1971-72_v12,n48_Chevron by Editor Imprint

the dim

III Faculty

Senate to hold open meeting on IS issues It was apparently made clear Wednesday that the Faculty Senate executive will assume the responsibility of naming a successor to George Cross, who resigned last week as chairman of the- senate Integrated Studies council. According to a reliable source, administration president Burt Matthews indicated that the Integrated Studies council would not be able to pick it’s own chairman. It was also evidently decided that senate IS council is not now recognized by senate as a legally functioning body, since Cross’ sudden resignation left it without a chairman. It is the contention of some IS council members that, since they picked an acting chairman when Cross walked out of a meeting and continued the agenda, that the council is still able to carry out business.

friday

17 march

volume

senate

12 number

snubs

The senate executive opinion that the IS council cannot carry on business leaves the question of the ratification of two Integrated Studies degrees-which is really the issue at the heart of all the IS

1972 48.

federation

Burt Matthews.. promised soon.

.open

IS meeting

problems right now-in a bureaucratic limbo. After the two IS students-Ross Bell and Mike Corbett-were recommended for degrees following a regular examination board session, the ratification was put off by the senate executive “until further information could be gathered.”

- .-

A meeting of the IS council set up for last friday was aborted by the administration, so those who showed up to voice concern over the situation set up an informal meeting for monday between IS council and senate exec members to talk things out. Administration representative Bill Smyth promised he would set the meeting up. But, when monday came, that meeting somehow failed to occur also. A group of uninvited persons then showed up at Wednesday’s incamera meeting between IS senate council and senate executive to’ find out what was going on and why the meeting had to be held in secret. There was a motion made and seconded that those present be allowed to stay through the meeting. Saying he didn’t want to influence the vote, Matthews, as chairman of the meeting, told members that he had already told several interested persons they couldn’t attend, and it would be unfair to allow those who had come to stay.

request .

Moratorium After adding two amendments which watered down next Wednesday’s cancellation of classes for a discussion of university issues, . faculty senate yesterday then refused to co-operate with the federation of students by voting not tocall off classes at all. Despite the fact that adpresident Burt ministration Matthews fought for the cancellation-and the fact that it had been approved by the senate executive-the approval was voted down, 13-X). The vote might well have been different had someone represnting the federation attended the meeting to answer questions.

for next. Wednesduy

Federation president Terry Moore, who had requested the cancellation, did not appear, leaving no one to explain to senators the reasons or particulars behind the day of discussions. Moore, however, after hearing of the vote, called for all students not to attend classes Wednesday in favor of the. afternoon meetings. Burt Matthews administration president originally said that he would not allow the university to be closed for the day. The federation has had a task force preparing the program for the past two weeks. It has been organized around four basic issues on the nature of the university.

The teach-in committee headed by Dave Peltz, federation board of education chairman plans to deal with the role of the university in society ; students in university the recomgovernment; mendations of the Wright commission report; and war research. The committee has come up with a two day program that will cover most aspects of the university. Board of student activities chairman Paul Dube has arranged for a pub and Leigh Ashford to participate. Burt Matthews has agreed to come to the “pre-moratorium”day pub to be held tuesday. Wednesday will see a liberation

lunch counter specials offered center starting time before the the main panel

with fifty cent in the campus at 11 am-enough masses sit down to at one.

Peter Warrian, grad history, will chair the panel discussingthe university in a broader sense. Phyllis Grosskurth, a prof from the university of Toronto and editor Marjaleena Repo, of Transformation magazine will be on the main panel. Burt Matthews and engineering dean Archie Sherbourne will represent the administration. Neil Byrne

and

Jack

Qua&r,

CO-

authors of the book ‘Why schools fail” will givea generalcomment on education. Leo JOhnSOn and Ron Lambert representing faculty will express views on faculty position and canadianization of the university.

Terry Moore will represent student views and federation policy in the university* About 2 : 30, workshops will be set up to deal with the more specific , issues. After about two hours - of smaller sessions the groups will come together in the great hall for a final report on the workshops and comments on the direction the university has to assume. The evening will feature Lee Ashford in a free concert to wrap things UP. The conference has campus wide suPPort from students through faculty and administration. Grad students being among the OIES to Suffer ITlOSt from the recommendations of the Wright commission have been sent a letter by grad student union president Jay Beattie. Pauline Pariser, grad rep to council has noted that grads she has talked to’ are strongly supporting the teach-in.

Federation displeased with senate council actions Extreme dissatisfaction was expressed by the student council over the recent actions of the senate council for integrated studies. Motion was passed at the council .meeting last thursday held in the board and senate room in Eng II, to support the decisions ‘of the examination committee of IS students Ross Bell and Michael Corbett, that they be granted their degrees.

Oh, the wonder of nature’s own protection (no, this isn’t a toothpaste ad]...can you spot the rabbit in this picture? Can you spot the’horse? What ,have you been smoking? First person t,o bring a copy to the chevron office and spots the rabbit wins a paper weight. Anyone spotting two rabbits wins a pair of glasses.

During the meeting council set up five standing committees. A committee will investigate the possibilities for establishing a day care centre on campus.

Presently, the only available day care centre is in married students’ residence, and there is a motion to shut this down, because the centre is not serving its purpose due to bad management. The problem of student housing will be rehashed, with an aim towards some concrete solutions. A committee will examine the campus security force. The administrative services group will be investigated; and the university power structure will be analyzed. There were twenty-eight council members present at the meeting. Administration president-Burt Matthews also attended.

This week on camp& of meetings, special other happenings on chevron secretary or afternoans by 3 p.m.

is a free column for the announcement seminars or speakers, social events and campus-student, faculty or staff. See the call extension 3443. Deadline is tuesday _

TODAY

SATURDAY

SUNDAY

Toronto express bus leaves campus centre 11:30, 1:30 & 4:30 pm for Islington subway station. Highway coach tickets $1.95 one way or $3.50 return and school bus tickets $1.25 per ticket. Sponsored by Federation of Students.

1972 Annual WLU Purple and Gold Revue, New Heaven, New Earth, a communal folk-rock musical written by George Thompson and Jonathan Kramer. Tickets $1.50 and 2.50 available at WLU Subog Building lower floor; U of W central box office; Sam the Record Man, Kitchener, Kadwell Record Shop, Waterloo Square; and Synthesis Records, Kitchener and Westmount Plaza. 8: 15 pm at Waterloo Collegiate Institute.

University of Waterloo Stage Band presents Sentimental Journey. 3:00 pm, Theatre of the Arts, Free admission ticket.

lxthus Coffee House. Come talk a bout life, love, God. 9 pm CC snack bar. Free Physics Club Pub for physics students, faculty and’ the general public. Admission 25 cents. Math Lounge, 5th floor. 8:00 pm Federation Flicks-Joe Hill &the Charge of the Light Brigade. U of W 5,O cents others $1. sponsored by Federation of Students. 8:00 pm, Arts Lecture 116 Ontario Senior Swimming Championships featuring some of the best swimmers in Canada. Time Friday 6:45 Saturday heats 1:30, finals 6:45 pm Saturday, heats 1:30 finals 7 pm, Sunday, heats 9:30 am, finals 4 pm,

Choral-Orchestral concert. Akfred Kunz music director. 8:00 pm, Theatre of the Arts. Free Admission Ticket.

Whitewater Club pool session Physed pool. 11 am-l pm Enter only through blue north. MONDAY Film: Portrait of Lydia. A series of pastel drawings-musical accompaniment of Schubert’s 8th symphony. Animals in Motion. In the 1880’s Eadweard Muybridge produced a study of animals in motion, using still photographs. Furynome. Greek myth. Dream of Wild Horses. Dream-like effects that evoke the wild horses of Camargue. Free Admission. -

English and Drama Society are showing Jalna and Elizabeth R. 9:00 pm, EL 208 & 29. Toronto express bus leaves lslington subway station for campus centre at 9:00 pm. Highway coach tickets $1.95 one way and School bus tickets $1.25 per ticket. Sponsored by Federation of Students.

ISA presents Siam: People of Thailand long house people 7:00 pm, EL 211, free slide show after. Free admission.

Faith Missionary Church 110 Fergus Avenue invites you to their services, Sundays 11 am and 7 pm. A bus will call at ‘campus centre at 9:15 am.

Meeting of K-W Women’s Coalition for Repeal of Abortion Laws. All women welcome. 1l:OO am Hum 151.

Faith Missionary Church 110 Fergus Avenue invites you to their youth time. 7:30 pm

Chapel service.-7 pm St. Paul’s College Chapel. Scuba Club. Bring equipment and friends. Snorkling and diving 10:30-l pm. enter Blue north from 10:30-11 am.

Federation Flicks-Joe Hill & The Charge of the Light Brigade. 50 cents U of W undergrads; $1 others. 8:00 pm AL 116. Sponsored by Federation of Students.

Jazz on Record. Louis Armstrong. Everyone welcome. 8:00 pm Storyroom, Public Library, Kitchener, Free.

Ski Caledon ski club. Bus leaves from the Ski Shop, Union at Moore, Waterloo 9 am returns 5 pm. Transportation and all day ticket $7.50. For reservations call 5796070. Scuba Club Bring equipment and friends. Snorkling and diving. 7:309: 30, Pool area, Public Lecture by Jose HuertasJourda, Dept. of Philosophy, U of W. Topic: Husserel’s The Crisis of European Man & Philosophy: Thirtyeight years later: From a Marginal Viewpoint. Sponsored by the History Dept. 8:00 AL 113. John Bizzell, communist return with revolutionary Africa. 8:00

Chairman of the young league of Canada will slides to talk about the movement ’ in South pm CC 135.

Radio .Waterloo meeting, policy board election, Bootleg Day. 8:OOpm, AL 212.

THURSDAY Waterloo university’s gay Ii beration movement general meeting. Everyone welcome. 8:00 pm El 110.

Classified ads are accepted between 9 and 5 in the chevron office. See Charlorte. Rates are 50 cents for the first fifteen words and five cents each per extra word. Deadline is tuesday +ternoons by 3 p.m.

FOUND

Set of white china, one piece missing cheap also VW windshield. 884-1917

Gold wedding band in Lot A. Inscrip: HLLA 27-3-47 Contact: E. Hausfeld, Germanic and Slavic Dept. LOST Leather Mits-possibly left in car that picked me up east of Weber, Mon. morning (March 13); Jim 578-1876. REWARD offered for used parking gates; whole pieces preferred, but good prices for parts thereof. Ask for Ian or Al, ext. 3211. Girl’s prescription campus. Needed phone 884-7166.

sunglasses, for driving.

lost on Please

Gold chain and cross in Phy Ed. bldg. in Gymnastics area. If found call or leave message for gino at 743-0895. Reward.

Blaupunkt Portable Radio battery-AC; AM-FM-SW-LW, Bass, Treble, AFC. Convertible for cars. Excellent condition. $60. only. phone 885-0656 Yahama 35D 1967 good running condition-rebuilt engine, needs paint, see and make offer cheaper in winter, Keith 745-0919 Mon-Thurs.

1971 Fiat 124 S, green, cosmic mags,

WEDNESDAY

after

Leica 35 mm Camera $100. evenings Mon-Thurs 884-7497.

call

For rent fully furnished apartment May-August 72. 137 University Ave. 742-4105.

guitar and or amp. 884,

Two single rooms, 5 minute walk from U of W clean quiet private home, for summer term, male students. Private entrance, and bath fridge, but no cooking $11 weekly Phone 743-7202; Mrs. Dorscht 204 Lester St. Waterloo.

Honest person who picked up Voightlander camera in Women’s washroom, Modern Languages last Saturday, please contact Donna 7425406. Reward 1

Rock and Roll group to entertain in country hotel-Thurs nites phone 6963045.

Free! Four lovable kittens need loving homes. Four weeks old. phone 5796033

Single and double room for rent ,cooking and washing facilities male only close to University 884-1381.

phone

WANTED

Pregnant and distressed? Call Buthught 579-3990 office hours 9:3011:30 am, 1:30-3:30 pm 7-9 pm.

Sailing Club meeting Everybody interested in sailing on Uniwat’s sailing team next fall and those interested in helping ?-un the sailing club in the summer please attend. We have 3 sailboats now! 7:00, CC 211.

Cheap electric 1917.

Drama-Satanas. Written by University of Waterloo student Steve Petch. Free admission, 11: 30 am, Theatre of Arts.

Small furnished apt. May to Aug. Married with small child. Phone collect 705-324-0177

All typing done efficiently and promp. tly. Call Mrs. Marion Wright 745-1111 during office hours; evenings 8851664.

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HOUSING-AVAILABLE

Passport, job application and other photographic work. Three dollars for four pictures Call Nigel 884-7865.

Cottage (trees, creek) 5 minutes from campus, 2 bedrooms, large kitchen, front room. Call 744-2725.

Rooms in off-campus student residence, indoor-outdoor rugs, continental beds, parking, 15 minutes from University, IO wk. 743-5110.

1964 6 cyl. rambler automatic $100 as 0081 Turntable, Garrard cartridge, almost 5067.

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Sublet may to September one bedroom apartment in farmhouse near university. $115 month, Phone 5794845.

Large 2 bedroom apt furnished summer, 15’ minutes walk to University, 5 minutes to Westmount Place, $155, 743-7509.

Room for student, broadloomed bedroom and living room, kitchen included, room furnished close to the University, available April 1. Phone 576-4560.

Two bedroom apartment May-Sept. $140 semi-furnished sauna. Close to all shopping, moses springer, ymca, brewers retail 125 Lincoln Rd. no. 201, 579-2987.

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Included

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student Send

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ChongOS

prampi))t

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to:

the

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the unlverslty

should wait until UGAG had completed its review of the whole body of the A and B requirements for a B.A., since-whether positive or negative-the decision would effect the entire subject of compulsory requirements. John Wilson, however expressed doubt that UGAG would put forth any significant changes in policy and that the issue at hand, Lambert’s motion, should be handled as soon as possible and a decision made.

Girl share one bedroom furnished apartment near University May 1 8849595.

FOR SALE 1971 Norton Commando great shape, 884-0372.

page

campus, by Prof. Jan Narveson. Once again the uniqueness of the Canadian problem was used in the counter to this query; in a country such as the U.S. there is no need to spell out “American content” as a requirement, for the simple reason that it is already a basic component in the body of education-as a whole. Nationalist cries for “American universities” are not heard because there is no cause for it, whereas in Canada the dirth of Canadianism prompts action along the line’ of Lambert’s proposal. In an effort to postpone final debate on the proposal, it was thought by some that Council

Single rooms for male students cooking facilities, walking distance to University Phone evenings 884-4924.

Beautiful one-bedroom apt. May-Sept. huge sundeck. close to both universities $100 Calico kitten and green plants if desired. 170 King N. no.3.

Summer-term, 2 double rooms for male students sitting room, complete kitchen, shower, private entrance, $10 week, 744-7044.

Pub Boogie with blues band, 8:30 building. Fund Columbia ‘72. 75 $1.50 others.

Nationalism floored... Faculty council gags

Furnished apt. for rent May to Sept. five minute walk from campus, .Waterloo Towers 579-1915. ,

TYPING

Local Distributor has openings for customer service 3 evenings a week we guarantee $1.75 per hour up to $4 per hour. Fuller Brush Co. phone 7421671 for interview.

Federation Flicks Tora! Tora! Tora!. The Passion of Anna (Restricted). 50 cents U of W undergrads $1 others, sponsored by Federation of Students.

Summer term, 2 singles and 1 large double room, complete private bathroom and kitchen facilities, linen and towels supplied. Separate entrance parking, males only 885-0914.

White wool toque. Sometime last month between Renison and Arts Quad. Sentimental value reward graham 885-0016.

PERSONAL

Two bedroom apartment; married student housing. Available april 1, or anytime after $150 month Phone 8848908.

Two bedroom apt. available immediately or april 1 Silver Birch rd. Wat. $150 rent included appliances cable TV and all utilities. Phone days 745-l 108, evenings 744-1033.

1970 Cortina GT white, black racing stripe. Ziebart, 21,000 miles, good condition extra tires. Phone 884-5125 or ext. 3785.

20,000 miles, best offer weekend 884-6056.

TUESDAY

Entertainment by John Constant, Robin Wight and Tom Duff. Title of Concert: Winter: for guitar, flute, piano & voice; Snowbound thoughts and wanderings. Free admission. 12:30 pm Theatre of Arts.

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Due to the lateness of the hour Tuesday, a decision on the motion was not made, and further debate was tabled until Tuesday, March 21, at a special convening of the Arts Faculty Council. Judging by the tenor of the discussion this week, next Tuesday’s meeting should indeed prove interesting and revealing. The pressure for “this university’s responsibilities to Canadian citizenship” in the form of this proposal involves a committment to Canada by the faculty, in a much more concrete sense than the establishment of the Canadian Studies programme, in that it will include all students, not just those who actively choose to look at Canada. The Council meeting to decide on Lambert’s proposal will be held in AL105 at 4: 30 pm, March 21 and will be open to all interested persons. $8

annucf&.

_ -

Arts Fat Tables Lambert Tuesday’s Arts Faculty Council meeting was highlighted by a lively and rhetorical debate! on Prof. R. D. Lambert’s motion proposing that three compulsory Canadian content courses be incorporated into the existing requirements for a Bachelor of Arts degree. The basic rationale behind this move lies in the apparent lack of Canadianism in the education of Canada’s youth. Considered as a “positive motion...a moderate motion” by Lambert, it was met

john

with cries of “nationalism” and ‘ ‘compulsion’ ’ from other members of faculty. The situation in the Canadian scene which prompts such exin the form of plicit action, requirements, was summed up by professors Leo Johnson and John Wilson. The student, both within the school structure and without, is “never given the opportunity to learn of Canada”. In point of fact “young people in our society have been deculturated”. A student is not provided with the ammunition

essential to form an idea of what it is to be Canadian-the true Canada, as it is, was, or will be is not a basic component of development in this day and age. Dave Robertson, a non-voting student representative for this particular meeting, voiced an objection to futher curtailment of free choice for the student in the university; in his words we should “approach education with the idea of freedom, not compulsion.” Wilson’s answer to this objection hinged upon the uniqueness of the whole myth of Canadian culture; the issue-of forced learning would “not be a proper concern if all things are equal”-all things are not equal, and Canada is-not given the-chance ot express itself. With the present lack of Canadianism in media, and education the deculturizing is ’ more a “discounting” and hiding of Canada than an active rejection of it, and the ideal of free choice for both student and faculty cannot be met while there is a lack of knowledge in things close to home-canadian-upon which to base the free choice of a “liberal” 2. education. Further questions; concerning. the definition of “significant Canadian content”, and who wotild be commissioned to decide this, were voiced by Prof. W.U. Ober.

The possible loss of emphasis upon the “basic skills” of learning, if these requirements are added to those already in existence, was pointed out by Prof. J. Gold. In answer to Ober, Lambert stated that at present UGAG reviews courses in the Faculty of Arts and this role could be extended to incorporate the task of defining Canadian content. Also in- fields outside those covered by the existing Canadian Studies programme -namely political science, history and economicswhere Canadian content is not a particulary vague commodity, the topics discussed can be done in a Canadian frame of reference. Areas such as philosophy and psychology can incorporate the

societal problems existent in Canada and its history. As far as the neglect of “basic skills” goes, Wilson stated that the motion requires only that among all the things used to “sharpen minds”’ during a university education, three of them should be Canadian courses in generalities could be handled with “special applications to the Canadian scene” sadly required because of the neglect of Canada in the learning process from year one to university. The question of the position of nationalism in a “liberal” education was floored, with reservation about the actual existence of such an education on (continued on pg. 2)

Wilson....

Student screwed. by ad-min inefficiency After working eight years for what some people might call “the real world”, I decided to enrole at the university of Waterloo as a mature student. Being twenty-five years old, and having what some people might call a minimum education, I decided to better myself. I made this move even though I was eighteen hundred dollars in the hole. I was also working on a project for over two years, and was not entirely able to sell the project because of my minimum education. I didn’t reajize at that time however, that one of the most important assets of getting a university education is called “money”. I found out very quickly however that the university of Waterloo bureaucracy has been more interested in collecting its “money” than in involving me in a worthwhile education process. The tenet seems to be that “ if you can’t buy it” there’s no way you’ll get the education you desire or need. Being in financial difficulty from the outset I have found it impossible to pay my fees at the time designated by the university. I had applied to the Quebec government for a thousand dollar loan, but had not received anything by the time of registration in September. I went to financial services and met with Mr. Philips the credit manager to explain my problem of finances. He allowed me to register in the university, through partial payment, but suggested that I try to obtain the balance through a local bank., I managed to secure a loan for four hundred dollars from a local bank, but it wasgiven on the condition that I pay the money back before december fifteenth, or when and if I was to receive my loan from the Quebec government. With this money, I bought most of the required books for my courses, and the balance I put into my account for rent and living expenses. I did however, have a reserve account in Montreal to cover the loan made through a finance company a few years ago for three thousand dollars. In September I had an eighteen hundred balance to pay, at one hundreddollars a month. That meant that my monthly expenses while attending university

my application to a Quebec bank by would be around $200 (including the financial registered mail. Meanwhile loan). services began to hassle me for my Around the beginnning of november, tuition. my bank account began to run out. Before I could cash my cheque, Mr. Financial Services began to enquire Philips was clamouring again for my through my professor& of my tuition. By the time I paid off the bank whereabouts. They explained the four hundred dollars and my emergency situation to one of my professors, and loan of one hundred dollars and part of urged my professor to contact me and my tuition of two hundred and twenty have me report to financial services five dollars, I only had about three immediately. hundred dollars left to live on..This was It is also important to mention here beside the fact that I had to pay my bank that financial services did have my one hundred dollars a month in Montelephone number and address. They treal. could have contacted me at home, but Again financial services began to call instead, tried to get my professor inmy professors to enquire about my volved in the situation. When I received Again financial services a letter from financial services about my ’ whereabouts. explained my financial situation, and ‘over-due account, I met with Mr. Philips urged my professor to give me the once again. I told him that I was still’ message. awaiting my loan from the Quebec It was also around this time that I Government. Again Mr. Philips urged me received a letter from the student to obtain another loan from the bank. awards office telling me that I had not By this time (around december), I was paid back my emergency loan. of a out of money. I was then forced to obtain hundred dollars. They also threatened to an emergency loan of’ one hundred hold back my marks until my debt was dollars from the students awards office. settled with them. When in fact, I had I decided that I would have to leave paid back the hundred dollars over two university during the month of december in order to work in Montreal. . weeks ago. I then had to go to the. students awards office to get the thing The reason for this was the fact that I straightened out. They then informed had four hundred dollars to pay back to me that some kind of error had been the bank before december 15, and one made. hundred dollars to pay back my Finally all this brings us to the present emergency loan by january 15. time. On monday I received a letter from When I got to Montreal, I discovered a financial services dated march 10, which notice from the Quebec government was a notice of an outstanding account telling me that my loan for one thousand which stated “Unless your remittance is dollars had come through.. (This received by return mail, a service charge was about twoweeks after I had left the and interest, calculated to due date will university). The notice stated however, be assessed and the entire file will be that the money could only be negotiated turned over to an outside collection through the university I was attending. I agency.” immediately contacted the awards On tuesday march 13, I once again department of the university to enquire went to see Philips of financial services. if they had received my loan. Philips told me he was tired of dealing I then found out that the awards office with Quebec students who had to had been holding my thousand dollar depend on the Quebec loan to pay their q loan since november 10. (This was after tuition. He told me that if he had known I had to get an emergency loan in he was going to have so much trouble, he december). have let me register at this When I got back to the< university . wouldn’t university. Philips went on to say, “I am around january 6’1 discovered that the only trying to do my job”. loan had to be processed in Quebec by january 10, otherwise, the loan would beSomeone once said that “It was this non valid. This meant that I had to send kind of thinking that sent thousands of

/Jews to the gas chambers.” I am sure Philips is sympathetic however, but is being sympathetic enough? The only help Philips could give was a suggestion to borrow the balance of my account from the bank. In other words, go deeper and deeper into debt. (I thought only finance companies told us to do that). Philips told me he is willing to let the thing go until the end of term. He also said the money should be paid. Now I am broke, and still have six weeks of university left. Finding money to pay the rest of my tuition and staying alive until the end of the term seems, impossible. There are however three things I can do; 1. Go further into debt. 2. Quit university 3. Collect welfare (which isn’t possible) \ Obviously I want to continue my education and am willing to pay my fees as soon as I am able. Yet all I have been told is that either adhere to the norm and pay on the date due or get out. The establishment urges one to go to university for a higher education. The only problem is that if you lack the money, you can be turned away from the university. Hundreds of potential _ students like myself are forced to stay away from university because of financial problems. You would think that with the present job crises being the way it is, that the government would make it a little easier to obtain a better education. Many students at university have daddys with fat bank accounts, and can afford to send their kids to university. Others who do not have the financial resourses can apply for a government grant. What about mature studnets who are not living at home? Where can they go for help, without going further and further into debt? \ Collecting unemployment and dropping out seems to be more practical qhan trying to continue ones education. Society then puts you down as being a “Bum”. Who can win? Do you have to look like a $ sign before you can go to university? Is all this hassle really worth it I wonder? William Beaudin lsS_man env. studies.

friday 17 march 1972 (12:48)

1019

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“There is no clear-cut way of acting as critic-at-large” says Ron Wardell, the new officer, “as there has -been no precedent and there are no fixed terms of reference.” The creation of the federation position of critic-at-large is “an attempt to create a buffer zone between trouble and us”, says federation president Terry Moore. Moore explained that he expects that the critic will facilitate good relationships between the societies and the federation, will help to “head off trouble before it happens” and will be part of a two-fold plan to help students air their grievances.

Ont.

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Complaints against the administration will be entertained by the board of student grievances while the federation critic will act as a liason officer between campus societies and the federation. More specifically, the new officer Ron Wardell will be responsible for the continuing critical re-appraisal of policies and activities of the federation.

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The position was created at the executive level to ensure familiarity with the workings of the federation and to ensure strong and immediate criticism. The emphasis will be placed on receiving feedback from the faculty societies and residence councils. Wardell will be expected to attend society meetings, to establish personal contact with officers of these organizations, to explain federation policies whenever necessary and to actively follow up criticisms of the federation. At the same time, the critic-atlarge is expected to provide comments in return with respect to policies and demands of the’ societies and residences. The importance of neutrality in the position and the existence of a twoway flow of communication is repeatedly emphasized. Wardell, who has been a member of the engineering society executive, feels that there is a definite need for someone who has been involved with the federation before and can see its problems. He pointed out that he has had experience with federation-society relationships before and hopes to aid in the establishment of good working relations in the future. How is it going to evolve? Wardell isn’t sure but Moore hopes that the student body will become vocal should the neutrality of the position begin to falter.

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King

W - Kitchener

Trudeau coming... to town

Wodd you buy aused economyfrotithisman? by Tim Grant & nancy McLaughlin

He continued with “There are jobs in the mines, there are jobs on farms out west where some -farmers claim they can’t get help”. Yet Trudeau was hard-pressed when asked by hundreds of miners in Sudbury a few weeks ago where those jobs were. Trudeau’.? illusions of reality were again evident when he stated, “:.- And in Ontario they have to import migrant workers from the West Indies to work on fruit farms because they can’t fied workers here.” In’ this instance, anyone in South Western Ontario knows that the workers are flown in because employers refuse to pay the minimum wage to #Canadians. - Trudeau’s last remark that evening in Toronto was even more deceptive. He stated, “There is work available in Canada, but sometimes you have to move to get it, and accept something (just) above the minimum wage.. and not buy a house in the first year.” However, the Hellyer Task Force on Housing in 1968 pointed out that to afford an N.H.A. mortgage to buy a house, a Canadian must, earn $8,000 a year, which clearly indicates that it is not a worker’s desire to buy. a house that keeps him unemployed. _ Trudeau’s embarrassing four year record on unemployment has often been excused by the stated necessity of keeping inflation down. However inflation has continued, and Statistics Canada pointed out that in December of 1971, there was the greatest inflationary increase in the cost of living index for any one month period in ten years ! Trudeau has consistently refused to deal with major Canadian problems in a serious way. Instead he has appointed a long list of commissions and committees to “study” these problems. The Ledain Commission, the White Paper on Indian Reform, the Senate Poverty Committee, the Prices and Incomes Commission, and the Royal Commission o.n the Status of Women are just a few on the list.

the chevron

Recently there have been indications that Trudeau’s popularity has been declining sharply. His rise to pdwer in 1968 had produced high hopes in Canadian people, but that now seems to have faded amidst cries of arrogance and contempt. The discontent surrounding Trudeau and his government has ranged from mild disillusionment td outright contempt. As an example of the latter, Peter Reilly stated in Saturday Night that “Trudeau is a ‘political disaster; a snide smug arrogant contemptible liar; a foul-mouthed smirking mincing little mountebank who thumbs his nose from the back seat of his limousine and tells the unemployed workers howling for their jobs to eat shit.. . .an economic egnoramus who with successively i disastrous flourishes of his pen has created more poverty than at any time since the 1930’s ; a lanquid boor who told the spokesman of the poor in Parliament to fuck off when they tried his tiny temper.” Discontent with lhe Prime Minister has even spread within the Liberal Party. In past weeks, his contr&erslal‘statements on unempIoyment and abort@ have’ deepened people’s diseontentment, expecially among the poor. In Toronto, on January 22nd he said, “In most parts of Canada there are many many jobs offered which are not being taken.” But can Trudeau pretend that there are enough jobs for the 600,000 unemployed Canadians? 1 Trudeau, himself a millionaire, went on to say “Often ’ people are unemployed because they want a job at $3 an hour instead of $1.75. Yet most economists would point out that the take-home pay of even those earning $3 per hour is only enough to maintain themselves near the poverty line if they have a small family.

When Nixon imposed the 10 per cent surcharge in 1971 Trudeau’s response was to create an $80 million fund for those corporations affected-that money of course coming out of the Canadian taxpayers’ pocket. Duringhis four years in power Trudeau has increased direct g_overnment giveaways to corporations. In 1970, the Dominion Bureau of Statistics noted that the giveaways totalled slightly less than $1 billion. In each of his government’s last three budgets he has cut corporate taxes, the last instance being in October when he cut their taxes by a further 7 per cent. This situation is even worse when one takes into account that the Carter Tax Report pointed out that 50 to 70 per cent of corporate taxes are-passed on to the consumers anyway. Many Canadian workers now fear the introduction of wage and prices controls. Robert Kaplan, a Liberal M.P., stated recently “Canada will probably have wage and price controls within six months”. Of course Trudeau undoubtedly will not introdtice them until after the next election, and certainly he will not make provisions for profit control ! On friday March 10th in Victoriaville, Quebec, Trudeau stated with regard to unemployment that “If the only objective was to create jobs, it would be simple. We would. just abolish tomorrow, the right to use tractors and bulldozers and there would be work for everybody with picks and shovels.” We’d like to see the day when his reality includes a pick and shovel ! Hopefully for the people of Canada, one person who will be out of *.d job after the next federal election will be Trudeau himself. He doesn’t need a job-he’s a millionaire. If you’re not a millionaire or if you need a job come to the demonstration thursday March 23rd at 5:OOpm. at the Inn of the Black Walnut and show you’re qot satisfied.

by brute

murphy

‘the chevron

ArtsocThere will be no elections for artsoc. Out of 2200 arts students only two nominations have been received for the four positions on the executive. Elected by acclamation: Dave Chapley president; Ravindra Pate1 treasurer. If you haven’t had an opportunity to fill out an artsoc library policy questionnaire you can help by going down to the artsoc office in Hum 177B and doing so. The History Society has had all its officers elected by acclamation with the exception of the newsletter editor which, thus far, has not-had any nominations given in. The new executive is: Susan president; Ed Rutland, Darling, secretary-treasurer ; and Joyce Harper, librarian. If you have any books out from the history- reference room you are asked to get them in by the end of the month or suitable actions will be taken.

Circle

K is holding a dinner meeting tuesday in the faculty club at 6: 00 pm. is 3.25 dollars for a New York Sirloin trimmings. Induction of new members, new executive and a farewell graduating members is also featured the evening. Engsoc Circle

next Cost with the to for !

Students pre-registering for 3A or 3B and interested in management sciences should go down to the society office for information concerning some new courses on the topic. Engsoc, both streams, sent delegates to a conference, march 9, 10, and 11, in Fredricton, New Brunswick. The theme of the conference was pollution and the moral and legal obligations of this subject with the engineer.

Engsoc sent a t&al of sixteen-delegates and a brief that was presented on the second day of the conference. Briefs were also presented by the university of Alberta and by the university of Guelph. Of the three presented it was generally acknowledged that the uniwat brief was the best, both visually (it employed a slide show) and in content. The uniwat brief dealt ‘with a systems approach to dealing with pollution problems. In other words it-did not try to solve the problem : it merely tried to find a direction to proceed in to find an answer. During the three days of the conference Peter Middleton, co-ordinator of Pollution Probe, and people from the Department of the Environment were heard.

Broomball

Winners

Co-op

Tlie faculty team won 54 but it should be noted that they had four student subs as there was only one faculty show up. most valuable player Linda Tschirhart least valuable player Cam Kitchen. Amateur

Nite

Rugger humourous won worst jivers.

team won grossest and most act? Mark Lawry & associates act. Eric and Linda won best

The executive of -E.S.S. would thank all the people who helped making of Winter Weekend ‘72.

like to in the

Elections Generally the conference success by those attending.

was termed

Engsoc now has new office hours: 11: 30 - to 2: 30 every weekday. The position of social director for engsoc is going to be vacant for September to december. of this year. This position is appointed and if you have any interest in the position leave your name in the engsoc office by march 23. This position would also be good for a person interested in working on orientation as the social director works on the planning of this. Engsoc will be holding its sixth and final council meeting monday at 6 :30 in the board and senate room in engineering 11.

E.S.S.

