabitant per person:

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london 1тАШ579 km2 > 4тАШ700 inhabitants per km2 > 212.8m2 per inhabitant

D_Fabian Neuhaus_5

how will it go on? - how can it go on? - what can be done?

area

how does london speak

where will london go

+ING 'EORGE 6

LONDON Research

D_Fabian Neuhaus_7

D_Anika Mittal_7

D_Juergen Haepp_7

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 The Labyrinth is an Island existing within the microenvironment that has been cultured.

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 F - C - T [fold-cut-tape] By accident happened a ďŹ rst cut into the srface. By chance was an element folded and stood up vertical. A ďŹ&#x201A;at area became an object. Two more cuts and folds and a little cube could be taped together. A volume was borne and marked the starting point for an object read as a city. Out of several sheets, each standing for a theme, the city is constituted by these

three techniques: to C-ut, to F-old to T-ape = CFT_ city Limits and possibilities are given and are waiting to be explored and expanded. -fabian neuhaus, Bartlett UD, 2005-10-28

D_Fabian Neuhaus_9

D_Anika Mittal_9

D_Juergen Haepp_9

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 The labyrinth is derived from the Cytomatrix - a device that allows cells to grow in three-dimension as they grow normally within the human body. These cells are stem cells which have the ability to transform into any cell that is required by the body. The labyrinth grows and evolves organically in three-dimension to sustain itself. While growing within a complex matrix, its resili-

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 F - C - T [fold-cut-tape] >reference paper >>postcards as raw-material

ence is acquired from its inherent structure. Nereve cells transmitting information. The system could be intelligent and adapt to the needs with the transition of information within itself. Like the cells the information gets transfered, to create a balance situation and also to create a self-sustainable and self-organizing environment.

D_Fabian Neuhaus_11

D_Anika Mittal_11

D_Juergen Haepp_11

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02

The structure of the city develops to accomodate high density, simultaneously spreading out in the horizontal and vertical planes. There is a coherence in the structure that is derived from the layered composition of the various elements such as transport,infrastructure and massing.

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 F - C - T [fold-cut-tape] model images

D_Fabian Neuhaus_13

D_Anika Mittal_13

D_Juergen Haepp_13

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02

Patchwork City BENVUD02.02 F - C - T [fold-cut-tape] the plans >cft plan, city >cft plan, part of the city

D_Juergen Haepp_15 D_Anika Mittal_15 TO C? LANE

TO C? CROSS 4, AB JKL

4, XYK

C? CIRCUS

C? HILL

C? PEARL 4, PP UNDER CONSTRUCTION

C? HILL

C? ROAD C? PEARL

C? STATION

C? PEARL

4, BB

CONNECTION B

4, KLB CIRCLE

TO C? ROAD TO C? LANE

4, BB

C? CIRCUS

C? HILL

TO C? CROSS

C? PEARL

C? WEST

C? HILL

C? PEARL

C? STATION

C? CIRCUS

CONNECTION D

C? ROAD C? PEARL

C? STATION

C? PEARL

C? ROAD TO C? ROAD

C? WEST

C? CIRCUS

C? PEARL

C? STATION

C? ROAD

C? CIRCUS

TO C? LANE C? CIRCUS

TO C? LANE

C? HILL

C? PEARL C? ROAD

C? HILL

C? PEARL

C? ROAD

C? WEST C? WEST C? STATION

C? PEARL

TO C? ROAD

C? HILL

C? ROAD C? ROAD

C? WEST TO C? HILL

C? STATION

TO C? CIRCUS

C? STATION

C? HILL

C? WEST C? WEST TO C? PEARL TO C? CIRCUS

C? STATION

C? PEARL

TO C? ROAD

C? HILL

4, BB

C? ROAD

C? WEST

C? HILL

TO C? HILL

C? STATION

TO C? CIRCUS

C? STATION

4, AB JKL

TO C? PEARL

C F T - City part - 4ah9900bk

patchwork city by fabian neuhaus 2005-10-28 - the bartlett university, urban design

C F T - City

4, KL AH

4, XYK

patchwork city by fabian neuhaus 2005-10-28 - the bartlett university, urban design

4, PP UNDER CONSTRUCTION

D_Fabian Neuhaus_15

4, KL AH

Recombinant Urbanism BENVUD02.03 Heterotopia south london

Recombinant Urbanism BENVUD02.03 Heterotopia central london project work in a group with: >luis, lei, jaqueline, kave,

D_Juergen Haepp_17 D_Anika Mittal_17

00020

sicillian avenue

housing

office

00020

shop / cafe

D_Fabian Neuhaus_17

group central: luis s_ lei g_ jaqueline m_ kave m_ fabian n_

heterotopia in london -

r b l

- central

the inns of court k

r b l

b l

c t

9 00020

james stirling house k

00020

the boat, the plain

00020

c t

00020

Recombinant Urbanism BENVUD02.03 Heterotopia south london

Recombinant Urbanism BENVUD02.03 Heterotopia central london

D_Juergen Haepp_19 D_Anika Mittal_19 boots

k computer s.c.crosby boucher eon

mustard (r) smithfield club barley mow tavern heads + tails (r)

internet-station (b) (r) (b)

00020

street furniture k

00020

snack bar bar + grill meat packs

bunnhill un fields

r b

b l

r b l

00020

r b l

c t

00020

D_Fabian Neuhaus_19

smithfield market

the streets which was introduced by the Romans can still be found in parts of today’s London.

History essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 02.05, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Jürgen Häpp 2005-12-09

Fig. 1: “London in the fourth century: reconstruction by Alan Sorrell” (London Museum)

The history of London and its growth is widely connected with the River Thames. As it lies at a major junction of road, river and sea-going trafﬁc, it was and still is predestined as a place for settlements and for trade. But there must have been geographical and physical reasons which favoured the location for a settlement at the place of London.

Geographical reasons for the position of London London is a bridge-port and, “of all known ports, exempliﬁes most exactly these ideal conditions”[ Jones, The Geography of the London River, 1931, Page 15] : - It is situated at the head of a big inlet, with tributary land [ Jones, The Geography of the London River, 1931, Page 15] around. - With a v-shapes inlet, “the greatest tidal range will be, towards but not, at the head of the estuary”. [ Jones, The Geography of the London River, 1931, Page 15] As ships couldn’t sail against the wind, the tidal stream gave the opportunity to reach parts of the river in the hinterland and its settlements. - The tidal inlet and a tributary stream gave men the opportunity to reach the dry land near the river. - Bridges couldn’t be built with wide arches or for long distances. With its narrow arches, the bridge would also cut the trafﬁc upstream, as ships weren’t able to pass it. So, they were usually built at a narrow but not deep side inside the country.

The Roman Londinum There were prehistoric settlements in the area of Greater London before the Romans reached Britain in BC 43, but “no evidence has yet been found for any such community at the northern end of London Bridge” . [ http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/romlon.html] After the Romans had crossed the River Thames, they built the ﬁrst wooden bridge eastwards of today’s London Bridge. With the early settlements of Londinum in AD50 on the northern bank, the Romans also instituted the ﬁrst harbour at the river bank. This harbour has been the major impact on the early growth of London. Its strategic position, “the estuary of the Thames is directly opposite the mouths of the three great Continental rivers Elbe, Scheldt and Rhine”, [Port of London, The history of The Port of London up to the advent of the Port Authority, Page 2] for trade with continental Europe was a major reason for the settlement at this position. The grid system for

Lundenwic: the Saxon Settlement After the Romans left Britain and Londinum in AD410, the Island was independent for a short period, which was followed by the era of the Anglo-Saxons. Since the Saxons were self-sufficient farmers [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 36] , they had no use of London as a city, which is why no settlements of the early Saxon period can be found within the Roman city. But proofs of houses have been found on the western side of the Roman Londinum near the strand. In 886, the Saxons established a new city within the old boundaries of Londinum and the old settlements nearby were turned back into fields again. The port in those days “was abandoned” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 40], because of recurring raids of the vigins. Despite this, there was a reinforced river embankment nearby Charing Cross, on “which ships could be beached for unloading” Port of London - The history of The Port of London up to the advent of the Port Authority – Page 3. Goods were stored inside the city walls as “London being well fortified with strong walls and sufficiently inland”. [Port of London ,The history of The Port of London up to the advent of the Port Authority, Page 3]

Westminster

In the 10th century, King Edward built a new monastery on an island in the marshes which was dedicated to St. Peter. Furthermore, he built the royal hall nearby. Westminster was born as the place for administration and the government. Through the following years, both cities, London and Westminster grew separately.

The Medieval London In the 12th century, London had a population of 80.000 inhabitants. This outstanding size and wealth had several reasons: The exceptional location at the grossing of major land routes and the access to the River Thames; the port and Westminster as a centre of the government with its growing importance. In the 14th century, only a small fringe around the city walls were colonised as the number of inhabitants remained stable or even gently falling. In this century, the trade gained more importance since the two major goods – the export of wool and cloth – “were channelled through the port of London” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 45]. Even the first stone bridge which was finished in 1209 was financed

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London growth in connection with the River Thames

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with the help of tax on wool. The most important change in the cities structure was the adoption of the waterfront beyond the Thames Street and the old Roman city wall. More and more dockyards were built into the water. Just three public accesses remained – Queenhithe, which was already named in the Saxon time, Billingsgate and Dowgate. So it can be seen that even in the medieval times, the edge of the waterfront was not ﬁxed and was more and more occupied by the cities’ inhabitants. In 1476 the Cities of London and Westminster were connected by the Strand.

construction were now constructed with brick or stone. But plans, by Christopher Wren and other architects, to redevelop London radically weren’t elaborated.

The Tudor and Stuart London Between 1550 and 1700, the number of inhabitants rose from 80.000 to over 500.000, which was nearly one tenths of the total English population. In the beginning of this period, major developments were made on ecclesiastic grounds as those were separated from the church. The City developed a separation into three parts besides Westminster as the centre for the government. The area within the city walls was the ﬁnancial, commercial and industrial centre. It was a hugely populated and very busy, with a great diversity of people and many different types of places and streets. Westwards towards Westminster, a totally different picture could be drawn. With its exclusive suburbs along the Strand and “the legal quarters around Fleet Street” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 61] , a more homogeneous and wealthier population could be found here. The growing suburban areas of the north and east accommodated a very different population as compared with the West End. These areas were more populated by “craftsmen or semi-skilled workers who serviced the trade and wealthy population in the capital” . With its shipwrights and the settlements for sailors, it was the engine of the growing trade with overseas destinations. With the economical success, more and more people immigrated from the countryside into the city area and changed the city furthermore to a metropolitan area. As the most parts of the city were within easy reach to the waterfront, the Thames was “the main highway for passenger and goods.” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 61]

Fig.2: The Great Fire

After the Great Fire in 1666, in which huge parts of London, including “practically the whole of the wharf and warehouse accommodation” [Port of London, The history of The Port of London up to the advent of the Port Authority, Page 6] , were destroyed, the city changed its face immediately, but not its structure. More then 100 streets and lanes were made wider and most buildings which had earlier been built in timber

Fig. 3: one rebuilding plans by John Eelyn`s

The Georgian London From 1700 to 1811, the population rose from 500.000 to 1.000.000 whereas a dramatic rise could be seen in the last decade of this period. Beside this enormous growth of population, the economical boom lead to stimulation for more houses. Furthermore, air pollution caused by coal, epidemics like typhus, or social confusion like alcohol addiction or violence in the inner city lead to new development outside and most of all westwards of London. These new estates were mostly developed by private landowners who introduced streets, square and reorganised the area whereas builders could build their houses onto the parcels. These new developments caused a migration of the rich to the West along Oxford Street and Piccadilly, whereas the poorer population moved in the left areas and formed a belt around the City of London. The social differences between these parts must have been enormous. Despite the fact that the trade through the port of London was throughout the 18th century constantly increasing, it had to face more concurrence with the growing harbours of Liverpool or Bristol. Because of their strategic position towards the Atlantic Ocean and thus for the trade with America, these harbours received a huge boom in overseas-trade whereas the port of London still leaded in the trade with continental Europe. With the increasing trade, the number of ships and their size rose. In addition to this, the sailors had problems with silting in the river, so that huge ships couldn’t pass Blackwall. Furthermore, they often had to wait days for the right wind and high tide to pass thought to London what caused wastages for the ship-owners. So the decision was made to build a new port downstream of the London Tower and Bridge. In 1801, the ﬁrst of the ports in the Docklands were opened. In the following years, more and more ports opened and new streets connected the whole area with London. Channels to connect the centre of England with London improved the River Thames as the “major inlands waterway” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 82] and thus the port of London.

The Victorian London In the following century, the city saw its largest growth of population from one to a to-

Surveys of the social structure in 1889-1890 by Charles Booth showed an interesting distribution of the social geography in London in relationship to the River Thames .He “identiﬁed a pattern of concentric rings with the most uniform poverty at the centre” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 102]. In this “he saw an obvious link between poverty and overcrowding” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 102].

In 1886, the Tilbury Dock was opened 26 miles from London. The major idea was that “shifts-owners would prefer to dock their vessels” nearby the sea “as it would same them time and expense” [Port of London, The history of The Port of London up to the advent of the Port Authority, Page 10]. This trend was supported by the increasing size of the ships, which had more and more problems to get upstream. But new industries could not only be observed in the eastern suburbs around the Dockland. Photographical industries or the movie industry for example were established in the western suburbs where the air was relatively unpolluted.

The 20th century The growth of London after the Victorian era was also tremendous as its population grew from 7,5 million to a pick of 8,7 million in 1939. But more visible changes could be seen in its physical shape, as it mostly grew in the suburban areas. This immense growth of the occupied areas was mostly caused by the new inhabitants but also by the movement of nearly half a million people from the inner city towards the fringe. This change was widely connected with the further development of the public transport system. Now, it was no longer necessary to live nearby the city centre or the workplaces. The inhabitants moved outwards, the industries left their traditional areas in the city or in reach of the river to settle at the “new trunk road network” [The Times, History of London, 1997, Page 117] . As with the new motorway network, the transport was much easier then before, the industry wasn’t any longer dependent from the River and the living places of its workers. The huge complex of the Docklands was ﬁnally closed with the Royal Docks in 1981.

Fig. 4: Sprawl of London, Greater London Plan, 1944

Industrial areas in Victorian time But the century also saw an enormous change in the structure of industries and employment. In 1851, there were only few workshops with more then ten employees and only 17 companies employed more the 250 people. During the following decades, major industries like the shipbuilding workshops broke down. They couldn’t any longer compete with other sides where it was easier to build and launches bigger ships like in Clyde and Tyneside. With the beginning of the 20th century, large-scale industries in Greenwich, Woolwich, West Ham or Enfield gained a growing importance. New products like vehicles or electrical machines brought new developments to these areas. But, first of all the area and the industries around the port could benefit from its progressing expansion in the 19th century.

Fig. 5: SOCIAL&FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS, Gretare London Plan,1939, Arthur Ling / D.K. Johnson

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tal of seven million in 1911. With this huge population, new forms of public transport had to be found. Hence, the city saw a tremendous increase in railway connection and tram services as well as the first underground railway system. But, until the introduction of electrical systems, these systems were not available for poorer people. Once again, the rich who could afford the new public transport moved out of the city whereas many low paid or unskilled workers remained in the city where they could live nearby their workplace or where they could find work. New suburbs of the working-class were also established near major industrial areas like in Stratford at the Great Eastern Railway works or along the London and Greenwich Railway in Deptford and Bermondsey. London had not only to compensate a dramatically growth of the city itself, it also saw a wide spreading division in areas of different social status and financial ability of its inhabitants.

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Conclusion As we saw, London’s growth was hugely connected with the River Thames. This can be seen especially in the early days, where most of the developments ﬁrst took place on the riverbanks and later on towards inland. This pattern broke only in the last 200 years, with new forms of transport and the development of a railway and motorway network, which favoured a more diffuse development of the fringe. Secondly, it is interesting that a certain social pattern in the city occurred throughout the history and that this still remains. This pattern is also strongly connected with the river, as the industrial areas were downstream near the port, whereas the wealthy areas developed on the opposite side.