These are events held Weekend.

the names of winners of during the E.S.S. Winter

Snow Shoe Winners : First Harold Grubee Second Peter Schrama Third Dan Andeeson Car Rally Winners: First mike Koch Second Marc Thibault Third Bryan Douglas

’

-If you haven’t voted in the Math Society Council Elections...well you had betteryou get exactly the reps you vote for. So get out there and vote. Remember the polls close at 3: 30 pm. Remember-all math undergrads are eligible to vote for a President and a VicePresident. 1B Co-op votes for two 2A reps; 3A votes for one, 3B rep andall 2nd year ‘regular students vote for three 3rd year reps. The second yedr regular seats were filled by acclamation with one seat left orien for byelection in the fall. The 4th year regular seats were both left open...nobody wanted them? A fall byelection will be held to fill these seats also. PUB From the department of whats-about-to-, happen.. .would you believe a pub with the engineers? The truth is that on Saturday PM the mathies and the plumbers are corunning a pub in food services. At 8 :30 pm the drinkin’ begins with music to follow shortly thereafter. Amish will provide the sounds for your dancin’ feet.

Math

A Basketball

After a long and glorious season the Co op Math A basketball team finished the year by losing to St. Jerome’s in the final. Congratulations to the team that the experts picked as semi-final dropouts. Housing If you are still looking for a place to stay next term then come into the office and take-a look at our housing forms. If you - have a place you wish to sublet or share next term then come in and fill out a form. Perhaps we may be of assistance to you. Sci sot The executive of Scisoc are pleased to announce that all the positions for next year’s executive have been filled.. . by acclamation. The newly elected executive are : Dennis Lougheed, president Jean Taylor, vice-president Ron Scha, treasurer Brenda Lorenz, secretary. Questionnaires for the second term course critiques should be out next week.

Ukrainian The Ukrainian Students Club will be holding their annual elections for the fivk executive positions for the year 1972-73. The election meeting will be held at 9: 30 pm in the Humanities Undergrad Lounge, room 280, on Wednesday, march 22. 11card carrying members who are also me bers of the Federation of Students are eligible to hold office. For more information phone 884-7166.

friday 17 march 1972 (12:48)

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TORO’NTOU (CUP)-Hundreds of , senate chamber chamber. and adjoining students. ‘hall, hall, the negotiating; committee university of Toronto ended a day-long occupation of the” -‘sent word that Sword would not university’s main adminrstration appear untif 9: 30. building’-Tuesday after forcing the H As students waited, the mood in ’ ’ administration toi. agree to most of the* crowded room- became tense ’ their demands.. and hostile towards the adAbout v students re-occupied ministration. (When. Sword . ap- ’ %@coe --Hall-,Monday ‘afternoon to peared, he was greeted with boospress for student demands that the) and hiss-es. Pranked* by >adneti &milhondollar library being Lministration heavies, he ,push& built ,o,nqmpus be ma&open to ’ his way ‘to the front through the . all members of the university as crowd,? his face. an ashen .white, well as to the general pubhc. A band moved Ito the rostrum- to San~ library committee report, *had ’ ,nounce the compromise reached , through negotiations; recommended that access to the The main points inch&$ stacks be- limited to graduate c&p students. ,\ : .. . . / \ LAn adm’inistration The reoccupation came after a mitment to push through proposals ’ mass meeting, called next door to in the academic senate to openthe Simcoe. Hall 51 the university’s stacks of the Robarts Library to au ’ users on ‘an equal basis and reduce huge ’ Convocation Hall,. heard details of Sunday’s pohce attack on the prqent public borrowing- fee of &monstrators who had been oc- 50, dollars to a, minimal amount. . cupying ‘the senate chambers of I -A commitment to press for the . , dropping of ,aU- charges against the university since. Friday night. in the Sunday raid, ~8 people . those arrested when . police broke senate on ‘were arrested on charges of”, into the student-occupied \ _, tresspassing, assault, and ,ob-. Sunday. -A comm&nent not to call the . struction. @nong those arrested wese Va sity ‘&tar Tom’ Wakorri: police on, c@‘xi#us unle‘ss there is a and stud f nt council ypresident Bob \ f‘clear and Lpre’&nt danger to the ’ I 1 essential functions“ of the ’ -& Spencer. \ university” and -not to call on ‘The ‘Monday meeting‘ heard police without prior negotiations L faculty member Fred Winters with students. ’ - . describe the. ‘series of. secret ad-’ As Sword finished his statement, 2 ministration .meetings leading up- the crowd I &eepd and., booed. to the decision to bring the police After .he left, students debated for onto campus. .As ’ the meeting two hours about ‘accepting the ended, students voted, almost demands. They sent 4 negotiating unanimously to hold Convocation - team, to clear up some details of Hall and ‘to reoccupy Simcoe Hall. the- agreement and about LOO At the same time .U of T car-’ ’ students stayed in the, senate penters were bolstering the main chamber all night. ’ I , doors with heavy sheets of plywood The negotiatmg team met with and campus police were nervously. Sword at 11 am Tuesday Bnd adguarding all the entrances. The ministration officials flatly turned admimstration b@ding had been down-‘ any amendments r .tg the locked late that morning. original- agreement. At a 2 pm /’ Student forced open the huge meeting in Simcoe Hall of over 800, front doors and met with no, opstudent president Bob Spencer position from campus police as moved acceptance of the original, they took over the whole building. Sword concessions.. Large numbers of ‘students held But the Imeeting was wary-’ of . Simcoe Hall all ‘day and in the trustingthe administration and afternoon formed a negotiating speakers suggested that students committee to meet xwith acting should remain in Simcde Hall until administration *president Jack - the senate had actually ratified the . Sword, demanding that- he return demands$But after an ’ hour of to~ddress the students at 7 that debate, students voted to leave the 1ngnL. chambers,’ accept . the adAs the. occupiers formed comministrat8on~compromise and mittees to deal with set-urity, food mass for next monday’s * senatq . small meeting. \ and press accreditation, ‘groups of students went to If the senate does not proceed to 1 classrooms and residences _with the satisfaction of the students, leaflets, a sound truck and they wfll likely move to shut down bullhorns to get /people out to the the university administration > again. 7 meeting with Sword. The reoccupation ended at 3 pm, , At 6: 45, when over 800 people had , squeezed themselves into . ‘the almost 24 hours after it had begun. ./

Downtown ’ I Kitchener ’ OPEN DAILY till 6 Thurs. & Fri. till 9

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NEW YORR XC-UPI)-Amerikn‘ army investigators concluded that 347 civilians had been slam. -at MyLai, “a total twice as .!arge as has been publkly acknowledged,” claims Seymour Hersh, ’ the reporter who* ‘first abroke the’ massacre story. , , ., -. Quoting from ‘what he calls complete testimony of the cornmission set up under Lt. General William Peers to investigate the My Lai incident, Hersh claims that the platoon+d by Lt. ‘,Wilham Galley, I Jr. ‘wasresponsible for 90 , to 130 murders at My Lai. The second ,platoon, reports Hersh,’ murderedas many as 100 civilians, The rest of the- deaths are attributed to a third platoon and >helicopter gun ships. Hersh charges that according to the I secret Peers Commission transcript, the infantry platoon headed by Lt. Thomas Willingham -shot into ,the ~hamlet and $ie& namese survivors ,‘told j&my -ini

*.-*vestigators that 90 to 10~ women children, and old- men were ki.lled’ * Of the twelve men charged with’ crimes in connection with My Lai, ’ only one,’ Call&y, has been convicted of any crime. Charges were .:dropped in seven cases and four were acquitted after military court 1 * martial. Galley is currently awaiting the ’ outcome: of’ an appeal against his m-year prison sentence for the - murder of ~2 Vietnamese civilians. He had at first been sentenced to ~ life imprisonment. ’ / Hersh _ also charged that , evidence” about the March 1968 massacre was destroyed by American .Division officers‘ who had no-connection with the incident “to protect officers who preceded them”. He said, the Army had ’ evidence that reports on the massacre “were on file at the American Division Headquarters ,‘- N as late as ’ May 1969,” fourteen months after the massacre., .

Testing the new federation.... The federation, this year, has had to weather two tests of itself: a presidential election and a referendum that many people argued was a life and death issue for it. It has come through both with some degree of stability. But now it has to go through another test. Can it or can it not survive with a president who, through his own admission, is inexperienced and a

council that, the same?

in many

cases,

Ed Chanter Treasurer E.S.S.

Eric Mackie acting prez Artsoc George

Zador

Prez SciSoc

Jim Sinclair president of mathsoc feels that Terry Moore’s administration could do quite a bit and right now looks very promising. It seems to have done a lot already with Terry Moore having created standing com“just about mittees on If the volunteers everything.” around him have as much energy as he does for working then we may have a very strong federation next year.” But if Terry Moore has a set policy on how he is going to inincrease society-federation volvement he hasn’t seen it. But as far as mathsoc goes he does not think that it shouldfiould suffer if the federation did not work into closer contact with it. It would be able to survive both financially and operationally on its own. But he would like $to see the federation involved in co-op housing. At present m,athsoc is operating a clearing house for housing information and Jim would like to see this expand into a house leasing operation. One part of his program that he thinks has a definite chance of success is the fight against the university of Waterloo act. If Moore is able to inform the students and make them aware of the implications of the act he has no doubt that an effective resistance to it is possible.

die societies react

To find the answer to this question a number of society people were contacted and asked what they thought were the chances the federation had and what things would they suggest to Terry Moore to make the federation a viable source of power and influence on this campus.

story research, layout & photos by Bruce Murphy, the chevron

Jim Sinclair acting prez Mathsoc

“By the start that they have made I ha.ve mixed reactions. They (the new administration) seem very dynamic and the platform they advocate is close to what I would personally like to see but if they are going to create closer cooperation between the societies and themselves they are going to have to get better organized.” “I was not at all impressed by the organization of the think tank two weeks ago sunday. We were informed that it was to start at in the morning. Our nine representatives went out to Shantz Station at eleven thinking that this would put them into the at a point when meeting something was actually happening. But when they got there they found no one there at all. We later found out that the bus taking people there didn’t leave the campus centre until twelve.” “It’s great to have forward looking views but you’ve got to have organization or you’re going to lose people whose keenness is dampened.” “But I would say that from the start that it has made that the new administration has a better chance of succeeding with its platform than the old one. But this may just be th-e initial enthusiasm of a new administration. Moore is going to have to be organized if he is going to get some meaningful act ion together.” “Some things for him to work on. He should try to stabilize policies that the of ’ organizations federation is involved with. For example the booking policy. You never know exactly what the policy is and this makes problems. A final draft of the policy should be made and mailed out to the people whowill be needing it.” “And orientation is important. You have to get the students when they come in. My concept of a good start for him is a damn good orientation.”

“From the meetings that I have attended so far of the new council it seems to be very keen. I am worried by the lack of experience of most of the members but I’m hopeful that their enthusiasm will more than make up for it.” So says Eric Mackie this years president of artsoc and next year arts rep on the federation council. Next year he would like to see the societies working closer with the federation for orientation. This would prevent duplication of effort on the part of both bodies and would probably help greatly to involve more first year students coming into the university. The major problem here is that the federation usually works on orientation in the summer when most society personnel are off campus. He has brought this problem to the attention of the orientation chairman and hopes that some sort of solution may be worked out. One major change that he expects to see next year is a cut in the budget of the Board of Students Activities and the money shifted to other priorities.

Gino Engsoc

“I would like to say he’s off to a very good start. He has a great many people behind him. I don’t know him personally but I don’t think that his inexperience is going to hurt him. But i.t’s really too early to tell. I think that if he can maintain his support and bring everything back down to a society level he will have a very successful administration.” “But I think that he’s going to have to arrange a formalized structure within which meetings between the federation executive and society presidents could take place. At present there is no such structure and we sort of get together by bumping into each other when we need to. Even though we have reps from each faculty on the federation council they don’t really serve the purpose as they are on a personal basis and do not really represent the students in their faculty.” ’ “He has put forward some very good ideas. I think the critic at large is a fantastic idea.” “Orientation is definitely going to be important. If he can get people in their first year involved in the working of the federation then he will have the possibility of creating a continuum of administrative people to assure the continuation of the federation.”

Nicolini prez

“A”

“He’s going to have one hell of a lot of work to do. He’s admitted that he’s not experienced and now he has to prove what he can do. I think the main thing will be to initiate‘ something. That in itself will be the most difficult part. Perhaps he can use the chevron and radio Waterloo to advantage, especially in September when the time comes to start the actual running of the federation.” “My advice to him between now and then, what I call the interim period, is to get busy and learn the operations of the federation and become as well versed as possible in them.” “But he’s not going to be able to run the whole show himself. I think the societies are going to play a very important role next yea-r. If he can get good individual cooperation between the federation and the societies then the federation will be able to act as a co-ordinator between the societies.” “But if he is going to do any of this he’s going to have to get together more with the societies. His think tank didn’t work out as he gave us the wrong time for the meeting and so our rep left in disgust.” “I think he should set up some kind of an orientation committee that includes the societies to discuss the orientation programme.”

..Question:Will \

it pcL?

The picture for Terry Moore and his new administration seems rosy indeed. He has somehow managed to create a great amount of confidence among the society people interviewed, and by simple extrapolation, probably the rest of the society people and the students too. The question is “Is this confidence misplaced?“This, of course, can only be answered after there is a new administration in the federation office. But there are some things that he can do to ensure that he is not a failure. . He can listen to the society leaders. They have just \finished a year of leading their friday

- ’

own groups and are aware of some of the problems that exist. They are all, in their own ways, very definite about what they think. They no doubt realize many of the problems that Terry Moore is going to have to face. This makes their comments invaluable, indeed, to Terry. But in the end he is going to have to work like hell for the students on this campus. He is going to have to use al.1 of his organizational ability, all of the charisma that he possesses, all his reasoning powers, his powers of persuasion if he is going to be termed a success in office. ln this we wish him luck. 17 march

1972

(12:48)

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March

23, 1972

Public meetings tb discuss the Draft Report of the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario Public meetings have been arranged in selected centres to provide full opportunity for public discussion of the Draft Report of the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario. The meetings are scheduled to convene at 2.00 p.m. and 7.30 p.m. m on the dates and at the places indicated below.

March

Centennial Wellington

March

Ontario Queen’s

Hail, Street,

London.

Room, Macdonald Park, Toronto.

Block,

Interested individuals and representativesof concerned organizations are invited to attend the meetings to ask questions of Commissioners, to make statements concerning the Draft Report and to present formally submissions to the Commission. Copies of the Draft Report in English and French are available free from the Ontario Government Bookstore, 880 Bay Street, Toronto and from the Commission. Enquiries concerning meeting arrangements should be addressed to the Commission on Post-Secondary Education in Ontario, Suite 203,505 University Avenue,Toronto 101, Ontario.

101026

the

chevron

Since John Coltrane’s death in 1967, Impulse has been slowly releasing a marvellous series of albums culled from the many tapes he left behind. The latest, Sun Ship (Impulse AS 92111, is “Trane” at the top of his form, blowing with all the freedom and immense self-confidence characteristic of his post-A Love Supreme recordings. He is supported, as usual, by McCoy Tyner, Jimmy Garrison, and Elvin Jones, and it is interesting to compare pianist Side one consists solely of “Money Blues”, an 18-minute, three-part piece during which Joe Lee Wilson shouts “Gimme some money”-for the full 18 minuteswhile Shepp and a small band do a free-jazz boogie behind him. Unfortunately, Mr. Wilson is not Wilson Pickett ; unfortunately, the supporting musicians have no space to solo, and thus must confine themselves to riffingalbeit “freely”; It really is an angry composition-it made me so angry that I doubt that I’ll ever listen to it again. Side two is much more successful. After a short, ethereal piece called “Dr. King, the Peaceful Warrior”, Cal Massey’s “Things Have Got To Change” is given a very strong performance. Massey is a relatively unsung but very talented composer who blends free jazz, electronic music, and an amateur chorus into an exciting and unpredictable work. Shepp, violinist Leroy Jenkins, and flautist James Spaulding got off on some interesting solos, and P.T. Barnum would be proud: it leaves us wanting more. But why is this such a JekylHyde album ? Mainly, I suspect, because Shepp wrote and arranged ‘ ‘Money Blues’ ’ , while on Side two he’s just another musician interpreting Massey’s ideas. I know that Shepp has been heavily involved with Black theater groups in New York, and I would guess that “Money Blues” was originally a dramatic set-piece later put to music. Conceivable, it works as theater, but it sure doesn’t make. it as music. If you dig Shepp, get the album for “Things Have Got to Change” ; otherwise, listen first or be sorry later. Turning to an entirely different school of jazz, The Bill E’vans Trio “Live” (Verve V6-8803) documents the work of an artist whose intelligence is firmly in control of his emotions. Evans is “the thinking man’s pianist”, a merciless dissector of melodies who has one thing (besides the piano) in common with Thelonious Monk : after you’ve heard his version of some standard, jazz tune, anyone else’s sounds wrong. It is really ,c&ite amazing to hear

Evans interpret something as apparently trivial as “Someday My Prince Will Come”. First of all, he omits about half of the notes (have you ever noticed that most songs do have too many notes?); then he speeds up, retards, or . bends those he has left in-most jazz musicians will tell you that you can’t “bend” notes on a piano, but they’ll also admit that Evans and Monk can do it-and the result is music that’s so far in it’s “far our. Tyner’s work on Sun Ship with that on such earlier (1961) albums as Live at the Village Vanguard. On the latter, Tyner seemed very ill at ease, and his solos were much moremainstream than those of his colleagues; but by 1965, when Sun Ship was recorded, he had listened to Cecil Taylor and was becoming an integral part of the group, laying down his own “sheets of sound” and comping very effectively behind Trane’s solos. Garrison and Jones are their usual superb selves, which brings us to the master. John Coltrane was a very special person: an ex“angry young man” who made his original reputation by freaking out the critics, he gradually achieved such total command of both himself and his instrument that there were no more gaps between intention and expression. He spoke to us directly, communicating the most intense passion as well as the highest spirituality within the same song-sometimes, within the same note. He was, simply, a stone fucking genius, and if you’re not yet aware of him, Sun Ship is as good a place as any to start. Archie Shepp played with, and learned a good deal from, John Coltrane, but anger still burns brightly within him; he is caught up in what is happening in the ghettoesof Black America, and his music is correspondingly disturbing, harsh, making few concessions to the ideal of the maximum possible audience; Things

Have

Got

Change

(Impulse AS 9212) is his latest album, and it exemplifies-both the positive and negative aspects of Shepp’s approach to the problem of creating music. Working with the impeccable support of bassist ‘Chuck Israels and drummer Larry Bunker, Evans has produced an album. which demands close listening at fairly high volume, because otherwise it’s going to sound like one more of the hip cocktail lounge records (Ahmad Jamal, Ramsey Lewis) glutting today’s market. But it’s worth the effort; if the adjectives “intelligent”, “impressionistic”, and “cool” attract you,

The Bill

will do very head.

Evans

Trio

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iob -- or is corrections something

by mart roberts the chevron

. Some of the answers to this question should be given at a conference on corrections and justice being held march 24 at renison college. Corrections is in a transitional state. We’re moving from a punitive philosophy which has existed in canada for many years towards a more enlighted approach stressing rehabilitation. Unfortunately our justice system is years behind and change within the correctional field is slow. There is a need for public awareness of the basic issues. Many of us are unaware of any problems in the court and jail systems unless we’re personally affected. If you’ve ever visited the courts or experienced “lockup” in city or county jails you are aware of inconsistencies. Imprisonment is no longer a lower class phenomenon. Even educated middle class kids get dumped in guelph reformatory. Visit the guelph correctional centre sometime. The physical environment of the joint stinks of an institution built to punish people. There are too many problems trying to organize a

program stressing rehabilitation in a place like guelph, where cells, bars, and screws are an integral part of the system. The recidivist rate for offenders in canada is 85 percent, which is very high. This fact stresses the need for a substantial change. John lee superintendant, of guelph, knows these problems too well. Lee, like most progressive idealists in corrections is vacating his illustrious position only a year after taking office. He feels it is more important to let the community know what’s happening. That is why he has made it part of his job to leave the institution and talk about the problems that he faces.

The afternoon semester, from 2-4 is being held at renison college. The theme will be corrections: the concept and the reality. Panelists will include alex gigeroff from the Clarke institute; john lee; bob gaucher, an instigator of community involvement in prison reforms and dr. meen, a psychiatrist from the vanier centre for women in brampton. The evening semester, from 8-10 will be held in the same room in the math building. The topic is reentry into the community: on whose terms? i

The conference on friday will be divided into three sections. The first session, at 10 a.m. will concentrate on the judicial system. Ray schacter, a u. of t. cabbagetown student lawyer; jim pitcher, a k.w. record reporter; and possibly judge kirkpatrick and henrich from the police dept. will be the panelists. This meeting will take place in room 5158 of the math building.

Don bailey, who has worked with inmates at various institutions and is a leader with operation springloo in toronto is one of the panelists. Others include marg day, who hopes to set up a half way house in kitchener during the summer; john fischer from the st. leonards society; and terry sodder and mart yantzi from the kitchener probation department. There is no cost for this conference and it is hoped that anybody who cares or wants to learn will show up.

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WED. MAR. 22 11:30 AM Drama - SATANAS Original play, never before performed dealing with Satanism. Written by U. OF W. student Steve Petch. Theatre of the Arts Free admission THURS. MAR. 23 12:30 Pli4 CONCERTWINTER: FOR GUITAR, FLUTE, PIANO 1.81 VOICE: SNOWBOUND THOUGHTS AND WANDERINGS. Entertainment by John Constant, Robin Wight and Tom Duff. Theatre of the Arts Free Admission NOTICE TO COUPON BOOK HOLDERS Deadline date for final exchange on CHITIRI ARPI coupons is Tues. Mar. 21 up until 5 PM SAT. MAR. 18 8:OOPM CHORAL - ORCHESTRAL CONCERT featuring the U of W choirs, bands and little orchestra Guest pianistKenneth Hull also featuring the premier performance setting of “THE CREATION” “LIBRETTO” by Laurence Cummings Director of music - ALFRED KUNZ Theatre of the Arts free admission ticket SUN. MAR. 19 STAG BAND NEY Featuring such Come Va, and Theatre of the free admission

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Simgles!Europe Adventure, We want you to run away to Europe us. We’11 drain our last pint of Guinness at the Tournament Pub in Earlscourt, London, hit the lrroad south to the Channel and be in Calais by sunset. A month later, we could be in Istanbul. Or Berlin or Barcelona. Or Athens. Or Copenhagen. Or just about any place you and your Australian, English, New Zealand and South African mates want to be. On the way, we’ll camp under canvas, cook over open fires, swim, sun and drink in some of the most spectacular settings on the continent. We’ll provide a small .zippy European motorbus and your camping gear and a young cat to drive it who knows every wineshop from here to Zagreb, plus how to ask for a john, or how to find your way back home to bed, smashed, later on. _ with

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four available positions. One of my hopes during the past year was that the situation by which I became president of the union of arts societies would not occur again this year. However, it did. Despite a heavy advertising load in the chevron and around campus, it happened again.

Again this year there will be no Lrtsoc elections. In a manner imilar to last year, when only wo nominations were received or president and for vice Iresident (the now infamous Phil senovoy and Eric Mackie), this rear arts students have seen fit to laminate only two people for the

Artsies You might hide behind the fat that you didn’t know about it That is your prerogative. But : wonder what you would know if is was announced on all the medi; that the world was going to bt blown up tomorrow. From what 1 have seen you wouldn’t know ant would simply be blasted out o: existence.

Put your . summer to work for you! McGill University’s Summer Session offers you credit courses at the university level. Six weeks, from early July to mid-August.

What the hell ate you doing ou there if you’re not even aware o what is going on around you?

At the start of this year I hat: high hopes of an arts society tha’ democratically served the in terests of the students under it. 1 wonder now why I worked s( hard for the always obscure ant unknown group that you are. 1 think now that I would havt generated more interest than 1 have by throwing a stone into Laurel Creek. I wanted to write a fiery artich condemning every last one of yet out there to hell. But I find that 1 can’t even get mad at yet anymore: to me you’re just z mass of nothing. I wish the new executive luck ir the endeavours that they un dertake in the next year. But wit1 the student support that has beer shown I doubt that they will havt any more than what I have had dejectedly yours, , Eric Mackie Acting President,, Union of arts Societies

b Ut has much to offer l

Artsoc How good is your memory? How well have you learned your lesson? For the second time in two years, the Artsoc has an acclaimed executive. Out of almost 2,200 Arts Society members, only two nominations were received for a possibility of Four positions . Nominations wef(e open for ten days-from march l-10. Didn’t know about it? Two large ads were placed in the chevron (one on the second page) and coverage was given in two society columns and on Radio Waterloo. In addition, twenty large heavy posters were placed in key positions in all arts buildings. All srts Club presidents were inFormed at a Presidents’ meeting 2nd all arts Council members were told at a council meeting. After the recent publicity of ‘scandalous dimensions’ that the Artsoc has been getting, one would think that hordes of conzerned students would be demanding their democratic rights to safeguard their own interests. Some of these are : MONETARY: The Artsocs works with a budget of nearly 6,000 dollars just from society fees payed by all you concerned

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Group of the Arts Faculty Council. Since UGAG recom mends policies for un dergraduate students, your three voting Artsoc reps have a voice ir your academic endeavours. FUTURE: The Artsoc coulc dissolve in which case the,. con, stituent clubs would have tc: dissolve or get Federation sup port. Nominations could be reopenec for the positions of vice-presiden’ and secretary which have no’ been filled yet. The Arts society Council-whicl represents students in all Art! Departments could elect ar acting-vice-president and ar acting-secretary until election! can take place in September. NOW: The new acclaimer president is David Chaplel (psych 21, last year’s Artsoc treasurer (elected) and current11 also the elected Arts repon the new Campus Centre Board Ravindra Pate1 (econ. 2) is the new acclaimed treasurer. The arts society Council wil meet on Thursday March 23 a 6:00 pm in Humanities 334 (Conference Room) to assess the situation. ACTION: If you have any in terest , you can get informatioi about or apply for the positions o vice-president of secretary or fo: one of the two directorships of th Artsoc. Humanities 177b ext. 3930

students. In addition there is the possibility of a few thousand dollars grant from the Federation. STUDENT POWER: The Arts society has the potential for much power on campus. It is the largest society on campus in the regular terms. It is the parent body for the Anthropology society, English and Drama society, Economics association, Fine Arts guild, French club, German club, History society, Political Science union, Psychology club, Russian club, and Sociology union. All members of the Artsoc are eligible for free membership in these clubs. The Artsoc is recognized as the official voice of the Arts students by the Federation of Students, the arts Faculty, and the university. The Artsoc appoints members to the BSA and the president of the Artsoc is an ex-officio member of , the Students Council. ACADEMIC STATUS : You say you’re not interested in Student Power, ‘only Academics? The Artsoc appoints representatives to many University and Faculty committees including the ~‘University Library committee ‘. and the Undergraduate Affairs ‘, 3

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17 march

1972

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1029

II Conformista : B-ertolucci’s study Of the fascist. character T

HE CONFORMIST, like several other recent films, deals with the complex question of the fascist sensibility. The studies of lunacy and megalomania in high places in DR. STRANGELOVE and THE MANCHURIAN CANDIDATE were perhaps harbingers of an artistic alienation that has moved from fear-of the logical extension of current trends to a fear, sometimes paranoid, of historical’ reality itself. The past no longer instructs the present; instead it becomes a limpid djstillate of the present’s (and the artist’s) deepest example, three tensions. For characteristics of the fascist sensibility that are evident today have figured in films like Z, JOE, THE CONFESSION, PATTON, INVESTIGATION OF A CITIZEN, THE DAMNED, and THE CONFORMIST: the tendency to defend established values and myths as inviolable axioms; the tendency to see ideological and even, sometimes, personal conflicts as irresolvable by compromise and, therefore, to accept and apply violent solutions; and the tendency to use allegiance. to institutions of powerand authority as a psychic crutch. The result is a preoccupation with a hostile, threatening environment in which the hero, by aligning himself for or against the forces of law and order, achieves a sense.of purpose. It is, essentially, the quest for identity played out in political terms. In some cases reference to the fascist sensibility is oblique while in others, like THE DAMNED or THE CONFORMIST, this sensibility becomes part of the‘ film’s basic metaphor. The overall style and structure of these films are the very means by which the director deals with his responses to this phenomenon. In any case, the director’s control of his responses-the degree to which they are assimilated into an aesthetic pattern-becomes a vital test of his work’s success. That the director can

14 c.. 1030 I 3

,the,chevron .

.“

, -.*

be a ‘dictator’ is an old cliche with new implications when his subject matter is related, however peripherally, to the stormy issue of fascism. Bernard0 Bertolucci has a reputation as a Marxist artist, though perhaps a weaker one than Marco Beilocchio. He belongs to the tradition of legal Marxism in Europe which affords an ‘uneasy accommodation between political intent and commodity culture. The detente allows him adequate space to develop his artistry while his political viewpoint often becomes embedded at a depth that must seem obscure to American, if not European, audiences. In fact, his artistry seems capable of absorbing the most intense emotions and stylizing them into patterns of consummate aesthetic design that, from a Marxist, worldtransforming viewpoint, have a strangely self-enclosed feel about them. THE CONFORMIST, adapted by Bertolucci from a Moravia novel, concerns Marcello Clerici, for whom a childhood trauma (involving his murder of a homosexual) has resulted in a compulsive desire for normalcy. His own repressed homosexual drives and quest for ‘conformity’ lead him, in later life, to a ‘normal’ marriage and a position with a fascist counterintelligence organization by which he is assigned to assassinate a former professor of his, now exiled anti-fasci’st living in Paris. Despite Marcello’s abnormal fascination with the professor’s beautiful, lesbian wife, his mission is finally completed although, inadvertently, both the professor and his wife are killed, as Marcello watches, helplessly. Years later, on the day of II Duce’s fall from power, Marcello joins the celebrators in the street and discovers that the homosexual he believed having killed as a boy is actually alive-and that his conformity has been for nothing. The praise accorded the fi;m has had an uncommon consistency, suggesting

that a major touchstone of the critical sensibility has been courted with deeply resonant overtures. The Leftish political viewpoint is undoubtedly one facet of that touchstone (since its earliest days film criticism has embodied social and humanitarian ideals that are now espoused principally by the Left). The film elaborates on Freud to show repressed homosexuality not only as the unfortunate, sometimes damaging, price of civilization but also as the breeding ground for fascism. It is a restricted version, and hence less valid, of Reich’s assertion that the authoritarian family in the middleclasses of Germany was the breeding ground for Hitler’s power. Bertol ucci offers us the reassurance that tyrannical oppressors are sick men whose symptoms we can I clearly recognize (thanks to Trintignant’s brilliant, stylized acting). With hlstorical hindsight, or Marxist awareness, Bertolucci also paints the anti-fascist forces in a bad light (literally in the ballet studio embrace and an unflattering shot of the herdlike mob celebrating Mussolini’s downfall) and makes the black observation that the ‘democratic’ front features its own brand of sickness (conformity, decadence and ‘charming’ sentiments). His Marxist inclinations, in fact, ‘may have contributed more directly to this part of the portrait than to its fascist side. But these insights seem peripheral, a brief indication of capitalistic) democratic (or aberrations rather than a full-fledged identification of the abnormal with the totality. Bertolucci may be suggesting that Marcello need not give blind allegiance to a dying cause when the opposing order can also accommodate him, but he does not convey this as a central thrust. The- complement to the film’s political sentiment is the lyrical, enveloping style, source of its own pleasure,‘creator of its own milieu. The deeply satisfying joy of watching the

film is ‘something that virtually every critic longs for. Bertolucci’s structuring does not force an analogous reading of the film as historical, political commentary (unlike THE CONFESSION, where the intercut newsreels, the color values and the recurring portraits of actual political leaders remind us of the historical reality to which the film refers). We respond by displacing analysis of the characters and setting from their historical counterparts to the aesthetic structure in which they operate. It is a highly seductive operation and one that undercuts the film’s political force. Marcello’s alliance with fascism is less a revelatory examination of fascism than a vehicle for putting his latent sexual urges and his desire, for physical action onto a collision course. Fascism is peeled away from its historical matrix and stretched across Marcello’s psychic persona as a propelling - force. It assumes, the thin veneer of a convention and loses its power to terrify; a reassurance Bertolucci offers but which is difficult to accept. Bertol ucci’s art istry is nonet heless extraordinary. He does not so much recreate the Thirties as the style of Thirties movies. It is less an objective than a uniquely personal recreation. But while the film invites nostalgic reminiscence and recall.. of earlier film styles, its force is primarily to draw us inward, into the unity and totality of its effortless flow, its easeful design, its reassuring sense of perfection. Bertolucci is basically a lyricist, a film poet whose political thrust is, at best, only oblique. While the film poet can nonetheless be revolutionary, as Dovzhenko was within his historical context, Bertolucci stands closer to a film poet whose work drew only the thinnest sustenance from his political milieu-F.W. Murnau. Murnau, like Cocteau, had lilttIe interest in poeticizing the stuff of political struggle. Bertolucci, like both of them,

. disturbing. The lyricism, the effortless beauty and perfect harmony all transfix us and afford a pleasure that is rare in film or any art. But it also twists the film’s political’ axis around itself so that fascism becomes a universalized, general condition that helps extrapolate repressed energy into the arena of social action. And conversely, Bertolucci’s treatment of sexuality suggests that the pleasure is not without a price, that there are levels of guilt and judgment in the film thaP Bertolucci has not been able to subordinate to his style.

draws from the homosexual sensibility . of serene hghtness, clear, precise gracefulness and open, innocent awareness of the darker forces that turn more virile, aggressive temperaments to melodramatic confrontations. In fact, it is this aspect of Bertolucci’s style that grants him a cool detachment even from the theme of repressed homosexuality and social violence (unlike the operatic vision of sexual trauma in Visconti’s THE DAMNED). Bertolucci’s similarity to Murnau goes further than a sharing of poetic sensibility; the actual styles bear close resemblance, especially in the use of light and camera. Like Murnau, Bertolucci uses moving light sources to great advantage. Both the swinging light in the Chinese restaurant and the search lights on the streets of Rome convey a sense of precariousness, of ,lurching instability that echo the cowardice and uncertainty of allegiance that plague Marcello at these moments. Likewise, shafts of light in Julia’s apartment and in the forest resonatewith the ambivalence of Marcello’s sexual affections and their alignment with forces of interpenetrating darkness-the possibility of heterosexual love is on both occasions a diversion, an illusion of impossible normalcy that shortcircuits his self-assurance. Through camera movements Ber-, tolucci, like Murnau, achieves a fluidity and unifying source of energy. The camera’s movement in the dance hall sequence is as carefully and meaningfully choreographed as that of the characters: tracking shots that follow a dance of celebration only to end on Manganiello, Marcello’s political conscience; a static medium shot from a slightly high angle of Marcello caught at the center of concentric circles of, dancers he can neither escape nor ioin

(the epitome of the conformist’s plight); a tilting shot that discovers an upper tier of onlookers who amuse themselves with the spectacie, unconcerned with the deeper intrigues they cannot see. For while this scene has a loose informality to it, it is also crammed with fateful significance: Marcello sets the assassination plan in motion; Anna, the professor’s w ‘ife who has flirted with both Marcello and his wife, determines that Julia doesn’t like her and therefore decides to leave with her husband, much to Marcello’s distress. Meanwhile, Quadri, her husband, tightens the trap by deciding on the basis of some silly spy theatrics that Marcello is not a fascist spy and can be trusted, or at least worth trying to reclaim. But the informal mood is not ironic counterpoint; it is the essential mood,, for the political machinations and their rationale are of secondary importance. The motivations behind both Anna and her husband’s actions are not elaborated. A fateful inevitability sets’ to work and- the carefree dancing and the graceful, moving camera are the basic responses of the artful lyricist to impending, tragic destiny. The characters hurtle down a .darkening tunnel where fascism supplies the locomotion but not the motive and where none emerge redeemed except \ the artist. ’ Comparison to Murnau however, cannot be exhaustive for Bertolucci takes the romantic tradition of Murnau’s SUNRISE, CITY GIRL or TABU and inverts it. Romance is not a redeeming passion, even when ill-fated, but a friable layer of respectability atop smoldering, guilt-laden tensions. (Notice how Trintignant’s fingers always move as a block, how his head, torso, and limbs move with the strict precision of geometrical patterns. The brilliance of this acting captures the

surface correlation to repression perfectly.) Both Quadri and Marcello accept marital relationships more convenient than fulfilling; neither is a conjugal relationship of any depth; one. is an indulgence, the other a facade, while Marcello’s fascination with Anna is a symptom of his own perverted sensibilities.

Bertolucci also runs his metaphor along a political axis from repressed homosexuality to compulsive conformism to fascism rather than along the more psychological axis of Murnau (from ‘normal’ action, usually love, to threatening super-ego or id projected as unnatural or supernatural forces). Why this mataphor appeals to Bertolucci, like Visconti, seems to have less to do with the essential nature of fascism than with the artist’s own sexual preoccupations. .And it is this dimension of the film that is most

Bertolucci has got away with his judgmentalness in large measure; the power of his poetry obscures it. Nonetheless, his basic metaphor does not simply emerge from the characters’ own actions but receives unnecessary underscoring from the director.,The most notable example is the sickly blue light washing vitality and innocence from the faces of Marcello and Anna in the ballet studio. It is reminiscent of similarly heavyhanded-shots in the THE DAMNED and contrasts sharply with the beautifully chosen succession of colors andscenes that reverberate so well,, the moods of Marcello and Julia on the train as she recounts her first sexual experience. The deathly blue light neither, reflects the characters’ mood nor offers ironic comment on it; it simply judges them and pronounces them corrupt: As Brecht demonstrated, d idact icism is not incompatible with art, but it needs greater subtlety than this. The choice of metaphor is, itself, replete with difficulties. The linking of repressed homosexuality with fascism ‘not only limits the, origins of the latter too severely’ but also implies that homosexuality itself may be more liberating. But Anna, whose lesbianism is rendered in detail (and ’ with astounding sensuality by Dominique Sanda) is pronounced decadent, selfindulgent, destructive (Sanda plays three roles as a sort of tragic muse, linking herself to the corrupting tendencies in those she‘s withsomething like the Gestapo commander’s companion in OPEN CITY). Andthe overt homosexuals, Lino andltalo, are weak characters,’ opportunists blind to the realities of the social order. Making the film may have served a purgative function for Bertolucci himself but the general association of stylistic and decorative opulence with decadence and fascism suggests that there are elements of * conflict yet unresolved. The original tightness of the metaphor begins to weaken; sexuality itself, repressed or otherwise, becomes the source of social disease. A position not, exactly Marxist. Bertolucci’s virtue lies far more in his artistic discipline than his political acumen. Romantic notions in general and boy-girl romances in particular do not contradict, undercut or belittle the , political context. Bertolucci avoids the melodramatic pitfalls that claim many socially conscious films (THE MOLLY MAGUIRES, LA GUERRE EST FINIE, GETTING STRAIGHT-a few that just begin to indicate the range), crafting a work of considerable polish and remarkable unity. The link between THE CONFORMIST and the depths and limits of either the ho,mosexuaI experience or the fascist nightmare, however, is like that of jigsaw piece to puzzle: without the other pieces, its greatest value is in the beauty of its own, unique appearance. by Bill Nichols Cineaste magazine

firday

17 march

1972’

(12:48)

1031

When You Know

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Kitchener

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Buddy one-drums electrk flag short circuits

A cold, blustery Sunday afternoon and what better way to warm yourself up from the effects of the elements, than by taking ina good jazz concert. This proposal seemed adequate to me, but apparently not many others took this opportunity to come out of the cold and enjoy such ex\ cellent talent. So it was, that after the referendum had been passed and compulsary fees agreed upon, that the same members of the federation who had upheld this decision failed to show up to take advantage of what their money was being used for. Well I suppose it was their loss since the 125 people who did attend, seemed to thoroughly enjoy the program put

on by the Barry Wills Trio. I must confess that on the topic of jazz I am hardly an expert, but I feel the selections presented by this local group did justice to this particuiar vein of music. The trio featuring Barry Wills on piano, Art Lang on bass and Gary Tomlin handling percussion, performed contemporary jazz interpretations of Duke Ellington, Sergio Mendes, Michel LeGrand, Carole King and A.W. Ketelby. One of the most effective selections presented was the group’s version of the Ketelby favourtie, “In a Persian Market.” The ‘particular rendition performed, was arranged for the trio by K-W musician Bill Gillard. Throughout this piece, tempo and beat changed and thus challenged the audience to relate these changes to the varying mood of man. The interpretation of Miss King’s “You’ve Got A Friend”, also proved that present popular material can be transposed with efficiency into contemporary jazz stylings. In all I was very much pleased with the entire program and look foreward to more jazz concerts and maybe a weekly Sunday session in the future. Listening to the Stampeders - Carryin’ on (Music World Creations : MWCS7021, my mind whirled back about four years ago to the first time I had seen this group perform. Then straight out of Calgary, the band had six members complete with black cowboy hats, western boots and bolo ties. Their sound at this time was mediocre and seemed to have few qualities which would set the group on the road to success. It looked like the repeat of the old story of an aspiring young western group who had come east to try and make the big time in Toronto the good but like most before them remain at the bottom of a booking agent’s schedule. . Things were to be different for this group though. Time was the telling factor. The Stampeders in their evolution lost three members and ended up as a trio. It was approximately at this point that the writing ability of Rich Dodson was recognized and began to pay off. The band surfaced with their first song “Carry Me”, which was closely followed by the release of “Sweet City Woman”. This selection found immediate internationai success and

topped the charts in influential record trade journals as Billboard and Cashbox. When all was over, the song had ended up as one of the best selling Canadian produced records in 1971. Thus looking at their second album, one can still see some western influence in the Stampeder’s music, but the mediocrity of the early days has certainly disappeared. Of course the album is not recommended to avid FM-freaks or underground devotees, who would most likely cite the work as a blatant piece of commercialism. However the album has merits when looked at from the commercial rock field. Most of the cuts have lyrics which can be associated with current social comment. In the track “Then Came the White Man”, the popular cause of native rights is sung about: Now, the freedom That was promised him Consists of resevations He’s kept within On the other hand, Dead Man’s Hand”, tells the story of racial prejudice and social vices which are present in today’s society. The best instrumental work is to be found in “Stick By You”, and “Giant in the Street”. The album cannot be judged as a classic recording by any means, but it does provide pleasant listening which makes it worthwhile to pick up and add to your collection.Short Note Recently somenew releases out of Toronto have seemed to indicate that the music industry there, might be becoming the’ centre of Canadian soul music. Eric Mercury’s, “I Can Smell That Funky Music”, although receiving little air play, seemed to rank favourably to the quality of many of the productions coming out of Detroit. Presently, Heaven and Earth are beginning to climb the charts with an exceptional soul type recording, “Having a Big Show-Down”. Although two songs do not usually signal a significant trend, at least they are a healthy sign of the evolvement in Canada of a type of music that in the past has seemed to come only from south of the border.

Buddy Miles is dead. He has been surreptitiouslv replaced by Buddy ‘One Drum’, a pot banging *imposter who persists in using the name and has even gone so far as to release a new ‘double’ lp set. At least this is what anyone with a feeling for the old Electric Flag crowd, an amorphous group that managed to collect most of the interesting blues-rock talent in the US about four years ago, might think on hearing the latest Miles offeringBuddy Miles-Live (SRM 2-7500). The Flag may have been somewhat pretentious in labelling themselves the minstrels of ‘american music’, but their drive and originality certainly compensated for it; yet Buddy, whose forte was never drumming but singing (witness “Sunny” on Flag lp no. 11, seems to have forgotten most of what he knew. The Miles lp is a loose amalgam of concert presentations taken mainly from the concert circuit of summer 71. It would be foolish to suggest that the album doesn’t, as Paul Stuewe would say, ‘have its moments’, but then that’s hardly good reason to record in this era of music. The more you listen to friend ‘one drum’, the more you are left with an overriding impression of sameness, of lack of differentiation and, consequently, a lack of life; in fact the album meshes into one long song, not because Miles and company lack competence but rather because, through thick and thin, despite differing lyrics and melodies, the mix remains essentially the same. ,

Raymond build a melody and movement out of keyboards, bass and drums which is smooth and captivating; against and with this background Simmonds paints emotions with at-times gentle, at-times intense lead guitar which never relies on amping to make it, while Dave Walker lays out a vocal confirmation of the whole. Particularly enticing are “I Can’t Get Next To Your” and “All I can Do”, openings for Walker’s feelin’, pissed off, american adolescent voice to make a whole lot mileage. Best song on the lp is an intriguing version of Willie Dixon’s “Wang Dang Doodle”, an invitation to the friday nite factory workers brouhaha, which drives along and has Walker get gutsy without lapsing into CCR’s vocal histrionics. Ths lp is fine, easy listening. What I wonder now, having reviewed a number of new records in print and having attempted to differentiate the trash from’ the merely mediocre,.- the bad from the listenable, etc, is just how you go about saying wholeheartedly that you have stumbled on to something that is really music; how you go about trying to convince or suggest, in a way that hits home, that there is a record that you must hear, one that’11 jostle your categories and tastes. This is gonna be hard. 1 Such is the case with The Siegel-Schwa11 Band (WNS1002); from the first bar you’ll find yourself drawn in, captivated, an intimate part of a sensitive and unusual musicianship. Take it on any level you most prefer, (preferably on all of them at once) this album has got itguts, feeling, tenderness, frustration, joy and an all pervasive, absolutely up-front, ecstatic honesty. SiegelSchwa11 is into music and self-expression through musicnot simply message, not melody, not electronics but music which feeds on all of these, steeped in simplicity, power and glaring talent that winds itself into a whole, like a cyclone, powerful, and asks, better demands an audience to make itself complete. Highlighting this album would be an academic exercise, a picking,apart of what should be taken as is, felt and lived ’ through. It’s perhaps not too great a travesty to mention that the high points result from the teaming of Corky Siegel and Jim Schwa& a pair that spark each other back and forth through the music. Corky combines expert harp playing’ (a talent born of his mastery of classical harmonica > with a voice that, as a friend so aptly put it, ‘kind of sneaks over the top’ rather than coming at you from below. Schwa11 does really fine vocal work, visceral and completely open ended, and plays excellent guitar to boot. The album builds quickly and powerfully from the first cut and reaches its apogee on the last one without a hint of a lag. This song, a tight, enticing reworking of Jimmy Reed’s “Hush Hush” skillfully uses the vocals in the service of the instruments which convey all the nagging and henpecking of the situation better than words ever could. It is prefaced with an extended harp solo that is so moving”that it has an otherwise restrained audience up and yelling and has enough strength to make the most avid Butterfield fan recast his alliance. This is the real item and you should listen to it.

-david

cubberley

C~\Jg!jgi!!iJ

Free jazz sticks to the ribs of local critic

Thus the collection emerges as repetitious and in the end quite boring-the horns are always downplayed, the guitar is muzzled and leashed tooclosely to the vocal, and almost every song is riddled by the Miles scenario of ‘Is everybody feelin’ alright (yah-yak.. .>, musical interlude replete with innocuous drum roll, climax into frenetic yet predictable Miles yells (right on, right on.. 1, end scenario. -Perhaps he’s succumbed to simple crowd appealing, or maybe he’s just burned out.. .In any event, if you’re thinking of buying I’d advise you to borrow someone’s’ copy and listen through it a couple of times.. . said its a real pleasure to be able to pass on to Corner Talking (PAS 71047), Savoy Brown’s latest offering. Savoy Brown was a bag I used to dip into j several years ago primarily because of an excellent version of “Honey Bee” on their (I ,believe) first lp; the interlude (bad) suggests that group has changed a great 1 deal but that the first impression stands. Street Corner Talking is primarily really fine mainline’ rock music that doesn’t pretend to be anything else; its the kind of effort that you can slip into, after one of those absolutely depressing days, and find yourself transported far away from the source of frustration through a wealth of fine melody and pleasant lyrics. All of which is not for one moment to suggest that the accomplishment is’ trivial.. .. Savoy Brown makes it where other rock groups fail (though they continue to make it profit-wise) ; it keeps a good distance between itself and the climax-approach to electric rock that builds a heavy-plastic atmosphere through technological manipulation and the re-recording of trite, repetitive musicianship. Bidwell, Silvester and That Street

-john

friday

17 march

1972

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WATERLOO

Manny

Inc., 1971.

Since Manny Farber writes for magazines of relatively limited circulation (The Nation, The hew Republic, Film Culture), his film criticism has not acheived the same degree of cultural diffusion as that of Pauline Kael, John Simon, or Dwight MacDonald. As a precursor of the Cahiers de Cinema-sponsored revival of interest in the American “B picture” directors (Hawks, Siegel, Fuller), however, and as a critic of unusual visual acuity, Farber merits the attention of both film buffs and serious students of the form. Negative Space is a collection of thematic essays, directorial assessmen- ts, and reviews of individual films, and although. these were written over a rather wide time span (194%1970)) they reveal a consistent set of standards and aesthetic pronciples ; and since these are in many respects opposed to the dominant “Middlebrow” and “Highbrow” schools of film criticism, a more detailed examination would seem to be in order. The concept of Negative Space”, which Farber develops in an introduction, “has to do with flux, movement, and air,” with the resonances emerging between Ldirector and audience. Texture is crucial: space is not so much controlled as it is charged by the accumulation of expressive action, with the image vitalized rather or beautifully than “captured” depicted.” People come alive ‘for us in the tiny rituals of their day-today experience: in the initial confrontation between Philip Matlowe (Humphrey Bogart 1 and General Sternwood in The Big Sleep, for example, Bogie’s sudden tug at a constricting necktie is both a small insight into character and an invitation to enter a world where passion explodes at the slightest loosening of social constraint . Thus Farber distinguishes himself from those who conceive of film as either “socially relevant entertainment” (roughly, the Middlebrow position) or a “Cinema of Ideas” (equally roughly, the Highbrow’s stance). He is a champion of “Termite” (as opposed to “ White Elephant”) art, “Burrowing into nether world of privacy” rather than “the realm of celebrity and affluence.” This first struck me . as a healthy, iconoclastic view of a medium afflicted with both the simple-minded ideological posturing of a Stanley Kramer and the static intellectuality of an Eric Rohmer ; but after reading Farber’s reviews of individual films, I began to feel that his criteria have served to lock him in to a somewhat narrow and rigid notion of “What is Cinema?“. The first warning bells ring when he opines that What’s New, Pussycat? is

superior, in terms of motion and kineticism, to Juliet of the pirits; a true judgement, as far as it goes, but for me hardly sufficient reason to recommend, as Farber does, that’the reader see the former and ignore the latter. What’s New, Pussycat? is more frenetic than kinetic, moving its characters from bed to bed with all the arbitrariness of a Feydeau farce, but with none of the latter’s compensating wit. It also makes a strong pitch for the idea that a woman’s nymphomania (Capucine) is intrinsically hilarious, while a male’s promiscuity (Peter O’Toole) is simply “cute”, and views sex as a dirty-sneaky-risque activity consummated in hotel bedrooms. , Frantic, it is; enjoyable, it isn’t. Juliet of the Spirits, on the other ’ hand, deals with an outwardly prim and unattractive woman (Giulietta Masina) who leads a rich and secret life of fantasy. This is represented in stunning and deeply erotic detail, and at an admittedly leisurely pace; but since it matches the life-rhythms of Ihe central character, it seems perfectly appropriate. Essentially, Farber seems to have mistaken a valid but limited insight for a full-blown aesthetic theory. The fact that many films are top-heavy with ideational content does not logically lead to the conclusion that such content should always be minimized; at the very least, it constitutes part of what the audience brings to a film, and can be ignored only if one believes that ideas are epiphenomenal. Even if the latter is true, it is nevertheless the case that most directors make films as if it were not, and that they evoke corresponding responses in the viewer. Besides, as my man Oscar Wilde once said, “The only- was to atone for being occasionally a little overdressed is by being always absolutely overeducated.” When Farber does turn to the “B directors”, -however, he is very good at explicating the_ strange (for a professed “intellectual”) appeal of such films as Coogan’s Bluff (Don Siegel) or Run of the Arrow (Samuel Fuller 1, speaking of the attempt to acheive “poetic purity thriough a merging ,of unlimited sadism.. .with stretches of pastoral nostalgia.” The pastoral blunts the sadism, sugarcoating it and encouraging our acceptance of it; and while “poetic purity” may be a bit too strong, there is no doubt that Siegel and Fuller “succeed” where a Peckinpah simply numbs us with overt brutality. Farber is also as excellent writer, persuasive even when ’ wrong-headed, the sort of person who will force you to think out why you disagree with him. Although I found much to criticize in Negative Spcae, it presents a point of view which is both refreshing and quite uncommon, and is certainly a -perfect antidote for the mushmouthed platitudes of newspaper Silm critics such as Clyde Gilmour. Try it, you might like it. -pad

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black bottom The Black Bottom blues band, one of Toronto’s best young groups, returned to Kitchener last weekend to a respectable reception, but its uncertain how long this type of group will keep coming to this area. The university attracts top-name music in large concerts two or three times a term, and once or twice a year, groups like Edgar Winter’s White Trash come to the Kitchener auditorium, but it is the small, more intimate coffeehouses which remain a doubtful factor in K-W area entertainment. While Black Bottom packed the Tunnel Inn Saturday night, the friday night crowd was sparse and uninspiring. Over the past few years, the Tunnel Inn has brought to this area some of the best Canadian musical talent at the lowest prices. Bruce Cockburn, the fine young folk-singer ; Murray McLaughlin, Toronto’s folk-rock writerperformer; Richard Taylor, another Toronto coffee-house writer-singer; the Perth County Conspiracy and components ; Blackbottom and many others have appeared on the Tunnel Inn stage. The Tunnel is an amateur non-

profit place, virtually being run by one man right now, Jeff Beckner. When Jeff’s energy runs completely out, the Tunnel Inn just may fold. The only other ongoing coffee house in Kitchener-Waterloo, the Euphoric Tea Room, has managed to bring in top-name Canadian musicians such as McLaughlin and Canada’s answer to the Moog revolution, Syrinx, although at a higher price than the Tunnel. The Euphoric was actually begun in Kitchener a few years ago, but enjoyed only a brief run before closing and being reborn last year. The mystery is at this point, why haven’t these two-and more similar places-received steady support through the past years instead of having to grub along with the uneven audience in this area? Kitchener-Waterloo has never been known as a Mecca for entertainment lovers-junior hockey and year-old movies being about the only alternatives-and, adding the university crowd to the normal area population should make for a fertile field in which to plant small houses like the Tunnel and Euphoric. Toronto seems to have become a coffee-house city again, with a number of small places opening up and doing quite well-Fiddler’s

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Green and Grumble’s among the best of them. It would seem feasible that a circuit of this type could be established throughout southern Ontario-Toronto, Hamilton, Kitchener-Waterloo, London, Windsor and all the smaller places in between. There’s enough talent in this area looking for gigs to support it from that end of it. All that is required is the support from the people. Along with that speculation, comes the question of why a coffeehouse close to, or even on, the U of W campus can’t be established. The short-lived “cap-au-vin” sessions each year seem to be successful. Why can’t week-long gigs be set up to attract not only talent from this area, but also the people that sort of set-up generally pulls in anyway, such as Eric Anderson? Pubs are held on campus-in fact, Black Bottom will appear for the first time on this campus next Thursday-but they hardly fill the vacuum of the more intimate coffee-house situation. If the two existing coffee-houses begin getting more stable support; then perhaps the way can naturally be cleared to keep this kind of entertainment in the area, and even. to make it better and more available.

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Marking the first birthday of Mr. and Ms. Trudeau’s initial child (born too soon and secretly adopted by John Munro for Health and Welfare research (unfortunately the disguise devised for Ms. Trudeau by Platex engineers could never be fully exploited for advertising purposes >>, the twentyseventh anniversary of the treaty signed by the U.S. and Japan to end the second world war (release was delayed until after certain tactical weapons projects had been executed), the consumption of Janis Joplin’s 400th bottle of Southern Comfort and the occasion of other Bootleg operations, Radio Waterloo is more than pleased to announce a preview of B-O-OTLEG DAY this sunday beginning at 1200 p.m. Pink Fairies: You can’t eat a gold record: Janis: When I’m drunk I can really do my best music.

It’s not somethin’ I can sell to my record company. Deep Purple: Record companies are always after perfection from us. The studio stuff they can sell to our devoted fans but we just aren’t good enough on stage. Mick Jagger: Sometimes you know exactly how a concert will go. The US tour was fucked up til we got to Detroit. We were shit on the whole tour then we hit Detroit. We were drunk, the audience the best ever. We didn’t really get on til Detroit. Brian Jones: I’m not supposed to know about underground records, I know of at least 10 Stones illegal

pressings. It’s easier for those guys to get live in concert stuff from us and press it and have it on the streets within two weeks. Hendrix: The studio is a real trip but being blotted at Woodstock I really got it on with people. It wasn’t just me playing, it was everyone playing. Together. Jimmie Page: A record replayed is music rehashed. But a song can be played by the same group at a different time and BE a different song. The group has gone through so many changes, the song has new feelings. Dylan: Time changes your feelings Grateful Dead: Of any group we’re probably changing our material more often-that’s cause we move around. We don’t stand still. We can’t sell enough records to keep putting out new material. Right now we’re into rock and roll like Chuck Berry stuff. We aren’t a fucking commercial group. Running Dog and His Electric Lackey: Our best gigs are barnyard gigs. Turning on people is one thing but animals are a hole new ball game. Facts : Jimmie Hendrix, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, Jefferson Airplane, Deep Purple, Janis Joplin, the Led Zepplin, the Yardbirds, Emerson-Lake-Palmer, and the Grateful Dead are all to be included in B-O-OTLEG DAY on Radio Waterloo to be announced soon on your friendly bulletin board. But if it’s a preview you want, tune to 94.1 sunday 19 march at 12:00pm. -i.m.

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ometime this spring, George Harrison, the most enigmatic Beatle, and his enterprising ‘manager, Allen Klein, will each be presented with a silver statuette by the U.S. Committee for UNICEF, in appreciation of their fund-raising efforts for Bangladesh refugees. The gate money alone from their two concerts at Madison Square Garden last August enabled them to make a $243,418.50 donation to the UNadministered charity. And this sum now appears I’ike a small down payment compared with the vast amount of money which UNICEF has been told to expect from record sales and a film of the concert. The recently released album The Concert for Bangla Desh has already earned $4.5 million for the refugee fund. If it sells 3 million copies, as Allen Klein anticipates,a total of $15 million will be donated-$5 per album. Film receipts, based on preliminary estimates, could provide the charity with another $30 million,. would “surpass the contributions of every single national government,” unless the Nixon Administration, as it is rumored, “is rearranging its priorities of favored charities.” It is hardly surprising that UNICEF’s administrators are bubbling with praises for Harrison, Klein, and, of course, Harrison’s friend and teacher, Ravi Shankar, who first proposed to -him the idea of a charity concert. And yet, even before UNICEF has had an opportunity to show its gratitude to Harrison for the enormous sum of money he is raising, the Bangladesh concert, for all its spontaneity and idealism, has become tainted by gossip and suspicions of intrigue. In part the gossip has fed-on show biz staples. There was, for example, the long, seemingly inexplicable delay before the album was released which prompted vast amounts of rumor and speculation in record industry circles. Then, I

;

’

“...reason to think that. for Klein the concert was also an occasion for business” - there was Harrison’s angry outburst on the nationally televised .Dick Cavett Show against Capitol Records, distributor of the Beatles’ Apple label and of the Bangladesh album. But the most passion’ate concern attaches to the marketing arrangements for, and the proceeds. from, the album. By the simple arithmetic that anyone familiar with the record business can command, a . breakdown of the proceeds leaves. approximately $1.14 per album unaccounted for. That’s not just a buck and change, not when multiplied by a possible 3 million. The business of selling records is invariably a complex, tangled affair. It often involves minuscule calculations over a few cents, obscure details in carefully orchestrated contracts which would baffle the layman. In the cast of the Bangladesh album, at the center of all such calculations, is the brisk and businesslike New York accountant Allen Klein, former manager of all four Beatles and now, after the group’s well-known troubles, still manager of three Beatles. There is no reason _. _- -. -to think Allen Klein cares less about the plight of Bangladesh’s wretched refugees than any other mortal, but there is considerable reason to think that -for Klein the” concert in their behalf was also an occasion for business as usual. Most of the coverage focused.on Harrison and Ravi Sankar. But the Bangladesh concert was as much Klein’s baby as theirs, and it has been Klein’s hand that directed the course of events. Even while he was making preparations for the Bangladesh concert, some of the spirit of the occasion seemed lost on Allen Klein. Only a few months earlier, Klein had received several sharp slaps on the knuckles from an English high court judge, who appointed a receiver in his place to

1036

the

chevron.

To Capitol Rekords

Estimated

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by Peter McCabe from New York Magazine

manage the assets of the Beatles’ partnership. It was Paul McCartney and his in-laws, Lee and John Eastman, partners in a New York law firm, who had engineered this feat. The upcoming concert, provided Klein with an opportunity to make Paul look small. Paul had said he would accept George’s invitation to appear at the Bangladesh concert, Klein told reporters, but only if the other three Beatles agreed to dissolve the partnership. Klein began to play out his new role as a concert producer in grandiose style. He called a press conference for George, excluded the underground papers as unworthy, and haughtily told Life magazine it could have an exclusive only if George appeared on the front cover. He went to great lengths to stress the philanthropic motives for presenting the Bangladesh concert. But Klein was planning another concert soon afterwards; a benefit for “Shelter”, an English charity, organization, to take place at Wembley Stadium in England during the fall of.1971. The second concert never materialized, but Klein made his motives for planning this event perfectly clear. They were hardly philanthropic. “You know what’s happening at Wembley?” Klein declared during an interview last summer. “George will announce he’s gonna do a- concert, right? About two weeks before, Ringo (Starr, of course) will say, ‘Hey, I’ll play too.’ Then, John (Lennon, of course) says he’s gonna be there. Everyone will wanna know where Paul is. He’ll think I’m tryin’ to embarrass him. You betcha. I’ll roast his----ass.”

“...Harrison chose the Caveti Show in December as his forum for denouncing Capitol.” -Klein had originally announced that the album from the Bangladesh concert was to be released within a few weeks of the concert date. It might well have been, but for the negotiations which Allen Klein was conducting in the meantime with Capitol Records. On the surface, these talks seemed fairly incidental. Capital Records distributes all Beatle albums under a -complex agreement which\ Klein negotiatedin 1969, when he obtained a huge, in-

To Bangladesh

fund

crease in royalty rates for the Beatles (from 17.5 to 25 per cent of their records’ wholesale price). With the Bangladesh album, Capitol was prepared to reduce its share of the proceeds, because of t.he special circumstances. Only a price for the record’ remained to be agreed on, and this should not have’ posed too great a problem because “all proceeds,” we were told, were going to charity. And yet, four months after the concert, there was still no <album. Capitol Records knew what was holding up the album’s release, but for a while Capitol’s executives maintained a stony silence. After all, individual Beatle albums are still a highly lucrative , item, and as their distributor, Capitol is obliged to be nice to Klein. But George Harrison . wasn’t silent. Justifiably angry at the delay, Harrison chose the Dick Cavett Show in early December as his forum for denouncing Capitol, which he had been led to believe was responsible for the holdup to the album. Now Capital was forced to act. The company reached Harrison after the show and explained the situation. The following day George called Capital president Bhaskar Menon to apologize for hisout burst. The substance of Klein’s negotiations with Capital was beginning to surface. -

that goes with it, would cost, at most, 50 cents. There is, of course, the question of “mechanical” royalties, the 2 cent fee per song, per album sold, which is paid to the publisher of the song and is usually split 50-50 between composer and publisher. But even on an album such as The Concert for Bangla Desh, which has nineteen tracks, some of which are more than five minutes long and therefore receive more than 2 cents, the maximum amount payable in mechanicals would be about 50 cents. This leaves at least $1.14 unexplained. And neither Klein nor any of the other performers at the Bangladesh concert has stated specifically whether mechanical royalties or the vast sum of royalties accruing from radio airplay will be paid to the refugee fund. Russ Sanjek of B.M.I., which collects airplay royalties for George Harrison, said his organization has not been told to pay any money to UNICEF. And a spokesman for Bob Dylan’s music publishing concern, Dwarf Music, said: “If Bob does have any plans to give a portion of the performing (airplay) royalties accruing to him from the Bangladesh album to a third party, then he certainly hasn’t told me about it.” booklet

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Estimates royalties 1 song write

Even before George appeared on the ‘Cavett show, it had been rumored that Klein was using the Bangladesh album as a wedge to drive home other deals with Capitol. The company’s marketing vice president, Brown Meggs, was reluctant to answer directly, when asked for confirmation of this, but he did say that “there were a lot of other negotiations pending between Capitol and Mr. Klein, and Mr. Klein hadn’t failed to mention these during his talks about the Bangladesh album.” ‘But if all the money from the concert album was going to charity, why was Klein labor‘ing so hard over the Meggs proceeded to Bangladesh album ? Brown shed a little more light on the company’s protracted negotiations with Allen Klein. “It was agreed that the retail price of the album would be $12.98, with $2.98 of that being retailer’s margin,” Meggs said. “Of the remaining ten dollars, we receive $2.73, of which 86.5 cents covers production costs and $1.865 covers distribution expenses, overheads and 25 cents to Columbia.” This 25 cents, which Columbia describes as a “use royalty” for Bob Dylan’s services, has raised a few eye-brows in the record industry. Dylan’s lawyer, David Braun, says that Dylan isn’t getting a penny of this money. This would mean, presumably,

that the entire amount is accruing to Columbia, which will be richer by $750,000 if 3 million copies of the albums are sold. Record companies naturally don’t like their hottest artists appearing on other labels. But a performer of Bob Dylan’s stature has considerable leverage-possibly enough to persuade Columbia to donate Dylan’s services freely for so worthy a cause as Bangladesh, especially as Dylan’s contract comes up for renewal shortly. With only $2.73 to cover all its costs, in any case, Capitol felt itself badly squeezed. It therefore declared it could only accept up to 10 per cent of returns on the Bangladesh album, instead of the usual 100 per cent. In other words, if a dealer returned unsold albums, he would only be reimbursed for 10 per cent of them. This placed the dealers in a quandary. They were certain that the record would be a big seller, but didn’t want to be loaded with an excess. Inevitably, they have been keeping their Bangladesh stocks low. “We had to take this step because we were iiterally just covering our costs and overheads,” said Meggs. “Klein and his people are difficult to deal with and we do have to continue dealing with them for some time. We were disappointed with $2.73. But when the contract with Klein was drawn up, we didn’t know what would be the extent of his contribution to the UNICEF fund for Bangladesh children. We expected it to be more than five dollars oer album.”