Bibliography: Hugh Clout (ed), THE TIMES HISTORY OF LONDON (London: Times Books, 1999) Michael Hanson, 2000 YEARS OF LONDON (London: Country Life Limited, 1967) Port of London Authority, THE HISTORY OF THE PORT OF LONDON UP TO THE ADVENT OF THE PORT OF LONDON AUTHORITY (London, 2000) L.L Rodwell Jones, GEOGRAPHY OF LONDON RIVER (London, Butler & Tanner Ltd, 1931)

Internet: http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/romlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/medlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/tudlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/darlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/saxlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/stulon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/modlon.html 14.11.2005 http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/norlon.html 14.11.2005

Figures: Fig.1: Michael Hanson, 2000 YEARS OF LONDON (London: Country Life Limited, 1967), Page 15 Fig. 2: Hugh Clout (ed), THE TIMES HISTORY OF LONDON (London: Times Books, 1999), Page 68 Fig. 3: Michael Hanson, 2000 YEARS OF LONDON (London: Country Life Limited, 1967), Page 97 Fig. 4: Patrick Abercrombie, THE GREATER LONDON PLAN, 1944, His Majesty`s Sationery ofﬁce Fig. 5: THE GREATER LONDON PLAN, 1933, Facing Page 21

Theorie essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 02.05, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Jürgen Häpp 2005-12-09

A city is in constant change. It changes its shape, face and appearance with the passage of time. At a small scale, one sees this happen to small shops and their display windows, to cafes which occupy the street during the day with their own furniture or to market places with their constantly changing market stands. However, at a larger scale, for example, when houses of a particular street are replaced by a big department store in a few years, the face of the city changes too. As we can see, there are re-occurring temporary changes during the day, but also deﬁnitive changes over a longer period. In an urban setting, this is a process, which has now become a part of our daily life and we have almost subconsciously become accustomed to it. One often wonders, what would happen if the city would change constantly and deﬁnitively, over short periods and consistently transform all the time. To answer this question, it is important to observe and assess our understanding of space and time in the city, how we orientate ourselves within the city and how we relate to these constant changes.

Space Every inhabitant has a deﬁned relationship to the surrounding city and the environment. Kevin Lynch (1981) describes this as “the sense of a settlement” . To this sense, we connect “events and places” with “time and space” [A theory of good city form, Kevin Lynch, 1981, Page133] in the city.

Identity People create a sense for the character of the surrounding. This is what we call “identity” [A theory of good city form, Kevin Lynch, 1981, Page133] . In true essence, it means that people can distinguish places from one another, because different elements create an inimitable unit. Each place, thus, has its own “individuality or oneness” [The image of the city, Kevin Lynch, 1972, Page 1].

Relationship Beside the identity of places, people associate varying values with different locations. In each neighbourhood or surrounding, there are certain congregational spaces that are deﬁned by the people. A common space may hold different meanings for different people. This meaning changes constantly for each person, redeﬁning itself each time, while being affected by changing associations. For example, a square, which was used by someone to read the newspaper, could hold a different meaning in another person’s life.

Mental mapping

Besides a map that one uses for navigation, each individual has his own map with varying associations and different notes of places in a city – “street, building, alley, department store or park “ [Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 26] . These are “mental maps” [A theory of good city form, Kevin Lynch,1981, Page134]. Everyone has particular ranges in a city and special places that each one visits or used to go. These are places like the university, the workplace, the supermarket or a pub around the corner. Everyone who is new in a city can experience a feeling of being lost. At the beginning, everything is new and unknown. In the ﬁrst few days, one examines the immediate surroundings, the neighbourhood park or the closest market place. With due course of time, the imaginative map starts to ﬁll up with all the different associations – pictures, smells, time- that makes orientation easier and gives a certain “local geography” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 26]. As each individual creates his own mental map with different places and different aspects, these maps are never identical for different people.

The impact on local geography A factor for local geography helps to raise the question regarding the compactness of a settlement. In a wide sprawling suburban area, people have a more fragmented mental map, as most of the facilities are spread far away. However, in the Buchman Report (Ministry of Transport 1963), it was noticed that “the concentration of people makes it possible to provide a wider diversity of service, interests and contacts.” This means that with the increasing density, we can avail of the opportunity to reach most of the day-to-day necessities in a few minutes. A mental map in such an area is hence more compact than in a low density area. The issue however, is whether it is really the density or the complexity instead of monotony, which helps us to orientate?

Complexity Long time ago, the ideology being followed was that a city should be divided into clear areas with changing usage and different identities. These “artificial cities” [The city is not a tree, Christopher Alexander, 1965, Page 47] had only a view and no contextual overlapping with their surrounding settlements. The idea was to create a clear structure which was further divided into substructures. But, with the lack of overlapping of all the elements and functions that made up the city, it lost the diversity and complexity which we as human beings deeply cherished in the old and “grown cities”. These “natural cities “ [The city is not a tree, Christopher Alexander, 1965, Page 47] had built up over time and history, a great variety of function, structure, form and social composition. In such a city, “play takes place in a thousand places – it fills the interstices of adult life” [The city is not a tree, Christopher Alexander, 1965, Page 53] and gives children the opportunity to see the whole city as a playground instead of playing in a “fenced enclosure” [The city is not a tree, Christopher Alexander, 1965, Page 53]. Of course, there are areas in a natural city with a certain character and intimacy, but they also have overlapping facilities and functions like the post office or the secondary school which are used by inhabitants of the other areas along with its own inhabitants. The leisure facilities are one such example which maybe used by neighbourhoods as well as the city as a whole. These spaces occupy a special place in the city; they have connections facilities to the surrounding neighbourhoods and also to the city. One such example is the Bloomsbury Theatre of the UCL, London, which is indeed enclosed in the main campus, but is very strongly orientated to the urban space of the city. Through its usage, people are invited to come in contact with the university and vice versa. With its recognisable signage and identity, it is also one of the “sig

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Changing City in space and time

D_Juergen Haepp_ESSAYs_26

niﬁcant place-makers” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 27] . Everyone needs such points in the city for orientation, recognise places, build up identities and to mark out directions. When these places disappear or change people feel disorientated, until they have a found a new one.

day, the market gets more and more occupied and towards the evening the reverse pattern can be drawn until the shopkeeper closes the stand.

Cities are changing our behaviour

Time

As we need to orientate ourselves in the city structure, we also need to orientate ourselves throughout the day or the year. There is a “rhythm of life” [What Time Is This Place, Kevin Lynch, 1972, Page 117] created by these circular events, which come and go with time – day and night, the seasons and with these events, changes that follow are different climates, high tide and low tide or even the traffic lights. The most immediate connection that helps to connect an urban space with time is the church bell. It can usually be seen from various points in the city and the hourly chimes fill up the space with a unique tone of this particular space within the city. In earlier times, when people did not have a clear coordination of time, the church bell was used as a helpful devise to mark Time. This device is used even today to demarcate timings and hours of the day. Another example is the vegetation which gives a sense of the current time and the season of the year. Time, thus is also a means of orientation in the city. If this didn’t exist, coordination in the daily life and also with the surroundings would be more difficult.

City as a connection with the history Cities are always connected with history, with stories, with people and with time. “As Mumford (1945) expressed it: Cities are a product of time. They are moulds in which men’s lifetime have cooled and congealed, giving lasting shape, by way of art, to moments that would otherwise vanish with the living and leave no means of renewal or wider participation behind them” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 26]. Cities are like mirrors; they help us to read some of these stories and get an understanding of the local and global history of the place. However, this reading of a city gets restricted to those who have learnt how to read it. But, what happens to those who have not learnt how to “read a city”? Many people connect parts of their history with the space they live in or more so that in which they grew up. For them, “the town or city they are born in is the one that will shape their lives and become the stage-set of their hopes and aspirations.” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 27]

The changing face of the city As cities are still “recording” the public life, it keeps changing its faces constantly with time. The most obvious example is perhaps the shop windows. They are changed sometimes weekly or monthly, almost each time for a new collection. Sometimes it also seems that these seasonal changes in the display windows are a better indicator of the time of the year than even indicators like vegetation. As vegetation is normally limited to trees and some plants, it is hard for most people to indicate the real season. Market places are a good example as well. These places with open market stands are a good indicator of the time during the day. In the morning at eight, the stands are still closed, but within the next hour, the shopkeepers open their stands. During the

Time is also strongly connected to activities in the space and functions of the cities during the day. For example, shopping or pure business areas are populated only during the normal opening hours or during the workday. Leisure centres have the biggest boom on the weekends. Beside these times, most of these places are nearly empty and deserted. This simple pattern also seems to be changing. This means that the city or the urban facilities have adapted themselves to the changes in the lifestyle of the people. As “we know that fewer people are deﬁning themselves by their job rather than by their hoppies or lifestyle” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 31] , cities and its facilities have to adapt to these changing habits as well i.e. Not only the physical underlying form is changing, but also the “timetables” [ Towns for people, Ken Worpole, 1992, Page 31] needs to be changed.

Cities changing our timetable Not only are we changing the pulse of the city with changing behaviours, the change in the schedule of the city can also change our timetable. We are not only realising the changes passively but also adapting ourselves somehow to these new schemes. The “happy hour” is a very good example of how people change their behaviour only to avail the special offers. Before these special prices for spirits were introduced, people normally used to go into the bar much later these happy hours.

Time and distance As mentioned above, time provides us with orientation during the day and helps us to build its relationship with distances. But this relationship is not constant. As we know, it is our movement through the city with 4- 5 km/h, which is much slower than a high-speed moving train with approximately 300km/h. During the evolution of mankind, there have always been changes in the speed of movement and hence, a change in the sense of distances. This relationship which has been followed during the history of mankind is dramatically shown by Buckminster Fuller who described this in “Shrinking Planet Earth” [Your private sky, R. Buckminster Fuller, 1963, Page 492]. Here, he compared the time it takes to travel around the world in certain stages of civilisation. So, 500,000 years ago, it needed approximately “a few hundred thousand years” [Your private sky, R. Buckminster Fuller, 1963, Page 494] to walk around the earth whereas today, we need only a few hours with the help of certain planes. People in earlier days had only a small range of activity around their settlements whereas today we can nearly reach every point in the world within one single day. The transnational city connections with high-speed-trains like Paris-London have also had a major impact on our lifestyle. As it takes a short time to travel between these cities, it has become more convenient and thus more common.

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Fig. 1: Buckminster Fuller with John McHale, The shrinking of planet earth, 1963

Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be seen that cities are constantly changing their structure and their timetable. Alternating “change and recurrence are the sense of being alive” [What Time Is This Place, Kevin Lynch, 1972, Page 1] and give us feelings for our surroundings and the other inhabitants. But, we also need a constant point, which helps us to orientate and to remember. We need points that allow us to get in touch with our history and our own story. As for now, these places are constantly changing; we have to provide them with something else which is stable or what we can take as an anchor point. What this can be, now remains to be seen.

Bibliography: Kevin Lynch, A THEORY OF GOOD CITY FORM (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1981) Kevin Lynch, THE IMAGE OF THE CITY (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1972) Kevin Lynch, WHAT TIME IS THIS PLACE (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1972) Ken Worpole, TOWNS FOR PEOPLE (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1992) Christopher Alexander, A CITY IS NOT A TREE (London: publisher not known ,1965) R. Buckminster Fuller, YOUR PRIVATE SKY, THE ART OF DESIGNING SCIENCE, Joaching Kraus / Claude Lichtenstein (ed), (Zürich: Lars Müller Puplishers, 1991)

Figures: Fig.1: R. Buckminster Fuller, YOUR PRIVATE SKY, THE ART OF DESIGNING SCIENCE, Joaching Kraus / Claude Lichtenstein (ed), (Zürich: Lars Müller Puplishers, 1991) – Page 494/495

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Shaping and processing a sustainable urban environment

Generative Systems essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 03.13, Urban Evolution the Thames Gateway Jürgen Häpp, 2006-03-24

Introduction Urban areas are already the biggest consumers of energy, as well as the biggest polluters e.g. of the air. Compared to the quantity of its inhabitants, “around 50% of the world population lives in cities” [Mutations, Rem Koolhaas, Page 2] ; its share of “three-quarters of the world’s energy” [Cities for a small planet, Richard Rogers and Philip Gumuchdjian, Page 2/27] is disproportionably high. This situation will worsen in the future, if the current trend of urbanisation will continue. It is estimated “that by 2030, 61% of the population will be urban (United Nations, 2003)” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, Mike Jens and Nicola Dempsey, Page 1] . There are not only effects on environmental issues which result from this trend; it will also have social and economic influences on the society. Therefore, the United Nations announced “the concept of the Three Pillars of Sustainable Development” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, Mike Jens and Nicola Dempsey, Page 1] in 2002. Here it is asked that “cities must be economically viable, socially equitable and contribute to environmental protection of all species” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, Mike Jens and Nicola Dempsey, Page 1]. There is actually no clearer definition of sustainable city development as there are different possibilities for achieving this target. It is quite difficult to say which of the three columns is the most important one and leads to achievements in the other two sectors. Therefore, I would first like to discuss concepts of physical requirements and secondly a process in which a new development or redevelopment could be initialised. As both are important – the right surroundings but also the right behaviour – these should both be connected to achieve a sustainable urban environment.

Polycentric City regions There is an ongoing discussion whether the polycentric city region is the more sustainable form of development. Many points favour this kind of regional and city scale development compared with the monocentric city. The Dutch Randstad can be seen as one of the most distinct polycentric system and stand therefore exemplary. Four cities make up this region: Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht. All four cities have “no more the one million inhabitants” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, towards the spatial sustainability of City-Regions, Akiko Okabe, Page 61] and frame a green heart in the middle. Every part has its distinct function, as either the capital of the Netherlands, a major international port, the seat of the Dutch government or a service centre. Out of this constellation, the inhabitants have the beneﬁts of a big urban area with a total population of 6 million inhabitants and its related resources, but also the easy

access to the rural area. On the other side, people of the rural area have fast and regular access to the urban services and, therefore, take advantage of them. The French urbanist Ascher described in this regard, “that urban functions should be diffused over the entire region but with the physical distinction of rural areas, introducing the theory of ‘Metapolis’ (Ascher, 1995)” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, Akiko Okabe, Page 57/58]

Public transport As the city region has no single core, a fast network of public transport needs to be integrated. In the example of Randstad, all settlements are reachable within one hour. Therefore, its inhabitants have nearly the same accessibility to urban functions as inhabitants of comparable large monocentric city systems. In addition to this, the trafﬁc is more diverse, as not all working people have to commute to one central area, a behaviour that can be seen very often in monocentric cities.

Flexibility It is also argued that polycentric regions are “more ﬂexible in adapting to the changing work, consumption and family patterns”. Especially “economic activities becoming spatially dispersed, and this trend will continue as people have the opportunity to work anywhere, at anytime (Harrison et al.,2004)” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, The intelligent city, Guy Briggs, Page 43] . As the different areas already show a diverse mixture of usages, it is likely that they adapt more easily to different situations than a huge momocentric settlement with a pronounced separation of living or working areas. Furthermore, the inhabitants have a greater chance to choose the place of living nearby the place of work, as those places are more distributed.

City and neighbourhood scale But this pattern could also be projected onto the city scale. The right density and the principles of the compact city can provide a lively surrounding and vital neighbourhood with corner shops, churches, kindergarten and a good connection with the public transport. As already described in the regional scale, it is important to develop distinct areas with a good accessibility of public transport and a diverse mixture of usages. Furthermore, it is important to introduce recreational areas like parks and open spaces. “The leafy parts of old cities are dotted with small parks, squares and large abutting gardens” [Cities for a small country, Richard Rogers and Anne Power, Page 6/186] With these urban and open spaces, areas have also the opportunity to evolve their own identity and a special atmosphere.