“Beatles Klein...knows

mamager all, says little”

Capitol learned the amount of the contribution in the music trade papers, to which Klein had announced that the Bangladesh charity was receiving a $5 fee for every unit sold. It wasn’t until the amount of Capitol’s share leaked out a few weeks later that other record-industry observers joined Capitol executives in wondering what was happening to the $2.27 balance that was being paid to Allen Klein’s company, ABKCO Industries. Only a part of this money can be accounted for. The American Federation of Musicians’ standard cut is 1.05 per cent, but this would only total 13 cents. Reliable record industry sources estimate thatthe boxfortheaIbum,togetherwith the booklet

It was Klein who said that “all monies accrued, including interest, will be turned over to the charity.” But thus far, Allen Klein has been unavailable for comment about what is happening to all the Bangladesh album proceeds. As John Lennon once said, “When Allen doesn’t want to talk, he just doesn’t answer his phone.” Allen Klein occupies a plush corner office on the 41st floor of 3.700 Broadway, with a view that overlooks the Hudson River from the George Washington Bridge to - the Battery. Anybody wishing to see the uncrowned king of the pop jungle has to pass through a series of buzz locks, an intricate security net designed to stop an intruder from lifting any of the gold records turned out by Klein-managed talent (Bobby Vinton, Sam Cooke, Herman’s Hermits and the Rolling Stones) that decorate the tangle of corridors leading to Klein’s office. Klein, a short, tubby man of 40, invariably wears a mock-turtleneck sweater, checked trousers and sneakers. His face is boyish, despite an emerging double chin, and a little fifties forelock dangles across his brow. He reminds George Harrison of Barney Rubble, Fred Flintstone’s pal. For Allen Klein, going to work is the same thing as going to life. He says he tends to put on weight doing business. Certainly, he’s never happier than when he’s doing a deal. Klein sees himself as something of a Robin Hood. He claims to get much better deals for the artists he represents, but his price is a fat percentage of their earnings. He is a non-smoking, non-drinking scrapper with a penchant for bluff and exaggeration, and, as he has publicly admitted, a capacity for lies. The bargaining skills which Klein recently put to such effective use with Capitol Records first achieved renown in England, where Klein stumbled across the Rolling Stones. In the spring of 1965, the Stones’ English managers sought his services to renegotiate the group’s recording contract with Decca Records. British Decca executives paled before the truculent New Yorker and agreed to part with $1,250,000 in advance royalties. It was a great coup for Klein, until a dispute arose over the disposition of the money. One of the Stones’ managers claimed that the money should have been paid to Nanker Phelge Music Ltd., an English company owned and operated by the Stones and their managers Instead, the money was paid to another Nanker Phelge Music, an American subsidiary of Allen Klein and Co. For a while, the inevitable lawsuits whizzed back and forth. Klein’s relationship with the Stones was not destined to last. Eventually, they decided that they didn’t want Klein holding their contracts. Klein’s usual negotiating style is to wrangle and wear down his opponent. Recently, though, he has become even more aggressive. One company with firsthand experience is the Douglas Organization, original owner of the film El Topo. John and Yoko had caught the film in New York, at one of the Elgin

friday

17 march

1972

continued

on page 28

(1248)

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friday

17 march

1972

(1248)

1039

Lawyer

Copeland

Radical Lawyer Paul Copeland, a prominent Toronto civil rights lawyer visited W.L.U. campus Wednesday to talk to students about the law and the individual. Copeland, a graduate of Uniwat and Osgoode law school, was accompanied by Robert Kellerman a graduate of Toronto law school who is presently articling with Copeland. Both Copeland and Kellerman quickly pointed out that it is a myth that the law deals with people as individuals and that all people are equal before the law. Individuals are treated only as individuals in a class structure according to which class they belong to. All individuals in the same class are treated equally, but all classes are not treated equally. In fact the law is not aimed at all classes. For instance if a law were passed making it illegal to wear blue jeans everyone would be subject to the law however in effect the law only affects the working class or student class since the upper class generally never wears blue ieans

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This general concept was elaborated on and several examples were given of individuals being screwed by the law, often contrary to the individuals rights. Copeland stressed the fact that the law is strongly supported by the political powers and that the law is a tool of the ruling class.He admitted that in the present power structures there is -virtually nothing that the average person can do to protect his rights when confronted either legally or illegally by any police force member. The police have the support of the ruling elite since the police force is maintained to protect the interests of the ruling elite. Copeland went as far as to say that the police are class traitors since they are supporting a class that they are neither part ’ of or benefitting from. Copeland’s advice to anyone confronted by the law is to know you rights and to use them, but to be careful not to get your head beaten because it won’t be worth it, since the legal recourse available to anyone who is mistreated is both long and expensive.

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Johnny Crackle Sings, Matt Cohen, McClelland and Stewart, 1972

The non-stream of consciousness areas of the book are interesting for both their originality and style. passages that are in stream of Cohen’s prose has a journalistic consciousness do not have this’ simplicity that carries an appealeffect. When Cohen fails, the ing succinctness. reader is left with a varied, These passages are blended with poetical, compilation of images realistic dialogue to produce sharp that provokes no identifiable mental images that draw the response. reader into the events of the novel. There is no easily recognizable Cohen is to be commended for his of con- willingness to experiment with reason why stream sciousness succeeds or fails. Why standard novel form. The comfor instance is Sartre’s Nausea bination of stream of conmore readily acceptable to the sciousness soliloquy- and regular reader than Ferlingetti’s Her prose, with polish and discipiine considering that there is no rigid could work extremely well. structure or predetermined from Johnny Crackle Sings could inwhich the novelist must work. easily have been the hackneyed Neither can one realistically story of a rock singer’s rise and pickout any one word or passage fall. It is instead an innovative or even a group of passages and atttempt to give the reader an say that they are the contributing insight not only into a “life” Story factors so the novel’s success or but the consciousness of an individual as well. failure.

Stream of conciousness is by definition a flow of lived mental experience; the constant factor to all mental experience being specific consciousness. The structure of consciousness is embodied in its intent toward some object. Artistically the writing of stream of consciousness is dependant upon the development of specific themes and can only be developed on a predetermined thematic unity. This thematic unity is always individuated, in that the conscious stream of images is only that particular individual’s. At this point it would only be logical to say that the criticism of stream of consciousness is im*possible because the reader would * be unable to understand the writer’s individual reactions to the (CUPI)-The themes and sets of images he is‘ LOS ANGELES American movie industry has using. That would be true, except always had the reputation of being the writing of stream of coninvolves a tratia parasite on reality: preying on sciousness the misery and oppression of scendental reduction, in that those acts of consciousness are not people in real-life situations and exploiting them on the silver described in totally individuated terms. It is at this point that the screen for the sake of a fast buck. Now the moguls of Hollywood value of what has been written is determined. filmdom are shifting their, sights northward and zeroing in on Though the determining of the aesthetic value of this kind of Quebec. A movie, which according to the author of its screenplay is writing is not an all or nothing proposition, if the writing can not going to be a “political thriller”, make that transition from the based on the 1970 FLQ kidnappings Laporte and James totally individualistic to, the at of Pierre Cross, is in the planning stages. least partially universally The man presenting the reality relatable then it fails as writing de Liberation du which is an intended form of of the Front Quebec struggle to the American communication. public is Brian Moore, a native of In Johnny Crackle Sings Matt Cohen has used both stream of Northern Ireland, now living in the United States. The screenplay he is consciousness and “factwriting is adapted from his own descriptive” prose. When Cohen’s stream of consciousness succeeds book “The Revolution Script”, which he describes as a “nonit makes for a pleasurable (i.e. novel” ef fee tive > reading experience. It fiction relating to the draws from the reader an im- events of October 1970 in Quebec. In his book, Moore narrates mediate and profound response. It events from what he is unfortunate that the majority of these

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imagines might have been the viewpoint of the kidnappers of British trade official James Cross. He says the movie too will focus on the kidnappers themselves and not on the political climate which produced the violence against Laporte and the subsequent introduction of the War Measures Act. Topics such as the economic exploitation of the Quebecois, English Canadian racism, and imposition of a temporary police state by a liberal governmentnever considered to, have big box office appeal by American film producers, are not likely to make it to the screen. The “political thriller” will feature “the main characters portrayed by French Canadian actors,” Moore said.

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Recruiting

The swimming championships.

action never ends at Waterloo. last weekend uniwat hosted the Ontario high school Tonight the senior provincials start with some of Canada’s top swimmers in the water.

Swim

championships Some of the top swimmers in Canada including a few who will

most likely be on this years Olympic squad will be invading the uniwat natatorium this weekend. The university along with the KW YMCA Aquatic Club will be hosting the Ontario Senior Swimming Championships starting this evening, Saturday and Sunday. Among the competitors coming to the meet will be seven swimmers, from the Cardinal Swim Club of Winnipeg. Brian Phillips, from the club was a member of the silver medal Canadian freestyle relay team at the Pan American games last year. Collett Duhammel from the Montreal Olympic club, who recently tied Elaine Tanner’s long standing Canadian backstroke record will be here along with other swimmers from the Pointe Claire Swim Club which includes some of McGill’s CIAU championship team. Ron Nesbit, Richard Zazjchowski and Jim Frost along with John Hawes who won a silver medal in the Pan American games are just a few coming from Quebec. Rob Brichenden will be the only swimmer coming in from Nova Scotia. Brickenden will be swimming the breaststroke events. Other well-known names that will appear in the Championship will be Bill Kennedy from London YMCA and Angel& Coughlin from has to be Burling ton. Angela considered one of Canada’s best hopes for a medal at the Munich Games as she holds just about every Canadian freestyle record. It is interesting to note that on the eve of the big meet three swimmers, Coughlin, Hawes, and Kennedy were names to a Canadian team that will compete in Leningrad, USSR, in a weeks time. In all some 38 different clubs, 111 women and 132 men will be competing. A team championship is also at stake this weekend with Etobickoe Memorial Aquatic Club the defending champions. They are expected to be in the swim of things again this year with the big challenge coming from the University Settlement Aquatic Club of Toronto, or Pointe Claire Swim Club. The meet will open at 6:45 tonight. On Saturday heats will start at 1:3O with finals at 7pm while on Sunday heats will commence at 9:30 am with finals at 4pm.

The National Association of Basketball Coaches of Canada announced their All-Canadian Basketball team at the recently held CIAU Basketball Championship. The team is the chosen by a vote of the university coaches in the NABCC. The warriors placed only one player on the All Canadian list. Jan Laaniste was placed on the second team. The member of the first team are as follows: Marnix Heersink, Western Ontario, Bill Lacy University of Saskatchewan at Saskatoon, Wayne Morgan, Guelph, Steve Pound, Acadia University, and Ron Thorsen, University of British Columbia. Those selected for the second team were: Rod Dean, Waterloo Lutheran, Tom Brethelm, Sir George Williams, Brian Peters, Dalhousie, Bob Town, University of Manitoba, and Jaan Laaniste. While it is not official yet,-it is expected that next year’s CIAU basketball championships will be held in the Physical Activities Building. WEIGHTLIFTING The sweat was poured into the sports office from the second annual intermediate u of W invitational weightlifting competition Monday. Its quite a lengthy story so we won’t be able to reprint all the Olympic lifts, presses, snatches and jerks. For the fullest of results we’ll post it at the sports desk for awhile. Uniwats Willie Maddeaux came through for a gold medal in the 114%. pound class with a fine total of 350. Willie, weighing 1111/z pounds pressed 115, snatched 100, and did a clean and jerk of 135. Jon Head also of Waterloo tied for first with 525 points in the 132% weight class but came second due to the international rule stating that in the event of a tie the credit goes to the lightest lifter.

in the “super heavy” weight class. Hale weighs 255% lbs, his opponents, 299 and 320, Heavy, Heavy. The overall team winners were Joe Turcotte Athletic Club from Sarnia. The clubs took part in Saturday’s meet. Brian

Hale t.ook the silver

Grapplers to squid jig Six wrestling warriors

head to Newfoundland for the Canadian Olympic Trials. There is a little uncertainty as to the exact number of warriors that are competing in the wrestling trials this weekend. It is not certain whether or not George Saunders or Fred Scheel, who are on work term, will be able to make the competitions. If they should they could, very easily, end up in the top three in their weight classes. It is expected that Pat Bolger and John Barry will finish the competition in the number one position for their respective weight classes. Tim Wenzel and Don Spink, if not finishing first, should finish in the top three of their weight classes. The top three in each weight class will be invited to attend the Canadian Olympic Wrestling camp held during the summer. All of the wrestlers that are invited to the training camp are potential members of the Canadian Olympic team that will travel to Munich in August this year. The wrestler who places first at the trials is almost assured of a position on the Olympic team.

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Judo championships; Pat Bolger, of the wrestling warriors, won the 138 pound weight class at the Ontario Judo Championships last Saturday. Normally this would not have been a difficult undertaking for the world ranked Bolger but, he has not trained for this event for over a year. Pat feels that wrestling has been an aid in his judo competiton, but judo has not been an aid of any significance in his wrestling competion. The wrestling experience helps to keep the opponent down on the mat when you get him there. Jock

jottings

The jock awards night and pub goes at 7 :30 Tuesday in Village II Great Hall. Radio Waterloo in conjunction with the Chevron sports @am may try broadcasting the big swim meet this weekend, and keep the cards and lettors common’in.

friday

17 march

19X?

(12:48)

IO43

Cinema’s midnight screenings. They told Klein they liked it. Klein called Douglas. “At first we thought Klein was negotiating for Lennon. Then it was for ABKCO. Finally’ it was for Klein,” said Douglas publicist Ken Schaefer. ” Klein came on incredibly strong. Yoko was signing her book for our agent’s kids, very charming. Klein paid $400,000 for a half share in the movie and the distribution rights for five years.”

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Within a few weeks, Douglas was surprised to see a billboard in Times Square which read “Allen Klein presents El Topo, an ABKCO film.” A few weeks later, when Douglas held a press party in San Francisco, the company had to pay for tickets ,for its guests to see the movie. ,Co-ownership apparently meant little to Allen Klein. El Topo and the Bangladesh concert helped Klein regain some of the prestige which he felt he had lost in an English courtroom the previous spring, when Paul McCartney won the first round in hjs legal bid to dissolve the Beatles’ partnership. In a X&page opinion the judge made it clear that “the controversy in this action centers on the personajity and the activities of Mr. Allen Klein.” It was perhaps unfortunate for Klein that he was found guilty by a New York Federal District Court of failing to file returns relating to the withholding of employees’ taxes, just as Paul McCartney’s case was entering the English courts. The judge noted that Klein’s conviction was under appeal, but said he found Klein’s description of the proceedings “somewhat disingenuous.” Justice Stayp decided ABKCO, had received that Klein’s company, commissions “grossly in excess of that specified” in the appointment by, which he became manager of the Beatles. This may have been arranged in a later agreement between Klein and the other three Beatles, the judge suggested, but it was done without reference to McCartney. The commission involved wasn’t a small amount. It totalled at least $1.2 million. Nor was Justice Stamp too impressed with Klein’s affidavit. “If (some) paragraphs were not directed towards misleading the court into the belief ‘that the commission charged was less,” Stamp declared, “the statements read to me like the irresponsible patter of a second-rate salesman.” Still, Klein professed to be’ unperturbed. “Aw, I knew the partnership would be dissolved,” he snapped recently in his nasal, blunt manner. “The only reason for opposing it was the horrendous tax consequences that would result. But that old judge, Stamp. He got lost.’ He got ,Beatlemania!” But Klein was very upset over the loss of Paul McCartney to his arch-enemies, Lee and John Eastman, who had fought a tremendous battle with K!ein for the management of the Beatles. The feud between Klein and the Eastmans continues. Recently, Klein has had the edge. He gave a long interview to Playboy, offering, naturally, a wholly one-sided view of the situation. McCartney had never liked Klein’s urgent New York style, from the time Klein first hustled his way to John Lennon in 1969. McCartney allied himself with the Eastmans and a saga of non-cooperation ensued in a noisy quarrel over rights to songs. Basic business courtesies were swept aside. One of Klein’s letters to John Eastman during this period, which was submitted in the Beatles’ court case, began, “Dear John, I am on a diet, so please stop putting words in my mouth. Your misuse and abuse *of the truth is almost without parallel..,” The feeling is mutual. “Klein is like a shark,” says John Eastman. “He’s totally illogical. He’s a great salesman, who could even sell iceboxes to Eskimos, but he’s the biggest bulltwaddler ever.” Having brought large record companies to their knees once before,$erhaps Klein thought he could Tepeat the process with the Bangladesh album. But the fact remains that in Klein’s own terms-all ’ proceeds to charity-the Bangladesh album did not call for a heavy showdown across a bargaining table. It demanded a simple pricing structure which would have accommodated Capitol Records and record dealers in order to get the album marketed quickly and maximize sales. Allen. Kle’in’s efforts to recover his lost prestige might have been served had be not left such a staggering array of question marks over the disposal of theBangladesh atbum proceeds. As it is, the situation appears to be a sorry-mess, a mess made all the more unseemly by the genuine distress of the country which the concert was intended to aid.

continued

from

page’ 21

Sex

the athlete by Charles Maher the LOS Angeles Times

eeks before the big fight, the boxer goes to a training camp in the mountains. His manager wants him to get away. From what? Sex. Several days before each game, the coach at a big-time football school moves his married players into a dormitory. Does he want to make sure they get just the right amount of sleep? No, he wants to make sure they get just the right amount of sex. None. There is evidence, you see, that sex has gained a foothold in America, and, indeed, is even practiced to some extent on the continent. Of course, it may be nothing more than a fad. But while it lasts, say some coaches and managers, it must be recognized for the peril it is. After all, they say, a little carnal knowledge can be a dangerous thing, especially just before the big event. So, to their athletes, they keep singing than old refrain : “Refrain.” But does sexual intercourse really have an adverse effect on an athlete’s performance if indulged in, say, on the eve of a con test ? Suey Welch, a fight manager for most of the 20th century, thinks it does. “Kids get with their wives or girl friends and they don’t know when to stop,” Suey said. “They come out weak as a cat. I knew a lot of fighters who went bad just because of that. “That’s why they send fighters to “training camps,” said boxing promoter Don Fraser, “to get them away from temptations.” “Like sex and booze?” “Not many fighters are really Fraser said.

boozers,”

Effects The effect of intercourse on athletic perfor’mance was taken up last August by a British publication, World Sports. The magazine mentioned a British runner who did a sub-four-minute mile less than 90 minutes after making love. But there was also a quotation from Dr. Ian Adams, club physician of the Leeds soccer team: “A lot of people say that sex has no more effect than a sneeze on you. That, of course, is rubbish...1 think it all depends on the length of the sex act. If a player had sex on Friday night which lasted for half an hour, I don’t think it would make any difference to his performance the following day...but if sex went on for a few hours, then that would have a bad effect. Energy would be sapped.” A call to the American Medical Association in Chicago produced this comment from a spokesman of the AMA committee on medical aspects of sports: “The best guess of our experts is that sexual intercourse the night before a game would make no difference in the performance of a married man, if intercourse is a regular part of his life. He might even perform better if he gets rid of a tension or two. “But, among singles, chances are the act is going to be done in such an atmosphere that the effect might be to put the guy a little off, unless he’s a fellow who’d done a lot of this-established a regular pattern of sex.” The AMA man quoted from a book called “Sports Medicine”, edited by an English

doctor, J.G.P. Williams, 10 jrears ago:

published

about

“Generally speaking, it may be said that a married couple should maintain the normal pattern of sexual relationships during the training and competition season.” “There is no evidence that intercourse the night before a race or a game will adversely affect performance. Indeed, it is often the case that the athlete’s performance will suffer if intercourse is avoided. Neither promiscuity nor celibacy has a place in the training schedule of the married athlete. “Intercourse among unmarried athletes is a totally different problem. Quite apart from moral consideraions, the...effect of the somewhat clandestine atmosphere in which such affairs are usually carried out may be unsettling and detract from performance.” No

control

The AMA man mentioned Babe Ruth, whose affection for wine and women (the Babe would not necessarily have listed them in that order) is legendary: “What would Ruth have done had he observed all the training rules? The psychological factor, of course, is very strong here. It might have been that if Ruth hadn’t lived the life he did, he would have been moody and depressed and wouldn’t have done as well as he did. Who knows? There’s no way you can test this.” Dr. Robert Kerlan, an orthopedic surgeon who has treated scores of athletes, said the subject is entirely academic. “You have no control,” he said. “The athletes are going to have intercourse. So what are you going to do?” Kerlan raised another point: “If it’s harmful to have intercourse before a game, what is the baseball player to do? “He has to play practically every day for six months. You want him to become a celibate or something? I really think that what it comes down to is how much energy is expended. Ordinarily, I don’t think you would expend that much in intercourse.” Dr. Christine Pickard, medical correspondent of World Sports, has written : “Traditionally, sex has been taboo for any athlete participating in an important event. So-called experts maintained that the energy expended by the sexual act might sap vitality. This view is fast being eroded. “We have no evidence that sex can do any harm. Yet we know that suddenly separating someone from loved ones at a time of stress can increase the tension. “As far as emotions are concerned, there is obviously considerable variation among individuals. Some women, particularly, suffer greatly if the warmth of their bedmate is taken away. Possible, athletes are made of sterner stuff; even many would benefit from the =,

familiarity of a routine as little as possible.

which

is changed

Positiveappeal “There is one argument in favor of sex that should appeal especialy to sportsmen. The amount of testosterone (the male hormone) circulating in the blood is boosted by sexual activity. “This hormone, besides maintaining libido, virility and fertility, is also bodybuilding. The sexual athlete is a strong man indeed. Women benefit too; they produce tiny amounts of this male hormone and it ensures muscle power in them. “I would conclude with the verdict that sex on the night before a big event could be the ideal method of relaxation.” Broadway Joe Namath, reputed to be among the more accomplished bedroom artists, talked about sex in football. “When I was at Alabama,” he said, “even the married fellows had to spend the last four days before a game in a dormitory. They didn’t like it much, but that’s the philosophy they believed in there. “You’re limited in pro ball, too, the night before a game. We have a curfew and a bed check.” If Namath is not much of an authority on the effect of intercourse the night before a game, his reputation would seem to qualify him to comment on the effect of indulgence at other times. “Personally,” he said, “I think it helps. It helps my nerves. Even if you don’t partake of sex, it’s nice being around a girl, just to relax yourself. I’ve been in situations where two days before a game, I couldn’t eat because I was so nervous. That’s not a good feeling.” “And in such a situation, you find the companionship of a young lady tends to alleviate the problem?” “Well,” Namath said, “regardless of whether it’s football or what I’m doing, I’m always looking to be in the company of a young lady I can have a good relationship with, whether it’s with sex or just as friends. “I’ve checked with our team doctor, because I didn’t want to do something if it would really hurt me. The doctor told me it has no effect. No adverse effect. Of course, if you abuse it-if you stay up all night and abuse yourself-then it’s going to affect you.” Al Ferrara, a former Dodger outfielder and a swinger of some distinction in his single days, said he began hearing the case for abstinence at an early age. “It gets implanted in your mind,” he said. “I’m not sure where I first heard it. It might have been at orientation lectures we used to get at spring training. Anyway, you would hear how it hurts you before a game. I guess I didn’t listen too well.” “But does it hurt you?” “I would say yes. I think it takes something out of you. So the effect may

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A view from the other sex was elicited from the former Olga Fikotova, a four-time Olympian who won the discus throw for Czechoslovakia in 1956 and married American hammer thrower Harold Connaly. “It is hard to generalize,” she said, “but I would say European coaches might be a little more permissive, more understanding, than American coaches. On Communist teams we had strict political supervision. There was the policewoman. And some secret agents. On the other hand as individuals, athletically speaking, we were much freer than American athletes.” “And that would apply to sex?” “Yes, to sex, too.” Olga said she was unable to go to the women’s training camp in 1968, so she asked a U.S. Olympic official if she could go to the men’s camp at Lake Tahoe (Calif.) so she and her husband could take turns caring for their children. She said the official was horrified. “He said it was absolutely out of the question because then the other girls would want to go and it would end in bedlam. Everybody would run into the woods toget her. “He was not exactly right. If you compete at that level, you’ve put in years of fantastic work. No fleeting romance will be worth putting your Olympic chances in jeopardy. If a girl athlete and a man athlete went into the woods, say, they would get back and go to sleep early enough so they could train the next day. They would make sure nothing interfered with training.” Would sex the night before a race affect a girl’s performance? “It depends on her experience,” Olga said. “If sex is *part of her life, if she’s experienced, it probably wouldn’t affect her. If it’s her first time, it may be a tremendous psychological experience and disturb her concentration.” Those questioned seemed agreed on one pomt: if an athlete picked up a girl, took her to his room with a fifth of scotch and didn’t get to sleep until 4 a.m., he would suffer substantially morephysically, at least-from loss of sleep and over-indulgence in alcohol-than from any expenditure of energy on sex. Harland Svare, the San Diego charger coach, was asked if he has seen more evidence of sex in recent years than he did in the ‘50’s, when has playing pro football. His answer was not really responsive to the question. He went back a little farther than the ‘50’s. “In my opinion,” he said, “the caveman

probably had his share, and 1 don’t think things have changed a hell of a lot since.”

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After seven months and 33 competitive intramural activities, the bagbitters have once more shown their powers in intramural athletics by capturing both the Fryer trophy for excellence in competition and the Townson award for excellence in participation. j In the fall term, St. Jerries captured 7 firsts while in the winter term managed wins in wrestling, basketball, men’s and mixed volleyball. Final Fryer Standings Team St. JIeromes Phys Ed & Ret Upper Math Village l-South Renison St. Pauls Lower Math Arts Village 2-NW Upper Eng Village 2-SE Optometry Village l-West co-op Village l-North Conrad Grebel Science Lower Eng Env. Studies Grads Village l-East .

for 1971-72 points ’ 533 ‘I2 359

291 275 213 212 211

191 l/2 180% 176% 170 160

152 149 140

134% 126

123% 107‘h 99 36%

In participation, St. Jeromes entered all but 4 activities during the year, resulting in a runaway race for the Townson award. Final Townson Results are: points Team St. Jeromes 1150 Village 2-NW 675 Renison 666 St. Pauls 592 Upper Math 577 Phys Ed & Ret 561 Lower Math 553 Lower Eng 550 Upper Eng 516 Village 2-SE 496 Env. Studies 480 Village l-South 475 co-op 470 Village l-North 462 Village l-West 414 Optometry 390 Arts 360 Science 341 Village l-East 341 Conrad Grebel 293 Grads 247

PUB

St Pads sweeps broomball A very closely fought broomball tournament was won last Sunday evening by a determined St. Pauls crew. They easily slipped by Renison in the first round in a 4-0 game, but found the Playpen Players more competition in a tough 1-O victory. The Iron Broom, another independent team, were St. Pauls final victims, losing a heartbreaker 2-1 in the final. All first round losers in the tournament advanced to a consolation round which was also well balanced as indicated by the low scoring games. 710 & Co. a team from the recreation league took the consolation championship with a close 1-O win over L.I.V. Santone swept the winner for the company. Twelve well-organized teams entered this the final competitive event of .the winter term in intramurals and brought an exciting conclusion to an interesting season.

’

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Ctiampions - winter 72 The season has ended competitively, and after sixteen activities it is time to review our winners. It has been an exciting winter schedule comprised of indoor and outdoor activities divided into three areas of competition. The snooker championship, held at the Brunswick lanes, was the first competitive event this term. Detlef Pieper from village south took top honours defeating Greg Hallman from Optometry. St. Jeromes was the overall team winner in the first intramural wrestling tournament held this year. Rick Ciupa was a strong competitor for the champs and led his college to a wide margin over second place Renison and Upper Eng who tied.

’

Individual competition then headed outdoors for the annual intramural ski day held at Chicopee. The Village racers completely dominated both men’s experienced and novice classes. Village 2-NW placed 1 and 2 in the experienced class while village 2-SE was first and village south second in the novice division. Over two hundred skiers enjoyed one of the most beautiful days for an activity in intramural history. Larry Lee, a grad and once Canadian champion provided an exciting evening of entertainment in the men’s singles table tennis tournament. He whizzed by his five competitors to set up a great display of table tennis against Beng Sit Lim (ranked number 2 at the university), also a grad, which provided a great climax to a wellparticipated event. . Seven team tournaments, held during the winter, made this one of the most highly participated area of competition. Two badminton tournaments provided a lot of court time for both men and women. Teo and Lee from Renison took the men’s doubles defeating Davidson and Chow from St. Jeromes. A Week later the guys matched up with their birds but this time it was McLelland and Grant from St. Pauls who placed number one in this co-cd event. Outside once again, a new activity was organized and will remain as an annual team event. ’ The first Annual Ground Hog Day Ring Road Relay race was officially won by Lower Eng in a time of 5Q minutes 7.5 seconds for a five man five lap race. Honourable mention should be given to two unofficial teams. A two man team of Dave Northey and Bruce Walker covered the five laps in 46:10.9 while a crew from the chevron also beat the official mark with a time of 47:21.2. St. Jeromes spiked their way to two Volleyball championships this term; one of them in the mixed volleyball tournament. They defeated Rob’s Robbers, an independent entry for the overall victory. Phys Ed and Rec’picked up their only competitive win in doubles squash. A team of Richardson and Clarke defeated a tough pair from village l-south, Parsneau and Dimson 3-2 in the final. Optometry played through undefeated to take this year’s men’s curling bonspiel held at the Glenbriar. Arts placed second,Village l-South was thifd, with Env. Studies and Renison taking the last two positions. The final team tournament and last competitive event this term was Broomball. St. Pauls College took top honours defeating the Iron Broom 2-1 in the final. 710 & Co won the consolation round over L.1.V. This has been probably the most exciting and unpredictable year for competitive team action in intramural history. A high calibre of talent made each league more interesting and filled with upsets. Take hockey for instance. Upper Math who had won the fall championship seemed weaker this winter and certainly were questionable playoff contenders. They squeaked out a 4-3 win over village 2-SE to get into the semi-finals and then had to face the awsome power of the Arts and Upper Eng teams. Awesome power? Not this year. Upper Math played. like a well organized and extremely accurate group of experts as they checked both the Artsies and the Plumbers out of the arena and managed to score a few goals along the way. Upper Math 7 -Arts 0; upper Math 7 - upper Eng 1. A confusing finish to a well balanced league. In Basketball it was St. Jeromes all the way. The good percentage shooting and organized zone defense of the Bagbitters was too much for any team to handle. They ran up an amazing 331 points for, 105 against record for 5 games and lost only one game to Coop Math A. Revenge was sweet however in the final, as St. Jeromes met that same Math squad and easily walked away with the Condon cup. St. Jeromes took another competitive championship and the second in volleyball as they defeated village &South in the final to win the men’s league. Phys Ed and Ret placed third and probably gave St. Jeromes their toughest match in the semi-finals. Finally, in floor hockey; the only independent team to win a championship this term was the Mucket Farmers.

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BE.NT’S CAMXERA Their impressive league play carried through into the playoffs as they beat out the grads in the semi’s and then finished it off in an exciting contest against Village l-West 2-1. B. Bauer scored both goals for the Farmers. This is an exceptional year for floor hockey because it is the first time in the 3 year history of the event that it hasn’t been won by co-op. For three teams, competition is not over for the intramural season. St. Jeromes volleyball champs, upper Math hockey champs and St. Jeromes basketball champs will travel to Guelph March 25th for an invitational round robin tournament involving McMaster and Lutheran as well as Guelph champions in these three events. We wish all our guys the best of luck and I’m sure they would like to see some support. Play begins at 1:00 pm. Would team captains of the three teams travelling to Guelph please submit a team list to the intramural office.

Mucket farmers in over time At the start of floor hockey this term, every team but one conceded that the power-three were the defending champions from Co-op, the Grads and the Mucket Farmers. All expectations were that two of the three would advance to the playoffs. However, as underdogs go, the fighting crew from village west couldn’t accept this fait accompli. , Not to be counted out, village west became the only undefeated team in the tough competition posting a 6-O record. But the big 3 just laughed about their easy schedule. After the semi-finals the doubting thomases became believers, as village west bumped their way in overtime past lower Math and Co-op. The stage was set for the final village west vs the power of recreational league-the independant Farmers. In the first period, a close-checking effort, Bauer from the Farmers found the mark 1-O at half time. At the midway point in the second, Greg Ashbee of West tied it up. Result--overtime, the third time in 3 games. Pressure was on. Not until 7 : 03 of sudden death play was it decided on a second goal by Bauer of the Farmers. Final score 2-1 in overtime and the Seagram award to the Mucket Farmers. Although village west was upset at the final outcome, they certainly proved that effort and spirit can overcome anything. They should be proud that they tried.

’

In less than a week, the second St. Jeromes team earned the right to represent us at Guelph against the host Lutheran and McMaster Sunday, March 26th. In the championship basketball game versus the intimidating independent team co-op Math A, the outcome was no contest at the outset. Although the challengers had previously beaten the bagbitters in league play, their inability to control the back boards and hit from the outside

cost them a second upset and the coveted Condon Cup for basketball supremacy. Final score 59-37 for St. Jeromes. All those participants in the instructional intramural swimming program should note the following test days : Red Cross Testing (Junior, Intermediate, Senior & Beginner) Thursday, March 23rd at 7:30 pm. Royal Lifesaving Awards Monday, March 27th at 7:30 pm. Swimming

pool closed

Due to a scheduled swim meet weekend, swimming, whitewater and programs will not occur this weekend. Regular schedule will commence next The last scheduled Sunday Whitewater derwater Clubs time is Sunday, March

Indoor

INVENTORY CLEARnANCE

tennis

lasting all underwater weekend. and Un26th.

Two times have been set aside for those wishing to get their tennis swing in shape. Monday and Wednesday from 7 : 00 pm to 10 : 30 pm in Gym three of the Physical Activities building. Increased time can be scheduled if in demand. Student-faculty

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St. Jeromes was the best participating unit with 396 points with St. Pauls second with 311, but it was the 190 championship points accumulated by St. Pauls that paved the way to their victory. St. Jeromes got only 70 championship points. Third in participation points with 277 was Village 2-East but in the overall standings they dropped to 5th. The third place team overall was Renison with a grand total of 330 points followed closely by Village 2-West with 320 points. Village 2-East had a combined total of 312 points for 5th. St. Pauls dominated the championship points by placing in five events. These include-firsts in tennis and basketball; seconds in volleyball (league II) and singles badminton and they took tliird place in the swim meet, singles badminton and tennis. Village l-East also placed in five events picking up a first in doubles badminton, a second in tennis, third place in football and slow pitch, and a fourth in volleyball for 110 championship points. For those girls who will be around during the summer there will be an Intramural program organized. Keep in touch with the chevron for times, dates, and events if you are interested in recreational, co-cd or competitive athletics.

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Representatives of the Federation of Students will meet with members of the Private Bills Committee in Toronto to try once again to safeguard students’ rights on this campus. Throughout the process of drawing up the proposed U. of W. Act, students have not been listened to. At first they demanded a unicameral system. The committee, which was stacked against them, rejected their proposal. The students, with no other alternative available to them, then attempted to get a revised bicameral system with adequate student representation and the deletion of such clauses as ‘in loco parentis’, Section 15, subsection Cc) U. of W. Act. The Board of Governors has the power “to regulate the conduct of the students, faculty and staff and all persons coming upon and using the lands and premises of the university.” I feel that if the university is to be a democratic institution, it cannot legislate rules of conduct beyond those set down by our government. Wright would seem to agree. Recommendation 60 states, “. . .these must include provisions of due process and protection against double jeopardy .” The point I am most concerned with is of necessity, student representation. I will not at this time pursue the arguments on why students should start taking control over ,their own lives. We know why we should, Bill Davis knows why we should and even the administration of this university knows why we should. ‘To quote from the preamble of the 1968 draft of the U. of W. Act, “Many student

discussions are characterized by such questions as, ‘What is a university? ‘, ‘What is real can’t the education? ’ , ‘Why ‘community of scholars’ be operated democratically?’ ” These rhetorical questions imply a rejection of some of the values with which many of the older generation have lived. Student organizations urge a fundamental reconstruction of these aims and values, .and only after such clarification is it considered worthwhile to discuss the question of ‘how’ a university should be governed.

Fed to smash band agencies

The sandbox of the federation is becoming somewhat more Paul Dube, revolutionary. chairman, is setting out to smash the rip-off booking agencies in Toronto. Dube plans to do this by block booking groups for uniwat as well as Guelph, MacMaster, Western, York, and Queens and possibly Lutheran. What Dube is in essence doing is using the efficient, and economically powerful services of the federation to set up a competing agency which will force the Toronto ones to be more honest. Under the situation which now exists, universities with small entertainment budgets and little experience in running events, must rely on Toronto agencies to bring in the bands for them. In return, the agency gets about 90 per cent of the rakeoff, after expenses. They also control the number of tickets that are available at student prices and what the ticket price will be. This usually results in the students being thoroughly raked-off. In order to set up a booking system one must have a set of dates plus a lot of capital to the groups. The guarantee federation has the sound equipA free medical clinic has been ment and a crew to run it; it has to started in Kitchener as part of the capital and the experience run events properly. The only government Local Initiatives problem lying ahead is getting it Program grant. and getting the other The clinic is situated at 42 organized universities to co-operate. College street and is open from 9 :00 in the morning until 1:OO am the next morning everyday. Medical services in the form of doctors and nurses are available only on monday and thursday nights between 7 and 9. So far the clinic has 9 doctors and 26 nurses as well as the entire optometry clinic volunteering their services on a part-time basis. Some of the volunteering is very part-time and despite the nine doctors there are still some time slots which as yet have not been filled. The clinic either offers everything that one could want in terms of medical services . or knows where to send one for more specialized care. So no matter what the problem, at almost any hour of the day, all one has to do is call Medi-Free at 578-7520, and one will find help. \/ The center has been operating under a 22,000 dollar LIP grant, but is presently 600 dollars in debt. They have applied for an Opportunities For Youth grant of 12,400 dollars to keep the facilities alive.

Me&-Free clinic opens

The very existence of student concern for the reshaping of society and its institutions is in itself a most encouraging sign. In the present era of change, with its recurring violence, massive problems and ugly contradictions, many bright young people are at the universities and see in their immediate environment an arena for effective change. A feeling of ‘Let’s start right here’ exists. Youth’s assumptions of clear insight into ‘justice’ and ‘democracy’, combined with its characteristic impatience have provided a springboard for keen yound minds to launch demands not only for participation in the shaping of university policy but also for reexamining the aims of society in general. If only some of this pomposity had been replaced by a real commitment. Instead the students of this campus once again bear witness to a sham. The administration gave us representation-12 votes out of a total of 118 on both levels. The numbers speak for themselves, but as the administration would point out, we should not play the ‘numbers game’-we should argue at the idea level-(‘round and ‘round the mulberry bushCatch 22! >. Another point confuses me, the administrators are responsible for administrating the affairs of this university, it would seem to me that they are also responsible for creating the policies by which they will administrate-there’s something wrong there. Up to this point, the administration has been in a comfortable spot, they have assumed that the students won’t get together and voice their objections, they won’t get together and take action on their own behalf. The Federation wants to provide an alternative. There is a petition being circulated that demands more student representation in the new Act, and there are also plans day being made for a moratorium on all classes to discuss some of the real issues that we, the faculty and even the administration are faced with. It’s not much, but it’s a start. It can be the beginning of involvement. Do you give a damn?

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161

PM -

Aborigines SYDNEY, Australia (LNS)-The end of 1971 brought the beginnings of a militant black movement among australia’s aborigines-who like the native American owned the land for centuries before the white man “discovered” it. In Brisbane, approximately 400 miles from Sydney, over 200 aborigines stormed through the streets at the end of november shouting, “We’ve had enough! ” They were demanding aboriginal land rights-now aborigines are not allowed to own land anywhere in Australia. At about the same time in Sydney, the offices of the Foundation for Aboriginal Affairs were trashed and the words “black power” were painted on the walls. They were led by the newly formed australian Black Panther Party which takes its name from the american group. _ At the beginning of december over 500 demonstrators with 100 aborigines at the lead marched through the streets of Sydney demanding aboriginal land rights, an end to racist laws and persecution in Sydney’s black ghettos. “We want the right to live our own lives, determine our own economic and cultural affairs, our own whole future,” said Paul Coe,

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demand an aborigine leader. “That is the goal, and the struggle for land rights is only a means to this goal.” Another of the Panther leaders, Dennis Walker, said he thought aborigines should “declare war on Australia. Then Australia will have to sign a peace treaty and we can get some rights.” In 1606 the Dutch “discovered” Australia. But aside from a few white touring parties, life on the continent remained pretty much the same for aborigines until 1770 when Captain James Cook “claimed” Australia for the British, and all hell broke loose. Colonists were supposed to inhabit the land with the “consent of the natives” but they acted as if the land was uninhabited, and the aborigines were animals to be hunted down and destroyed. The white man took over all the fertile land and forced to aborigines into the bush. Wholesale murders reduced their numbers. “In Tasmania, an entire species of human race was wiped out in 75 fucking years,” said aborogine militant Gary Foley. In 1837, the British House of Commons Select Committee on Aboriginal Tribes said’ that “the native inhabitants of any land have an incontrovertible right to their own soil.” But -while the House of Commons spoke of land rights, the colonists continued to deny these rights to aborigines. The initial effort to exterminate aborigines soon changed to a policy of “benign neglect” because the white Australians believed they would die out anyway. By the early 1900’s when it became obvious that aborigines were not dying out, they were isolated on reserves. By 1965, the attitude towards aborigines had shifted again towards assimilation. In a statement to the australian House of Representatives, in 1968, C.E. Barnes stated: “The policy of assimilation seeks that all persons of aboriginal descent will choose to attain a similar manner and standard of living to other Australians and live as members of a single australian community, enjoying the same rights and privileges, accepting the same

Iund responsibilities and influenced by the same hopes and loyalties as other Australians.” What this statement really means can be illustrated by these facts : Aborigines are not allowed to own land anywhere in Australia. In the state of Queensland, aborigines are not allowed to manage their own money. Their wages are given to the “protector” of the district where they work and small sums are doled out to them periodically. (And the so-called “protectors” sometimes pocket some of the wages. > In New South Wales, (one of the regions of Australia) 70 percent of people arrested are aborigines, while they comprise only 40 percent of the population. In Western Australia, 35 percent of convicted prisnors are aborigines. There they are 2.5 percent of the population. In New South Wales, which has some of the best housing conditions in the country, 37 percent of the houses where aborigines live are classified as shacks. 51 percent have more people than beds, 38 percent have no water, and 41 percent have no facilities for garbage disposal. Vesteys, the british-owned company that controls the whole of Northern Australia (Northern Territory and Queensland), has been sued several times for back wages owed to aboriginal employees. (There is a minimum wage for Aborigines but it is never enforced--even the Department of Native Affairs, which is supposed to enforce the law, doesn’t pay its black employees the minimum wage.) But the workers never won these cases. When the Gurindjis tribe challenged the right of Vesteys to lease their land for 55 cents per square mile, the government “expressed sympathy” for the aborigines but extended the lease. So now the aborigines are fighting back. As Kath Walker, an aboriginal poet and Panther Dennis Walker’s father, says, “This land is yours, hold onto it.. .Don’t wait or leave it to the white man to do your protesting for you...unite your people and bring them out fighting.”

Community To try and understand the relationship between the university and community media, one has to understand the reactions of an unemployed, labourer listening to a dissertation by a sociologist on the effect of unemployment on an individual. The sociologist will put into very esoteric terminology what the unemployed labourer already knows: he has a hard time keeping himself fed and keeping his self-respect. He also knows that the chances are very slim that the sociologist will ever experience the gut feeling of being unemployed, along with the knowledge that the academic’s opinion will be more respected than his own. Againwe are faced with another myth created and sustained in order to protect the academic and his community. Community media is one weapon people can use to help destroy some of these myths. If you want to talk about unemployment talk to the unemployed-not some person whose livelihood is creating theories about something he has never experienced. If the academics aren’t going to come down from their ivory towers, then boycott them; the period of emulation of the academics is beginning to wane and people are going to be forced to realise that they have the ability to communicate to their neighbours, and that they have something worthwhile to say. ’ As of yet this university has made little attempt to get involved in community media. The only material originating at

media

involved with the community and the issues that are important to it. Radio Waterloo presently cablecasts over Grand River Cable and therefore is only received by those persons who have a combination of cable and fm reception on their radios. This is the \first limiting factor in getting radio Waterloo into the community. When radio Waterloo applied for an fm broadcast license it was refused on the grounds that provincial government ‘agencies were ineligable for broadcast licenses. The federation of students which finances the radio station is apparently not considered as a separate entity from the university in general, and therefore falls in the class of g6vernment agencies. This ruling is being appealed through CRTC by several university radio stations. The internal editorial policy of any medium is the crucial deciding factor in deciding whether or not to get involved with community affairs. The choice seems to be between catering to the students by playing records all day, or actively getting involved in the community. it must be kept in mind however that the students control one of the few potential media resources in the community-few other persons can afford to operate an fm station. With the resources there do the students have responsibility to the community in which they are situated to make these resources available to the community or are they going to be satisfied with catering just to students? The same arguments can be applied to the student newspaper. Community cnntinlwil nn

as a

this university and finding it’s way to the community is one arts programme-arts IOO-radio Waterloo and the student the adnewspaper, along with ministration’s newspaper. However, none of the above are aimed at the community, not even to the extent of trying to explain what the university is doing or why the university exists. Arts 100 falls in the realm of educational television and as such caters only to persons who are involved in the course; it is an attempt, however, to expand the boundaries of the university. Edith Rice, co-ordinator of arts 100, feels that the university must be extremely careful in it’s involvement with community media since she feels that it has the potential to do more harm than good. She feels that the university would tend to create a one-way street effect on with most of the inthe medium, formation being passed along by the university and very little information coming from -the community to the university. This, she feels, is due to a difference of class attitudes towards higher education, both the students and professors tend to take a condescending view to the nonprofessional people in the community. It is this that she feels would harm the effective communication to the community. Dave Battle programming director at channel I2 in Kitchener had similiar feelings. He felt the people that community media is trying to reach live in an entirely different world from those at the

universities, and that the class differences are just too great to overcome. The working class has become very suspicious of the academic community and therefore very wary of becoming involved with the efforts of any of its members. Battle commented that often when trying to deal with working class persons they became suspicious of him as soon as they saw the video tape equipement, assuming that he was another academic from the university who was interested in studying them. In commenting about audience response to community television, Battle felt that community TV had a long way to go before being accepted as a viable means of effective communication. He said that they had difficulty trying to persuade people in the community to participate in the taping of programmes which deal with’ community interests. Especially difficult was getting the working class person to participate. It is interesting to note that in smaller’ non-university towns which have local cable systems the station has no problem getting local involvement by the people and the rest of the community is very receptive to that programming. The students on this campus have two outlets for communicating their views to others, whether they be other students or the community in general. The student newspaper, at the present time is the most active in this respect, with radio Waterloo following an apolitical editorial policy. Both these have the botential to become

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:?a,, i:,‘!~[‘i:~ ._I C_;r?y . : If*{: .-I”. I .k’.,6&; I4

continued

from page 35 issues have been done and will continue to be done, but these are very few, for there would be a problem trying to justify the use of students’money on community issues. The problem exists also of distribution to the community. If you are going to distribute the paper to the community it must contain a fair amount of relevant material otherwise it is hard to justify the added expense of community wide distribution. The answer is I to create a

paper devoted entirely to community issues - a true community newspaper. This requires both time and money, but it has been tried. Two summers ago several ex-chevron personnel published a community newspaper called On the Line, it lasted one summer and was brought out weekly if possible or every other week. It sold for five cents. The reason for putting out a community newspaper is not just to what the established r-eiterate newspapers have to say, but to present

an alternative. ‘This paper was strongly editorial and the staff members were hassled by the established newspaper admirers. With the advent of more printing coops and grants from the government perhaps more community newspapers will appear, all will not be political,-some will attempt to be objective, but the strong point must be that they are published and written by individual groups free from financial and editorial control from any outside group.

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In 1968, Honda introduced -this country to the CB350. And, in 1968, the Honda CB350 took off. Every year since, it has been the big seller in the‘big bike category. Why? There are bigger road bikes than the -CB350. And there are faster road bikes. (Not a whole lot faster, mind you, but faster.) What, then, makes the CB350 so popular? It all has to do with how little it costs./And how much you get. As well as its price, the Honda CB350 has a big advantage over bigger bikes. It’s smaller. Around town, its highly maneuverable, compact chassis and its smooth and smokeless Honda 4stroke engine let you take the tightest traffic in your stride. Out of town, the CB350 has a big advantage over smaller bikes. It’s bigger. Its healthy, overhead cam ’ power, 5-speed gearbox, stable handling and outstand361052

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Big buy on ancient We have a so-called budget for the purchase of reading materials for the courses that this university puts out. Have you ever gone to your prof and asked him to order a particular book pertaining to your course only to have him tell you, after trying to order the book, that the library doesn’t have the funds?

Cohabitation

‘Danton’

praised

On sunday, march 12, I visited a portion of your campus in my capacity as drama critic and arts reporter for CFPL television, London. Two things impressed me to the point where I felt I had to write and give you some feedback from an outsider. First, I’m delighted at the journalistic quality of your newspaper. In terms of form and content, it’s one of the best college papers I’ve read in a long time. It’s significant that you find visible support from members of faculty as contributors. Second, the university of Waterloo is to be commended for its fight to curb the usual’ fosilization that sets in upon postsecondary institutions after they’ve been established for more than a decade. I refer, of course, to “Danton”, an ambitious yet successful musical drama. I know that the show has yet to be performed, but regardless of its critical reception, the university can’t help but feel pride in being the source for the further

Board.

half

baked

forward, and that was in favour of capitalism ! With all the radical, socialist, communist, hippie types present, no-one gave forth with more than a half-baked plea, based for the most part on altruistic emotions. I would have laughed if my mind hadn’t been full of disgust with the silly rhetoric I was listening to. For this reason I put forth a challenge to our “radical” community. Show me a rational argument, not based on emotion, which will convince me that you have an alternative to our present system of society, which will bring more happiness to more people. Do this and you will have won at least one convert. Allan

before

Garman

opening

development of Canadian culture. Too many universities have both feet so firmly implanted in the past that they can’t relate to the problems and issues of today. Admittedly, in some token form, they will supply a “writer in residence”, or an “artist in residence”, but little is done to change the attitude that a university must reflect tradition, not create it. Roland and Scott, as author and composer, must surely be considered valued assets to your progressive faculty. I can’t help but feel that their efforts will give even more prestige to an already famous school. Though prior committments deny my attendance at the official opening, I will make every effort to participate as audience in this unique creative experiment.

R.C. Wellwood Fanshawe College London, Ont .

adiourns

OTTAWA (CUP&The deportation hearing for young Puerto rican independentista Humberto Pagan Hernandez which began before the Immigration Appeal Board here march 8, has been adjourned to march 27. The three-member appeal board decided march 10 on the adjournment because of full court schedules in the coming weeks. Apellant lawyers Clayton Ruby and Roberto Maldonado will ask that extradition hearings for Pagan, scheduled to begin march 27, be postponed to allow for a final decision on the deportation appeal. Maldonado, a San Juan lawyer, said he was afraid the extradition hearings may be held before the appeal board makes its final decision on deport a tion. The extradition decision will be made by a Carleton County judge

books

Well,.there is a certain person or persons who are in charge of the purchasing of library books and have a completely free hand in ordering and purchasing of library material. Therefore, when they see a “good deal” in buying books they snap it up.

2000

As is typical in university life, I have once again, been sadly disillusioned. There was a time when my mind was filled with ideas of university being an intellectual community where people sat around and had rational discussions about things in general. It didn’t take long to realize that this was silly utopian thinking. I have just come from a discussion group advertised as Cohabitation 2000, featuring John Shortreed, Fred Kemp, Helen Abel1 and Leo Johnson. With names like Kemp and Johnson, visions of vicious vituperative danced through my head. What a silly person I was ! During the entire hour and a half of commotion, I can recall only one logical line of argument being put

library

Pagan’s

who will base his decision on written statements which will attempt to prove or disprove that there is enough evidence to have Pagan sent back to Puerto Rico to stand trial. Pagan, 20, is accused of killing a police officer-the head of the riot squad-during a riot at the university of Puerto Rico march 11, 1971, in which two police officers and an ROTC cadet were killed and many students injured. Pagan was arrested in his home eight days after the riot. Released on bail, Pagan flew to New York late in august. He arrived in September and was arrested by the RCMP and charged with illegal entry. The charge was later dropped and a deportation order issued november 22. Testimony given on march 10 continued to build the case that if

There is a rumor going around that they just made a good deal on “Rebeccer (sic) Books,” which are ancient, over 80 years old. About 55,000 of these books were published sight unseen for a mere one dollar each, there goes 55,000 dollars. Within the 55,ooO books bought, there are likely second and third copies of a book which are being sold for 10 to 50 cents each. There goes 90 cents on each second and third copy of each book they paid one dollar for (These copies are i sold to library staff, by the way 1’. Processing itself costs a bundle when you consider the cost of paying all the people who are involved in the procedure right up to the cataloging and rebinding. By the time those books are fully redone and placed on the shelves, they cost approximately four to five dollars each minimum. These books which hardly pertain to the courses offered at the university are using up space and money that could be used towards books that the students really need for their education here. I personally believe that this matter should be considered seriously and the authority of purchasing material for the university library should not be designated to one or two persons who fill the shelves with irrelevent material which is less than up-todate. This is a students’ library and the books purchased should provide modern reference material to aid the students in furthering thieir university education. Interested

Chinese

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This letter is prompted by P. J. McNaught’s boorish remarks (chevron 29) It should have been prompted by the event itself: The Chinese new year party on campus last month. The Chinese students who put that party together, cooking a great variety of special recipes at home, and arranging absolutely first-rate entertainment, deserve everyone’s gratitude. My sympathy to those who missed their exhibition of Chinese fighting (with fists, swords, knives, and hoes or poles), complete with dragon dance and pirecrackers. Until next year, thanks.

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hearing Pagan is returned to Puerto Rico he will face persecution and possibly death for his political activities. In a statement Pagan said: “The United Nations has signed a resolution condemning colonialism, but in this moment the Canadian government is violating the resolution they signed; and giving the U.S. a chance to extradite me to Puerto Rico to murder me in Puerto Rico by stopping this hearing. “At least in Puerto Rico, a colony of the U.S., people have dignity enough to struggle for our selfdetermination.But Canada has shown me-the Canadian government has shown me-that Canada is a colony the same as Puerto Rico, but with the difference that they, don’t have the dignity to struggle for self-determination.”

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“Intellectuals” in North America seek not veritas. To them, propiety status, supersedes truth; manners, morals; rank, probity. In brief, the loyalties of these clerks are to Mammon, not to Man. As citizens of the Fourth Reich, they punctiliously worship the anointed idols of monopoly capitalism and proselytize its venal gods of tin, baubles and symbols. In this ambience of philistinism, human growth is stunted, life is mechanical, truth is legalistic formalism. No community exists, except the latent pseudo-expressed feeling of universal repression. It is, therefore, palpable that such devitalizing conditions can only produce robots with varying degrees of talents and susceptibilities suited to fulfil1 functions created by the pervasive division of labor and its invisible managers. Thus, North American capitalism is no fructiferous ground of intellect and intellectuals, and those who attain liberation are exceptional and few. Furthermore, in its most enlightened phase, capitalism condones and at times promotes bourgeois radicalism as a sign of liberality-a doctrine for which it has an enormous absoptive capacity. But this kind of verbal, surface, tactical, radicalism must not be protective confused with penetrative radicalism-a radicalism that begins with root causes and ends with their eradication. Hence we discern the fundamental difference between the gadfly clerks of capitalist journalism (the reader can peruse for himself the adopted “radicals” of the Toronto Daily Star and the occasional liberal pranks of the Globe and former Telegram and other establishment dailies and periodicals) and the their revolutionary intellectuals and commitment to mankind. What should be stressed is that most people consider university teachers and students as intellectuals. We do not. Indeed, we consider them clerks and apprentices in the academic workshop of capitalism. However, unlike the student, remains the eternal the professor sophomore, the perpetual adolescent, moron. This the ubiquitous moral contagious malaise affects the student transitionally but the teacher permanently as he sets out to teach the “givens” without giving, the decreed without commanding, the commonplace without apprehending. In sum, he is both a transmission belt and a sanitary engineer of the intellect, who thinks he gives structure and coherence to the inert thoughts and chaotic actions of young minds. He does not realize, nor is he capable of understanding that he is a truant officer or an errand boy in a system of academic His failure to grasp the mendacity. places him meaning of his position among the oppressed who cannot comprehend their conditions objectively and consider themselves “happy and contented” though somewhat “frustrated and alienated”. Because of this clerkness, its transactional nature, didactic busy-bodiness, and stultifying routine, we classify the teacher as clerk in the commercial sense. In fact, we classify ‘most people in all other departments of life as clerks. But c

1054

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chevron

our concern is with the teacher because of his strategic position and the damages he inflicts on others. Our rationale is that nor such clerkness neither creates stimulates; it merely processes and moulds; it crushes initiative and imagination; it obeys and carries out orders bureaucratically. It is a civil service in an empire of ants composed of civil servants sustained with such illusions of ants composed of civil servants sustained with such illusions of grandeur L as academic freedom and tenure, liberal fairplay, and scientific objectivity.’ If clerkness were the dominant feature of North American life in general-and the “teaching profession” in particular, would it not follow that all teachers are cierks? Most are certainly not. As a matter of fact, three categories may be delineated: clerks (whose characteristics we have already sketched), scholars, intellectuals.

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The most important characteristics of the scholar are competence and intelligence. By competence, we mean that the scholar has acquired the requisite training by specializing in a certain area of study; that he is capable of communicating his subject matter to others; that he is ready and able to impart his knowledge to students; and, finally, that he generally subscribes to the canons of scholarship, objectivity in the use of the scientific method, scepticism with reference to received dogma and the appearance of modest humility when introducing innovation. By intelligence, we mean that in addition to possessing a scientific bent of mind and semi-superior intelligence, the scholar amasses information, forms hypotheses and enunciates doctrines whose impications may not necessarily reinforce the status quo.

But by and large, most scholarssocial and natural scientists includedespouse the ethical precepts and political dictas of the social system under which they live and the pure scientific crholar is a rarity. Therefore, in his social and moral perspective, the scholar embodies the clerk; he surpasses him scientifically, not morally. However, because the scholar owns a more discriminating and superior intelligence, his marketability makes him less amenable to strict dogmatism and absolute servility and confers on him a feeling of independence and autonomy -a licence to be a moral libertine if he elects to do so. Moreover, since scholars experiment, investigate and write in a scholarly style, they could, if unified, pose a potential threat to their would-be masters. The probability of a united scientific class is a prospect of the future. At the moment, they lack the members and the will to act inexcept dividualistically and amorally. Their consciousness is basically grouP “professional” and marginally social. Furthermore, it should be noted that we did not subsume disinterestedness or detachment as an attribute of scholarship though bourgeois intellectuals do so. The reason is rudmentary: There is ’ no such creature. Whoever we are, whatever station we occupy in life, each one of us has been “socialized” into something, which specifically means that each person begins with a framework of moral desiderata, hopes and presuppositions, aspirations, however vague. Scholarship, therefore, does not encompass the pretended disinterestedness of the academic, nor does it operate in a moral vacuum. In other words, it begins with a non-scientific premise ‘and mobilizes _ scientific forces to give it a scientific gloss especially in the so-called social sciences. Scholarship is part and parcel of the ideological weaponry of every society, and wherever it is found, its practitioners give implicit or explicit assent to the enviroment under which they live and carry out assigned tasks prescribed by the political and moral mentors of that particualr order. The scientific method may be neutral; science is not! If the distinctive characteristics of the clerk are pro’pagation, or transmission and execution of orders and those of the scholar, competence and intelligence, those of the intellectual are responsibility and leadership in addition to the qualities of clerk and scholar. By responsibility, we mean responsiveness to the working class, its needs and demands, a moral and historic obligation to be assumed by revolutionaries, no matter what the origin of their social class may be. In sum, responsibility is a willingness to serve the oppressed, not the bureaucracy or the machine. By leadership, we mean actions conceived and undertaken in the name of the working people, the immense majority of mankind, and on their behalf. Furthermore, leadership and responsibility mean accountability to the workersmanual and intellectual-service to their casue, articulation of their interests. And all these needs demands and interests can be summed up in one synthetic. conclusion: the abolition of capitalism as a social system and the construction of a socialist society! Nothing less will do and nothing more is required.

Ithe clerks T erefore, the intellectual is first and fore ill ost a liberated man, not a Ph. D. wielder. He has shed the garb of family and friend and assumed the mantle of the revolutionarythe unbound man of free humanity. He has smashed the shackles-intellectual, morai and psychic-that entrap others and reduce them to the level of automatons. He has it, and formed grasped “real i ty”, seized ideas about its demise and reconHe does not fear public struction. moral opprobrium, disapprobation, social ostracism. He says: I am a man because I elected to be one, and I am prepared with other men to abolish the that make manness imconditions possible! The revolutionary affirms: I will, therefore, I am. However, he wills as an individual in an historical context under historical conditions independent of his “will”. His will is, therefore, historically conditioned, and it is a good will only if it understands the evolutuion of society, its direction, and the meaning of its current stage. The good will is, therefore, a revolutionary will, and a revolutionary will wills the emancipation of mankind from the clutches of American imperialism and its client states the world over. Objectively speaking, the bourgeois university of North America, is not and cannot be a place for the revolutionary, and the so-called university “revolutionaries” are no more than House-Niggers or House-Gurus of capitalism. (Guess who made Suzuki a cultural hero?) Should, however, a by chance be in the revolutionary, university,‘ he should do his utmost ‘to the crippling intellectual overthrow conditions that prevail there, and devote himself to the unmasking of its treason. The intellectual then, as we see him, is not the remote, aloof, speculative, idle mind of universal university rhetoric, public stereotype, and Julien Benda, whence we derive our title, but the engage par excellence, the man who embodi-es the march of the revolutionary in history and the heir presumptive to an order of human freedom built on the ashes of imperialism. The revolutionary is an historicallybound man commissioned to create a human society in time: the Terrestrial City. The traditional clerk was a heaven-. bound man, a prophet preaching repentance, obedience, spiritual and moral redemption. He sought the Celestial City. The modern clerk is a stomach-bound Number in the Pig City, a parasite fleecing society in the garb of formal affinities with the medieval clerk. The differences between them are very great. Here are some of the salient features of the latter. The medieval clerk spoke, wrote and acted in a transcendental manner. He regarded the world as ephemeral, “a place of exile”, to use the Christian idiom. His concerns were other-wordly except in their implications for the upholding of absolute morality and the mortification of the flesh. The true clerk was a stoic, an ascetic person, a holy man, not a detached cynic seeking self-gratification and a privatized peace of mind. He was a Roman emperor without imperial possessions, a pontiff of the spirit, an \ ..

’ apostle of the Celestial City. julien Benda designated as clerks: “Al! those whose activity essentially is not the pursuit of practical aims, all those who seek their joy in the practice of an art or a science or metaphysical speculation, in short in the possession of non-material advantages, and hence in a certain manner say: “My kingdom is not of this world.” Indeed, through out history, for more than two thousand years until modern times, I see an uninterrrupted series of philosophers, men of religion, men of literature, artists, men of learning (one might say almost all during this period), whose influence, whose life, were in direct opposition to the realism of the multitudes. To come down specifically to the political ‘passions-the ‘clerks’ were in opposition to them in two ways. They were either entirely indifferent to these passions, and, like Leonardo da Vinci, Malbranche, Goethe, set an example of attachment to the purely disinterested activity of the mind and created a belief in the supreme value of this form of existence; or, gazing as moralists upon the conflict of human egotisms, like Erasmus, Kant, Renan, they preached, in the name of humanity or justice, the adoption of an abstract principle superior to and directly opposed to these passions.

Although these ‘clerks’ founded the modern State to the extent that it dominates individual egotisms, their activity undoubtedly was chiefly theoretical, and they were unable to prevent the laymen from filling all history with noise of their hatreds and their slaughters; but the ‘clerks’ did prevent the laymen from setting up their actions as a religion, they did prevent them from thinking themselves great men as they carried out these activities It may be said that, thanks to the ‘clerks’, humanity did evil for two thousand but honoured good. This conyears, tradiction was an honour to the human species, and formed the rift whereby civilization slipped into the world. Now, at the end of the nineteenth century a fundamental change occured: The ‘clerks’ began to play the game of political passions. The men who had acted as a check on the realism of the people began to act as its stimulators.” (30-31). .

( thedievmn

”

The clerk committed treason by adopting “political passions”; by sharing “in the chorus of hatreds among races and political , factions”; (31) -by descending to the market place “determined to have the soul of a citizen and to make vigorous use o.f it” (32); by flattering the vanity and “profound cupidity of his compatriots”(51); by denigrating foreigners and asserting the moral superiority of hisown people (54); by “serving his nation with the pen and becoming part of thespiritual militia ofthe material’: (57); by proclaiming atnational custom, history and past (91) by affirming the flase doctrine of the Romanticism of pessimism (97); by extolling the cult of the warlike, apologizing for aggressive wars and venerating the man of arms “the archetype of moral beauty” (101) by cultivating an affectationist bourgeois soul whose motto is: “Display your zeal for the Eternal, the God of battles” (126); and, finally, by professing a plebian to traditional ’ morality as opposed morality. Benda summarized it thus: “It is impossible to exaggerate the importance of a movement whereby those who for twenty centuries taught Man that the criterion of the morality of an act is its disinterestedness, that good is a decree of his reason insofar as it is universal, that his will is only moral if it seeks its law outside its objects, begin to teach him that the moral act is the act whereby he secures his existence against an environment which disputes it, that his will is moral insofar as it is a will ‘to power’ that the part of his soul which -determines what is good is its ‘will to live’ wherein it is most ‘hostile to all that the morality of an act is r-son’, measured by its adaptation to its end, and that th? only morality is the morality, of circumstances. The educators of the human mind now take sides with Callicles against Socrates, a, revolution which I dare to say seems to me more important than all political upheavals.” (9% Need we add more charges to the 1 indictment of the modern clerk and his Treason! Need we reiterate; “It is springtime for the revolution!”

member: Canadian university press (CUP) and underground press syndicate (UPS), subscriber: liberation news service (LNS), and chevron international news service (CINS), the chevron is a newsfeature tabloid published offset fifty-two times a year (1971-72)‘by the federation of students, incorporated, university of Waterloo. Content is the responsibility of the chevron staff, independent of the federatiu 1 and the university administration. Offices in the campus center; phone ( 5 l-9) 578-707 o or university local 3443; telex 0295-748. Curdling rememberances of mario savio’s trenchant remarks whilst standing upon the roof of a car at a berkeley demonstration when he stated there comes a time when the wheels which turn in society become so onerous that one is forced to throw them off and start anew; occasionally as we slide through university life which for the most part has the contradictions covered over conveniently and other small hells placated (to keep people from refecting society whilst on car’s roofs-no doubt) one is forced to recognise things as they really are. a couple of such cases arose this week. one is the story by and about bill beaudin and his relations with financial bureaucracies of the administration. how any institution could treat an individual, who is supposedly the raison d’etre of that institution, so utterly basely is beyond comprehension. to make matters worse, there is nothing particularly special about this case-just a run-of-the-mill mistake. the other phenomenon which is being made apparent by members of the federation and-chevron is the twofaced nature of administration people who swear on bibles that they’re all for student participation and then proceed to throw people-and quite valid participants at that-out of meetings. oh, the fighting that’s going to be done in the next year. carrying on the fight at this end this week were the jocks peter hopkins, norma dryden, george neeland, dennis mcgann, ron smith and that cute little devil coach of all the world’s champions...george kaufman. in foto this week were doug baird and his ’ magic rabbit, gord moore, randy hannigan, len greener and his magical mystifications at our mother meetings, brian cere, featuring this week...soda pop on negatives, nigel burnett, Scott gray, brute murphy who took a hell of a lot of abuse, and as always gorgeous george. digging it all out in features were joan waiters, len greener, bill Sheldon, john keyes, david cubberley and lastbutnotleast GSK. in news this week were krista tomory, joan Walters, mart roberts, big al, nigel, len, brute, dave robertson, gary robins and all his ducky friends were slogging themselves to a tither sothatthey read something extra special with their green beer on friday, and if anybody lived through preparing that ireland supplement, they wont survive this forty page mother. an’ deanna came down and so did trudy, and as a parting remark from brute murphy-a quote he would like to attribute to pe turdeau: “the working class-can kiss my ass-i’ve got the foreman’s job at last”. time to stop BFing and have some killer borsch from borus the bear. peace In’ cynicism, wws.

friday ,

17 march

1972

(12:48) .,_

.-.-

1055 i

39 . - *_.J.>& I

Ask Why. Twenty

good questions: 1. Why do students have to pay $12.00 and travel to Bridgeport

as a parking penalty? 2. Why are the parking gates down after 5:00 p.m. and on the weekends? 3. Why are the vending machines charging 15 cents a drink when we know they can sell for 10 cents? 4. Why must the university do research for the industrial-military complex? 5. Why is tuition increasing by about $100 next year? 6. Why is there a Student Services Building with no student %- groups in it?. 7. Why are there 36 parking spaces in the basement of the Student Services Building and who are they for? 8. Why is student money being spent and administered by nonstudents on the Athletic Advisory Board? 9. Why is the Athletic Advisory Board not controlled by students? 10. Why does the Senate and Board of Governors have to hold some meetings in secret (in camera)? 11. Why does the Board of Governors just represent the business world and not the total community? 12. Why is there a Board of Governors? 13. Why can’t students get the ‘degree’ that they wo.rked for? 14. Why isn’t there community (university) control of the Security? 15. Why do we have to take required courses? 16. Why does the administration give us 12 out of 113 votes in the new University of Waterloo Act and call it meaningful student representation? 17. Why aren’t we getting meaningful representation at all levels of -decision-ma king? 18. Why does the university exist? 19. Why are we here? 20. Why?