Density One of the main indicators for such a development is the density, which in “some of the most lively inner city areas in English towns and cities, such as Bloomsbury and Islington, can rise as high as 100 – 200 dwellings per hectare” [Towards an urban renaissance, The Urban Task Force, Chaired by Lord Rogers, Page 59]. A cross density of about 150 people per hectare ( approximately 70 dwelling per hectare) already allows for everyone to live in a 540 meter reach of a bus stop and the public facilities. The critical mass, which Richard Rogers deﬁnes as the minimum

Public transport and compactness The density stands in connection with the claim that a city should be “walkable, bikeable and serviced by public transport” [Cities for a small country, Richard Rogers and Anne Power, Page 4/123] – one of the most important factors in reducing individual trafﬁc and, therefore, in designing a sustainable city. It is essential that all parts of a city have a public transport service. The Urban Task Force set up a pattern of compact urban areas with “clear urban districts and distinct neighbourhoods” [ Towards an urban renaissance, The Urban Task Force, Chaired by Lord Rogers, Page 53] . These are organised around public transport hubs with increasing density towards the centre and less dense parts at the less connected areas. Each hub should be within a ﬁve minute range – approximately 500 meters to all settlements, as this is the distance which will be accepted to walk by most of the people.

space. Of course, there is a certain need for a minimum number of inhabitants that makes a neighbourhood work. The building style, whether it is a single high rise, a low rise street layout or a courtyard type, makes a big contribution to the atmosphere and the quality of a neighbourhood, too. The single high rise tends to create isolated buildings which have no real connection to the streets as well as allowing for huge open spaces which are normally not very lively. The low rise street layout covers huge areas with buildings. This layout allows for more private open spaces, but normally lacks proper public areas where people can go to meet each other. The courtyard type creates a strong urban space, which can be occupied and used by the community. Public facilities, as well as regeneration spaces or playgrounds, could be situated in this area. This build form is not new; many examples can be seen all over London.

Fig. 2: Relationship – Build form and urban space

The city as a process

Fig. 1: Zoning in the urban area

Urban form But it is not only the density which makes qualities in the urban scale and urban

From the whole discussion about sustainability arises the question of how much the inhabitants are implemented in the process of creating and changing their environment in a sustainable way. The people of a settlement, or the “users”, are those who have to live in a sustainable manner. Therefore, it is important to set up a process of participation in order to involve the inhabitants. “By working closely with the users, developers and professionals, planners will be able to shift from policy definition to implementation in a seamless briefing process.” [Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, The intelligent city, Guy Briggs, Page 47] With such a process, we would gain first more information about the real needs and habits of the inhabitants,

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density, is 50 dwelling per hectare. Otherwise “it is hard to keep shops, buses, doctors, nurseries, schools within walking distance of everyone” [Cities for a small country, Richard Rogers and Anne Power, Page 6/185]. It is important that neighbourhoods are able to run as communities and therefore it is substantial that they are provided by infrastructure and urban services.

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and secondly the people would already be involved and sensitised to the topic of sustainable living. If people are involved they will feel the whole project to be “their thing” and not something which is introduced from the top down. Of course, this would mainly affect the social and the environment column but will also affect the economical one. We have to recognise that there is an ongoing shift in the pattern of locating a workplace. In the past the most important location factor for industries was the accessibility to raw material, the market and then labour. Nowadays, “in the knowledge economy, labour has become the signiﬁcant variable in locational choice.” [Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, The intelligent city, Guy Briggs, Page 50] People, especially well-educated employees, will be attracted to live in such a “community” area and therefore be followed by many workplaces.

Mixed use and diversity In addition to this, we have to recognise that a city is not a static arrangement. It is in a constant process state of change. Like in many systems, the most promising way of achieving long term success lies in the ability to adapt to new challenges. “Like any ecological system, the key to this capacity is diversity.” [Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, The intelligent city, Guy Briggs, Page 40] Such mixture keeps an area livelier throughout the day and also makes it easier to establish more public facilities, as the need for those will arise with an all-day cycle of usage. Therefore, the whole settlement can finally benefit from a market, small corner shops or its own medical doctor. “One of the main attractions of city living is proximity to work, shops and basic social, educational and leisure uses.” [Towards an urban renaissance, The Urban Task Force, Chaired by Lord Rogers, Page 64] The urban development should allow this mixture within the neighbourhood, within a street and as well as within the buildings themselves. Most work activities may be situated nearby the living areas or even within one building. There are many examples in old settlements where you can find shops or galleries on the ground floor, offices in the next two stories and flats and apartments above. In this process, the planning methods should also allow for areas that are not developed just as a single project. They should be seen more in context, which allows for overlapping functions in different neighbouring areas. In addition to this, areas without any usage – brown fields or old infrastructural areas –always make an impact on the whole settlement around. Mostly, these cut off one part from the other. It is an overall need to close these gaps in the city pattern through active recreation.

Conclusion As we could see in the mentioned cases, on the regional, the city and also the local scale, it seems to be important to establish a polycentric system in which every centre has certain independence and self-supply but also in which all centres could beneﬁt from one another. Therefore, a mixed structure of build form, usage and social composition, as well as a good interconnection with a reliable public transport are necessary. Every part can only work as a sustainable system, if all the other parts and related system are conﬁgured in a sustainable manner. But all this measurement can only provide a framework, as “it is behaviour, lifestyle and peoples’ aspirations that are at the heart of achieving a sustainable environment. The form of urban areas, and buildings within them, do not determine sustainable behaviour, but they might provide the right setting for it.” [ Futur Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities, conclution: future forms of city living, Nicola Dempsey and

mike Jenks, Page 417] Therefore it is highly recommended to set up a process in which all concerned parties - users, authorities, investors and architects – take part, rather then to establish once a product or a ﬁxed master plan from the top down, a process of public learning and participation. This could lead to a development which ﬁts more to the needs of its inhabitants and in addition to this to a more sustainable behaviour of them. If we have set up the stage for such a living, we have all opportunities to receive a sustainable environment. Why, then, should people with the knowledge, education and the right environment, travel with their car to the supermarket far away, when they have a corner shop or the local market located nearby – a market selling products from the nearby rural area, which are organically produced and free of chemicals.

Literature: Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey (ed.) Future Forms and Designing for sustainable cities (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2005) Chaired by Lord Rogers, Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final report of the Urban Task Force (London: , 1999) Richard Rogers and Philip Gummuchdjian, Cities for a small planet (London: Faber and Faber, 1997) Richard Rogers and Anne Power, Cities for a small country (London: Faber and Faber, 2000)

Figure references: Fig.1: Chaired by Lord Rogers, Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final report of the Urban Task Force (London: , 1999) – Page 53 Fig.2: Chaired by Lord Rogers, Towards an Urban Renaissance: Final report of the Urban Task Force (London: , 1999) – Page 62

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City as a Self-Organizing System

The Life Game

Generative Systems Essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 03.14, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Jürgen Häpp 2005-12-09

A good example for such local rules and their effects on the whole system is the Game of Life of John Horton Conway, as a sort of cellular autonama. In this game, whether a cell is born, kept alive or dies, is only dependent on the neighbouring cells. However, the effect on the whole system is obvious, some constellations produce a ‘glider’, a ‘gun’ or an ‘eater’ that runs through the system. John Frazer described this as follows: “The rules for the individual cells are referred to as ‘local’ and the overall behaviour as ‘global’.” [An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 51] However, it is necessary to say, “the Life Game is not a model of nature and evolution, since, among other things, it is strictly deterministic in nature” [An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 55]

Feedback in the self-organizing system Coming from a supposition that a city with all its components would not be physically ﬁxed neither to the ground nor to a predetermined structure, or megastructure, I would like to discuss the ability of such an arrangement to work as a self-organising system or as an “organism” of it own. In this mind game, all units have the ability to link to each other, to provide connection from one unit to the next but also to provide a host for its inhabitants. In addition to this, they are linked together to a huge city network, which allows for the transfer of information, like needs or lack of wellbeing. Each of these units also has its own processor, which allows working independently from the network and provides a huge capacity in the whole system. To understand what is happening in such a system it is very helpful to have a closer look into nature and the process happening there. There are huge populations of insects, sometimes of about 10,000 members, without any governance or power in control of it. Among many questions which rise out of such a constellation, there are some urgent ones , like how such a system is able to function at all, who is governing it, and what rules and processes it needs to remain stable.

Self-organizing systems First, it is important to say, “in self-organizing systems, pattern formation occurs through interactions internal to the system, without intervention by external directing influence. Haken (1977, p. 191)” [Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau , Page 7] or in other words: “Selforganization is a process in which pattern at the global level of a system emerges solely from numerous interactions among the lower-level components of the system. Moreover, the rules specifying interaction among the system’s components are executed using only local information, without refer to the global pattern.” [Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau , Page 8] We find many of these systems in nature, like beehives, ants or huge shoals. These communities of hundreds of thousands animals are neither governed nor controlled through any specific part of the system. “The defining characteristic of self-organizing systems is that their organization arises entirely from multiple interactions among their components.” [Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau , Page20] The whole system is led more through local rules, which define, for example, the range of distance to the next neighbour.

In addition to these rules, every system also needs a certain feedback loop, which allows for the stabilisation of the system or for further change. Therefore, we have two basic deﬁnitions, the positive and the negative feedback. To understand the difference between these, it is helpful to understand the operation mode of a thermostat of a radiator. It allows the radiator to raise the temperature to a certain point until it, the thermostat, acts to stabilise the system. To do so, it acts at the desired temperature in the opposite direction; in our case, it closes the supply of warm water. Norbert Wiener writes in this case that “the feedback tends to oppose what the system is already doing, and is thus negative. We have thus examples of negative feedback to stabilize temperature …” [Cybernetics, Norbert Wiener, Page 97] In opposition to this, “the snowballing positive effect of positive feedbacks takes an initial change in the system and reinforces that change in the same direction as the initial deviation.” [Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau , Page17] It is surprising that in general “most [of the natural] self-organizing systems use the positive feedback”. [Self-Organization in Biological Systems, Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau , Page15] However, if we look closer, then local behaviour in the system is guided through the negative feedback. For example, many species tend to join huge colonies, but when there is not enough space on the local scale, the single members try to stay away from each other and keep their territory. In this way, these species achieve a certain pattern that is just a result of a positive and a negative feedback loop. We can also say that such a system of feedback is used “to self-regulate, self-govern, and self-control” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page112] the whole ‘organism’.

Communication in the system Besides the rules- and feedback-based behaviour, there must be also a kind of communication in these self-organizing systems. Here it is worth looking into an ant’s community. Ants communicate with the help of pheromones by applying them to neighbouring ants and on their environment. In addition to this, ants also have the ability to take such “a scent and [remanufacture] it to pass on to others”. [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 306] Therefore they have the opportunity to pass messages through the whole community, by using a weak broadcasting method, as “information invested into ‘broadcasting’ is very small, done very locally, and is very weak”. [ Out

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of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 307]

Collective Mind We should also recognise that with the transmission of information in the group, the possibility of a collective mind is opened. It is interesting that the memory of a beehive is much longer than the lifetime of a single bee. Kevin Kelly describes this as follows: “One speck of a honeybee brain operates with a memory of six days, the hive as a whole operates with a memory of three months, twice as much as the average bee lives.” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 12] It is not only the communication that happens at the local range. Thinking, as well as acting, is done locally, too. There is not one waiting “for order from above. They think locally and they act locally, but their collective action produces global behaviour.” [Emergence, Steven Johnson, Page 74] The whole principle is called “swarm logic” . [Emergence, Steven Johnson, Page 74] It is also said that an ant hive is like a huge “parallel processing machine” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 306] . A parallel processor, unlike a serial processor, can run several duties at once. Therefore, in this case, all ants work at the same time to achieve success for the whole system through a somewhat decentralised process.

Applied methods of self-organizing systems and distributed processing VANT An Italian research Group from Milan tried to find a new way of figuring out “what is the shortest route between a large numbers of cities, if you can only visit each city once?” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 307] They came up with the idea to copy the natural, so they tried to apply the behaviour of ants in a computer system the so-called VANT, which stands for Virtual ANT. Every VANT stood only in contact with its neighbours and had a limited mind. Through randomly moving from city to city and a virtual pheromone line, they could successively find the shortest way. There was no one who had an overview of the whole system. It is essential that through local communication and decentralised “thinking” such a computation is possible. Furthermore, we can apply the whole idea of such a system onto networks like the internet. Like a beehive or an ant population, it consists of a network of equal components that work with the same rules and no master plan of the development or central intelligence. As a network system is over dimensioned, but also highly redundant, it “nurtures small failures in order that large failures don’t happen as often.” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page26] This is another benefit of the decentralised nature of these systems.

Generator project Further examples for distributed processing are the Generator Project from Cetric Price in cooperation with John Frazer. Of course, the Generator Project does not ﬁt in the deﬁnition for a self-organizing system, but it is one of the early projects that works with the idea of shared processing in one system. As every component had its own processor, it could be called an

“intelligent structure” [An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 41]. In addition to the first proposition that the system could be reconfigured in “response to newly defined needs” [An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 40], there was also the idea that it could realise “its own boredom and make suggestions for its own reorganization” [An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 41]. There is an interesting aspect in this suggestion that the system can learn through its existence and therefore evolve a better configuration.

The Human position in such a system However, what is now the position of a human in such a system? There are actually two different approaches to this problem. Either the human could be like a computer operator —a user of the system—or he would be part of the system. It is just a question of the standpoint, but important for the deﬁnition of the whole. As a user and not being involved in the rest of the process, he commands his needs to the system, like to a computer program, which then gives the adequate response to them. This would be an understandable position of the human, but out of our understanding from a self-organising system, it would be a disturbance from the outside. Moreover, this leads to the conclusion that this system would no longer be a self-organising system. It would be an organized behaviour from outside. Therefore, we should point out that in such a system, the human needs to be a part of it. We have to think of a model that allows us to replace the speciﬁc functions, attributes or shapes. The Universal Constructor from John Frazer is interesting at this stage, as it is a three-dimensional arrangement of equal cubes. All cubes can be an input or output device. The communication functions like in the natural examples locally from one cube to the other one. Every cube was neutral, so it could “be used to map the stat of the cell to any form and structure; to environmental conditions such as wind; to sound, or even to dance.” [ An evolutionary architecture, John Frazer, Page 44] It is now a question of whether it could also stand for the needs of the system’s inhabitants.

Conclusion As already mentioned, a self-organizing system is controlled from neither outside nor from any power inside the system. The major aspect of the whole system is that everything happens locally. The communication, the rules, the memory as well as the major feedback loops are only local. As we saw, there are already applications of self-organising systems in science and computation. Some scientists even evaluate that this method of self-organizing in computation leads to evolution and, furthermore, to artiﬁcial intelligence. There is still the question of the position of the human in such a system, if we were to apply it on a huge city scale. As already ﬁgured out, it is important that he is part of the system and stands in contact with it to express his needs. The system itself would also need to communicate with the human to give orientation or to makes successions of improvement, for example. Now the question remains: who makes the rules? Are they generated by the system, human in connection with the city, through evolving through optimising or are they given through the normal human process of achieving rules? It will depend on the social structure, the scale in which decisions need to be made and on the human attitude towards the system. One of the main aspects, therefore, will be where the human-system relationship stands on the topic of control. Will the human, on the

“Intelligent control appears as uncontrol or freedom. And for that reason it is genuinely intelligent control. Unintelligent control appears as external domination. And for that reason it is really unintelligent control. Intelligent control exerts inﬂuence without appearing to do so. Unintelligent control tries to inﬂuence by making a show of force.” [Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 126] Poem from the Chinese Lao Tzu, 2,600 years ago:

Literature:

Kevin Klein, Out of Control: the rise of neo-biological civilization (Cambridge, Basic Books: 1994) Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics: or control and communication in the animal and the machine (New York – London: The MIT Press and John Wiley & Sons, inc., 1961-second edition) John Frazer, An evolutionary architecture (London: Architectural Association, 1995) Camazin, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Self-Organization in Biological Systems (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001) Philip Ball, Critical Mass: how one thing leads to another (London: arrow books, 2004) Neil spiller (ed.), Cyber_Reader (New York: Phaidon Press limited, 2002) Steven Johnson, Emergence: the connected lives of ants, brains, cities and software (London: Penguin Book, 2001) Igor Alexander and Piers Burnett, Thinking Machines: The search for artiﬁcial intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987)

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one hand, control the system with his expression of needs for change, and will the system, on the other hand, control the movement of a unit, e.g a house or street whether this goes along with the rules? Therefore, it would be a “co-control” [ Out of Control, Kevin Kelly, Page 330] of both sides!