Let’s try to find twenty good answers. Ask Why Day-Wednesday, m in the 40

1056

the

chevron

March 22

us Centre.

A beginners

guide to the struggle in

l~eland grew out of a feeling that people in Canada are not receiving a complete understanding of the current confiict in Ulster, or more importantly, an understanding of the basis of that struggle. Somehow, 13 people were shot one day during a civil rights march by British troops and the British Home Secretary complimented them on their performance. Somehow three days later, 50,000 people in Dublin burned the British embassy to the ground while 200 cops stood around and watched. Over 250people have been killed since the civil unrest escalated in the faI/ of 1969, and we are given the impression that Irish Republican Army “terrorists”, as they are called, are responsible, either directly or indirect/y for almost all of these deaths. But in spite of this, membership in the IRA continues to grow, and IRA operations continue with a significant amount of popularsupportin both the North and South of Ireland. Even the Special Powers Act (Internment), enacted by the British Parliament last August, and through which over 800 persons have been arrested to date, has failed to curb the violence. Goddamn religious fanatics! But somehow, a// these pieces don’t quite fit together. hd when we go back through the conmet-cia/ media to try to gain a more complete understanding of the whole Irish conflict and the conditions that caused it, the pieces fit together even less. The impetus to research and produce this paper came partly out of a real feeling of outrage and angry reaction to the Bloody Sunday (30 )anuary W’2) killings of 13 civil rights march;ers in the streets of Derry (called Londonderry by the colonialists) by British para troopers determined to break up a demonstration o,f more than 20,000 people protesting internment. \/Z/‘itnesses, including several members of parliament, called the killings murder, and outrage grew as Northern Ireland premier Brian Faulkner and British government leaders tried to throw the blame back onto the Civil Rights

A beginner’s

guide

to the

struggle

Association and the IRA. “The government knew that such the IRA would , use marches wherever possible as a cover for their attacks on the population at large,” said \:au/kner. Those who organized the march “must bear a terrible responsibility for having urged people to lawlessness and for having provided the IRA with the opportunity of again bringing death to’ our streets, I’ he added. But where is the real violence in Northern Ire/and? In the guerilla activities of the IRA, or in an 800 year o/d system of colonial domination, and housing, voting and job discrimina tibn. For the roots of violence in Ireland are hundreds of years o/d. And we have to begin to understand the violence of the IRA within that context. &it more important/y, we have to begin to realize and understand the other

in Ireland

responses of the Irish people, both Catholic and Protestant working c/ass people in the South as well as the North, to the violence and oppression of the system. The commercia/ media se/don], if ever, mention these other responses: the educational and organizing activities of the Civil Rights Association, the hundreds of peacefu/ marches and strikes, the organizing and political activity of the /a bour movement in both the /Vorth and the South, .of Sinn Fein, the political arm of the OfficiaI IRA, or of People’s Democracy. And the media never talks about the massive programs of civil disobedience through rent strikes ‘and the witholding of gas and electricity payments as we// as taxes. Perhaps these aspects of the con flit t just aren’t newsworthy, but on the other hand, the comtiercia/ media could be he/ping to perpetrate the myth fostered by Britain and the Ulster ruling c/ass that the conflict is mere/y religious in nature. + For the basis of the conflict is economic, and religion is used by the ruling elite and other conservative elements to keep Protestant and Catholic working c/ass people from joining together to fight an unresponsive and ineffectual government at Storrnon t.

When we started to put this paper together, we had on/y a minimal understanding of the situation in Ireland, and we weren’t exact/y sure what kind of analysis our research wou/d lead us to. This paper is the product of long hours of digging and research into the commercial and alternate press in England, Ire/and, Canada and the U.S., as we// as contacting people from t:ng/and and Ireland, and anywhere e/se we could think of. /t wasn’t a// that easy. Finding information on Ireland was like researching Vietnam before it became socially acceptable to be against the war. There wasn’t much to find. Researching and trying to understand the Irish struggle has been a really good educational experience in itself, but we felt it is irnportant to get the information and analysis out to people, part/y to he/p create a better understanding of our own situation in Canada and Quebec. And it is important too, to be able to understand the struggles, pains and hopes of other people to be able to support them, when we can, in whatever way we can. For the struggle in Ireland is a struggle for national liberation and selfdetermination, and that is the struggle of people everywhere.

f#xMke Eo Ehe

is published

by the Community Media Project of Kitchener-Waterloo in conjunction with the chevron, university of Waterloo For further information call (519) 576-2640 or write dumont press graphix co-operated, 97 Victoria street north, kitchener. The research and writing for this paper is all voluntary. Sources of information include Liberation News Service (LNS), Guardian, Ramparts, Last Post, Newsreel, Frendz, the Irish Independent, the Irish Times, the Irish Press, “Price of My Soul” by Bernadette Devlin, and “Ireland Her Own” by T A Jackson. We don’t think the Globe and Mail would want a credit so consider this a credit for them.

The first attempt made by the British to colonise Ireland occured in469 when a Norman adventurer established a foothold at Dublin. Eve~tua~y the Gaelic clans chiefs recognized the king of England as a sort of “inaster in name’, but the relatioushi~ never became muc more than a formal type of ~e~ognitio~-uot until much later, anyway. The Ireland of the 16th century was subjected to a severe process of a~glici~atio~ through techniqlues aimed at the Irish clan chiefs. The choice for the Irish clan chief was simple: either he became a renthungry landlord on the English model, or he would be branded as a traitor, hanged as a rebel or driven into .exile. The English, however, did not have au easy time in augli~~~iug the Irish. Revolts continued into the 17th century and grew larger along with the repression growing more severe. Cattle were irnpounded and crops were destroyed resulting in a famine of appalling intensity.

As. the policy of establishing English landlo~dis~ in Ireland was drawing to a close, a hew policy of “clearance and plantation”-. was undertaken. This involved 66clearing” those areas that had not been left desolated by war and famine followed by auctions which distributed the land into large estates. IIowever, the wealthy Englishmen who bought thep had difficulty in ~~~suadi~g settlers to come from England. Finally, the original ~la~s~e~ owned.

The most

crucial

“pla~tatio~”

for the historical development of Ireland was that of Ulster. In 1609, a half-pillion acres of arable land iu uorth-eastern Irelaud were confiscated ahd n-iade available for occupation by persons of three& distinct classes, the ~~de~~a~e~s~ the ~e~vi~~~s and the Natives. This last group, who were ~~ish~~n and could only have Irish tenants were allotted only one-tenth of the total amount of land. Clearly, the motives behind the creation of this plantation were different from those of its predecessors. The size of the holdings and the. fixed rents enabled England to build a garrison of plahted colonists who would $old the Irish nation inn check. Finding suitable English or Scot tehauts was not easy. Few people were willing to emigrate to Ireland unless the risks there appeared less formidable than those at home. ~o~se~ue~tly, those who left England or Scotland were escaping from religious persecution, their creditors, the law or the mothers of their illegitimate offspring.

At this period in history the English monarchy was being th~eateued by a rising bourgeoisie intent on obliging freedom to trade and accumulate capital. In order to st~engtheu the ~oua~~hy, the king, Charles I, ‘turned to Ireland. The Earl of Strafford was sent as the Lord Deputy of the poetry. Eugla~d’s plan entailed a forced s~b~iss~ou of the Irish people that would yield revenue, ~a~iug the king iAdependent of the English Parliament . F&afford u~s~~~pulously undertook the a~~o~pli~h~e~t of these tasks. I-Ie created sixty new boroughs for the Irish ~a~lia~e~t

and insured his control by nominating two rnennbers for each. Revenue was a~~u~~lated by de~auding that each l~udow~e~ in the county of ~onna~ht s~~reude~ oue~ua~te~ of his land to the ClrOWll.

Strafford tentiou to the eqluippihg of and file was officers were aristocrats.

paid ~a~tic~a~ atraising, training and ah army whose ran Catholic and whos English Protestant

In England, revolution and civil war were ba -3wiply. Strafford squeezed 1$09~ pounds out of the Irish Parliament for the ‘king. IIe returned and Parliament iml mediately had him arrested. He was executed in May 1641. In the same year the Irish clans rose eu masse. They drove the Protestant settlers off the plantations of IJlster and killed some lo,800 of them. In England civil war broke out over the inmediate cguestion of who should control the army raised to crush the Irish rebels. In Ireland there were soon three armies in the field. The Catholic ~oufede~atio~ controlled most of Ireland. The king and the ~a~lia~e~ta~y party each held about three counties. The ~onfede~atiou contained many Irish clansmen resisting their forcible a~gli~i~ation .but it was do~iuated by ~glo-Irish landlords . In 7 years of war very little changed in Ireland. As thee ~a~lia~euta~y party gained the upper hand in England, the Royalists and the Irish rebels were fobbed to make ian alliance.

The aftermath of the war brought only hardship for the Irish people, for ~~o~wellia~ “‘justice” was severe. With the exception of those who fought for the Eng~sh

~a~lia~e~t, all ishrnen were considered ~~i~i~als and lost land according to the degree of their pa~ti~i~atio~ in the Rising of &I. Catholic landowners Wh possessed more than 50 acres were ordeied to Connacht and berate tenants there. of most of the E~g~sh However, in the majority of privileges class. In IreIand, James’ cases, the Irish Catholic landlord sioh was cause for hope. was regarded by his tenants as a Less than three years after the chief is by his ~ims~en. Thus, when begi~~~g of James’ reign, William the laudlo~d xnoved, his tenants of orange was offered the thrones’ followed leaving the land desolate. James was forced to fke to Ireland The English authorities could not almost as sooh as William landed. tolerate this so they reversed their policy and allowed the Irish to &mes raised an army but three as well as return. The Catholic la~dlo~d$ found, on ~et~~~iug, that they had ~a~a~teed to surrender more land, pay a fee the Catholics “‘not Iess toleratio~99 or becorhe tenants on the land they than they had before James’ rule. bad once owned. However, the Parliament of English speculators bou Ireland, made u traded soldiers rights to land enabling them to put together the land of all compact estates of tens of ~o~fis~ati~g Catholics who s~~~o~ted Jaxnes, thousands of acres. They also insisted “uot less When the monarchy was toleration” meant the worst prerestored in England there were vious conditions for Catholics were hopes among the dispossessed proprietors that the land would be to be the best in the future. ~egin~ng in f69i, a Nobel of returned to their ownership. IIowever, a restoration of the Acts were passed by the Dublin all levelled aga~st, confiscated land would have to be Parliament, the Catholics, which are made at the expemse of wealthy as the Penal4 @ Eug~sh~e~ whom. the kiug had no collectively Among other restrictions, i~tentiou of offending. Thus, the Catholics were barred from the situation remained ~~~ha~ged. vote, from entry into In f6# ~~o~w~I1 arrived with the ~~~i~i~al corpo the Mew Model &my to ~o~~~e~ learned professions (except Ireland yet again. He did the work with bloody efficiency. In 1652 redivide > and from ~o~~issio~s in the Army, the Navy and the civil Ireland was ready for set~e~e~t. The ~o~~o~wealth intended to service. Catholics were subverted to pay its debts to its s~~~~e~s and special taxes, ~~o~e~t the arrears of its soldiers with and ~~ess~~ed into Irish land. the Protestant

The succession rabid Catholic,

of Sames threatened

II, a the

but became o~ga~i~at~o~*

From at least the reformation on, Ireland was a colony of England, her first, exploited as efficiently as possible, as ruthlessly as necessary. Britain destroyed any Irish industry that competed successfully with British rivals, as a matter of policy. In the 17th century a profitable Irish trade in fat cattle exported to England grew up. English graziers the trade was protested; prohibited. Ireland exported slaughtered carcasses ; English pork) in barrels was exported; and this trade being useful to the British navy was allowed to pass without protest. It became one of Ireland’s staple industries. Similar restraints were applied in every branch of Irish industry either eliminating the industry or reducing it to the state of complete dependence on Britain.

I3y 1700, rural Ireland was a country of Protestant landlords often living in England, gouging a Catholic peasantry. In some parts of Ulster the peasantry was Protestant. They were slightly better off than their Catholic neighbours. The landlords were not the only parasites. The landlord’s middleman did his gouging and took a cut for himself. There were often three or four levels of these picturesquely named. ‘rackmen’. ’ The Anglican clergy took a

tithe-10 percent of’ every peasant’s karvest. The lay collector often racked the tithe as .high as 25 percent. As many of the Protestants were not Anglicans9 they resented this as much as the Catholics. To add to the peasant’ miseries a practice was introduced of putting tenancies up to auction when leases expired. The middleman often evicted the peasants and converted large parcels of land to gra’ss farming.

t is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town, or travel in the country, when they see the streets the roads and cabin-doors crowded with beggars of the female sex, followed by three, four, or six children, all in rags, and importuning every passenger for an alms. These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to employ all their ,time in strolling, to beg sustenance for their helpless infants, who, as they grow up, either turn thieves for want of work, or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain, or sell themselves to the Barbadoes. I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children, in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of’ their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is in the present deplorable state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance; and therefore whoever could find out a fa’ii, cheap, and easy method of making these children sound and useful members of the commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation. But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars; it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our charity in the streets. As to my own part, having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject, and maturely weigbed the several schemes of other projectors, I have always found them grossly mistaken in their commutation. It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by her milk for a solar year with little other

Such a change-over on a large scale produced the first-recorded general uprising of the peasantry (17’61) known as the White-boy conspiracy. It first appeared near Limerick as a reply to an attempt by the landlords to enclose stretches .of waste land which had been treated as common from time immemorial. This “waste” was indispensable to scores of peasants as grazing for their cows, sheep, goats, etc. The peasants sue-

cessfully prevented the enclosure and the landlords abandoned their attempt. z The movement developed into a permanent resistance to rackrenters, evictors, land-grabb~rs~ tithe-proctors and landlords employers who offered employment at less than a standard rate. From 1761 to 1778 the landlords and the Authorities waged perpetual war against the Wbiteb~ys. military expeditions were led against them. Suspects were taken and banged in scores. The Society of United Irishmen was founded in 1791. The society, and the ideas it sponsored, spread rapidly. In G’92 the Catholic Committee9 under the guidance of Theobald Wolfe Tone, called a representative convention, “the sole body competent to voice the opinions of Catholic Ireland”. They delivered a petition demanding “equality with Protestants” to the king. With a war with the French looming ahead London pressured the Irish oligarchy to make concessions. The petition was very popular with the smaller merchants and artisans of all faiths in Ireland. IIad the Catholic Committee been more resolute, it might have obtained full equality. As it was, much of the penal code was replaced by the Catholic Relief Act. In February 1793, before the Relief Act was passed, war was declared on France. The act was passed but the war became an

nourishment9 at most not above the value of two shillings, which the mother may certainly get, or the value in scraps, by her lawful occupation of begging, and it is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them, in such a manner as, instead of being a charge upon their parents,“or the parish, or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives, they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many thousands. There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those voluntary abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas, too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expense than the shame, which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast. The number of souls in Ireland being usually reckoned one million and a half, of these I calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couples whose wives are breeders from which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children, although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom, but this being granted, there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders. I again subtract fifty thousand for those women who miscarry, or whose children die by accident or disease within the year. There only remain an hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents annually born: the question therefore is, how this number shall be reared, and provided for, which, as __ I have already said, under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all the methods proposed, for we can neither employ them in handicraft

By 1795, reactionary Rotestant magistrates had stirred up constant fighting in Ulster between Catholic and Protestant peasant f societies. That year the Orange Order was formed. The motive ‘actuating this “Protestant” villainy became unmistakable when it was seen that it was the most improved farms, on the best lands, which were first attacked, and whose occupants were first offered the alternative of “ ell or Connacbt”. To this day the richer soil in the valley-bottoms in Eastern IJlster is Protestant to the last half-acre while Catholics surviv.e on every barren hill-top. The repression by the Orangemen turned the Irish to a jacobin conspiracy to free Ireland. Wolfe Tone sought and finally found support for the Irish cause in France. A French army of 159000 men tried to land in 17963but was forced back by constant gales. The landlords quickly started their own reign of terror. The Irish Parliament met and passed an Insurrection Act-“one of the most severe and comprehensive in Irish history’“. It began with a campaign of terrorism in Armagh which devastated several counties. Many charges were laid: for possessing arms; for “tumultuous assembly”; or for possessing, distributing, or selling “seditious” papers and so on. Magistrates were given large powers of arrest on suspicion.

or agriculture; we neither build houses (I mean in the country ), nor cultivate land : they can very seldom pick up a livelihood by stealing until they arrive at six years old, except where they are of towardly parts, although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier, during which time they can however be properly looked upon only as probationers, as I have been informed by a principal gentleman in the County of Cavan, who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances under the age of six, even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in that ” art. I am assured by our merchants. that a boy or a girl before twelve years old, is no saleable commodity, and even when they come to this age, they will not yield above three pounds, or three pounds and half-a-crown at most on the Exchange, which cannot turn to account either to the parents or the kingdom, the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that - value. I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts, which I hope will not be liable to the least objection.

have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious, nourishing and wholesome food, whether stewed, roasted, baked, or boiled, and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a 1bfricassee, or a ragout. I do therefore humbly offer’ it to public consideration, that of the hundred and twenty thousand children ‘already computed, twenty thousand may be reserved for breed, whereof only one fourth part to be males, which is more than we allow to sheep, black-cattle, or swine, and my reason is that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage, a circumstance not much regarded by our savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females. That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year old be offered in sale to the persons of quality, and fortune, through the kingdom, always advising the mother mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month, so as to render them plump, and fat for a good table. A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for friends and when the family dines alone, the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish, and seasoned “with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day, especially in winter. . I have reckoned upon a mediums that a ebild just born will weigh twelve ~~nnds, and i r if tolerably nursed in~re~seth to twenty-e

~lm~$t before the Act ww passed tile administration had appointed General ILake, military Commander fsr Ulster, and he had issued a proclamation imposing

excesses of the landlords and to see that Ireland did not become an economic rival. Th,e industrial Revelation in

ss were concrete

in Ireland. In MB% a parti~~arIy obnoxious parson against all custom tried to collect the tithe

assembly (hundreds of tbonsands were expected) at ~lonta~. They

The landlord and the ta r not merely took their s usual but also took the occassion to squeeze out arrears due. The

conditions

side in &he name QB

hold no more &hey were cleared

the Fleet.

Despitethe orangecampaign“Qf 1797,The IJnited Irishmen grew stronger. An uprising was spanned for ‘$8 ‘but with the aid of an informer the government aborted it and imprisoned several leaders. Then they extended the Ins~re~tion Act to all Ireland. The French landed a small army which was quickly defeated ; another ex~dition was caught and forced to surrender at sea. Wolfe Tone? a Protestant and chief instigator of rising was raptured and hanged. repressive The landlords campaign after’~$ was worse than that of ‘95. It finally petered out in 1806. In 1801 Ireland and England were united under a single ,parliament . This allowed England

labour as well as investme capital wrung from the Iris people in tbe form of red an tithes. In the general election of 18126for the first time 1 tenants in 3 or 4 vote as their lan~o~ r~taIiation, they evicted all tenants in arrears-over 90 percent eDaniel ~9~onn~~9 head of the ~atboli~ association launched a ‘“Cam‘gn for Catholic Eman~ipation99~ organised a mass petition which drew a million and a half signatnre~ from all over Ireland. db’Connel1 then a by~le~tion. for County Glare government recognized that furtber resistance to all Catholic demands would cause serious trouble. ~~~ord~gly9 the government9 in 1829, passed Iiberalizing legislation that allowed Catholics to enter Parliament but reaffirmed its opposition to the . Catholic Association . The tithes were an old grievance

I grant this food will be somewhat dear, and therefore very proper for landlords, who, as they have already devoured most of the parents, seem to have the best title i to the children.

fant’s flesh will be in season ~rough~~t the year, but e plentiful in March, and a little before and after, for we are told by a grave author, an eminent French physician, that fish being a prolific diet, there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after Lent khan at any other season; therefore reckoning‘s year after Lent, the markets will be more glutted than usual, because the number of Popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of Papists among us. I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggar”s child (in which list I reckon all cottagers, labourers, and fog-f~ths of the farmers) to be about two shillings, per annum, rags included, and I believe no gentleman would repine to give two sidings for the carcass of a good fat child, which, as I have said, will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat, when he hath only some parti~nlar friend or his own family to dine with him. Thus the Squire will learn to be a good landlord and grow popular among his tenants, the mother will have eight shillings net profit, and be fit for work until she ~rodu~e§ anotber child. Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass; the skin of which

and 18493gauging

the clergy. They con it to the rent owe peasants solidarity intimidated many landIor~9 however. The 1830’s a~~4~~~ were years of rising national consciousness and ~arliamen~ry agitation. In 1843 the government forbade a mass

large‘scale

reduced the po~nlation of Ireland by one-third in ten years. In the ““famine’ 9 years produced grain, cattle, produce; etc. in abundance. disease af~~ted thesefoo

strength to perform it; and thus the copay and themselves are in a fair way of being soon delivered from the evils to come. As I have already observed, it would greatly lessen the number of l?apists, with whom we are yearly over-run, being the principal breeders of the nation, as well as our most dangerous enemies, and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender, hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good Protestants, who have chosen rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an idolatrous Episcopal curate. ’ §upposing that one thousand families in this city would be consent customers for infants flesh, besides others who might have it at merry meetings, ~arti~~arly weddings and christenings; I compute that Dublin would take off annually about twenty thousand carcasses, and the rest of the kingdom (where probably they will be sold somewhat cheaper) the remaining eighty thou~nd. can think of no one objection that will possibly be ed against this proposal9 unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and it was indeed one principal design in offering it to the world. I .desire the reader will observe, that I calculate my remedy for this

as we do roasting of a des

ing spirit

are

in great their

city ‘was tak

: Of being

a little

insurrection

herefore I repeat, let no man talk to me of these and like expedients, till he ha&h at least a glimpse of hope that there will ever be some hearty and sincere attempt to put them in practice. But as to myself, having been wearied out for many years with offering vain, idle, visionary though~9 and at length utterly despairing of success, I fort~ately fell upon this proposal, which as it is wholly new, so it hath something solid and real, of no expense and little trouble, full in our own power, and whereby we can incur no danger in disobliging England. For this kind of commodity will not bear expor~tion9 the flesh being of too tender a consistence to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country which would be glad to eat up our whole nation wi~out it. After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer, proposed by wise men, which shall be found equally inno~ent9 cheap, easy and effectual. But before some thing of that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme, and offering a better, I desire the author, or authors9 will be pleased maturely to consider two points. First, as things now stand, how they will be able to find food and raiment for a hundred thousand useless mouths and backs? And secondly, there being a round million of creatures in human figure, throughout this ~ngdom9 whose whole subsistence put into a common stock

dislike my overt~e9 and may attempt an answer, that they will these mortals wbether tbey would n

ome persons

clothes

to cover tbem from tb

was

_,_- ..- .. . .._

----a ... . I

759

however, did not wait. The whole thing fizzled out before it got -properly started. Until 1832 the English landed‘oligarchy controlled the English government absolutely. From 1846 onwards the manufacturing capitalists gained increasingly a preponderance, until from the 1870’s they in turn gave way to the imperialist finance-capitalists. The fall in world prices for agricultural goods - meant agricultural productivity should be increased to cover the fall in monetary. returns. Hence arose that drive towards the “consolidation” of the farms which was facilitated drastically by the calamity of the Famine. The getting rid of the smallholders was a necessary precondition for the establishment of capitalist farming on any considerable scale, and this was necessary to compete with the *growing yields from the wheat fields of America. Cheap labour was required for this type of far-

ming, and a supply of cheap labour was created by the “consolidation” which cleared estates of their “superflous” small tenants. Between- 1848 and 1916 Ireland’ was relatively peaceful. All the old forms of resistance continued. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (the Fenians) tried, with the support of many IrishAAmericans, to mount a rebellion in Ireland. Their military failure was complete. Politically they _helped build modern Irish nationalism. The old Whiteboys were still an important force in the countryside. The only force the peasants controlled. Throughout this period wheat, cattle and other foods from the Americas, Australia and. Russia forced prices down. Rents stayed high. -

Forced qmigrution * Peasants, forced off the usually had emigration.

*** If it hadn’t been for the fact that I had an essentially Christian background from my mother; poverty would have made me bitter rather than socialist, and I knew of politics would have made me mad Republican. This is the common situation in Northern Ireland: if you don’t have basic Christianity rather than merely religion, all you get out of the experience if living is bitterness:-

**+

The political lessons I learned as a child came in indirect ways, through poetry and history, until I went; at the age of ten, to a madly Republican grammar school. If my father had any real involvement in politics, I never knew about it, but one circumstance suggests that maybe he had. He .died in August 1956, just at the -beginning of what the Unionists called ‘the IRA terrorist campaign’, which lasted five or six years, with sporadic outbursts of violence and attempts at sabotage and so forth. At that time it was quite common to hear the sirens beginning to wail at night, up and down, up- and down, as it must have been for airraid alerts during the war. As soon as the sirens started, doors in our neighbourhood would open and our neighbours appear, pulling on their heavy coats and shouldering their sten guns. Most of the Protestant men in our district were Bmen, or Specials-members of the civilian militia in Northern Ireland which was formed to fight the IRA. So while some of my friends’ daddies were disappearing into their houses to lie low, other people’s daddies- were setting out after them. At times like those the tragic division in Northern Ireland split even wider to set the Protestant working class against the Catholic working class,

_guide

to the

7972....-

Because of hi? f&%y’s poverty, ‘my father left school when’he was eleven and became a messenger boy, an unpaid messenger boy. Or at least, he was paid in kind: instead of wages he earned some of the family’s weekly groceries. But he was clever enough to see there was no future in this, and when .he was fourteen or so he apprenticed himself to a carpenter and got himself a trade. . Over the years he worked on and off in Northern Ireland, but mostly he-had to go to England to find work. To begin with this was merely because there was no work in the North of Ireland, but later-wh& I was already at school-he was forced to go to England because his insurance card was stamped with the words ‘Political Suspect’ and nobody would employ him.

A beginner’s

__ .- .- ..

no choice‘ Many of

land, except these

existence but were usually )inacemigrants came to Canada with tive. The Land League was great hopes for the promised “free by Michael Davitt, a ‘land” available to anyone who k launched member of the Fenians Supreme would .work it: After 1870, they were to be very disappointed. The Council. Parnell was president of free land policy had changed. The the League. .’ The League helped to allieviate the business class in Canada needed a significantly cheap labor force for their fac- famine of ‘79 by preventing the worst activities of the landlords tories and so had placed an “artificial’ price on land to keep im- and raising a relief fund in America. migrants in the cities. After 266 years of systematic The League fought to have rents underdevelopment the Irish got reduced by ostracizing and free trade with England as withholding_ services from unEngland was entering the in- cooperative landlords and fellow dustrial revolution. England, tenants who broke ranks. Captain however, continued to exploit Boycott made his name famous by Ireland mercilessly. complaining to the ‘Times’. The dominant force in Irish The government introduced a politics in the late 19th century was Coercion Bill (a bill like the War Charles Parnell. His method was * Measures Act), but this crisis was the obstruction of parliament. His resolved by a political deal not goal was home rule, though he another repression . in Ireland. knew once home rule was restored, *The death of Parnell in 1891 dealt Ireland might well go further. all the independence. movement a’ Although he seemed to come close strong setback. several times, home rule always From about 1870 the falling price slipped away. , products lowered The Feniansremained in . of agricultural

while the church and the Catholic middleclass nationalists threw up their bands in horror at the freedom fighters, and stood solidly behind the government. When I was in my first year of grammar school, I had a long-playing record, The Rebel, on which the actor, Michael MacLiammoir, recited the -works of Padraig Pearse, one of the martyrs of 1916. I thought it was great stuff and played it over and over again, and the more I listened to it the more I became convinced that ,although MacLiammoir had put it over as a work of art, he -had failed to convey. the true emotion of a patriot saying what he felt. Anyway, I learned three pieces from the record for the three heats of the talent competition, and they were all very militant. The Rebel ends : ‘I say to the master of my people “Beware the risen people who will- take what you would not give! ” ’ Another piece I chose was The Fool,

which- has this passage: ‘But the fools, the fools! They have left us our Fenian dead! While Ireland holds these graves, Ireland unfree will never be at rest.’

And the third and final choice was -Robert Emmet’s speech from the dock -before his execution in 1804. Well, off I went and recited this fighting stuff .at the talent competition, and I recited it well, went through thee three heats, and won the first. prize. Cookstown was outraged. During the three weeks of the competition, the horror grew. ‘Imagine the daughter of Lizzie Devlin having the cheek to go down there and say a thing like . that!- That comes from her father’s side of the fainily.’ *** . Welearned Irish history. People who went to Protestant schools learned British history. We were all learning the same things, the same events, the same period of time, but the interpretations we were _ given were very different. At the state school they teach that the Act of Union was brought about to strengthen the trade agreements between England and Ireland. We were taught that it was a malicious attempt to bleed Ireland dry of her linen industry which’ was affecting Britishw\ cotton. *+* Amongthe best traitors Ireland has ever had, Mother Church. ranks at the very top, a massive obstacle inthe path to equality and freedom. She has been a for&for conservatism, not on the basis of preserving Catholic doctrine or prevent the corruption of her children but simply to

ward off threats to her own security \and influence...In the North the churches, both Catholic and Protestant, should have been campaigning for the dignity of the people years and years ago. They never did. They should have been msking some effort to break down religious sectarianism in the country.. They did nothing. *** The Reverend Ian Paisley, self-styled moderator of the Free Presbyterian Church of. Ulster, is to my mind a dangerous man and an influence for evil. When the .Protestant working class realize-as I believe they’re beginning tothat the Unionist Party doesn’t serve their intelW3tS,

their

nonl’lal

reaCtiOn

iS to

IllOVe

the price of land. The government passed laws allowing tenants to buy their lands for about twice market value. Then they gave the landlords special subsidies to sweeten the pill. The Irish Socialist Republican Party (a Marxist group) was founded in 1896. Though always small, it had considerable influence- on the Fenians. In 1911 the Irish parliamentary was finally able to get a home rule bill with a chance of passing. The most reactionary wing of the tories organized an armed opposition in Ulster. In 1913 The Republicans also organized a small army. In 1916 Connally and his- men took over the G.P.O. in Dublin on East& Monday morning. As much as anything the Easter-week rising was intended to show the British were. still the same savages they had always been. They co-operated willingly, crushed the rebellion and hanged or imprisoned ,most‘of the leadership.

*** What we must make clear at all times is that we are fighting for the economic rights of an underprivileged people, not to win back the Six Counties for Ireland. E conomically, I believe, the South of Ireland is worse off than we are, and I hope that as we step up the struggle in Ulster, there will be those in the south who will step up the struggle there. This is maybe just ideological talk. ‘It will take a long time to achieve anything. And , in the end, I believe, it will come to a clash-for at no time have those in authority relinquished their position without a struggle. But when it comes to that, it must be fought not in the Six COUUtieS

Catholics,

but

IrelandaS

to the left, eitherinto the Northern Ireland Labour Party or to become the most

whole by the working class. Only if it’s as all-Ireland working class revolution are

llldihnt

there

SOCialiStS

Of the

lot

Of US.

PaiSley’S

aim is to secure the Protestant working - class support for himself, thus preventing it from moving left. For the Reverend Ian Paisley does not hate Catholics as he appears to: what he hates are socialists. *‘* * Between October 5th and the end of 1968, People’s Democracy, and I along with it, moved grad&lly and inexorably left. We , had started off without any political affiliation, with very little political awareness even; the majority attitude then could be summed up as a sort of liberal belief in the need for justice. And, I of course, we were pretty inexperienced. The more demonstrations we organized, the more we became convinced ofthe usefulness of * the non-violent method : it it baffled the baffled the police, Paisleyites, and it gave us each time a further lesson in self-discipline, which prepared us for the next stage. If we hadn’t learned those lessons in the- weeks from October to December, we wouldn’t have survived the Long March -to Derry. The move leftwards had -begun ‘by the end of October,\ and it was due to the simple. fact that the most effective solutions to the problems we discussed always turned out to be the solutions offered by the-left. We educated ourselves into socialism. Night after night we sat down to four-hourlong meetings to discuss every aspect of every Northern Ireland ‘problem : why we couldn’t get through to the Protestant working class; what we should do to try to get through to them; why, when-we made reasonable demands and stuck to them, some of our friends should turn around and call us mindless militants; how could we enlist responsible support and not remain a student-oriented organization . looking inward on student society. -

enough

Of US t0

Overthrow

the

powers

that be.

**+ My function in life is not to be a politician in Parliament: it is to get something done. Though I didn’t succeed in making it clear to my constituents, I soon satisfied myself that the whole grinding procedure of Parliament worked too slowly to be of any material use to the people of Mid-Ulster, and. that Westminster, anyway, was basically indifferent to the problems of Northern Ireland. You can do a lot of talking, but nobody’s listening, not in Westminster at any rate. The sort of political development I want to take part in is the growth of militancy from consistent positive action against the Establishment. I would like to see masssquatting campaigns-not only in Ireland, for Ireland doesn’t have a monoply of the housing problem :‘ This has already begun in Derry. In Derry last summer the Derry Labour Party -found out who was getting new houses, then went round to these people and asked them--to say when they were moving out of their old home, so that the squatters could move somebody in. Only a few outgoing tenants were not prepared to help. In some cases they were vacating their homes because the house was condemned, but often the old house was due to lie empty for years waiting for some grand development scheme to catch up with the area, and meanwhile deliberately kept vacant by the local authority. In all cases, the houses were better lodgings than those the squatters came from. But the local council, to prevent illegal tenants coming in, would send round a man with a sledge-hammer to rip up the staircase. That is why it was important to know when the outgoing tenants planned to move.

_struggle

in Ikeland

. . ..Ws abouf

The British repression of 1916 did not crush the republican movement in Ireland. Patrick Pearse, a member of the Volunteer force which fought for Irish indepence, expressed this truth in his speech over the grave of O’Donovan Rossa who was killed in the middle of 1915: “Life springs from death and from the graves of patriot men and women spring nations. “The Defenders of the Realm have worked tie11 in secret and in the open. They think they have passified Ireland. They think they have purchased half of us and intimidated the other half. They think they have foreseen everything, think they have provided against everything; butthe fools! the fools! the fools!, “They have left us our Fenian dead, and while Ireland holds these graves, Ireland, unfree, shall never be at peace!” Pearce also died in 1916. In 1918, the British government

attempted to impose conscription, which very nearly led to further open conflict. Eventually the British government delayed until after the war was over and conscription never was imposed. In the December 1918 election, the Sinn Fein elected 70 of Ireland’s 107 members to the British parliament on a platform of immediate indepence. Refusing to take their seats at Westminster, the Sinn Feiners remained in Dublin as the national assembly of an independent Irish republic, setting up their own legislative and legal systems, and their own army, the Irish Republican Army (IRA). For the next three years the IRA waged full-scale war against the British. As the British forces became more and more isolated in Ireland, their tactics became more and more violent, culminating in the Black and Tan terror of 1920. At the same time, in Belfast, inflamatory propaganda meetings suggested that the Catholics ‘were “taking away the jobs . of the Protestants”. The post-war unemployment crisis gave point to the propaganda, which in turn provided a basis for the staging of a series of pogroms aimed at forcing the Catholics out of the industrial areas completely. The Catholics were driven from the factories ; the Catholic quarter was looted and burned, many were killed, hundreds wounded and thousands left homeless.

Treaty

’

and purtifion

Finally in 1921, a truce was made in Southern Ireland and negotiations were begun between the British government and a delegation from the Free State., The treaty which was finally arrived at, was forced on the Irish delegation. They had the choice of accepting the treaty or all-out war with Britain within three days. Included in the treaty was virtual complete self-government for the twenty-six counties, although it did insist upon an oath of allegiance to King and Empire for all members of the Irish parliament. The six counties were given the ‘option’ of coming into the arrangement, and a boundary clause providing for the revision of the boundary between Northern Ireland and the Free State “in

accordance with the wishes of the derstandable in light of the fact people”. that the IRA policy is turning more ‘Partition was not accepted by a and more toward socialism and large segment of the republican those involved in the struggle for a movement, and civil war followed. socialist. Ulster are beginning to The Free Staters defeated the see the necessity for that struggle republicans, through heavy British in all Ireland. backing, and the IRA became an In Northern Ireland, Unionist outlawed, underground organand British policy has long used \ ization. religious prejudice to keep the poor After the civil war, the Free divided. Protestant workers, paid State government made aplower than anywhere else in the proaches for the appointment of a United Kingdom, still remain a peg boundary commission. above Catholic workers. The Northern Ireland GovernSuffering economic depression ment refused to consider the and political repression, a halfquestion. The English government million Catholics have fled North eventually appointed a represnIreland in the last 20 years. Had tative and nominated one for the they stayed they would have Six Counties. These two, with a become the majority in the six reprentative of the Free State, northern counties. Economic constituted a Boundary Comdiscrimination in Ulster, thus, is mission. essential to preserve a Protestant After a great parade of “inmajority. By forcing Catholic vestigation” the commission let it emigration, it offsets the higher be known that “by a majority” it Catholic birthrate. had decided to act on two principles (1) Northern Ireland had Unemployment . been established for “so long” that changes were undesirable; (2) The Ulster Catholic population nothing should be done to worsen has been decimated for the simple the economic position of Northern reason that there are no jobs: Ireland. In short, the treatyCatholic male unemployment in stipulated consideration, “the Derry is 28 percent; in Dungannon wishes of the inhabitants”, was to 23 percent; in Belfast 17 percent. be ignored; -and the net outcome (These are the most conservative would be that the Boundary would estimates; most people in the be altered, if at all, to add territory street estimate as much as three and population to Northern times these figures. In some areas, Ireland. like the South Falls ghetto of The British Government seized Belfast, the majority are unemthe chance to drive a bargain with ployed. All these figures are from the Free State government, which before last August’s crisis and the included the cancellation of the subsequent urban warfare and Boundary Clause altogether. resulting lack of economic inThus in 1925 Partition was finally vestment. ) consummated. The dole and other welfare measures of the British government are the major incentives to De Vulefa Ulstermen to remain loyal to Westminster. For those employed, Until 1927, republicans under the leadership of De Valera had, if weekly wages in the North average $45 for men, $28 for women. elected to the government, refused (Again, these are the most to take the required oath a_nd had charitable estimates.) In the South been kept from taking their seats things are a bit worse; wages are in the Dail. When, in 1927, they finally took the oath, a split oc- in the neighborhood of $38 for men, cured between those claiming to be $21 for, women, a very poor neighthe old IRA and Sinn Fein and De borhood indeed. Ulster’s two main industries, Valera and his supporters. Acand linen, are cordingly, De Valera founded a shipbuilding decaying, no longer able to comnew party, the Fianna Fail pete in the world market even (soldiers of destiny). This party relying on cheap labor. Only 8000 came to power in 1932, and has ship workers remain of the 40,000 been in power ever since. employed 25 years ago and there Despite attempts by the Free are constant rumors and threats State government to develop the by ownership that the shipyards economy of Southern Ireland, will close down altogether. Figures through expanding trade with in the linen industry are similar: other countries and protective from 60,000 workers in 1951 to the industrial tarifs, the country present 30,000. remains very poor and very dependent on Britain econThe six counties of the North omically. This is exemplified by remain one of the few places in the Premier Lynch’s statement recworld that retains a property ently, that a boycott on British requirement for voting. A quartergoods would have little effect on million people, 25 percent of the the British economy, but even adult population, are thereby partial retaliation by Britain would disfranchised. In Belfast, 23 wreak havoc in Ireland. percent of the citizenry has been on Politically, the Fianna Fail has the waiting-list for homes for 20 persued a policy of turning a blind years. In Derry , only 500 new eye to the activities of the IRA in homes have been built in the last southern Ireland while aphalf-century, almost all reserved proaching the question of for Unionist voters. reunification of Ireland from a Catholic families, generally parliamentary position. Recently, larger than Protestant, have however, the Free State governanotsher cross to bear: no matter ment has begun to succumb to the the size of family: only the one pressures of the British governwhose name the property is ment, and has arrested several registered is allowed to vote. In leaders of the IRA who were based Dewy, Unionists, representing in southern Ireland. only a third of the population, This position is perhaps unoccupy 60 percent of the council

the suri set

seats. In Lurgan, no Catholic has ever been elected to the city council, although they constitute 40 percent of the population.

Speckd

powers

act

Such a regime must be maintained by force, which explains the current concentration camps and their 800 prisoners. (An equivalent per capita figure for Canada would be over 10,000.) The government also has at its disposal its Special Powers Act. A remarkable piece of legislation, whose virtues have led South African Prime Minister Vorster to remark that he’d prefer .it to all of his own repressive laws, it was originally enacted in 1922 against the IRA and makes Canada’s War Measures look pale in comparison. Under the act, authorities are empowered to: arrest without warrant ; imprison without trial; deny the right of habeas corpus; enter homes any hour without a warrant; prohibit meetings and processions; permit flogging; deny trial by jury; jail people for refusing to answer incriminating questions ; hold prisoners incognito; prohibit an inquest after a prisoner’s death; prohibit circulation of any newspaper and possession of any film or recording (the sale of United Irishman, the Sinn Fein newspaper, brings six months’ imprisonment; sale of an Easter Lily flower, symbol of the 1916 Easter Rising, is punishable by two years’ imprisonment) ; arrest anyone who does anything “calculated to be prejudicial to the preservation of peace or maintenance of order.” Obviously the present internment means the Special Powers Act is in full effect. If the Catholic working class of Ulster didn’t have enough problems, it now faces a virtual army of hostile law officers, over and .above the 14,000 British occupation troops. (Again, to understand the significance, this is as if 1.9 million foreign troops were stationed in Canada’ to “preserve the peace.“) The 3500-man Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) is- the largest armed police force in the United Kingdom and it is de facto directed by the Orange Order. A supplementary governmentsponsored militia, the Orangecontrolled B-specials numbering 10,000, were “disbanded” over a year ago in a “reform measure.” The B-specials were fitted for uniform, issued a rifle or sten gun and sent home, to be called upon when the need arose.

IRA4VlF

The IRA conducted a guerrilla campaign from 1956 to 1962, aimed

at eliminating the border between the south and the north. This campaign failed miserably, and, with the release of Cathal Goulding from prison in 1964, the IRA began a re-examination of its policies. Goulding described the failure of the IRA guerrilla campaign as resulting from the fact that they “moved through the people like fish through the desert.” Goulding, in opposition to his Provisional opponents, holds that politics is primary ; but that, without a military wing, the struggle for power is futile; the armed struggle wi!l be necessary to take power and that armed actions in the present phase help the movement go forward. Hardly a week goes by without a series of important actions; scab trucks destroyed trying to break a strike ; large land estates destroyed (or threatened) when bought up by capitalist combines at the expense of poor farmers; British rail or airline offices taken over in protest of Irish political prisoners being held in England ; a mass fish-in movement against the robbery of national lakes and streams by British and American estates; homeless squatters settled in unoccupied apartment buildings until the government will care for them. With the massive unemployment in this, the poorest country in Europe except for Portugal (over 20 percent of the population is forced to work in England to feed their families at home), unemployment councils are being organized. British internment in the North is a failure. Since August, over 150 have been killed in sporadic warfare. Threats of internment in the south by the government against the Republican movement will also fail. From time to time, the official IRA has put forward the possibility of a national liberation front in the 26 counties, together with the Communist party, the movements of fishermen, small farmers, unemployed, homeless and poorly housed, etc. With an effective national liberation front in the south complimenting the movement in the North, the IRA believes that the 32 counties could rise together eventually to win the stated goal of an Irish workers’ and small farmers’ republic. Only a simultaneous rise, it argues, can bring a Republican victory. Such a front would of course include an armed wing, a new Irish Citizens Army. Thus, with the IRA today and a national liberation front in the future, Ireland has the only revolutionary movement in Europe with a Military component and a strategy of armed struggle.

“Shooting is a -popular sport in the countryside. Unlike tries, other coun the outstanding characteristic of the sport is is, not con fined to any one c/a ss. // -Northern Ireland Tourist March 1972 7

The bias of fhe media

Ulster

in the ma## media

If you depend on the commercial media in Canada coverage on Northern Ireland you may be interested in the following guidlines which are used by many of the large dailies in putting the news together. for

A quiz programme for all Canadian editorial staffs reporting on current events in Northern IrelandWhat is the question under survey to be known as? The Irish Question. In making this question meaningful to our many readers, what spectre may be,referred to without fear of contradiction? The spectre of religious hatred.. What part of this spectre’s anatomy shall be singled out for special treatment? Its ugly head. In our second paragraph, may we again mention religious hatred? We may not. What then may we substitute? Sectarian strife. ‘To whom may this strife be ascribed? To Extremist Elements on Both Sides. On whom may we call to sit down at the Negotiating Table oh lord on whom may we call? On the moderates. (Who else, you great twit?) Of what nature is the vision with which we may legitimately expect said moderates to act? _ Statesmanlike.

Media

--I he foIlowing phrases are taken from the Toronto Globe and Mail in referring to the struggle going on in Ireland. They are commonly used phrases. “religious strife”, “sectarian violence”, “killing”, “murder”, “rebel revenge”, “drink inflamed patrons from pubs”, etc., etc. That paper commonly uses ‘I h&dlines such as: “Mounting Fury in Ireland”-Feb 3, 1972 “Lynch says war possible...“-Feb 5, 1972 “Two U.K. soldiers die...“-Feb 11, 72 “Soldiers wounded as Ulster rocked by blast” Feb 25, 72 This sort of coverage is very common in the commercial press. There is a great deal of stress placed on the violent nature of the struggle of the people of Ulster. When the reporters who are writing the news are always behind the army barricades there is little wonder that they see the struggle as basically a series of insane violence. The police and the army are the final resource of the powers that be. When all else fails the use of force is entrusted into the hands of the army and the police force. These fine organizations exist merely to exercise coercive power. The men who make up their ranks are not interested in policies or why the struggle is occuring or what the hopes and concerns of the rebels are. They are only interested in stopping the ‘insurrection’. They meet any form of opposition with force and relate to situations in tactical terms of power. In Ulster the army and the police are kept pretty busy and a reporter who follows them around will probably get a very violent picture of what is happening. Even if he isn’t quite sure of who starts :C

lb.

But the view of the reporter is not the most important aspect which gives a violent orientation to the news coverage of events in Ulster: The main cause of this sort of orientation is the organization of .-e> the media toward sensationalism. The main interest of the commercial media is

guide

to the

struggle

What reductive adjective may we use in referring to the lack of civil rights in N. Ireland? Alleged lack of same. May we, by the same token, refer to the N. Ireland government as the alleged government? We certainly may not, by-the same or any other token,F?ememberwho your readers are, they don’t want to hear any of the Fenian muck.) What may we refer to the British troops in Ireland as trying to do? Keep the peace, Of what nature is the bath that might be expected in Ireland were *it not for the good old British Tommy? A bloodbath. Name several other characteristics (salient) and facts (basic, underlying) to be taken into consideration : (a) alcohol (suggested format, “The unfortunate I rish propensity for.,,” ) (b) volatile Celtic exuberance (see files, French Canada, for sugg. format.) (c) protestant fears (sugg, form, “spokesmen voiced concern over...” )

Actually, this quiz is taken from an article by Patrick MacFadden which appeared in the december, 1969issue of Last Post. Over two years have passed and yet the commercial media has changed very little its ‘formula’ for reporting on events in Ulster.

This is not a true picture of the situation in the six counties. Why then is this the picture presented by the established media in Canada? Where does the perspective come from? Most articles which are run in the commercial media are written by journalists who have no objectiveSreasonsfor trying to hide the real nature of the struggles in Northern Ireland. What pressures are causing this type of reporting? Of course, much of the news which reaches the Canadian media about Ireland comes through the international wire services (Associated Press and Reuter), which in turn come through Britain. Many of the reporters are British and it would be, understandable that they would be slightly biased in t. their view of the situation. However, even if the British reporter felt sym-pathetic to the struggles ofthe Catholics of Ulster he or she would be very pressed not to show that feeling in articles they write. The reason for this? Well, the media in Britain is largely controlled by such emminent persons as Lord Thompson of Fleet a well known international media baron or Lord Beaverbrook who also has interests in media in our own Mari times. These men are certainly not interested in spreading information which would give people the idea that Britain has a long history of colonial suppression and exploitation of the Irish nation, In fact, you might even say that these men have the same interests as the rulers of Rritain who are still trying to %uppress the Irish people by means of military occupation. Like other members of their class they are most interested in .profits and ex-

pansion of their empires. Tl for the)struggles of ordinary struggles as ‘insurrections’. But surely they don’t contr &journalist who works on the Maybe not, but the channels them down through their ‘tr journalists who dare to \ situation in Ulster may soonf job. So that’s one pressure t nalists on the scene. Even if ‘sneak in’ something a litth will more than likely be edits the press. But the system doesn’t wo; of intimidation. If your job establishment oriented news to get that sort of news is tl channels. So,the people to tal the military experts and the business, They tell you exar write about, and besides, its executive or official of the gt so easy to get an interview IRA or a demonstrator. or a people seem to distrust reps When it comes to *on the obvious place to be is behir barricades-it’s safer. Take scene reporting from Ulster, se the viewpoint of the reporte Nine times out of ten YOU c n I behind the wrong side of th, photography is even more oviu

to violence....

oriented

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making a profit. Profitability is tied directly to derstanding of the situation, Five of the headlines advertising revenue and ad revenue is directly depicted violence or were obviously biased in favor proportional to circulation. So, commercial papers of the status quo in Stormont-Britain. use sensationalism to gain an audience. The focus is Front page coverage continued through to the on where the action is and this means that we read 10th of February with a large majority of the stories about Ulster when there is something sensational relating to violence. Coverage averaged about 40 happening there. column inches per day and the photos during this We are fed a diet of violence when there is time, as well as the headlines were predominantly violence in Northern Ireland. When the violence occupied with violence. dies down. the news coverage tapers off, even There was, however, during this time a swing into though there are still many things going on day to editorial comment, informational type articles day. (again of dubious value with such titles as “The In order to exemplify the coverage given in the continuing mission to pacify the Irish“-Feb 5) and Globe and Mail we have summarized the coverage coverage of solutions to the sutuation being put given over a six week period from two weeks before forward by prominent political leaders. the killing of the 13 civilians in Derry on January 30 By the 11th of February the coverage had dropped of this year. The findings were even more revealing than we thought. In the two week period before January 3Fthat is, 12 papers-there were 16 articles on the situation in Northern Ireland. Of these 16 articles none were closer to the front of the paper than page 6 and each article averaged a length of 6 column inches. The best way of showing the bias of the media is to However, the most startling aspect of our findings contrast the coverage of the commercial media showed us that of the 16 articles 14 had as a major with the coverage of an alternate news service. focus in the article the topic of violence and of those Liberation News Service (LNS) coming out of the 14 articles 12 had headlines which portrayed States is a widely used alternate press service. violence. Reading the coverage they give to the struggle in Unfortunately, we have lost our notes on the Ulster one would think they were talking about a photography but as we remember the picture completely different situation from the Globe and coverage was very sparse during this time. Mail. On the 31st of January, the day after the Derry LNS has an Ulster correspondent and it is very slayings, the Globe ran 2 articles on Ulster. Both obvious from his reporting that he is on the articles were front page and there was a photo demonstrators side of the barricades. But he does feature on page 25, the first page of the second not try to hide this position behind a screen of obsection. The articles totalled 30 inches in copy with jective news reporting. very large headlines. Both articles were about In a much less formal style of journalism than is violence and both headlines portrayed violence. The normally found in the commercial press he photo feature also had a headline depicting describes how difficult it is for him to get interviews violence. with prominent members of the IRA. When he first February 1st saw a total of nine articles on Ulster went to Ulster he went through a period of not being on pages 1, 4 and 6 with a total copy length of 80 , trusted and he writes about the process of ‘being inches. Of the 9 articles 5 focused on violence as a contacted’ after that distrust was done away with. main topic, one was an editorial, one talked about a He reports interviews in detail instead of pulling out ‘political’ solution and 2 were informational, but ‘quotes’ to be used for his own purposes. information of dubious value in developing an unThe stress in LNS coverage is on explanation of the issues involved and reporting the hopes, con-

in Ireland

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to one, page 4 story car violence. This sort of ‘body tinued to the end of Februa The rent strikes, the boys marches, the army raids and when they are not written al media. And the very fact th, these things means that we v there is another side to tl violence is merely the most people struggling against imperial power structure. The people of Ulster are str their own lives and the cm have us believe that the “violent”.

a side terns and frustrations of the struggle. Where the Globe n with Ian Paisley or some othc run something about a farnil! and how they relate to the , The Globe gives great cal ‘peace’ plans put forward by of Britain. “Heath appea negotiate Irish peace” (Glob works on new deal for Ulste LNS examines the economic the people and how they are Where the Globe runs pel senator Edward Kennedy dt Ulster and calling for Briti Feb 1, 721, LNS runs short involvement in the economy Americans are in there too, share from the people of Ul This is not to suggest th; Objective news coverage is t in time, however, it is neces, to the question “Which sic2 situation “Which side of th on? ”

tangled div~lrks between Ctiholic% and +- uklence in ulrster, Th&t’e why the miritish t&opsPr&el-iaanpt (Globe hgJ4; IlbM). were orighally mm&’in ‘to protect them from the I ‘We could al80 draw the conclusiori:from thg globe extremist Protestant element& And that’s why the -that the violence is of Catholicorigin, This is done in Catholic@, jncluding @rnadette Devlin, were a more--subtle way th&n the other standard SWL. initially in favoti of the army’s coming, . ‘--. J\ . tarian references, Violence is geperal& blamed on The coming of b~iti#h troops ‘brought, about an the IRA, even when !&hatMolence is. clearly not -in \ inquiry whkh led to - W- disbaoldf~ .~f Ahe B- - . ’ . i I line-with the IRA polkiee in the styuggle. Then, thesp&ials, The Bspeci&lra w?rs tkje miUtar$ arm of \ , __ _ : 1 IRA is solidly linked -to the minority Catholic I the Proteretant rulixq class ,in Ulster, This ruling . population of Ulster, Violence is neverm9ntioned in class is @crested in maintaining the strife between -. connection with Protwtant groups, police or army. _ the poorer Brotqstants and the Catholics, Bjl ,fand l ‘c >_ _ As many as riO,m people have inarchedin protest ning the flames of this antagonism they maintolin a I . . \ of the so$al inequality in Ulster, They have done. large force of PrQtestant prutectore who a@ too ’ lingfor power over ’ - this in the face of violent repression by first the B- busy I harrasing : the Catholics to see how they tcial media would I specials and now the Briti& army, To say that,this themselves are *being sctiwed by-their &ad&s. j re mefdy b&g‘ - > -6. - is the ‘action of a small group -rif extremisb is . -The disbanding of the Bape&le did not men an I A . ridiculous, Many people in-Derry atld other Catholic 7 end to the’ military arm -of -the Protestantruling . G \ areas are presently engaged in a .program’ of &as, Most of the men from tha ,B+peqials were ’ : paL&&verq&tanc’e which indildes rent @trikea and reorganised inter the buster defence regiment, (866 \ boycotts of British @o$is; This large grotip is net \ the “Guardian” Jari !B, lr)ti.) This organik$iiin i# I .extremist but they h&ve r&tihe&their limit a~ far as slightly More restrained [hawere the Bqetiiala -’ putting upwith their misery’ qny longer! btit- they. are bet&r armed aM so p&e a me&sr The “age old dridrnP view expreDs& by the , coercive tbraat to th&&ter Catholics, pia involved im the 3i - - ’ , . p-_ romnycfai media ik the sum aild t&al of the Wides the reorgtnileed Sspecial~, ‘Ihe~e -is ; run an i&3&w ’ hIst&$ of the-struggle which b @es&e6 to us, Yet, another well aMed Prote&& 1gs%uup-called tihe table, the LNB will I hat is the nature of the @pug& in Ulster? $f ih f&d the &rug&z du& have-a hidtory %&it ig & Ubtel vd@teer force.. !Phis group claim6 a’ he bogBidedistrict you read the ootimercial p&g& you m@ht ch&r- long me. l%r 8W ytirs the BritiBh r&m class has ..membership of l&Boo and euppetib the Irrh Pai@y @e* _ a&We it as isectarian, extremist o~%%thtilic (very tried @-My euceessftilyj to maMain bti kQ3eHal factfon, crn,extremist wing of-the Protestant sulfqg l reportin all the. :_ rarely Prot&antI vi&~ca ‘. 4mld OH ke:lati. Evq with the partitioij little $ass. Of cc)tir~e,the royal Ulster constibuliiy, the ,! nlc3‘ mini&@fi Hea.th The folkowing quotes am taken fmm ihe glshi and ehatigek Southern &eland k&f1 baskally a part of Nrthern Irish Protestant poke force is still in : ’ -tlr all-- groups to >-, Mail : the Witish ecowmitsdolsnia-In the wake of the crli&aiic!e* b ?,7ti or Weath Th0 death tall wai London&kq+s worst in mofe killhg of 13~sivfliansin l&Pry in j@@;uafyofthis ymr -s But pasllbly- the mtist obviuus e~afllple 6f -Slobe Feb 14, 7%i. social situation of - than three years of communal @rife-pitting E&Man the southern rttiish thre&hed a t&O embar@ 6n ’ Protestafit violzti~e was the change in the ‘Britfsh I catholic militants against Protestanb ami the bti&h goods, Pri$e l)jlrtaister Lytich -warn@ tK$m- kggiments il;yUlster, Th& change &cure&in ~WI gglitig for chang& --Britkh sol&kescentto-restore, or&&.’ that SQ& an embargo would h&=&y &f&t Ahe- @Mn liberation MewsE&Mere) When the ori@nU 2 short stiries on bhimuary 31,page 1) r ’ economy of EMtab but tiotid wreck hat& with,the gccupying &,forces were. r rq&ed by S&ieh ’ ng th0 violemcd im “An army sp&eitian said the shooting &Wed , ecotiomy of. southern Irelornd. regimen&; -. &hdrawal_ (Globe’ after sniperaifired ou &itbh troiiip[s,” ‘- Indeed the struggle of the pkople of Mland has a The Bcots and ihe ri;iih arelohg time enem& we8 ‘on ameriun ’ * hkaitiary 81, page 188) hbtory atid t&& history includes - a @HkMar since ma@?.of the Protestants in Northern Ireland’ lotet. ‘and how the “In+ the! masntfma the-&tie has been p~ttjudgedanimosity between Catholics and Protestants; But are dee%tidanitsof &x&h iinmfgrants. The SW&& ng to-rip off th&r &ally by Ir&h Catholics,? to t!ha~a&eri~e that stt’uljgle gb traditfuhal is to p&s soldiers have perbued the‘ putting down‘ of the v , ,Jamui,, p&ges, it off a@the result of grne itih&x+nt differefice *Catholileinsurrtitions’ with & vuig@tice: C3 is not &iased, - ’ . From -this ‘view we should draw the &cess~y between Catholic.tind Prote&nt or to say that the This change of r@@n&ts tsanMl9 be’seeti as B h, At lome paints that all the trouble fs cruskd by a small W%ggle fa ba~ed’an an_antagoWm-tihich had Its deliberatd and aggres&ive pbvucatfon .onthe pa& of . to answer clearly .1-I. I- cticluaion minority of fanatic or exti%inist $ements in -the rtqtra in same mythi& fdk -wzryts which have the, Sttmnmt .goverflmqfit and the conservatfve +ysu on?” @this, society of IJ$&@rjth@ it 18the resuft of an %ge did ._etiist& sifice b&ore- peclfd& H&&y. ’ govtintient iti B@ain, We have b&a mabl@ to fhd rricades. are yau, . - frfsh dti~W (Globe bug +I, iMW or “ratieieti arzi$ 540the_ ,Catholiils. ~ti the ,main itrst&atoPra6f_t‘he’ ti@yBention of$&3 &a@0 In th&bfnm&%ial@ess. - 1 -.. J .-,.. .x . .: .r ,1.‘ I !: , / ,., ‘. , ,,, ’ &” . .: . ‘_-’, . , ~.,*,~^.,. ’,’.t . ’:.: ‘4; , . . .: _ r~‘., : -.: :>_._>’.\c,-.,&.,.:a‘,,I,+‘-J-.-L -- -.;’.’ = . -. ./‘. i . . L&.,, .*--.:z:!. :L.’: -;: :.Lr1;,. ..*jI.1 .~*..- r ; ..,.,;.,:a:-:.,; ,.- r.._.)I. ^. _\ . 1 *-..,L.I c-I I .*,‘ _ .*- *, ., :.. L .-,-* -\ ’ -_ \ \ I \ r , ‘=-- I > . \ I .- _ _ _ . L... _->X%..i -‘“,-*

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_ /-- ._ . ‘9 the protests, the z . + h !rnment go o-tieven in the commercial e don’t hear about , f I ’ ~ lot understand that. * truggle,. That the ‘ye _ .+ i _, ctacular aspect-of oppression bf an

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reAlright&en. what is the British army Co&d$OU givaaom0outlint?&!le policy I5 hhe the Sfiecial Powers’ Acti*which the ,. going out of -IreIan as -they do in the doing in Northern 4relan& right. -now-?. . ’ northern &eland governnient’ has. The present due to the :faPt that the capitalists’ , of th& oftie@ ta;A? wing the Irish people. The British Special Powers Act is maybe twice as bad 1 iqvest the money abroad, , The Official plan is.to organ& the l[r)ish army is responsible during the past few. as the War Measures Act; they’ll put you ’ !‘m not sure when you say that the working ‘ class people both homeless, for killing about ‘63ordinary Irish away indefinitely without charge or trial; unemgloyment problem wf!l be solved, unemployed, landless and the fishermen * months people through x the. north, of Ireland, . they ‘can prevent legal advisers or Cat! you explain how.that pr;sblem wili be ~ *and amopg &he trade union movement’to supprmsing the feelings of the Uish relativesfrom visiting you; if they kill you solved in a socialist society? s . organize the working class. .,I ~people, ~li!,OOOof them s@ighly armedi behilod ba”rbed yire in the British con-’ I .do indeed, Ixc$m in the sense that the , _.. What we want is the Irish working class _^ highly trained and/highly capable) are centration camps in thii north of Ireland, *\ profits of the natural resources are going to fight fcr their o~zights, We’ve %een / -around ‘every streetcorner,- rooftop and they need no in@test; they can smash .into ~ &t of Ireland, and,.in a lot of cases, the _ i .I.&Mg this through mass demonstrati&&; - every place youso in the north of freiand. your home at any hour of the day or,tight; na+ral- resowces are not beirig developed,’ I, ,Iy / j runr@g .oducational schools, organ&g They have-proved themselves of killing they can hold you Indefinitely, without . The fisheries; for ifistance, in a lot of cases . ,.demonstrations, pickets and mass acthn ad injtig ordinary Iri~b people in ’ charge or trial, _ . / are dying and in sotvie cases are making -: ..bn the streets and selling literature. and What \.eompositiou would you like. the Ireland, The Irish people would be far b wealth, We would xdvocate the COI r .poiiaing out leaflets. Wg fmd more and better -off without -such oppressive Irish s@a!ist Pepublie fo have,,..whet - operative ownership of land, fisheries and - : ‘I . more- people especially the f&tiis&@t.’ ’ troops,..,samg feeli& 1 would ,s-ay‘has-in - hysla wotild you like tosee it built on? ’ I mines and by ‘doing so more and more , I +ofhmunity in the north are turting to the -.Quebecjusta year ago with the occupation What we want is so*perative ownership Irish people will be employed, .+X%A for leader&p tri a campaign againcst a06 ‘Quebec,.&y the Canadian forces; The _of the@ds, the fisheries, the industries! a Xi&tory has shqwn us that & number of - ‘~32@ish imperialism2 in Ireland;- _ SI Irish people fql’ tlht , the Quebec people free vote for. all the Irish. people that can. iiberation ptgaggtes have begti smashed felt th#t they’d be far better off without the elect -an all Ireland government,. -%hat:_ becaudptonly %+-the,p$pulatio~ has b&i~ ~ ‘\) 9 undqw&&.tbat yti have taien’part in. prescence ‘of kitbh. tro@M;CanaS$lan woul&be yin iwihe inwrtsete of th0 r&h-,involved In it,- ie: mena ‘More recently ‘_“bambingi. in iiie &qt lytilch #till fit’- fnte troops or what have you, p&glee; and that the -8istrlbution and the.. . pur o~gmfration. t2y1 YOU be. sq&It a~ ! _ ‘- to why you take part in’ elaad~stlrtlt! ’ Ape yti uow ir@d&q in terms of the- wealth of Ireland would be in the haqdsof d the workers and would be used for them,;4 , z -

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:: .. ;. - .. ,. Cathal C;ouIdingisThief of Staff of the _ : : “. I -,.‘-. >ffici41! IRA, and has spent- 75 of his~~!Xl~ ” i, ‘ears in either British or. Irish jails. just -Y ast month, he was k&ted again,. in : Dublin, h-nd charged with belonging toIn il/ega/ organization, but sympatehet& -., j udiciarik dropped the charges “for lack ) -, * . This interview is adapted If evidence”. 7 ‘ram the lrish jburnal This We&k. ,

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After ‘your Northern campaign of 1956- - sincere. We would have- to declare what 62, the Republican Movement adopted a. kind of Government, what kind of State we wanted in Ireland. We would then have to new course. Could you give a brief account of this new course.and why it was adopted? show the people by propaganda, education

-- __--iiSean Kenney:toured Canada last fa/l to ---raise- money for- families of persons arrested tinder Internment. Jhis is an adaption of an interview by -Toronto Newsreel.

want to if they wish it, and also becoming involved on the abortion issue. Women’s 1 iberation Movement is certainly playing - a big role. They marched at the United Mayday> Demonstration which was in Dublin and Belfast this year in support of socialism for all of Ireland. They certainly play. a very big role within the IRA. How does the Official in terms of political military strategy?