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London and the Thames: Building the City

Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL MSc Urban Design: 2005-2006 History of Urban Design Anika Mittal

“It would never occur to a stranger seeing it for the ﬁrst time, that the sixty miles of waterway between London bridge and the Nore, with wharves and warehouses along the ﬁrst half, and along the second a featureless terrain of marshes and salting, broken at intervals by headlands of chalk, and intersected between these by creeks and rivers, is England’s main artery and the source of London’s wealth and power”1.

Introduction Today, there are hardly any ships that can be seen on the Thames; only a few sailor barges that carry tourists can be seen. The warehouses have been crumbled and The Docklands have been reworked into offices, marinas and wind surfers.” The river is commercially dead, but ecologically alive again- home of fish, cormorants and ducks.”2 Since 1960’s, there seems to be a segregation between international passengers and freight traffic and we assume that everything goes by air. But, still, there are a high proportion of goods that come into Britain through the sea. The ports of London haven’t disappeared, but have somewhat gone out of sight, down towards the wharves of the estuary. But, until the post-war period, Thames was a crucial part to London’s expansion and the whole was navigable by sea. A royal presence could be seen along the Thames, as the Windsor, Hampton court, Whitehall, Greenwich and other royal palaces were built, which concentrated the political power. When this was combined with the trading wealth of the city, all the riches accumulated along the bank of the Thames.

The Site of London The Romans were the first to land at the site of modern London during the middle of the 40’s AD. The river here was tidal and deep enough for ships to sail. London’s origin was more like a trading city, as it was not a place for the seat of the government or had great mineral or agricultural wealth and was formed by foreigners. It was there because of its ideal location for trading, to connect Britain to the rest of the Rome’s global empire. The north and the west of Britain had Rome’s ‘North-West Frontier’ which was a long distance away from Rome. So, Wales was forted and a great wall was built there to keep the tribesmen from plundering the rich lowlands. The Romans built the finest system of roads from Rome to the distant frontier, In course of time, a number of ports grew up in Britain’s quay and all the roads met at Canterbury. Most soldiers or north-west frontiers, who landed on the quay, wanted to reach their mainland farms and between this came the river Thames. It was possible to follow the ancient track ways, but it was a very long route, so the Romans had to look for a crossing. The Thames could not be Bridged at Gravesend because it as strong ebb (outgoing tide) and flow of the tides in the estuary and also the marshy nature of the ground for quite two miles inland on the far side.

Firm ground could be seen on the southern bank of the Thames at Woolwich and also at Greenwich, facing the marshes on the northern side. Beyond Greenwich, lay a winding reach where the Thames could be bridged and where the north bank stood up firmly above the river and where the forces of the tides were nearly spent. At the lowest point, where the river could be bridged, a trading city of London was born. The London districts formed by the gravelly and sandy river terraces are important in the human geography. The London clay was thin patches of gravel and sand on which vegetation was less dense, and it could be easily cleared for cultivation and dwellings. The influence of the river terraces have been very striking on the development of London as they provide a continuous strip of well-drained land overlying the damp London clay on either sides of the Thames. The silt areas were not fit for settlement until embarked against flood and the flood plain terraces were marshy and unhealthy. Other than that, the plateaus and terraces have attracted settlement. The River at Westminster was shallow and was good for a ford but was bad for a port. ”Two miles downstream, however, was a place where the bend of the Thames was cutting into the northern slope, and where, because it was the outside of the bend, the water was deep close to the shore. Here, there was a British trading settlement, and here, the Romans developed their port of Londinium. It was about the farthest point to which the tides would carry ships up and down the Thames, and then, once its bridge was built, it became the limit of navigation for sea-going ships and suppressed the Westminster ford”3.

London and the World Market The Thames estuary enters the North Sea just opposite the part of the continent where the great lowland of Europe narrows and brings the main lowland routes near the coast. It is here too, that the great waterway of the Rhine brings down trade from the central uplands of Europe, from Danube lands, and even through the Alpine passes from the Mediterranean. With the rise of trade in other cities like Baltic and Italian cities, the coast of the narrow sea of London became an important port. Before London became a capital, the port was already there. “The port made the capital”4. Some of the other ports were better placed than London and also were linked to Europe and the Flemish weaving Towns. The cities of Flanders and Netherlands were the ‘cockpit of Europe’ and the Antwerp was sacked and while the Antwerp and Amsterdam strangled, London absorbed their trade, being on of the safest places.

How Land and Sea routes converge on London Source: J.F.P Thornhill, Greater London, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., pg. no. 31

Old ports and their downstream movement Expert navigation was required for the Thames estuary with its strong tides and many shoals. Pilots, who knew the secrets of the river, boarded the ships from Deptford and

Plan of the Docks, Source: History of London in Maps

Before the end of Nineteenth century, room was created between Tower Bridge and Woolwich by the emergence of docks which had been dug in the tidal ﬂats. All the docks appeared before 1833 before the emergence of railways and steamships. By 1855 trade increased with the railways being connected to the Royal Victorian docks and emergence of hydraulic machinery.

Thames: A source of Water and Life London in Stuart times could grow no longer as it had reached a stage where it could not supply enough food and drinking water. Water from the wells and conduits from Tyburn and Fleet at times spread plague and even the blackish water from the Thames was used for drinking. At this time, the first attempt was made to tap pure water from the downfold of porous Chalk in which the city cradled. A new river was constructed “which tapped the clear Chalk springs at the lower end of the Chiltern slope near the Ware and brought the water along the west side of the Lea valley to Islington”5. Even the lack of quick public transport hampered the growth of London. But, the London need for water supply could only be fulfilled by the Thames. In 1902, the metropolitan board took over the work from other companies, for the supply of water to the growing needs of London. The water was pumped up from the Thames and the Lea into filterbeds and into the largest artificial reservoirs like the Queen Mary reservoir on the flood plain terrace near Staines and the King Georges V reservoir on the silt of the lea valley near Enfield. The Thames was once befouled by the drainage system of London and had led to outbreaks of typhoid and cholera, which was later conducted into the estuary by two systems of sewers, one on the north side with its outfall at barking and the other in the south with its outfall at crossness and the rest was done by the tides. Meanwhile, the wealthy built mansions near the riverside villages upstream, as its terraces provided firm ground for buildings and also, it was the only reliable link to London.

Suburban Development By the end of the eighteenth century, the impact of industrial and mechanical revolution could be seen on London. Trade had increased and finally roads were made to accommodate the traffic needs. The Regents canal was from Paddington terminus around the north of London to the docks of Limehouse. This helped in further expansion as coal and building stones could be transferred to the northern fringe of London. To the south of the river, only the embankments saved from flooding at high tides, so dwellings started getting crowded over Lambeth Marsh and St. George’s Fields. The Westminister Bridge and Blackfriars Bridges opened up, followed by Vauxhall, Southwark and Waterloo Bridges after the Napoleonic wars. By 1831, London was growing and had a population of a million and a half. In 1838, railways finally reached London and opened a lot of possibilities. Between 1800 and the 1840, the docks were lined with streets with houses, factories, warehouses and breweries, which stopped at the Lea valley which was marshy and help in no further expansion to the east. After 1850, the west Ham started spreading over the marshes and Stratford became a suburb. In the course of time, suburban development started spreading beyond the Lea, but it was hampered by the nature of districts between them and the city and also because of the unwillingness of the eastern railway companies to electrify the lines to the suburbs. The Thames Estuary, about thirty miles from London, was like a seaside with the northern shore facing the sunshine, acted as a major attraction. By 1981, a fast train service was turning the southend village into a rapidly growing suburb. “It is a healthy spot and the Kentish Hills make a background to the unending pageant of the world’s shipping that passes to and fro before. In winters, however, it is exposed to cold easterly winds from the continent”6. With the opening of the electrified services in 1933, the journey time was cut down and the south coast suburbs started developing.

A strong Brown God The river which captures its timeless, menacing nature has been seen by the poet T.S Eliot as ‘strong brown god….keeping his season and rages, destroyer, and reminder of what men choose to forget.’ The river mostly flows between the banks, carrying ships along the daily tides. For long period of time, it remains unmenacing and normal, that people forget the power of the river and start settling down in the flood plains of Oxfordshire and Berkshire and on the salt marshes of the estuary. The banks of the Thames have been constantly flooded, destroying buildings, drowning people and livestock as well. With evidence of records from the Roman period, it can be seen that this was done by the estuary up to the highest reach. One of the most disastrous floods that occurred was in 1953, when a large part of the East Anglina and the Canvey Island were flooded. The tides breached some of the old defences and washed away the homes, many of which were cheaply built. “Like of the east coast and the Thames Estuary, it is exceptionally vulnerable to flooding, and before the tidal surge reached Canvey in 1953 it had already inundated places further north.”7

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that’s where Henry VIII established a navel dockyard as a part of his defense scheme. Just below Deptford, was a point where outgoing ships took their departures from Greenwich, from where most of the world measures its longitudes. It was here, that Charles II erected a Royal Observatory with a time-ball which could be seen by ships passing out to the ends of the earth. With the growth of warships, the naval defenses gradually moved downstream, from Deptford naval dockyards, moved to woolwich where the water was deeper and was less crowded with ships. Further, these were transferred to chatham where the naval dockyards started in Elizabeth’s time. As defense was moving downwards, London could not afford trade to be deserted from it and there was a need for more room to be created for ships near London.

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Canvey Island being rescued by boat during the ﬂood of 1953 Source: Gavin Weightman, London River, Published by Collins & Brown Limited pg. no. 141

As London has grown and the water in the Thames has risen higher, the scale of disaster from the tidal ﬂoods is increasing. Since the invasion of the Romans, the Thames has been a driving force both for the good and the evil and will continue to be so. The most disappointing thing is that the river at present is not being used to its full potential, in spite of it being the most important part of London’s existence. “Some day, the river will be taken more seriously again, not simply because from time to time it threatens to rise and engulf the great metropolis to which it gave rise, but because it has found a new value to Londoners.”8

Footnotes 1 William Addison, Thames Estuary, Published by William Clowes & Sons,pg. no. 1 2 Gavin Weightman, London River, Published by Collins & Brown Limited, pg. no. 6 3 J.F.P Thornhill,Greater London, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., pg. no. 21 4 LL. Rodwell Jones, Geography of London River, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., pg. no. 1 5 J.F.P Thornhill, Greater London, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., pg. no. 50 6 J.F.P Thornhill, Greater London, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., pg. no. 72 7 Gavin Weightman, London River, Published by Collins & Brown Limited, pg. no. 143 8 Gavin Weightman, London River, Published by Collins & Brown Limited, pg. no. 157 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gavin Weightman, London River, Published by Collins & Brown Limited, 1990 J.F.P Thornhill, Greater London, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., 1935 LL. Rodwell Jones, Geography of London River, Published by butler & Tanner Ltd., 1931 William Addison, Thames Estuary, Published by William Clowes & Sons, 1954 http://www.chr.org.uk/origins.htm http://www.britannia.com/history/londonhistory/romlon.html History of London in Map

Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL MSc Urban Design: 20052006 Theory and Methodology of Urban Design Anika Mittal

“Architecture has frequently drawn inspiration nature - from its form and structures, and, most recently, from the inner logic of its morphological process”1 The debate on city structures and urban forms has been going on since almost prehistoric times. In a plethora of ideas, opinions, judgments, and well-established beliefs and opinions, this essay is an attempt to analyze (not in chronological order) ‘city theories based on natural systems’ that have been developed by urban theorists.

Structure in Nature Every living thing/object that exists in nature or is produced artificially has a definite structure. This structure differs and maybe organic in some cases, or inorganic in others. “A large number of naturally occurring substances and systems – organic, inorganic, animate or inanimate – prove to be closest packets when viewed at the right level of magnification.”2 But, what proves to be interesting is that within the same structure, similar hierarchies appear at different scales. This packing within nature helps to give a form to these substances. For example, three layered hexagonal pattern of cracked mud (scale of meters to decimeters), a different form in pinecones (scale of centimeters), closely packed hexagonal structure of the watermelon (scale of decimeters), the honeycomb cell structure gives the bee’s honeycomb a definite form(scale of millimeters) and an even extreme case in alveoli networks (scale of microns) etc. This implies that at various scales, the stock of possibilities is limitless. However, one common derivative is the idea of a defined structure which is derived from nature. The discussion that ensues presents the various viewpoints on the theories of city form and design that have been derived from nature itself. • In order to develop a coherent set of ideas regarding city form and urban, spatial design, Kevin Lynch formulated three traditional, normative theories. Each of these was assessed and re-assessed to explicitly establish the relationship between the city and its neighboring urban network. One of the models was the ‘city as an organism or The Ecological city’. Here, the city is considered to be a collection of organisms which have a self-organizing dynamism. “It is a homeostatic dynamism: internal adjustments tend to return the organism to some balanced state whenever it has been disturbed by an outside force. It is also self-organizing. It repairs itself, produces new individuals, and goes through a cycle of birth, growth, maturity and death.”3 An Ecosystem is defined as a self-organizing system of relationships, a “community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit.”4 The balance within an ecological city depends not only on the ecology of the individual cell, but also on the ecology of the system as a whole. “Living organisms… perceive things not in terms of isolated elements, but as i n t e g ra t e d perceptual wholes – meaningful organized wholes, which exhibit qualities

that are absent in their parts.”5 • The fundamental ideas behind an Ecological city are pattern-making, pattern recognition, pattern testing and self-organizing which are similar to the processes that take place in the human brain. Translating this idea in terms of biology, it means that the traditional emphasis on the cell as a fundamental building block of life should be abandoned. Instead, it also has a bearing on the emergence of the modern cell as a symbiotic partnership between a number of formerly independent entities viz. the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome’s, chloroplasts etc. This emphasis on cooperation is a keynote of Fritjorf Capra’s vision. Capra also defines any self organizing system as ecology- a system capable of maintaining a dynamic balance and constantly undergoing process to repair itself. A dominant role in this vision is played by the Gaia hypothesis. This is the assumption in which the Earth is seen as a single self-regulating biological entity. He also believes that the Darwinian idea of survival of fittest/ struggle for survival which is aided by chance mutations, is refuted by the discovery that microorganisms work in cooperation with one another by passing genetic material across species. Also, he establishes that the structures in an ecological city are in a constant process of shifting and changing. The urban pattern and the structures are a part of a process- creation of a larger network with visible and invisible flows of information and energy. Feedback loop is an important element in pattern-recognition and in the formation of structures. • According to John Frazer, “the aim of an evolutionary architecture is to achieve in the built environment a symbiotic behavior and a metabolic balance that are characteristics of the natural environment.”6 Generative techniques are an essential component of evolution. These are generally formed by combination and configuration of various parts. Forms evolve in nature through a process of experimentation. This occurs over a long period of time without any pre-existing knowledge of the outcome. A variety of species and forms which are in metabolic balance with their surrounding environment have evolved in nature. Self-organization is hence, an important aspect of evolution. “Natural ecosystems have complex biological structures: they recycle their material, permit change and adaptation, and make efficient use of ambient energy.”7 He raises questions pertaining to the production of increasingly fit organisms in highly unstable environment by means of evolution. Adopting an ecological approach to design is not about the replication of what already exists in the natural ecosystem. In reality, it is to analyze and apply the principles that are underlying the existing metabolic balance within the environment. The idea is to a design a new approach from the understanding of the structure of natural forms. Warren Brodey also proposed an evolutionary, self-organizing, complex, predictive, purposeful, active environment. He said, that ‘we could teach our environments first complex, then self-organizing intelligence, which we could ultimately define to be evolutionary.’ Frazer also talks about how the development processes of nature inevitably lead to complexity. However, this is achieved through working with simple building blocks and an economy of means is used to achieve complexity in a hierarchical manner. • Mike Batty says that Cities, whether they are planned or unplanned, contain some organic growth. A kind of order and regularity is always present in what might appear to be irregular and disordered. ”Geometry is no longer conceived in terms of straight lines-the geometry of Euclid - but can now admit irregularity and without abandoning continuity”8. “Organic towns when viewed in plan form resemble cell growth, weaving in and out of the landscape, closely flowing the terrain and other natural