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IRA see its future orgauizing ‘and

Well, we see first of all that if we are to free , Ireland more and more of the worki,ng class must become -organized to - fight back, against the system which is driving them into emigration. We realize that our members ‘must. become more involved in the political revolution going on throughout Ireland, in the social revolution and -eventually the military revolution. In,&at ways can Canadians contribute to the. development of an Irish revolution?

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The way Canadians can contribute to an ‘Irish; revolution. is by changing -the control of the natural resources in Canada (which is ‘owned at the moment by the U.S., in most cases) to a position where the Canadian people, not *your government, the people’ themselves, would start demanding ownership and control of the natural resources. And I’ think a* tremendous help would- be given to the Irish struggle if ’ Canadians started to realize that the Quebec people’are fighting for freedom just as the Irish people are.

outsider. How could a programme you’ve outlined, addressed revolutionary body such as described -have led to a split? _

such as to a you’ve I (

and action, why this type ‘of system would. When the campaign in the Six Counties - There were, I think, basically threebe beneficial to them-that it would mean r-?easons for the split. The first was that ended in 1962, the , leadership of the more bread ’ and butter,. better wages; movement was faced with the question: there is a certainsectionpf the Republican better housing conditions, more education what form will our next campaign take? Movement who come from middle-class cultural life for ‘families.. We had to ask this question of ourselves, , and a profounder Their real interest. - in the -, because we knew that if we were to retain everyone. Movement and in’ Irish freedom is a How did 3you propose to. bring these the leadership of the movement, and - sentimental one, a traditional, rather than maintain the movement itself as a things about? an ideological or-socialist one. They were revolutionary organization, we would need Our first objective then was to involve involved in the movement in most cases to have a policy for ‘the next phase of the ourselves in the’ everyday problems of simply because their ’ fathers or grandfight against, , British - Imperialismin .people; to organize them-to demand better fathers were involved in the ‘Tan War or \ Ireland. houses, better working conditions, better - -the Fenian Movement.. . Also, we had on our hands- trained better education-to -The second reason, another group w.ere, jobs, better pay, physical force revolutionaries who were, develop agitationary activities along these - ; good. revolutionaries and good socialists to some extent, still armed. They would lines. By doing this we felt that we could but disagreed with parliamentary pardecide for themselves what would happen involve -the people, not so much in sup- . ticipation because they felt that -the next, if we didn’t decide for them. With porting the Republican movement for our Republican, Movement, -in entering into that idea in mind, wecalled a conference. political ends, but in supporting agitation any of these’ institutions was going to _ We included in this Conference a number so that they themselves would be/part of a * d.eteriorate fr”om a revolutionary of the younger people who were active organization into a reformist organization. revolutionary force demanding what the militarily-in the .25 year age-group or - present system just couldn’t produce. They feared that it would become part and even younger. It was essential to stop any. So, we believed that political power must parcel of the Establishment by being premature action by these people. We be our objective, whether we got it throughengaged in the institutions of the. weren’t just sitting down and waiting for physical force or through the ballot box or . Establishment. . something to happen. We were determined by agitation. The means are immaterial. The third section included those-who had to plan -t”or something that we could been misled into believing that’ our con; Of coirse. we believed, as a revolutionary develop. r organization, that the peoplecan’t get real centration-on the political and agitationary Was this really a post-mortem on the political power by simply having aspects of revolution-was responsible for a Northern Campaign failure? representatives elected. There were too lack of armed strength when this ‘was Yes,-but it was also a post-mortem in a many examples in the world-Greece, needed for defence in the North: They were larger sense. The terms of reference. that. Spain, Portugal, where the’ people elected led to believe that the Army had-gone the Army Council gave this Conference, the Government in a democratic manner - altogether ‘political’ .and didn’t intend to were, briefly, to examine the whole and ,were-/democratically’ oppressed by fight: The events in the Falls, July’ 3rd position of the Republican movement from the forces of the Establishment who have disproved this argument. the ‘beginning of this century,, to try to ‘democratically’ control the police, the What role, ‘if any, does the Catholic supply answ-ers to a number of different Army ‘and the Church.. . Church play, in the Citizens’ Defence questions-such as why was the Out of . this Conference came recomCommittees, and in fostering the suspicion Republican movement unable to. succeed mend&ions. The ‘first was- that we should that I has been engendered ,that your in spite of the fact that the people who were openly declare for a Socialist Republic. socialist left wing revolutionary aims are engaged in its revolutionary activities That was now the objective* of the morally dangerous? were willing to make any sacrifice for it. - Republican Movement: to establish a Although, supporters made sacrifices in First. of- all, the ordinary people are Socialist Republic ‘as envisaged by . the sense that they gave us their property, steadily moving leftward. This is -not Connolly and in keeping with the sentheir money, we still never came within a timents of the Proclamation something that is peculiar to Ireland. ‘It of 1916’... real hope of success. has been happening all over theworld. How then did your plans relate to NorWe found that we couldn’t stay within Ordinary working people are beginning to thern Ireland and-how didthey materialize the historical terms of reference we’d been realize that they have-a right to the’use and there? given. .We had to go back further:, The . enjoyment of - the resources _ of their whole history of the resistance to British When we .decide;d on the agitation ‘country, no matter what country. Imperialism in Ireland, even from 1798, campaign, we’ first of- all decided that we Now, the Irish people are’ the same in was relevant. The conclusions that we- would become -engaged in the things I’ve this -as everybody else. The priests who came to .were that, although we had the referred to : housing ,-land, fisheries-Trade support the - people,- are a part of the potential -for revolution (we had the, UhiOIi agitations and so on. We realizedpeople.--*The Church, as an official manpower,*and in some cases ..i.we even, had that in the Six &unties, however,- before organization, , of course, is part of the the material), we were separated from the launching these activities, we would first Establishiinent and its objective (apart people of Ireland, in the sense that we were have to work for the establishment of basic from its religious objectives)4ts political a secret organizatiou Civil -Rights in ‘. order to ‘establish objective is to maintain the status qua The people had no real knowledge of our democracy and ’ abolish mdescrimination. ’ because it still regardsthe maintenance of This would also give us the political objectives, they didn’t understand our the status quo as essential to its *existence. tactics or our ‘motives. If they didn’t unmanoeuvrability to establish the And this, iswhere ‘the Church is wrong, Movement openly.. . derstand us, they couldn’t be with us. Republican What is essential to the Church’s existence Without the support of the ,,majority of the We wanted to do away ‘equally with - in. Ireland-r in any country-is its people, we just couldn’t succeed. economic and social discrimination connection or its involvement with the Thequestion was: how could we get the against the Catholic .and _ Protestant people, in the execution of the people’sown working classes. However, at the beginpeople to support us ? The evidence was / judgments on their own secular affairs ning of the Civil Rights campaign, wefelt that the Republican movement had no real Our organization is dedicated. ‘to the that as a result of the Unionist- ‘super-race’: policies. Without objectives, I we- couldn’t emancipation of the people of Ireland, +as 1 the develop a proper strategy. Tactics were all complex and its attendant ‘bigotries, said before; -.Our -policies, in trying ta that we had employed. The actual fight for Catholics -had a kind of sub-race spiritestabha the people in control of the got the spirit or the will to freedom had become an end in itself -to us. that’they-hadn’t resources of the country, are not in any Instead of a. means, it became. an end. We revolt effectively... way dedicated to denigrating the Church We were only beginning to learn the or being &ticlerical. hadn’t planned to achieve-the freedom of Irela,nd. We simply planned to fight forthe technique of political agitation and how to This idea has been advocated by Pearse, freedom of Ireland. We could never hope to conduct a campaign for Civil ‘Rights. We by Connolly, by’Mitchel1, Lawlor, Emmel succeed because we never planned to realized what,Wolfe Tone had meant two and by Tone. Our policy is in the hundred years before when he made his succeed. developing tradition of these thinkers, What did ‘you conclude?appeal to the men of no property in They re-thought the principles in ‘each The answer-was plain: we would have to Ireland. These were the only people who generation in the light of the problems thal establish our objective-; to explain these would fight imperialism because these beset them in their times; Our time has ite to OUT ,cn movement; to persuade our i were the people who were being exploited own needs and its own demands. We are movement to accept them; to bring them by imperialism, politically, economically prepared to do no less than they. So, this ti , and culturally: . to the people and explam them-and then -_our interpretation of their ideas. We to show the people; by our initial’ political d This brings us to the point that has _ believe that now is the opportune time ta .mystified what I might describe as the and agitationary activities, that we were implement, them.

Part of the problem people have in trying to understand the Irish question, and indeed many of the ‘World Problems’ lies in the fact that people do not have a working knowledge of the role Imperialism plays in determiningthe economy of a ‘developing’ nation. That the effects of imperialism permeate the lives of all lrish cannot be doubted. And that the Irish have been the subjects of imperialist exploitation throughout history has been shown earlier in this paper. This article attempts to tie the existing economy of Ireland to the needs of the British and American ec&omies, and compare the imperialist relationships that exist between Britain, the US, and Canada and Ireland, Quebec, Vietnam, and Korea. This understanding is necessary before one can begin to discuss the tactics of revolutionary groups such as the IRA, the FLQ and the NLF. \

Central to the lives of all Irishmen is their], countries’ total subservience to and domination by the British economy. The English first entered what now make4 up Northern Ireland in 1169. As more English came into Ulster, the Ulstermen had to move south. During the reign of James I and II, fierce battles were waged by the Irish to get back their land. This struggle against British infiltration met with little success for by the time William of Orange had defeated James II, in 1689, less than 5 percent of Irish land was left in the hands of the native peoples. The coming of the Industrial Revolution meant increased industrialization in the Ulster region. Consequently, British capital investment certified complete control of the Ulster economy. Development capital was cbncentrated in this region until the establishment of legal partition in 1920. S&e. 1920, the British have entended their control to the point of total and complete domination of both the Northern Irish and Republican economies. Today for example, 70 percent of all goods exported from the Republic go to Britian with 86 percent of all imports coming from Britain. The picture is the same for Northern Ireland as well. 83 percent of all exports go to Britain and 74 percent of all imports come from Britain. Value of Imports to N. Ireland by country (in 000 pounds) 1964 GB Ireland us Canada -others

346,2i5 37,344 16,267 12,131 58,412

1967 411,245

N,, , LllC IIIsurance

000 pounds) Irish Non rish

Applications by country

74 percent

21,916 10,589 60,679

819 1,001

1,879 1,440

6,107

11,625

Ireland finds -itself in much the same economic relationship with Britain as Canadians have with the American economy. Not surprisingly, the Irish are now beginning to talk about nationalism in purely economic terms. #For example, one of the tactics suggested for getting the British out of Ireland was a total boycott of British goods. Some British goods are already being boycotted in the Republic of Ireland. Of course the Irish press is horrified at the prospect. “Danger of ‘pauper state’says exporters” reads the bold headlines of Dublin’s Irish Independent. “The Republic could become a ‘pauper state’ if Britain retaliated-even partially-against a ‘boycott British goods’ campaign.” In this case the media makes clear to the Irish peoples their economic dependency on the ‘mother country’. Yet the necessity for the Irish to deal with foreign ownership of their economies most dramatically is revealed in an an.alysis of the rush of profits leaving for the Imperial Power.

Premiums

in ireland

(in

50,888

Value of Exports from NJreland by country (in 000 pounds) 1964 1967 GB 386,747 455,904 83 percent Ireland 26,092 33,028 W. Germany 2,018 2,141 Belgium 1,212 2,189 France all others

t P

GB . . Ireland W. Germany N. Ireland all others

1967 2,871

12,845

16,060

for new patents of Origin, 1968

Patents

1964 2,216

423 446 159 159 3 423

Trade

Marks

521 461 322 239 13 568

Total

944 907 481 398 16 991

Ironically, the government of the Republic has been put in a position of perpetuating and increasing this foreign investment and ownership trend. They do this because it appears to be the only viable means of. combating the large scale unemployment problem that plagues the economy. The effects have been disastrous as indicated by the following press release : DUBLIN (LNS)--Ireland has the largest producing zinc, lead and silver mines in Europe, one of the largest copper mines, and the best barium deposits and fifth largest mercury mine in the world. They are all owned And controlled by American firms. These firms don’t have to pay any taxes to the Irish government for the first 20 years of operation. Since none of the deposits will last that long, the American firms will have taken some 600 million dollars in clear profit from the Irish economy in less than two decades. The release goes on to say: “‘The Irish are getting nothing out of this wealth, and if the government decides to nationize the mines, they will more than likely have to pay compensation to the companies involvedpaying one more time for their own yesources. The sad thing is that tax exemptions to American firms were only

’

* , introduced to encourage industry to come in and create more jobs and stop generation after generation of young Irish people emigrating to America. So now they work in the mines, some of them, for 65 dollars a week, while the Americans a tax free profit of 466 dollars a week per employee; some others try to work the land, some are unemployed, many still emigrate to America.” The position of the northern government is no less tragic. In an official publication entitled “Northern Ireland: The Most Profitable Area for Industrial Expansion” they advertise : “Northern Ireland is especially attractive to companies seeking fast, profitable investments, for it has a large surplus of labour with a high reputation for reliablity. The country is still faced with a higher degree of unemployment than elsewhere in the United Kingdom. But this is a situation

meat imported from the Republic, yet they have increased the number of imported live cattle. Obviously looking for jobs, the British government has decided to have more of the industrial processing done in England relegating Ireland to raw material production and destroying her meat processing industry. Ulster finds itself in a similar position. Import-export tables depict the dependence of Ulster’s economy on the export of unprocessed or lightly processed materials. The tables also point to their dependency on the export of processed goods which require much human labour (textiles) at cheap prices. The main exports in foods are fruit and vegetables, feeding stuff for animals, tobacco and manufacture, and maize unmilled. Food imports are eggs in shells, bacon and ham, fresh chilled or frozen meat (beef, mutton, lamb and pork) and milk, which you can’ turn to your advantage. preserved or condensed. (stress as in original) With a birthrate Thus Ireland and even more so, Ulster, nearly a third higher than elsewhere in the have all the qualities of a colonial economy United Kingdom, Ulster offers an assured quite similiar to the branch plant supply of young workers for the future.” relationship that Canada finds herself in This encouragement on the part of both with the US. Their economies are relegated Irish governments to foreign investment has to primary extractive ventures and are not cost the Irish significantly. The most ob- able to develop secondary manufacturing vious cost is the loss of potential profit into and processing facilities. The question of foreign hands. Capital investment by Irish nationalization becomes increasingly investors would at least assure that profits complicated since these secondary facilities would remain in the country and could be must be created to break out of the situation recirculated through taxation. of economic dependency on British manufacturers. There are more subtle costs. One is the potential demoralization of both Irish The crisis of unemployment (aggravated workers and businessmen. Irish workers a by the countries economic subservience to forced to bear the brunt of taxation for the the British and US economies > is acute. Jobs building of social facilities, schools, are so scarce in Ulster that the government hospitals etc. The indigenous business subsidizes workers who travel to work in the community finds itself in a similiar situation UK or Western Europe. The scarcity of jobs to the Canadian business class. Their has forced the workers into a dog-eat-dog inability to compete with large foreign infight for jobs. Management is the recipient vestors (multinational British and of a ‘passive’ working class, fearful of strike American corporations >, is forcing them action and generally cowling to into economic stagnation and decline. management. Herein lies the “reliability” Also, the government must guarantee of the Irish working class so flaunted in the some sort of security to the foreign investor. government pamphlet quoted earlier. Any guarantees given to foreign investors The low cost of labour and raw materials places the government firmly on the side of that Ireland hopes will attract foreign inthe investor and against the Irish worker vestment does not result in any increases in whose labour is exploited by that investor. the income accrued to the Irish workers. Forty-five US companies have invested Investors hold down wages in their 200 million dollars in the six counties since inevitable quest to cut their costs. In times the Second World War, with such interests of international monetary and economic as American Tobacco, Ford, Goodyear and crisis ‘cost gutting’ becomes escalated. A IT&T providing ‘the necessities of life for multinational investment concern may the Ulstermen.’ Standing watch over this sacrifice his economic investment in one investment are three US military bases, the country to shore up holdings in another or at largest of which, in Derry, was reportedly home. offered to the British as an internment camp Thus, when the US announced stiffer for Irish revolutionaries in June, 1970. regulations concerning beef imports from Ireland finds itself in a two-fold situation Ireland, many Irish producers were laid off. And when British meat packers cut back on of domination. By giving up most of its economic control to foreign investors it has branch plant operations in Ireland, the for military headlines screamed “Still More Workers invited the necessity domination as well. The American presence Lose Jobs”. The story is repeated in the fuel industry. is consequent on their need to protect their Transportation costs for the shipment of investments, the British presence necessary coal from the UK to Ireland are so minimal to ameliorate the social contradictions that Britain uses Ireland as a convenient arising out of Ireland’s status as a colony. Many Irish industries find themselves in a recipient of her coal surpluses. The Irish peoples are caught in the vicious sorry state at this time. Ireland’s meat and foreign of spiral of economic dependency industry _is now feeling the crunch to ameliorate the growing England’s tight money policies and those of control.Seeking contradictions inherent in this status, those the US. In the last two years Britain has cut who rule Ireland attempt short range back on the amount of killed and packed

methods of reform which perpetuate the influx of foreign capital and domination and thus aggravate her economic ills. Until the long range necessity of arresting economic power and control from foreign capital interests in Ireland is embarked upon, the future is bleak. The parallels between the situations in Northern Ireland, Quebec, Vietnam, Korea, and others are too obvious to be ignored. All these situations involve colonies trying to break away from the colonizer (settler, industrializer ) and have used guerrilla warfare to baffle the much stronger imperialist power. And in all situations, the press has been used to cloud the real issues and to bring out a false emotional issue. As we see it here in Canada, the fighting in Ireland is a religious battle, between the Catholics and the protestants. Presumably the complaints are that the protestants won’t give the Catholics equal rights, and why they won’t is up to individual interpretation, as is any solution. In Quebec the story is similar, with a few twists for interest. This time it’s the francophones against the anglophones. The french are losing their culture and aren’t getting the good jobs because of their culture: And the explanation doesn’t go much further. It can’t. Vietnam is a different kettle of fish, for here the americans are fighting the age-old enemy, communism. The emotional power of that concept has kept the Americans, and the world, docile in the presence of genocide. It .has kept almost constant streams of GI’s crossing the pond. But further questioning of the US role only meets a brick wall-keeping America free. And after twelve years, the credibility begins to wear thin. Korea is essentially the same as Vietnam, except that the fighting took place during the McCarthy era and the myth of communism stuck then. And the press keeps quiet today while the citizens still fight the US occupation. Outside agitators, poor countries being helped, out by foreign aid and production, tommies out to take over the world-we’ve heard it all before. What haven’t we heard?

We haven’t heard about American, Canadian and British investments. I’ve already mentioned the british and american interests in ireland; and the Canadian interests in quebec are obvious-large Ontario investments, large american investment, and an open transportation route. Vietnam has large deposits of valuable minerals, untapped oil resourcesdwhich the oil barons have dived up already), and of course there’s opium and herion which brings a lot of money into the states, to a lot of influential people. Korea is strategically located in terms of keeping an eye on Japan, as is Taiwan. Korea also has valuable tungsten deposits, an important mineral in iron’ore production. All have investment to be protected-all are sources of necessary raw materialsand all are sources of cheap labour. They are all rural and agricultural countries, and therefore wide open to industrialization, and the destruction of cultural and racial unity is the tool the imperialist uses to enslave the worker to the capitalist system, to pit worker against worker in order to disintegrate any unity and foster the competitive atmosphere so crucial to the indoctrination of the worker. In all cases, the oppressed class is restricted to a certain geographical area, and in the case of Ireland, Vietnam and Korea, an area has been partitioned off in which the imperialist power can concentrate his forces of development, unhindered by the majority of the indiginous people. And in these cases the indiginous people have fought to maintain their unity. In all cases there has been popular support from all sectors for the liberating forces (though not according to the press). This popular support has been in the form of civil rights marches of 50,000 people in tiny Ulster, large groups such as the QFL in Quebec, and an army that has held out for ten years against the americans and longer against the french in Vietnam. And in Korea, they’re still fighting the american occupation. And on and on it goes. The only thing one knows for sure is that the strife is spreading, and the conflict escalating everywhere. But then, why be concerned, ‘cause it can’t happen here! !

“Before we demand that Westminster protect imports mdnufactured at slave-labour wages, own 67 percent of those foreign factories!”

our industry against cheap foreign I’d like to remind you, sir, that we

March

1972

Scenes from Belfbst

To complete the picture of life in Northern Ireland we included this story of a family iti the Falls Roaid area.

BELFAST (LNS)-!3ix days a week, Joe leaves his cramped and narrow four-room house for his job at the state-owned power company. As he walks through the decaying streets of the Falls Road, Belfast’s cehtral Catholic ghetto, the dampness in the dark morning cuts through his clothing like a knife. Joe just took part in a nationwide power industry work slovdown to force higher wages. They lost. That means more debt. alid Joe can’t get it out of his mind that his union “brothers” in England are still getting five pounds ($12) a week more than he and the other guys at his power station. And _R the cost of living is as high in Belfast as it is in England., While Joe is on his way to work, his wife Eileen gets their kids ready for school. Eileen is pregnant with their sixth child, and her natural strength and buoyancy is flagging. “I expect to lose all my children,” she says, “Every one of them will have to leave Ireland. There’re no jobs for them here.” Joe and Eileen are Irish Catholics. Their house stands less than 30 yards from a British Army check-point - on the “Peace’ -Line”, a corrugated steel and barbed wire wall which snakes along the streets and alleys now separating Belfast’s Catholic and Protestant neighborhoods. Their children play soccer in the street near the muzzles of the soldiers’ Belgian semi-automatic rifles. During the summer and autumn of 1969 when the working class people of the Falls Road and other Catholic areas in Belfast and Derry were defending themselves against the combin+ onslaught of the police and the “B Specials”, a force of Protestant paramilitary thugs, these battles made’ headlines around the world. Since then, , American reporters and television news teams have been sent into Northe‘m Ireland to investigate the “causes” of the turmoil. Almost unanitiously they-have con&uded that the fighting is just another-example of how intolerant people can get over religion. “They’re all-a bunch of religious bigots who refuse to join the 20th century,” the world is told. But Joe and Eileen aren’t bigots. They don’t resent the Protestants because the Protestants have given up the Pope. They, like many Ulster Catholics, often feel bitter toward the “Orangeman” because _ the Protestant majority gets better, higherpaying jobs, they keep those jobs when the times get bad and Catholics are laid off, and they live in better housing.

joe’s

family

Note left for her milkman by housewife during uprising: from Last Post Vol. 1 No. 1 NO MILK TODAY BUT PLEASE LEAVE A DOZEN OR SO EXTRA EMPTIES

Joe and Eileen understand the economic ‘and social inequities that underlie the resentment, the inequities that first sparked the Civil’Rights movement here a year and a half ago. But many -&her Catholics resent the Protestants without the benefit of a clear economic analysis ; they feel that the Protestants are “not their kind,” that they somehow are responsible for the grim lives that Ulste’r Catholics lead. The British (who along with the Japanese, the Germans and the Americans own the economy of Northern Ireland) have seized upon the traditional Protestant-Catholic conflict as an excuse to occupy Ulster militarily. Why the troops? They fear that the “left-wing . ideology” of the Irish -Republican Army, People’s Democracy and other radical Catholic groups is quickly taking root among the Catholics. They are right. The British status quo is physically threatened as the anger of Catholic working people grows. The Protestants in a sense are caught in the middle. Their labour too is exploited by the English, their wages, like the Catholics’, are lower than the English workers’. But the Protestants have been trained and prodded for many years to hate and fear the Catholics, in much the same way that poor whites are taught to despise poor blacks in the U.S. The anti-Catholic fervor of the “Orangemen” was heightened just at the same time that the Catholic Civil Rights movement was burgeoning in 1969. The %hot in the arm” came in the form of Ian Paisley, a right-wing Protestant minister and demagogue who sparked an antiCatholic political campaign. The campaign soon took the form of physical assaults on Catholics. The Catholics fought back, and the stage was set. Children’s Where is Where Wherever They’re

Rhyme the flag of England? is she to be found? there’s blood and plunder under the British ground.

But as we sat in Jo3 and Eileen’s tiny living room, letting the coal fire and,some of their smooth Irish tihiskey thaw us out, Joe explained that he felt it was actually the increasing breakdown of * bigotry and fear between Catholics and Protestants that had led to the street fighting in the spring of 1969. According to Joe, the early 1960’s had seen more and more Catholics and Protestants

move into each other’s neighborhoods. “And plastic explosive and Thompson subalthough they wouldn’t admit it,” said Joe, machine guns. Military personnel carriers “Many Catholics had good friends who were -are regularly am bushed. Protestant. But that’s all changed now.” As The armed revolt has not been stopped.by

Joe sees it, the Northern Irish government saw integration as a threat to its power and moved to crush Catholic Protestant mixing. Using the excuse that the Catholic civil rights marches of 1969 were “getting violent,” the government sent in the infamous “BY Specials,” Northern Ireland’s own stormtroopers, to terrorize Catholic workingclass neighborhoods. But instead of running the Catholics responded to these attacks with armed resistance. They erected makeshift barricades around their community which they successfully defended from both B Specials and the Royal Ulster Constabulary, a police force, for four months. The fighting has continued intermittently ever since.

Joe’s thinking about the Northern Irish government comes out of a whole lifetime of experience with a government that maintains ,its power by setting group against group. For ,example, the City Council of Belfast has built pitifully few public housing facilities. Thousands of people in this city of 500,000 need better homes. Buf because the council makes sure that what houses there are go’ to Protestants, few Protestants will support construction of new homes for Catholics. In this way,. Belfast’s City Hall can get away with ignoring the City’s crucial housing problem, and at the same time keep the working population of Belfast at each other’s throats. Republican anti-Free State song: Take it down from the mast, Irish traitors, It’s the flag we Republicans claim. It can never belong to Free Staters , For you’ve brought on it nothing but shame. Leave it to those who are wilting To uphold it in war and in peace, The men who intend to do killing Until England’s tyranny cease. _

in lreldnd i

the massive British military presence. Neither has the will of a growing number of Belfast residents to join together to serve the people’s needs. The most hopeful example of this tha’t we saw is what’s going on in Bombay Street, a few blocks above Falls Road. Back in the summer of 1969, Protestant arsonists and B Specials set fires which completely gutted every home on the street. Hundreds were homeless. The government dragged its feet about a solution.

“Last Poems” by Yeats -I sing what was Io9t, and dread what was * won, I walk in a battle fought over again, My king a lost king, and lost soldiers my men ; Feet to the Rising and Setting may run, They always beat on the same small stone.

Then a group of the familieq who had been burned out got together and formed a Cooperative Committee. They got people like Bernadette Devlin of People’s Democracy (and a member of parliament from Ulster) to help them raise funds. They were going to rebuild Bombay Street-and better than before. This winter some families were able to move into the first of the rebuilt houses. Even by middle-class American standards they are really something. Three-bedroom houses for $8.40 a week rent. Their old houses like Joe and Eileen’s had only 2 or 3 rooms. Their attractiveness was in stark contrast to the decaying homes of the Protestant workers situated just acro_ss the “Peace Line” running down the alley. A young construction worker took us around the house he was working on. He told us how the Belfast City Council had toyed with the id-ea of bureaucratically sabotaging the project but gave up when it gauged the vast support the working people of Bombay Street had in the rest of the population. Pointing across the barbed-wire to the homes of his Protestant “enemies,” he said,

Massive CS gas attacks, the looting and burning of downtown streets by the imported Scottish Black Watch, machine gun, nests on quaint old street corners, midnight searches for arms-all this has radicalized “They’ve got it as bad as the Catholics. The the Catholic population of Belfast. government’s power comes from keeping But the Protestants have been affected by the working class divided.” it too. We met Danny, a British Tommie, on A few minutes later, we were standing ori the Liverpool-Belfast. ferry. He and his some scaffolding, right on’ the Peace Line, unhappy buddies were returning to Ulster watching the workers put finishing touches from Christmas leave in England. on one of the new housing blocks. Suddenly a After giving us a stock rationalization for shout rang out from across the barricades. why he’d soon be back in Belfast (“We got to A middle-aged Protestant beckoned one of keep the peace”) he later changed his line. the bricklayers’ attention. They spoke for a “The Protestants and Catholics’11 be going few moments. Then the bricklayer turned to at it real hard. About then the soldiets us and explained what the man wanted. “He’ arrive.. . and suddenly they’ll stop fighting asked me to come-over the line to do some each other and start on us!” Danny added work on his house.” that since the British arrived, stones and Then the bricklayer flashed a smile and bottles have been replaced by gelignite returned to his work. t

’

14 A beginner% guide to the stru&e

Derry

I write it out in a verse McDonagh and MacBride And Cotinolly and Pearse, Now and in time to be Wherever green is worn, L Are changed, changed utterly: A *terrible beauty is born. -William Butler Yeats

independent, The Provisional wing of the IRA called for a 72hour ceasefire on March 10, hinting that “a positive resoonse” from Britain could lead to an end to the bloodshed. But neace wi’ll not come as long as the British Armv continues to occupy Northern-Ireland and as lon& as Britain continues to support the Protestant-dominated sectarian government at Stormont. For it is the system of domination and discrimination, that creates poverty and hatred, and these are the roots of violence in Ireland. ’ And the violence has throughly permeated life in Ireland. The children of Derry’s Bogside play strange games in 1972. Thev tie one of their number to a Lmp post, and dance around her, chanting “Soldier lover. ” And the child replies, “But I love him.” The only thing missing is-the tar. The children-of Belfast’s Falls area play at being wicked soldiers, and where once the Bogeyman was a wicked giant, mothers now threaten them with “putting them in Long Kesh”. And the children fall silent, because they know what Long Kesh means. And it is becoming increasingly obvious that the British Army and the Stormont government cannot win. Since Internment, Free Derry, consisting of Bogside, Creggan and Brandywell, has thumbed its nose at Stormont and Westminster alike. Behind carefully constructed barricades of scrap steel, welded into place, and abandoned vehicles cemented into trenches in the streets, the minority has organized its life. Armed sentries from the Provisional and Official IRAs and the Catholic Ex-servicemen’s Association check everyone in and out. Within the district the people are in control, houses are allocated, disputes are-sorted out, and educational and cultural activities are organized. They have taken passive political and armed resistance one step further, to the creation of the first stages of a workers ad-

. ..fowarcfs an unifed Ireland

But although the Republicans have gone a long way towards their most important objectiv+-the \ smashing of Stormont-the fact remains that they are still only about one third of the population. The mass marches have been impressive, but their effectiveness is strictly limited, and their appeal could quickly become “stale”. A strategy which. limits itself to the North will also be confronted with the problem of the hostility of the Protestants to any change; and the willingness of Britain to make concessions to them. It is only through the destruction of the institutions of sectarianism that the Protestant workers will see that further reliance on the old form of privelige and domination is useless, and some of them will be detached from their reactionary mythology. But in order for the reunification of Ireland to become a practical reality, these changes- have to take place in the South as well. _ Fianna Fail, the governing party in the South, came to power because Sinn Fein refused to participate in the Irish Parliament, and Republicans had no other political alternatives. High tariff walls created a weak and inadequate Irish industry, laying the basis for subsequent expansion through - foreign investment and takeover. Basically, it was impossible to create an independent economy in the 26 counties because the chief economic fact in Irish history has been the isolation of the industry in Ulster from the South. This isolation, imposed by the 1801 Act of Union, was “legalized” by partition in 1921. ,- The failure to create an independent Irish economy prevented the development of the Irish working class which has only recently become a majority of the population. It also meant that they worked in undeveloped, fragmented industry and

emigrate’ to Britain and North America. The workers and small farmers in the South have been unable to struggle effectively against any of the effects of partition, because there had never been any means whereby they could get at the roots of the problem. But now the struggle in the North can make the continuation of partition impossible, if only the mass of the Irish people are mobilized to that end. And the burning of the British Embassy in Dublin is evidence that this may be occurring. So far,neither the trade union movement nor the Labour party have developed an adequate strategy for linking up the struggle in the North and South. And despite the heroic role of the Provisionals in the armed struggle in the North, they are still hampered by a lack of political activity in both the North and South. Because they place the military struggle, to expel1 British imperialism from the North, they underestimate the importance of political mobilization either of the Northern minority or the southern masses. On the other hand, the Officials, understanding that for Republicanism to be relevent to the people, they must be involved in the struggles of the people,and that is why they have been active in housing struggles, labour strikes and political campaigns, as well as the Civil Rights movement in the North. But now, the split in the IRA appears to be ending as the Provisionals move towards a more socialist analysis, calling for “not merely the complete overthrow of English rule in Ireland, but also the setting up of a democratic socialist republic. The means of production, distribution and exchange must be controlled by the people and administered democratically. ” The IRA’s bombings and sniper-attacks are not isolated acts of frustrated men (as perhaps they were in the 1956-62 campaign), but controlled violence which channels the anger of a very unified community in a conscious political direction. This point is underscored by the fact that the Protestant right-wing now resorts to provocateur violence (bombs in-pubs or departmentstores) in a cynical attempt to discredit the IRA. But the Republicans have ‘earned popular trust (except among the Army, of course) and their word is accepted when they claim credit for or dissociate from particular acts of violence. At the moment, the British Cabinet is reported to be split over peace proposals for Northern Ireland, proposals like adding ,a token Catholic to the Stormont Cabinet, or reducing the army’s weekly arrest quota. But it is doubtful whether token-reforms, handed out by the British government, will mean much to anybody in Ulster. The struggle in Ireland is a war of national liberation, and inevitably, that struggle can only be . resolved by the Irish people themselves.