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City and Nature

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features, embodying the technology of movement through main transport routes, like spiders webs or tree-like forms focused on centers which usually contain the origin of growth”9 There are various codes that exist within the growth process. These help to determine the way in which the organization of the basic units of urban development and the repetition of their form and function at various scales affects the manner in which the city develops. • City structures in Christopher Alexander’s world are also derived from the natural forms. The notion of natural and the artificial cities is analysed in comparison to the defined structure of a semi-lattice and a tree respectively. Both trees and semi-lattice are means of setting up ways of thinking of how a large collection of many small systems goes to make up a large complex system and both are names of structures of sets. An example of ‘system’ in such a city could be a set of particles which make up the human body. Alexander comes up with a theory that “systems are alive based on the quality of order they manifest”10. His main argument stresses that good design must be based on an understanding on the way in which system evolves through the elements within its hierarchy. Alexander’s ideas to the notion that organic cities are not only cities which display an ‘irregular’ geometry but also cities where that underlying structure of the geometry of its relationships is also ‘irregular’, or at least asymmetric in the sense of the difference between a lattice and a tree.”11 • Deleuze and Guattari (1980) coined the term ‘rhizome’ to describe theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. A rhizome does not begin and end, but is always in the middle, in between things, inter-being, intermezzo.”12 “A rhizome as a subterranean stem is absolutely different from roots and radicles. Bulbs and tubers are rhizomes. Plants with roots or radicles may b e rhizomorphic in other respects altogether. Burrows are too, in all their functions of shelter, supply, movement, evasion, and breakout. The rhizome itself assumes very diverse forms, from ramified surface extension in all directions to concretion into bulbs and tubers.”13 The rhizome functions through lateral proliferation rather than treelike vertical extension. The six principles of the rhizome as listed by Deleuze a n d Guattari are connection, heterogeneity, multiplicity, asignifying rupture, cartography and decalcomania. Deleuze’s theory explores a biological version of the semi-lattice, by thinking about roots. In a rhizomatic system, each point can and must have connections to all others, unconstrained by any bifurcating order. It is selfcontained and does not open to connections with other domains. An actual rhizome is a plant that takes many forms depending on its needs in a particular situation, below ground becoming a tuber to store energy gathered through a large networked root system, but above ground becoming a plant with stem and leaves for photosynthesis and flowers for pollination. To understand the structure of any complex, dynamic system, it is important to think in terms of networks or systems. Multicellular organisms, nervous systems, immune systems, ecosystems, including planetary-scale ecosystems (e.g. Gaia), human cultures, corporations, economies of any scale, galaxies etc are all considered to be networks. Evidently, networks are systems composed of interconnected parts. Relationships between each of these parts are circular (in a more abstract sense). This causes feedback because the actions of each component “feeds back” on itself. For various reasons, both positive and negative feedback is important. Negative feedback helps to stabilize the system, whereas positive feedback often destabilizes the system towards bifurcation- a leap to a new state, possibly chaos. “The most complex behavior in the systems of networks (e.g., life) is observed at

the edge of chaos. This is the point of transition from chaos to order or vice versa. A signature of chaotic systems is the presence of fractals- objects, images or patterns in space or time that are self-similar on many scales. Self-organization refers to the spontaneous development (organization) of a system and its evolution to different and more complex states. Self-organizing systems demonstrate the emergence of properties that are not demonstrated by their parts, but “emerge” as a result of the interactions between their parts.”14

All these theories by different people may be inter-related or may be in contrast with each other, but the basic idea is that all these theories are inspired by natural forms and processes that take place in nature. An important issue today is how living systems help to maintain structural stability in the face of a constant ﬂux of matter & energy and how can this stability be achieved in our cities. “Thus, as Margulis has written, life is not a noun, but a verb; that is, life is not a “thing” (i.e., force) but a process (autopoiesis).”15 As a metaphor, city design is also a process with life imbued in it. It is not an object, but a self organizing system undergoing constant change.

Footnotes 1 John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd., pg. no. 10 2 Peter Pearce, Structure in Nature Is a Strategy for Design, Published by Cambridge: MIT Press, pg. no. 11-19 3 David Grahame shane, Recombinant Urbanism, Published by Wiley-Academy, pg. no. 49 4 Ibid, pg, no. 52 5 David Grahame shane, Recombinant Urbanism, Published by Wiley-Academy, pg. no. 53 6 John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd., pg. no. 9 7 Ibid, pg. no. 16 8 Mike batty & Paul Longley, Fractal cities, Published by Academic press inc., pg. no. 2 9 Mike batty & Paul Longley, Fractal cities, Published by Academic press inc., pg. no. 10 http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/local/scisoc/emergence/RhizomeRevenge.html 11 Mike batty & Paul Longley, Fractal cities, Published by Academic press inc., pg. no. 46 12 http://www.jahsonic.com/GillesDeleuze.html 13http://www.jahsonic.com/GillesDeleuze.html 14 http://www.prototista.org/E-Zine/keyideas.htm 15 http://www.prototista.org/E-Zine/keyideas.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY: -

John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd., 1995

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Peter Pearce, Structure in Nature Is a Strategy for Design, Published by Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978 David Grahame shane, Recombinant Urbanism, Published by Wiley-Academy Mike batty & Paul Longley, Fractal cities, Published by Academic press inc., 2005 http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/local/scisoc/emergence/RhizomeRevenge. html http://www.jahsonic.com/GillesDeleuze.html http://www.prototista.org/E-Zine/keyideas.htm Extract from Design Magazine, No. 206, Christopher Alexander “ A city is not a tree” http://noosphere.cc/capramenu.html

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Sustainability: a Changing Paradigm

support their lifestyle.

Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL MSc Urban Design: 2005-2006 Sustainability Anika Mittal

‘To begin our position-fixing aboard our spaceship Earth we must first acknowledge that the abundance of immediately consumable, obviously desirable or utterly essential resources have been sufficient until now to allow us to carry on despite our ignorance. Being exhaustible and spoilable, they have been adequate only up to this critical moment. This cushion-for-error of humanity’s survival and growth up to now was apparently provided just as a bird inside of the egg is provided with liquid nutriment to develop it to a certain point.’ Buckminster Fuller, Operation manual for planet Earth Sustainable development is defined as, ‘the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’1.In the present day scenario, the world today is at a dire need of an ecological balance. I feel that the relativity of sustainability and its references vary with change in regions. Through this essay, I will attempt to come up with a region-specific concept of sustainability. I intend to examine these issues with respect to the developed and developing countries, analyse few of the issues raised in today’s context and aim to bring forth regional sustainability perspectives. Some of the questions that formed the basis of my queries are how change in context changes the scenario…is economic development a significant determinant of sustainability? Also, does the definition of sustainability vary from place to place with varying economy and is the technological advancement really serving the countries that would benefit from it the most?

Source : http://www.sustainability-ed.org/

The graph shows that the total ecological footprint for the Earth’s population exceeds the ability for the planet to renew its resources quickly enough. As of now, the ecological footprint of the developed countries is much higher than that of the developing countries. “Countries, like India, Thailand and Brazil, have a sustainable ecological footprint at the moment but that comes at a price. Poor health and poverty is more common in these countries. These problems need to be tackled and this will probably increase their ecological footprint”3. It thus seems that the developed world is eating up the major portion of the earths resources. As new cities keep growing, there will soon be a dire need for these resources.

Ecological Footprint: An indicator of Sustainable development? Source: http://www.sustainability-ed.org/

Analyzing the graph, it can be seen that it is actually the developed countries which are using up most of the earth’s resources and not the developing ones. This forms the basis of my analysis further.

Changing perceptions of Sustainability

“Cities, it is said, are growing too fast or too large”2 Cities are consuming resources at such a fast rate that we are actually using up irreplaceable resources, which will cause a threat to the future generations. These resources that are constantly consumed by the city can be measured by Ecological footprint, which is the measure of Earth’s resources that a person uses each year. It shows this as the total area of biologically productive land and sea that is needed to

‘Cities exist ﬁrst and foremost to satisfy the human and the social need’4 The signiﬁcance of sustainability issues varies in its relative importance from city to city depending on the given city’s background. For example, in India, the most serious urban issue is the migration of people from villages to the cities, while in Europe, transportation is an important area that needs to be looked into. In North America, however, urban sprawl is the most pressing issue. In both the developed and the developing countries, the capacities of the cities are

Unemployment Rates-2003 Source: ILO, Global Trends Model

However, in the developed world, the population is relatively stagnating. People are moving out of the cities into the suburbs, leading to a massive urban sprawl, extension of infrastructure facilities and transport systems. Changes in the political structure have an important influence on urban change. It is also the political scenario of the developing countries that is hindering the social quality of the cities. ‘To understand urban change, one needs an understanding of the economic, social, physical and political forces that underpin it’6. Each of these factors plays an important role in the quality or the scale of urban change. One of the most important aspects of change is the countries economic and employment state. ‘Economic changes has a major influence on income distribution and thus on the nature and level of demand of goods and services and its spatial distribution. This, too, is a powerful influence on urban change’7. In my point of view, one of the key issues that sustainability must address is to create a social stability within the cities.

Sustainability with respect to the Developing World The developing world today faces acute problems with respect to sustainability issues. To analyze this, I would take India as a case study. Here, the biggest problem is that of unparalleled growth of population, which further hinders economic growth.

Lack of funds to improve the infrastructure for this growing population further adds to the problems. There is a large amount of communication by vehicles that is leading to serious pollution problems and also wastes a lot of man hours in commuting. There are also problems related to law implementation and cooperation in decisionmaking. The main issues that need to be addressed are hence related to Controlled population, Adequate governance services, Efﬁcient basic civic amenities such as power and water, adequate infrastructure like schools, parks, drainage system, and local Medicare establishments, Efﬁcient transportation planning, Effective environmental infrastructure and aquatic systems. The citizens should also be law-abiding, conscious of their role and contribute to all aspects of growth of the city8. Sustainability also requires awareness and education to help move ahead. In the developing countries, only limited people have access to education and a lot of them drop out later on to start work and earning. This further reduces the awareness possibilities and hinders growth towards sustainability. Africa also faces similar problems like India, dealing with the issues of employment, infrastructure, poverty, pollution, violence and social services. ‘The rate of growth of African cities is amongst the most rapid in the world. The concentration of African populations in cities is as much as 60% of the total population in many countries’9.

Source: http://www.newint.org/issue310/facts.htm

However, the case of the developed world stands at a different position altogether. ‘Many Central and Eastern European cities follow the Western example: first economic developments, then environmental remediation…even though it is already known that environmental considerations do not necessarily threaten economic development. In fact, they push the economy towards higher efficiency and urge the formation of knowledge based societies’10. The long term benefits of urban sustainability are still not as overpowering as its cost. There are also problems related to people lifestyle. People resist the changing of their lifestyle (example drive less, purchase environmentally conscious goods, collect waste separately, become more active members of civil society/be less passive, become more responsible (“just not in my backyard…”) etc.). Also, sometimes there are problems regarding implementation. At times, social problems hinder the enforcement of a particular law. It can be seen that ‘Countries with mature economies are in the position of being able to devote greater attention to creating more sustainable buildings by upgrading the existing building stock through the application of new developments or the invention and use of innovative technologies for energy and material savings, while developing countries are more likely to focus on social equality and economic sustainability’11. The main issue that they need to address are minimizing urban sprawl, recycling and using renewable source, Material output (solid waste, sewage, and air pollution) is kept to a minimal level, minimize ecological footprint etc. The

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exceeding its limits. Cities are tremendously increasing in size as people are constantly migrating to the urban areas. It is the pattern of living of the people that is causing an imbalance in the ecology. In the developed world, the ‘poor are abandoned and isolated in the inner-city ghettos’, while in the developing cities, they ‘are relegated to the squalor of the swelling shanty towns’5. The increase in poverty and population within the city is leading to a lack of the city being able to provide basic equity. This creates a problem of social deprivation in the developing world, which, at this stage, is rapidly growing in an extremely intense manner. People live in shanty areas without the basic facilities of water, electricity and sanitation and under severe poverty conditions. The social quality of life in these countries is really low. There are issues of unemployment, poverty, opportunities for education and the level of crime that exist at a very high level. Here, because of the level of poverty, the possibility of crime also increases. People living in these areas cannot afford to educate there children and this further hinders the process of sustainable living. It leads to insecurity in the old age which leads to the production of more children, further increasing the problems of overpopulation and the cycle goes on. The actions taken by the leaders in these counties for development are not long term and as immediate help is needed, not too much thought is given to future results of such implications. Hence, the new cities are being built to accommodate the growing population needs.

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goal is to achieve an across-the-board improvement instead of solving one problem at the expense of others. This can be done primarily through public participation in decision-making and using advanced environmental principles.

The Challenge For the Developed countries, one of the ways of moving towards achieving sustainable development is though Sustainable construction. This is done by taking into account environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues and bringing them into the construction industry. Specifically, it involves issues such as design and management of buildings, materials and building performance, energy and resource consumption - within the larger orbit of urban development and management. ‘The construction industry is a significant consumer of raw materials and of the energy required to process, transport and assemble them. Buildings in use are even more significant consumers of energy for heating and cooling. An ecological approach would drastically reduce construction energy and material costs and allow most buildings to export energy rather than consume it’12. With respect to the developed world, which owes its wealth and high standard of living to its commitment to technological development, it is most likely that they would naturally emphasize technology in an R & D agenda which concerns itself with sustainable construction. Hence, for the past few years, there has been a tendency for the developed countries to emphasize more in sustainability studies to the dimensions or aspects denominated as technical, i.e. ecological and geographical/ spatial sustainability. As a result, often the social contradictions that make up the field get neglected. The developing world, however, recognizes the fact that sustainable construction is not dependant completely on the availability of sustainable technologies. They are realized from a people-centered view of development, which recognises that ultimately it will be the behaviour and choices of people that determine the success or failure of sustainable development and construction. Along with technology, it is also essential to provide an institutional environment that encourages and enables the people to adjust behaviour, as well as giving them reasons for changing their behaviour.

Conclusion ‘What we term ‘sustainability’ was a reality inherent in many pre-industrial cultures. It was built into their beliefs, their practices, and the deign of their environment…. our vision is that what is sacred is our relationship to life and living processes….can be made manifest in the design of our everyday environment…The community of a culture is carried in its architecture, urban design, and planning’13. Sustainability to me, today, seems more like a word in vogue. There are larger issues that countries need to address, other than just concentrating on sustainable, energy-efﬁcient buildings. Sustainability in developing countries would hence, intend to solve much bigger issues related to the social quality of the life of people and political problems. For the developed world, there is a major need to look into their consumption of resources and to look into their ecological footprint. Since all the resources available to us are interconnected due to global marketing such as food, energy and materials, one community existing in an unsustainable manner impacts the others as well. It is hence, our duty to make all efforts in order to ensure that our neighbours are living sustainably as well. Although we have a lot of appropriate and new technologies these days, affordability of these technologies for the developing countries that will have the real beneﬁt from them is a key issue that needs to be

looked into seriously. There are widely divergent views and interpretations between countries with developed market economies and those with developing economies. There are certain issues that are realized by both the developed and the developing world, which is that of consuming things from the planet and not returning anything. If the present generation remains to be so careless, then a day will soon come when our resources will be exhausted. This is leading to our futures being at stake and I believe can only be solved if people are ready to or have the will power to change their lifestyles. Each person should take this responsibility towards creating a better future for the new generations – for our own children who are at stake. It is also crucial to “reorganize the whole metabolism of our cities”, the input and the output cycle of cities. In most cases, the world’s resources cannot be separated anymore. A sustainable future will thus, need to meet the needs of an increasing population with the sustainable use of the earth’s resources. It is the onus of the countries themselves, to not blindly follow sustainability as an issue that is generic but looks at it as a focused tool of ‘improving people’s quality of life within the context of earth’s carrying capacity’14.

Footnotes 1 World Commission on Environment and Development 2 David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne (Ed), The Living City- Towards a sustainable future, Published by Routledge-1990, Pg. no. 112 3 http://www.sustainability-ed.org/pages/look3-2.htm 4 David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne (Ed), The Living City- Towards a sustainable future, Published by Routledge-1990 5 Richard Roger, Cities for a small planet, Published by Faber and Faber Limited1997, Pg. no. 1/7 6 David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne (Ed), The Living City- Towards a sustainable future, Published by Routledge-1990, Pg. no. 93 7 David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne (Ed), The Living City- Towards a sustainable future, Published by Routledge-1990, Pg. no. 94 8 http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SustainableCities/CharacteristicsIndia.html 9 http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SustainableCities/CharacteristicsAfrica.html 10 http://www.rec.org/REC/Programs/SustainableCities/BarriersCEE.html 11 http://www.rec.org/ 12 http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/Activities/Urban/index.asp 13 Herbert Girardet, Cities-New direction for sustainable urban living, Published by Gaia books Limited-1992, Pg. no. 174 14 Herbert Girardet, Cities-New direction for sustainable urban living, Published by Gaia books Limited-1992, Pg. no. 177

BIBLIOGRAPHY: David Cadman and Geoffrey Payne (Ed), The Living City- Towards a sustainable future, Published by Routledge-1990 Herbert Girardet, Cities-New direction for sustainable urban living, Published by Gaia books Limited-1992 Richard Roger, Cities for a small planet, Published by Faber and Faber Limited1997 http://www.rec.org/ http://www.unep.org/ http://www.sustainability-ed.org/ http://www.census.gov/ipc/prod/ib96_03.pdf

http://www.newint.org/issue310/facts.htm

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Order and chaos: Evaluating the applicability of generative systems with respect to the city

Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL MSc Urban Design: 2005-2006 Generative systems Anika Mittal

essential characteristics’3. In other words, certain relationships must be established for any object to be recognized, such as a chair, a bicycle, or a tree. This unique conﬁguration of relationships that gives the system its essential characteristics is actually the pattern of organization. ‘The structure of a system is the physical embodiment of its pattern of organization’4.On one hand, while the description of the pattern of organization involves an abstract mapping of relationships, the description of the structure involves describing the system’s actual physical components - their shapes, chemical compositions, etc. James Lovelock gave the name Gaia to living systems and subsystems within them such as cells, organisms, colonies, ecosystems, companies, cities, economies, nation states and many others.

Background In order to scientifically understand life, the understanding of pattern is of crucial importance. However, it is not sufficient to understand only the pattern of organization for a complete understanding of a living system. The dictionary defines the word generative as ‘having the ability to originate, produce, or procreate’ or ‘of or relating to the production of offspring’. Generative systems are defined as ‘essentially combinatorial, configurational’1. When I think of generative systems, there are a few questions that come to my mind like how a city can use its experience to modify its behavior in beneficial ways? Also, is it possible for us to create machines or systems that can mimic characteristics within nature and to what extent can we mimic these complexities within the ecosystem? What changes a system from chaotic state to a self-organizing one? Can a city really function as a process and evolve during this process?

History/Development of theory The emergence of the concept of ‘pattern of organization’ has been a crucial element in the development of this approach. Many known philosophers, from Pythagoras to Aristotle, to Goethe, and to the organismic biologists, have been attempting to understand pattern, and realizing that it is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of living form and life. Alexander Bogdanov was one of the pioneers who attempted to integrate the concepts of organization, pattern, and complexity into a coherent systems theory. The cyberneticists also focused on patterns of communication and control, particularly on the patterns of circular Causality underlying the feedback concept. While doing so, they were the first to clearly distinguish the pattern of organization of a system from its physical structure. The missing ‘pieces of the puzzle’ were identified and have been further analysed over the past twenty years and the concept of selforganization and the new mathematics of complexity have been generated. Again, the notion of pattern has been central to both of these developments. The concept of self-organization originated in the recognition of the network as the general pattern of life, which was subsequently refined by Maturana and Varela in their concept of autopoiesis. ‘The new mathematics of complexity is essentially mathematics of visual patterns - strange attractors, phase portraits, fractals, etc. - which are analysed within the framework of topology pioneered by Poincaré’2. I believe that the key to formulating a comprehensive theory of living systems, hence, lies in the synthesis of these two approaches - the study of pattern (or form, order, quality) and the study of structure (or substance, matter, quantity). Pattern of organization ‘The pattern of organization of any system, living or nonliving, is the configuration of relationships among the system’s components that determines the system’s

Patterns of organization in nature Source: http://www.scottcamazine.com/personal/DesignNature/

In all these systems, the shared features include a network organisation having circular causality, or feedback, the self-maintenance of the system in a critical regime of behaviour known as the edge of chaos, and ﬂuid and fractal characteristics of organisation, form and process.

Self organizing systems Self-organizing systems are a case of goal-oriented systems ‘that are capable, with no explicit outside help, of improving their performance while pursuing their goals’5. What is usually referred to as self-organizing behavior, is the spontaneous formation of well organized structures, patterns, or behaviors, from random initial conditions. When initiated with some initial conditions, they tend to converge to small areas of this space (attractor basins) which can be interpreted as a form of self-organization. The existence of attractors is identified with the dissipation of some form of energy (friction), therefore, like living systems, dissipative structures can only be maintained by a constant flux of energy through them, and are therefore not in equilibrium. These attractors may be chaotic in which case the emergent behavior becomes too disorganized to grasp (disorganized complexity), though still self-organizing since chaotic attractors tend to be restricted to small volumes of their state-space (e.g. chaotic in a small subset of dimensions of the stat-space). The behavior of interest is often found in the transition between order and chaos - edge of chaos- and classified as a kind of organized complexity. This process of self-organization is also often interpreted as the evolution of order from chaos6. But what is the state between chaos and order and how can we control this?

Source: http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/edge_of_chaos.gif

All the intricacies (limit cycles, chaos, sensitivity to initial conditions, dissipative structuration,) associated with non-linearity can simply be understood through the interplay of positive and negative feedback cycles: some variations tend to reinforce themselves while others tend to reduce themselves. Both types of feedback propagate natural selection: positive feedback because it increases the number of configurations (up to the point where resources become insufficient), negative feedback because it stabilizes configurations. Both of them help to provide the configuration with a selective advantage over competing configurations. The interaction between them may even create intricate and unpredictable patterns (chaos), which can develop very quickly until they reach a stable configuration (attractor)8.

Analysis through Design Project Kauffman hypothesizes” Living systems exist in the [ordered] regime near the edge of chaos, and natural selection achieves and sustains such a poised state” Generative Systems and its associated techniques function differently at varying scales. On one hand, at an architectural level, it could provide endless potential solutions whereas on the other, at a city level or at a larger scale, it could be out of control and would possibly produce a million permutations. An approach to design with references from the natural eco system would be hence, beneficial in terms of general principles of interaction and stability. Another crucial issue that can be looked into is whether the elements in the city can be seen as being responsive to the environment and the conditions. Hence, the idea that initiated the project was to restore the system from a chaotic state to an interactive state. Natural ecosystems have complex biological structures: they recycle their material, permit change and adaptation and make efficient use of ambient energy. In contrast, most man-made and built environments have incomplete and simple structures: they do not recycle their material, are not adaptable and they waste energy9. The information ecosystem is a ferociously Darwinian place that produces endless mutations and quickly weeds out those no longer able to adapt and compete. Imagining and creating digitally mediated environments for the kinds of lives that we will want to lead and the sorts of communities that we will want to have10. The project attempts to create a metabolism like an organism within the city where the concept of natural ecosystem was applied to the city. The city would become a system which would pick up elements, adapt, recycle them and use them efficiently to make them a part of the system. This was done by evaluating the theories stated above and then applying these to the city that we were attempting to create. A system must meet a number of conditions and constraints to be able to move from a disordered state to an ordered one. This could also be done by establishing a set of rules for the system. The intent is to create a system that has no organization within itself but, if provided with the right conditions, it could self-organize. But the real

question would be that who controls these rules that are set for the system? Ants are biological examples of such self-organizing systems. They use their surrounding environment for their own benefits. By using chemical pheromones, which are markers between the ant nest and the food sources, they store information in the world. The ants then organize a pattern of chemicals to organize themselves. This concept and others similar to this that exist in nature are used as inspirations for the design project. As related to the project, the system has rules for plugging into the system. The unit joins to the system and form a give and take relationship. The unit provides something to the system and takes something from the system. The units form an interactive loop amongst themselves where they share the information. They could configure and reconfigure according to the requirements of the unit or the system.

Conclusion For me as an architect, the phrase Generative systems, hence, signifies, self-organizing, evolutionary, properties of configuration and reconfiguration (combinatorial). Evaluating the Thames gateway project, through aspects that pertain to generative systems, the City can be perceived as a process where things are changing with time and varying conditions and there is a constant input and output of information. During the process the system could evolve into highly complex one or could even disappear. The project attempts to find a balance between a chaotic state and a highly ordered static state. The elements within the system configure and reconfigure according to the needs of the system or interaction within these elements. The system is provided with a certain set of rules to avoid chaos and help them organize themselves. Like the ants examples, there are rules that exist in the system. There is no such clear answer as to who really governs the rules for these systems. Following this, it can be evaluated that such systems could also function without the presence of an external controller and can work by themselves, working through the rules of nature. It starts with an initial condition of elements randomly placed but slowly with the set of rules, it evolves to a self-organizing system. Rather than being structured only by outside forces, it is mainly governed by the changes within the system. Also, the fact that the structure is organized does not mean that it is predictable. Such an understanding and relevance of the functioning of the ecosystem clears up our understanding of nature and science and provides us with possible answers to metabolism of the city. Designing intelligent environments should hence, could be used for solving problems that are being faced in today’s world.

D_Anika Mittal_ESSAYs_45

Self-organization is usually associated with more complex, non-linear phenomena, rather than with the relatively simple processes of structure maintenance of diffusion. Heylighen listed seven characteristics of self-organizing system: Global order from local interaction Distributed control Robust and Resilience Non-linearity and feed back Organizational closure, hierarchy and emergence Bifurcation and symmetry breaking Far-from-equilibrium dynamics7

D_Anika Mittal_ESSAYs_46

Footnotes 1

John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd 95, Pg. no. 14 http://jonathanmackenzie.net/aeoc/capra.htm 3 Ibid 4 Ibid 5 http://informatics.indiana.edu/rocha/ss504_34.html#L3 6 Ibid 7 http://www.redﬁsh.com/dkunkle/mypapers/selfOrgAnts.pdf 8 http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SELFORG.html 9 John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd 95, Pg. no. 16 10 http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-books/City_of_Bits/Text_Unbound/text_unbound.html 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY: html -

John Frazer, An Evolutionary Architecture, Published by E.G Bond Ltd.-1995 http://www.redﬁsh.com/dkunkle/mypapers/selfOrgAnts.pdf http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/SELFORG.html http://informatics.indiana.edu/rocha/ss504_34.html#L3 http://jonathanmackenzie.net/aeoc/capra.htm http://mitpress2.mit.edu/e-books/City_of_Bits/Text_Unbound/text_unbound. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/edge_of_chaos.gif

D_Anika Mittal_ESSAYs_47

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_48

London - as a gateway between water and land A moving element combined with a static settlement

highly depended on each other. Out of the constant flow of the water, the settlement created an other flow. The flow of goods and trade.

Growth around the new business - ﬂow makes a living History essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 02.05, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Fabian Neuhaus 2005-12-09

Introduction There are different reasons to bring a city into being. Some are brought into existence by the will of individuals or political expedience, some are related to special universe and star constellations. London, however, is the outstanding example of a city which is so favored by position and circumstances that so long as commerce and industry endure it must continue to be great centre of activity and trade (Port of London Authority, The history of the Port of London, Page 1). A static structure for an urban settlement accomplishes the Thames as a neverending stream of water with constant changing in its nature. To elements that get into a powerful symbiosis, as a base for a world-class city.

The site - a geological explanation It starts a long from bringing goods from one place to an other. Humans practice this forever. Trough the Romans who brought the „over sea“ more „over canal“ trade into live, it became important to distribute goods from the south ports all over UK. To this action the Thames was a barrier. The Thames was a barrier not because of its width, but because of the instability of its ﬂanking marshes (Wooldridge + East: The geography of the Port of London, Page 23). The river today is a relatively narrow stream. In prehistoric days it used to be broader without clear borders. The water stream turned into shallow water and marshes smoothly. A long the Thames where only a few possibilities to establish a durable crossing. The lowest possibility was in London close to the present London Bridge. To bring many goods from one place to another it was easier and cheaper to use a boat for. Trough the tide the Thames could be easily used in both directions upwards and downwards. To allow long shipping distances, the port had to be as far upstream a possible, according to the tidal limit. But for the shipping a bridge is a barrier where you can’t pass with larger boats. A balance between water and road had to be found. London in this sense seems to be best achieved at the current site of London.

The settlement - a symbiosis on land and water The construction of an early bridge across the river the spans would be very narrow. This means that the larger ships, used for the canal crossing, could not pass trough any more. The distribution upwards along the Thames needed to be carried out trough smaller or different boats. Close to the bridge a transshipment process needed to take place. A port was brought in to place. The bridge served the settlement, the settlement protected the bridge. The Port supported the trade across the bridge and was served by the settlement. These three elements cam into a spin where they could support each other but also

The town development of London around the 14th century was still on a lower level. It was clearly orientated to the river with the backside to its protecting wall. Also the wealth distribution shows a centric image. The rich areas are in the heart and on the waterfront of the settlement. In all the great developments that took place till the Elizabethan times, London took the lead over the ports of the country. This is shown by the fact that at this time half the Customs revenue was collected in London; Southampton contributed 9 per cent; Newcastle 5 per cent; Bristol 3 per cent. Liverpool and Cardiff had not then become into prominence as ports (Port of London Authority, The history of the Port of London, Page 4). The plague of 1665 temporarily straggled the trade of the Port and the Great Fire of the following year destroyed practically the whole of the existing wharf and warehouse accommodation. The reconstruction was partially paid trough a tax on goods brought into the Port. Up to the time of the Fire, London straggled along the waterside, the river being the main highway for passengers and goods and the limits of the city being in easy reach of the waterside. The streets were narrow, ill paved and of little use for traffic. Along with the rising business of the trading exploded the amount of inhabitants in London. Till 1700 the population grew up to half a million inhabitants. It had become a major metropolis with almost ten per cent of the English population. The resultant pressure on housing in the already overcrowded medieval city necessitated massive building outwards into the suburbs. Much of this city growth fell out of the existing city walls. The pressure on existing housing which this created resulted in the appearance of a new generation of buildings and alleys which spread over a wide area of former fields to the east of the City, fanning out from the ribbon-developments which already flanked the approach roads into London, mostly towards the east, the East-End was born. In the west a growth limit was set up. This prevented the area from unstructured growing and lead to spacious squares flanked by elegant houses for gentlemen and aristocrats. The East End on the other hand was fast becoming a mixture of houses and small industrial concerns. These industries flourished outside the city because of several factors: the low cost of rents; the exclusion of certain trades from practicing within the walls; the failure of the city authorities to control the industries springing up in these areas; and really important because of its relation to the activities at the port. The East and West End was emerging which was to have profound long-term consequences on the geography of London - government and service industries were based to the west of the city, financial service were located in the City itself, and manufacturing spread out to the east (Hough Clout ed. The Times: History of London, page 55). In the days of the 17th century the trade doubled its value every 20-25 years. Trade became a „big“ business. But the infrastructure wasn’t able to handle this rising amount of goods. It laid exposed to the weather and thieves for weeks. It took years to catch up by the built infrastructure to the growing of the trade business. The catch up was managed by building wet docks into the marshes. Out of several institutions and owners grew several different docks and with this ports along the river.

The new docks and warehouses were constructed on sites in east London. Several reasons leaded to this. On of them is the river crossing it self. With the amount of goods, the ships grew in size and needed deeper canals and wider streams. They weren‘t able to pass the London bridges. It was easier to unload and load them on the east side of London. With this development the differentiation between East and West London tied up. The East side got deep into this dock and ship working with accomplished industry and smaller concerns. While on the west side the richer people didn‘t want to get down to the dockworkers. But still got the money from there. The port with its trade has always been accomplished with industry. There where the imported goods used as raw material or where goods for the export produced. During the 20th century the Thames in London and further down accommodated the following industries with direct relation to the water as a transport route: Public utilities such as power stations for electricity, gas, oil, coal and fuel; cement works; Paper mills. The need of the industry changed and with the growing size of the transported goods grew the transporting ships. Now it was the river that couldn‘t handle any more the size and the amount of the incoming ships. Together with the new needed space for larger amount of goods, more industry, larger ships and the inner pressure to the city development by rapid inhabitant growing the port industry was moved slowly further east out of the inner city. London then lost its direct relation to its once highly important moving element. At the moment there is a planning process on the way for a new port on the site of the old shell haven close to southend on sea. This is maybe the latest point on the Thames before the sea.

Bringing live back to the water - ideas, but solutions? [Re-discovering the old waterfront - get back in touch with the moving element] As the Thames‘ economic importance has declined, Londoners now slowly rediscover the river as an amenity, as a visual theme and a place to visit. The Port of London Authority (PLA) identiﬁed in the mid 1990 over 250 access points to the foreshore on London - stairways and slipways - a legacy from previous eras when the Thames was London’s principal thoroughfare (Greater London Assembly, John Biggs AM, Access to the Thames, Page 3). But hardly any of them were accessible to public. The brown ﬁelds and former industrial areas of the inner city are now turned into housing and shopping facilities. It became „chic“ to live in old warehouses or industrial buildings and have a loft. Of course with the great view on to the moving strip of endless water. The closed industrial river shores turn into closed private housing grounds. The main moving element of the city stays buried under private interests. But after movements of the trade and industry have been pushed down the river, a new moving element discovers the water, the tourism. The city now makes a good living from travelers and guests. But they, as well as the Londoners, want to get in touch with the romantic side of the water. They ask for public access to the river shore. London has to establish a new gateway between water and land. The National Thames Trail is only one project.

Conclusions - what remains - these facts will carry on [it‘s history makes London the way it is] The East West differentiation in this world city is as we now see strongly related to

its economy and business. Impacts from the geographical and geological perspective over to the development along the docks and ports to the complicate structure of the society were many factors working on the establishment of this separation. It remains as a historical gift whit that London will have to go along in the future. London is difﬁcult to describe. More than once was the question asked whether it is really a city or just a bunch of villages grown together. How can this agglomeration of villages be described, and further more how can this be a world-class city. The same questions can be asked on the port. It is really hard to point out „the London Port“. There is the Port of London Authority, which cam out of many different docks, ports and ownerships, but only as an institution. The port it self has no constant appearance, nor has it continuous form. The more is it a theoretical construction trough the institution of the P.L.A. Maybe so is London to understand as a construction to circumscribe an urban conglomerate of former villages.

Bibliographie S.W. Wooldridge, W.G. East: The geography of the port of London, (London: Hutchinson University Library, 1957)

Maurice Ash: A Guide to the Structure of London, (Bath: Adams and Dart, 1972) Port of London Authority: The history of The Port of London - up to the advent of the Port of London Au-

thority - Working for the Tidal Thames from Teddington to the Sea, London: 1993 Hough Clout ed. The Times: History of London, Times Books, London, 1999 John Pudney, London’s Docks, Thames and Hudson, London, 1975 Britania express, London History, http://www.britainexpress.com/London/anglo-saxon-london.htm {accessed 2005-12-04)

London Bridge Museum, education trust, http://www.oldlondonbridge.com/saxonnorman.shtml (accessed 2005-12-06)

City Farmer, Canada‘s Ofﬁce of Urban Agriculture, http://www.cityfarmer.org/, (acessed 2005-12-06) East London History, http://www.eastlondonhistory.com/, (accessed 2005-12-02) wikipedia online, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London, (accessed 2005-12-03)

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_49

Pushing out the former essentials - expansion place is needed [over write the starting places - pushing the business down the river]

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_50

On Systems - it is more than a bunch of simple pieces

Theorie essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 02.05, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Fabian Neuhaus 2005-12-09

The bike and the bin may not really have enough relation to create a functional subsystem as the door and the handle. But in the fact that I can’t pass trough because of their relation they appear to me at that moment as a system. A system that in the combination of its elements makes the way for me impassable. In general, for a larger group of people the bike would be seen as a system itself, or maybe as a subsystem of my sport activities, but not in relation to the bin. The fact that when the bin is placed back in the kitchen the next day and I can pass trough beside my bike, makes the bike and the bin a temporary system. Where as the door and the door handle in a stronger and durable system stay. The relations intensity between the elements do make a system. Subsystem can be divided from the system by looking at inner system relations.

System borders- a separation trough connections

Introduction What is a system? Four our purposes we shall think of a system in the most general way as a collection of entities interrelated in a specific way to accomplish a particular objective. The members of the collection are usually termed “subsystem.” Clearly, with this definition we can include almost anything. The bicyclist pedaling down a city street is a system with two obvious large subsystems: the person and the bicycle. Smaller subsystems include the wheels, the operators eyes, and his nervous subsystem. This viewpoint indicates that any system we choose to consider must itself be a collection of objectives in a hierarchy. The bicyclist is a member of the city bicycle traffic of that moment, the bicycle traffic is a subsystem of the transportation network, and so on trough the grouping levels (in Jack W. Lapatra, Applying the system approach to urban development, page 4). maybe ther are some more members in an open system, such as flow and agents, but this is for further exploration

elements - fan

my ipod - fan

The nature of systems - things are connected - how they get along To describe a system we will use two different types of members. First we have the elements, which describe a static thing, or a probably time based conglomeration of things, facts or actions that turns into ﬁx item. For example an ipod is a physical element or the bicycle trafﬁc is a temporary conglomeration of used bicycles. These elements stand in relation to each another. They have something to do with each other. Some elements depend on others - a glass rests on the table, the ipod charges only trough the laptop. Some stand in a neighborhood - the bin is placed beside the bike, that’s why I can’t pass. And others go along very well and support each other - the door and the door handle. Whit out talking, interacting these elements stand in relations. Trough their relations they become all part of a system, they belong to my household. But they also describe subsystems - the door and the handle can be read as a system itself. The door can only be opened by using the door handle, the door handle is more useful in relation to the door, than in connection with the ipod. Differentiation trough a subjective view.

Relations that connect the elements are then exposed to personal judging. They are objectives of subjective seeing and feeling. The bin has for me something to do with the glass on the table because they both belong to my household. But for my neighbor’s my bin has more to do with his bin, because it is the same model. But I d’ rather see my stuff together and not related to my neighbor’s belongings, he’s not my friend. Troughs the fact that I make my household a system all elements in my household are elements of my system. They get into relation trough me and my definition of my household. By buying a new chair I can expand my system or by throwing something into the bin I can change my system and its subsystems. - My own little world. But back to the door and the door handle, most of my friends will also say that they see it as a subsystem of my household. But their friends my only see it as a system in itself or maybe as a subsystem to the apartment (which is not mine, only rented). But I could agree with others, who can be strangers, that the door and the door handle can be seen as a system. We agree about the fact, that these two elements have a really close relationship that separates them from other elements in my household. Stronger connections can separate two elements from others to create a subsystem. “Borders” in this sense are described trough connections. The inner relations rather than trough an outline. Borders are whit in this definition no longer excluding factors. The lines brake up and are open for overlapping and diffuse drifting from one to another. They are able to integrate movement and flow (translated from Roger Diener, Jacques Herzog, Marcel Meili, Pierre De Meuron, Christian Schmid for ETH Studio Basel, Die Schweiz ein Staedtebauliches Portrait - Grenzen, Gemeinden - Eine kurze Geschichte des Territoriums, page 252). Relations It could be interesting to have a closer look at relations as a member of the system. As suggested above these relations are responsible for the actual borders of the chosen system. But as we saw in the example above with the bin and the bicycle, these relations are often rated trough a subjective view onto the system. Even my mood or my planed action can affect my creation of the system. If I don’t plan to charge my ipod, the ipod - computer system is not “existing”. The system of the ipod and the speakers is taking over, because I am listening to some music. In this sense time is an aspect of the system. But there are pre rated relations where a large number of people would agree that these elements have a qualitative relation and this group would see it as a system in a similar way. For example the door and the door handle. This is kind of a cultural agreement trough a similar background, knowledge and education. Subsystems

system relations - fan

elements with simylar relation - fan

Up to now all examples were shown whit out me as an system member. I acted as a kind of hidden observer. But in fact my person, my body but also my actions, are members of my household system or the city system. In this way I can see myself observing the system. It is me sitting in the black box trying to act and react with my surrounding. It is not me solving out a problem, I can see myself realizing a problem. Or even more, I can reﬂect on seeing myself realizing the problem. It is not longer me working towards the solution of the problem, it is me acting in relation to my surrounding. The “problem” is no longer a “problem with one special solution” it becomes a question with any possible reactions to it. My part is it to ﬁgure out how I can act whit in these reaction. The big difference is the understanding of it by including myself into the solution (or taking especially myself out). For the human mind, the tree is the easiest vehicle for complex thoughts. But the city is not, cannot, and must not be a tree. The city is a receptacle for life. If the receptacle servers the overlap of the strands of life whit in it, because it is a tree, it will be like a bowl full of razor blades on edge (in Christopher Alexander, A City is not a tree, page 55).

system zooms - fan

Working within a network - understanding the function - complexity Complex systems are difﬁcult to understand. Sometimes they appear as black boxes. This means that in the box is a unknown mechanism. I can give an input to the box, and get an output. But I am unable to ﬁgure out the way it functions. I can’t propose any outcome beside the fact that I will get a reaction even if noting happens. The city can be seen as a highly complex system. Because it is more than its elements together. It includes highly active relations and activities and is able to organization itself. This means it is an open system that can adapt by itself to changing needs or new inputs. It can on its own easily integrate new elements or creating or changing relations. As we saw before there is the possibility to see part of the system members as an other system or “subsystem”. This can be seen also as different zooms. My ipod goes with my computer. They both belong to my household. My household is in the city. But even the city can be seen as a member of a city network or a state, on and on till we reach the universe where we don’t know whether it is expanding stable or shrinking?

Conclusion - what does it tell me - myself trapped in the web This is what makes the system theory that much interesting. Very soon you get into a kind of a self-similar circle. And it is spinning around. Was the chicken ﬁrst or the egg?

Bibliographie Jack W. Lapatra, Applying the system approach to urban development, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 1973 Oliver Coutard, Richard E. Hanley, Rae Zimmerman, Sustaining urban networks - the social diffusion of large technical systems, Routledge, Oxon - New York, 2005 Michael Batty, Papers in Planning Research - 11 - On System Theory and Analysis in Urban Planning, University of Wales, Cardiff, 1980 Christopher Alexander, A City is not a tree, essay, 1965 Roger diener, Jaques Herzog, Marcel Meili, Pierr De Meuron, Christian Schmied for ETH Studio Basel, Die Schweiz ein Staedtebauliches Portraet - Grenzen, Gemeinden - Eine kurze Geschichte des Territoriums, Birkhaeuser, Basel, Berlin, Boston, 2005 wikipedia online, http://de.wikipedia.org, http://en.wikipedia.org, for system theory, system theory of the evolution, social systems, (accessed 2005-12-07) General system theory, http://www.istheory.yorku.ca/generalsystemstheory.htm, (accessed 2005-12-07) christof alxander online, http://www.uni-weimar.de/~donath/c-alexander98/ca98-html.htm, (accessed 2005-12-06) Vilem Flusser online, http://www.hyperkommunikation.ch/personen/ﬂusser.htm, (accesssed 2005-12-07) Hyperbibliothek online, Crashkurs, Systemtheorie, http://www.hyperkommunikation.ch/bibliothek/ crashkurse/crashkurs_systemtheorie/ckst_einleitung.htm, (accessed 2005-12-07)

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_51

“This viewpoint indicates that any system we choose to consider must itself be a collection of objectives in a hierarchy” (in Jack W. Lapatra, Applying the system approach to urban development, page 4 - mentioned in the introduction). The mentioned hierarchy is maybe not the right word to describe the relation between a system and its member, which can also be seen as a system. According to Christopher Alexander’s essay “a city is not a tree” to implement a real hierarchy, like the one in the army, is probably simplifying the system to a tree. The tree - thought so neat and beautiful a mental device, though it offers such a simple and clear way of diving a complex entity into units - does not describe correctly the actual structure of natural occurring cities, and does not describe the structure of the cities we need (in Christopher Alexander, A City is not a tree, page 54) - and so does the system. Systems and so called subsystem can therefore easily stand beside each other may even have special relations. As mentioned by Christopher Alexander (in Christopher Alexander, A City is not a tree, page 55) we tend to simplify impressions in our mind to get hold of too many inputs. With our cultural background we are used to order most of the impressions in a strict hierarchy order. We simplify the inputs to a tree or further back to the question of good and bad. Trough growing up in the same culture environment, going to a similar school, we all practice for many years how to bring things into a strict hierarchy - basically we learn how to turn anything into a tree.

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_52

on Sustainability

Sustainability essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 03.13, Urban Evolution - the Thames Gateway Fabian Neuhaus 2006-03-24

Introduction - what is sustainability Ofﬁcial description and terminology

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [World Commission on Environment and Development, Brundtland Report, 1987]. The actual model for sustainability is called the three-dimensional model. It is bases on the image of three circles for the target dimension of environment, economy and society, to witch are added the time and north-south dimensions [are - Amt für Raumentwicklung, Deﬁnition Nachhaltigkeit, 2004].

aware of action impacts and raises the key questions of sustainability. The ﬁrst satellite picture from outer space in 1959 gave these new thoughts an image. The whole world could look at it self and capture the ﬁniteness of our living room. And it is maybe still the most powerful image to support all activities around sustainability. Su sta i n a b i l i ty i s also abo u t image s > Space sh ip Earth [in Bu c kmin ste r Fu lle r, C r i ti ca l Pa th , N ew Yo rk, St. M artin ‘s Pre ss, 1 9 8 1 ] Question of general understanding of everyone‘s environment

Generally, it is thought to be learned as a child from the family, how we shall act in our environment. The terminology of respect, faith and dosage is said to be taught in this tiny element of the society. But maybe this way of seeing it denies the importance and complexity of the task. And maybe it needs more educational knowledge to understand and especially discover the systemically connection in everyday life to act accordingly. It is a fact that a large number of the world‘s population haven‘t the chance to access an education system like we know it. How can all these people be integrated into a large discussion and acting program around sustainability if they are not able to capture the range of it? Su sta i n a b i l i ty i s also abo u t e du catio n . Money - [S] = luxury? 3rd world? China? America?

Point of view - how to see it Why isn‘t it clear to do so?

If sustainability is talking about the way everyone and everything is performing in a respective way to the surrounding, there is no point of not acting it in such a way. It sounds to me; as such behaviour is a natural act of being. It is not understandable to me why there are other behaviours in such a large number that we have to fear the next century. It is all about someone else will do it.... If the single person doesn‘t bothers about, at least a company should do. If the ﬁrm‘s not doing it at least the government should. If one country is not taiking care about it, at least the whole world should do it... But maybe it is the other way round. If the whole world is not doing it, at least the single state should take care about. If the single state doesn‘t do it, a single company or a city should do it. If the city doesn‘t take care, the inhabitants should do it... Every action maters, there is no question about scale or size. Even more, actions have to be connected through all scales. It needs to be a consistent line, an overall policy. For me sustainability is the lived part of understanding system theory. That is, in a short saying: every object and action is connected to many others. Everyone creates visible and even more invisible impacts by acting. Sustainability is about acting in aware of these connections and not overdose impacts. The Atom is the past. The symbol of science for the next century is the dynamical Net. The Net is the archetype displayed to represent all circuits, all intelligence, all interdependence, all things economic and social and ecological, all communications, all democracy, all groups, all large systems [Kevin Kelly, Out of Control in Richard Rogers, edited by Philip Gumuchdjian, Cities for a small planet, page146]. It seems to be a question of education and knowledge. To understand things in such a way, of course there is education needed. I don‘t think it is an accident that sustainability appears together with a systemic understanding of the world in the early seventies of the last century. The discovery of the system description enables to become

Does it become a question of money and wealth? Is it an accident that sustainability becomes such a popular trend in rich countries of Western Europe like Switzerland and Germany? Is it more than just chic to move into a single-family house, where anyone says it‘s an ecohome? What about millions of people who dream of having a car in china? Maybe they understand the impact but who can tell them not to enjoy what we in Europe or America enjoy for years and now are fed up with, because there‘s a new hype? Or the really poor people in Africa, why shouldn‘t they destroy their nature to built some energy inefﬁcient holiday resorts for rich tourists? In these cases it seems to be a decision between desires, desire of goods and articles the western people showed their power with for many decades, and sanity of the natural call for acting within the system. In this way of looking at it, there seems to be a gap between systemically action and economy, money and wealth versus sanity and naturalness? But is there no other choice? Is there really only on or the other, is it only black OR white? Su sta i n a b i l i ty i s also abo u t co mbin in g an d in te gratio n .

Problems - how and why Who does it - who doesn‘t

In professional circles in central Europe it starts to be accepted that the question of sustainability has to be addressed and integrated. There are a large number of campaigns on different scales in every media. Sustainability is a big thing. Lots of people are talking about it, but it seems that even more don‘t understand a word. Of course it is high time that the London boroughs run campaigns on waste and recycling. But do people on the street get the message? Do they get the image of millions of used nappies get buried under their potential single-family home site? Do they know the alternatives, can they even imagine some? As discussed previous, a big part of it is highly connected to education and the under

energy locally and distribute it globally [in Bruce Mau and Jennifer Leonard, Massive Change, page 83]. Concepts

Su sta i n abi li ty is al s o ab o ut info r m at io n. Deﬁnitions - measurement - certiﬁcates

As a relatively young clime in different - or all? - aspects of life, it is the question of how to compare sustainable actions and activities. There are lots of discussions about sustainability and how to do it, but what are the guidelines? How can sustainability be measured? On an architectural scale of single buildings arisen in the last few years a number of different standards. ECO, Natural, Low Emission, Low Energy, Zero Energy, Sustainable Lifecycle... each of them with a howl lot of studies, facts and numbers to proofe anything. A big business, and a big confusion. It seems that by now things are getting sorted out and there are a number of certiﬁcates going to be installed at least on national levels to clean up and set the same base for discussions. At lest on architectural Levels. How about larger scale projects? In Switzerland, the Federal Ofﬁce of spatial planning developed a tool called MONET to kind of measure or monitor projects on sustainability. This thing needs over 100 indicators to give you some output. Su sta i n abi li ty is al s o ab o ut co m p lexit y.

Urban design - integration or living it? Important points

Sustainability as said in the introductions, is constituted in ofﬁcial terms out of environment, social, and economy. These tree factors have to be in a balance to create sustain living. Strategies of integration

Sustainable development requires ﬁtting in the wider environment, reusing existing systems and features and securing priorities to slow modes of transport, ecological values, human well being and safety. This should be achieved by integrating sectoral contributions, involving the public and other administrative levels and building commitment of all involved [in The European Council of Town Planners, Try it this Way - Sustainable Development at the Local Level, page 31]. Doesn‘t this sound like a description of planning? Why should a project be different in any general points from this description? Is there a point of planning something unhealthy or unsafe for people? Why would someone plan anything without ﬁtting it into the wider environment or not reuse existing systems? This is one major point of confusion. On a logical base there seems to be no point of talking about these obvious points of general planning, but there is! Waste

The idea of the endless cycle of design and production promises from the wasteful industrial systems of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The new design model provides a continuous assembly/disassembly line that cycles the product and its constituent matter - rather than recycling it - in a never-ending loop of improvement [in Bruce Mau and Jennifer Leonard, Massive Change, page 181]. Energy

The worldwide grid: The future of our planet depends on our redesigning the current power system, which relies on large-scale, centralized entities. We need to produce

Whether there is a general deﬁnition or a standard, concepts of integration rather than exclusion and concepts of connection rather than disconnection seem to appear more sustainable. Monocultural, monotony concepts out of the early 20th century appear in these days point of view as a complete failure. Today the key seems to be diversion and mixture - only a trend, who knows? Another key could be the inﬂuence on the surrounding by stating an example. The point is not to be totally and best sustainable. It is more important to be known and seen as sustainable in combination with a successful project. This could have impacts on others and is way more likely to be copied. Su sta i n a b i lity is also abo u t se ttin g tre n ds.

Conclusion New point of view? - What changed?

It is not about one field of action where sustainability hast to take place in such a manner. First, sustainability has to take place through all scales up to a global level in all fields. If you believe in being able to extinguish traffic jams by installing roundabouts you wont succeed with on roundabout per city. Every action is embedded in a system of elements, relations and impacts; every action has to be taken in awareness of this fact. Every action matters through all the scales. But all partners need to be on the same level of understanding. Su sta i n a b i lity is also abo u t e qu al righ ts.

>If you want to build solutions for the future and have people working with you, every citizen has to understand the system very well. You have to have a commitment with simplicity. Every child should know the design of his or her own city. They should design the city even, because if you can design the city you can understand the city. If you understand the city, you will respect the city [Jaime Lerner on public transport in Bruce Mau and Jennifer Leonard, Massive Change, page 59].

Bibliographie Richard Rogers, edited by Philip Gumuchdjian, Cities for a small planet, London, Faber and Faber Limited, 1997 The European Council of Town Planners, Try it this Way - Sustainabla Development at the Local Level, South Tyrol, Department of regional and Townplanning, 2002 Jack W. Lapatra, Applying the system approach to urban development, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, 1973 Bruce Mau with Jennifer Leonard and the Institute whitout Boundaries, Massive Change, London, Phaidon Press Limited, 2004 United Nations Sustainable Development, Agenda 21, Rio de Janerio Brazile, June 1992 Geoff Mulgan, connexity - how to live in a connected world, Harward Business School Press, 1998 Buckminster Fuller, Critical Path, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1981 Sustainable Development ARE, http://www.are.admin.ch/are/en/nachhaltig/deﬁnition/index.html, [accessed 2006-03-03] UN Department od Economic ans Social Affairs - Division for Sustainable Development, http://www. un.org/esa/sustdev/, [accessed 2006-03-03]

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standing and care about every ones own environment. But also there must be given a chance to do so. Every action matters and every element of the society acts as an example for others - without scale.

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_54

on Generative Systems

Generative Systems essay, UCL, the Bartlett schoool of architecture, MScUrban Design, UD 03.14, Urban Evolution the Thames Gateway Fabian Neuhaus 2006-03-24

Introduction - what are Generative Systems

To make his point, Bertanalffy pinpointed a dilemma that had puzzled scientists since the nineteenth century, when the novel idea of evolution entered into scientiﬁc thinking. Whereas Newtonian mechanics was a science of forces and trajectories, evolutionary thinking - thinking in terms of change, growth and development - required a new science of complexity [Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, page 47]. Generative systems now bring together the reproduction and selforganisation with the system approach. But does it goes as far as evolving systems. Does it bring in an evolutionary idea of growing systems that evolve, learn and decide?

Selforganising Systems Pattern and structures

Description and terminology

gen-er-a-tive, adjective - of or relating to reproduction. 1) able to produce: the generative power of the life force. 2) Linguistics applying principles of generative grammar. Origin late Middle English: from late Latin generativus, from generare ‘beget’ sys-tem, noun - 1) a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, 1.1) a set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or an interconnecting network: the state railroad system | fluid is pushed through a system of pipes or channels. 1.2) PHISIOLOGY a set of organs in the body with a common structure or function: the digestive system. 1.3) the human or animal body as a whole: you need to get the cholesterol out of your system. 2) a set of principles or procedures according to which something is done; an organized scheme or method: a multiparty system of government | the public school system. 2.1) orderliness; method: there was no system at all in the company. 2.2) a set of rules used in measurement or classification: the metric system. 2.3) (the system) the prevailing political or social order, esp. when regarded as oppressive and intransigent: don’t try buckling the system [Definition from Dictionary Thesaurus].1) If these general definitions are now brought together, it can be read as reproduction of systems. Or more in the sense of the system itself, the system is able to reproduce itself or similar, identical systems. The generative aspect is not only focusing on reproduction in the sense of really produce a new system, it also means the system is generating it self new in parts of it and is able to organize itself according to any inputs or environment. A generative system therefore is not only functioning, in terms of staying alive (not collapsing) or fulfilling a function (target), it also is able to generate itself (self-control). This means it grows out of the technical term of systems like railroads or pipes, into a more nature like definition. Therefore it could also be named as an artificial system with natural like behavior.

General System Theory The general theory of systems was ﬁrst introduced in 1968 by Bertalanffy. He set out to replace the mechanistic foundations of science with a holistic vision: General system theory is a general science of “wholeness” which up till now was considered a vague, hazy, and semi-metaphysical concept. In elaborate form it would be a mathematical discipline, in itself purely formal but applicable to the various empirical science. For science concerned with “organized wholes”, it would be similar signiﬁcance to that which probability theory has for sciences concerned with “chance events” [Bertanalffy, 1968].

Throughout the history of Western science and philosophy there has been a tension between the study of substance and the study of form. The study of substance starts with the question, “What is it made of?” the study of form with the question, “What is its pattern?” The key to a comprehensive theory of living systems lies in the synthesis of those two very different approaches, the study of substance (structure) and the study of form (or pattern). In the study of structure we measure and weigh things. Patterns, however, cannot be measured or weighed; they must be mapped. To understand a pattern, we must map a configuration of relationships. In other words, structures involve quantities, while pattern involves qualities [Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, page 81]. Is there a common pattern of organization that can be found in all living systems? This is the case. Its most important property is that it is a network pattern. Whenever we encounter living systems - organisms, parts of organisms or communities of organisms - we can observe that their components are arranged in network fashion. Whenever we look at life, we look at networks. The first and most obvious property of any network is its nonlinearity - it goes in all directions. Thus the relationships in a network pattern are nonlinear relationships. In particular, an influence, or message, may travel along a cyclical path, which may become a feedback loop. The concept of feedback is intimately connected with the network pattern. Because networks of communication may generate feedback loops, they may acquire the ability to regulate themselves. For example, a community that maintains an active network of communication will learn from its mistakes, because the consequences of a mistake will spread through the network and return to the source along feedback loops. Thus the community can correct its mistakes, regulate itself, and organize itself.

The Aspects of Living Systems In a machine such as a ipod the parts have been designed, manufactures, and then put together to form a structure with ﬁxed components. In a living system, by contrast, the components change continually. There is a ceaseless ﬂux of matter through a living organism. Each cell continually synthesizes and dissolves structures, and eliminates waste products. Tissues and organs replace their cells in continual cycles. There is growth, development and evolution. Thus from the very beginning of biology, the understanding of living structure has been inseparable from the understanding of metabolic and developmental process.

Cellular Automata To simulate these selforganising systems developers looked for the simplest way to simulate a network of cellular processes embodying an autopoietic pattern of organization. This meant that they had to design a computer programm simulating a network process, in which the function of each component is to help produce or transform other components in the network. As a cell, this autopoietic network would also have to create its own boundary, which would participate in the network of process and the same time define its extensions [Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, page 190]. A cellular automata is a rectangular grid of regular squares, or “cells”, like a chessboard. Each cell can take on a number of different values and has a definite number of neighbor cells that can influence it. The pattern, or “state”, of the entire grid changes in discrete steps according to a set of “transition rules” that apply simultaneously to every cell. These “machines” or simulated systems are because of complexity reasons mostly depending on one time cycle. Whereas living structures are dealing with a large number of different time cycles. Some of these cycles even can be contrary. Maybe this is just a question of time in terms of computing power? Or are living systems complex enough that they can’t be simulated in all their complexity? Maybe to use a picture for this we can refer to fractals. Images like the Mandelbrot form show an endless borderline. You can zoom in as much as you want and there is still a new picture with this pattern, self-similar to the previous. But the exiting thing to me is the understanding of infinity. To be endless does not necessarily mean to be a straight line running a head forever. It is found in quite small patterns like the Mandelbrot form. Maybe this image can be transferred to complexity. Complex systems may not need to look like hard, dense packed patterns of knots. I can imagine them to be quite light and fluid.

Development and evolution As it keeps interacting with its environment, a living organism will undergo a sequence of structural changes, and over time it will form its own, individual pathway of structural coupling. At any point on this pathway, the structure of the organism is a record of previous structural changes and thus of previous interactions. Living structure is always a record of previous development and ontogeny - the course of development of an individual organism - is the organism’s history of structural changes [Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, page 215]. However, rather than being determined by outside forces, it is determined by the organism’s own structure - a structure formed succession of autonomous structural changes. Thus the behavior of the living organism is both determined and free. Moreover, the fact that the behavior is structure-determined does not mean that it is predictable.

Conclusion Simulation

It all seems to come back to “the rules” and “the point”. “The rules” to define the structure, patterns and process, to define the interaction and action the system can undertake. “The point” on which someone (planner?) says stop, here we start building it. In this case the generative system is used only as a quite complex simulation of a process to find structures to be built. Therefore a evaluation tool would be needed to pick up the possible solutions out of all produced solutions and evaluate out of these the one output that matches the criteria best. In actual examples developers use genetic algorithems to implement a kind of selection tool (see John Frazer, an Evolutionary Architecture). It turns out to be very important to evaluate the outcome. Maybe this is even more important than the input (the rules). Through to our recent computing power we are able to generate more than we can handle. Therefore the reduction of all outcomes down to these few possible ones is a new difficult task. It seems to me that this should be already considered a the very beginning. Understanding

But could it be possible that we do not see generative systems as a simulation? Is there more into it? Maybe if we go more into the process and rather be far from the common thinking of planning and building. To see a new development as a process is a must for this. The question may lays in the cycles. Where are they? What do they cause? How are they related to structure, pattern and process? Especially in the field of urban design, hardly a project is built in one go with only one planner. And then during the life time, projects turne out to have many similaritieswith living organisms, due to hoste, being used and adapted by people. Of course in planning somewhere we have to start building, whether it is a house, a street or planting a three. But despite all planning and thinking rules the process goes on. Any introduced element becomes immediately part of a system whether the project is finished or not. Life takes over, time is moving, and they’re not waiting for the project to be finished. The idea of anyone saying stop is only in theoretical simulation possible. But in the real world the people start using it and adapt it to their dayly life. For me, at this point, this is the big issue in system thinking and knowing about selforganising structures. Every action we undertake is done in a living (in terms of changes and exchanges) environment. And as the system is able to organize itself it is going to deal with the input, in one way or another. This does not mean it doesn’t matter what we put in, the opposite would be through. A project sets up a structure but live’s (people) is going to fill, use and change it. This for, it has to be designed.The project has to alow the people to generate their networks but itself has to be integrated into a network and this means also it has to be able to change. There is no point of talking only about simulation. It is more about understanding the function and according to this to set up a design to allow structures to nest, act, maybe grow, but to communicate. Project

In terms of our project the introduction of process, network and organization goes beyond individualization - introduced through the starting idea of mobility - and brings the elements back together. This may set up the city, may not necessary in common terms but in terms of system thinking. The overall idea turns out to be a system that can be read as a city. City therefore doesn’t need to be a city in common terms, more in terms of conglomeration of single individuals forming a network that allows them to interact and

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_55

This striking property of living systems suggests process as a third criterion for a comprehensive description of the nature of life. The process of life is the activity involved in the continual embodiment of the system’s pattern of organization. Thus process criterion is the link between pattern and structure [Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, page 255]. These three aspects can be seen as a discription for living organisms. Recent computer simulations are able to simulate simpliﬁed artiﬁcial versions including these aspects. From studying these simulations we are able to learn more about systems.

D_Fabian Neuhaus_ESSAYs_56

through this (self-) organization occurs automatically. City is also about no isolation, being connected. Size in this case matters only in terms of surviving. Therefore the limitations of size in both directions big and small have to be explored. Are there any such boundaries?

Bibliographie Fritjof Capra, The web of Life - a new Synthesis of Mind and Matter, London, Flamingo, 1997 John Frazer, an Evolutionary Architecture, London/Oxford, Architectural Association Publications, 1995 Kevin Kelly, Out of Control, Basic Books, 1994 Manfred Wolff Plottegg, Generative Sytems, http://plottegg.tuwien.ac.at/vo030205.htm [accessed 200603-22]

aris fieldtrip p _21 6 1 1 1 5 200