University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario volume 14, number 25 friday, january 25, 1974
photo by randy hannigan
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Portugal in ’ ,Mmambique John Saul, a teacher in Tanzania for seven years, lectured on Portuguese presence in Mozambique, Wednesday, at. the ninth\ campus forum. In a film and the- following lecture both the effortsof Frelimo, a political-military national liberation organization, to gain independence from Portugal and the economic interests of NATO and white-minority governments Mozambique were in the examined. Recurrent throughout the material presented were haunting similarities to the . Vietnam experience. Mozambique is one of three colonies claimed by Portugal in Africa. In all three, the others being Angola and Guinea-Bissau, there are strong nationalist sentiments. Portuguese intransigence in granting independence and the use of harsh military rule has led to the growth of guerrilla movements. In Mozambique, a country the size of California, onequarter of the territory is in the hands of the nationalists. Of the six to eight million inhabitants, only about one-eighth live in the territory from which the Porbeen tuguese army has discharged. Part of the Portuguese strategy
seems to be to create situations which necessarily force the Frelimo forces to attack “white” settlements by encouraging European settlers to take up roots in areas that Frelimo hopes to gain control, a prime example being around the hydroelectric dam at Cabora Bassa. There are also three other points that characterize the Portuguese strategy. Similar to the destruction of. the rice of the Vietnamese by the Americans, the Portuguese are destroying the crops of- Mozambique people living in areas where Frelimo operates. The colonial army also generally terrorizes the people with acts of violence. A third aspect is the destruction of institutions set up by Frelimo such as schools, hospitals, and cooperatives. While the Portuguese control all the urban areas, Frelimo’s popularity and strength is such that in much of the rural regions, colonial trooops have to be ferried in and out from the air by helicopter. Frelimo was organized shortly after 500 Africans were machine gunned to death in an otherwise peaceful demonstration in 1960. The organization has not only worked to militarily confront the
Portuguese, but has also started the work to build an independent nation with the various needed institutions. In the “liberated areas” it has set-up schools, medical clinics, agricultural projects, and generally worked to foster a national identity and awareness. Much of this work is in overcoming the conditions which colonial servitude has created. A prime example being the depleted soil left by the cultivation year in and year out of coffee and cotton. These had value to Portugal as exports but created food‘ shortages by tying up the use of agricultural land. Two other things which Frelimo has worked to overcome are tribal divisions and sexually-based divisions of labor. Both men and women of different tribes have learned to share responsibilities and work side-by-side in the cultivation of crops, rearing of the children, and military operations. The efforts of Africans to overthrow the white minority that rules are further complicated by the country’s strategic importance in terms of resources and geographical location. These strategic considerations give the racist, minority regimes of Rhodesia and South Africa along the NATO bloc, wherein comes Canada, reason to back Portugal. Of prime importance to Portugal and South Africa is the Cabora Bassa dam. When completed it will be the fourth la.rgest one in the world and a major source of hydroelectricity. The dam has meant the displacement of some 25,000 continued
on page 3
Oil being yourself I
- -
Everyone was crowded into the Montreal Women’s Centre, all of the 110 women that had travelled from centres across the country. Despite the poor publicity and long distances, women came from Saskatoon, Waterloo, Hamilton, Guelph, Toronto, Kingston, Ottawa, Ithaca N.Y., St. John, and naturally enough Montreal. Women at the conference were from all classes, ages, shapes and sizes, and head-spaces. Feelings were high and strong. People argued and debated for the entire weekend-always held together by the common bond. They will no longer be exploited and oppressed by society. They were united in the struggle against men, against the straight views and fears of other women, and against the family pressures. They were not manhating radicals nor was everyone a feminist-all of the women were lesbians. For the weekend they managed to crowd into the two floors of the women’s centre and discussed all those things relevant to lesbianswork, motherhood, coming-out, ‘relationships, feminism, gay liberation, and women’s centres. It was two day’s worth of no media and no men i where everyone could feel comfortable without the constant restrictions of the conservative environment. Initially the conference had not been organized very well but when everyone arrived things began to fall into place. Main -discussions centred on an analysis of how the rest of the world views lesbian
women. Lesbians are always identified as man-haters, they are not understood to be loving women. For feminists especially,the fear of capitulation by being men-identified-women leads to a fierce reaction of anger against lesbians. These feminists agree that lesbians should have discussion groups (having a special ‘problem’ as women) but they insist that lesbians should never dare to threaten male society. Women also assume that lesbians are interested in acting towards them the same way as men d-aggressive, dominating, grasping. Those feminists who ‘do believe in being somewhat liberal accept lesbianism and treat the whole thing very coolly-so coolly in fact that they refuse to talk about it and politely ignore the fact that the male society places the stigma of ‘perversion’ on all . members of women’s liberation groups. The whole issue of lesbian feminism and the role of the gay women in the movement revolves around the refusal of most people to deal with the basic principles of liberation; they are willing to encompass the ‘problems’ of class and lesbianism, hoping that by doing so they can forget about it. Most women do not have a firm grasp on who or what they are; because of the added problems, lesbian feminists usually are certain about themselves (they have to be) and therefore are more committed to the cause. The drastic changesfor women coming to terms with feminism make it difficult to deal with the even more drastic concept of women loving each other, with no need for any link with a male. . A lot of lesbians fear feminism because as they are not open-about their sexuality they also are afraid of the stigma of women’s liberation as being a pack of screaming queers. The reaction of most straight feminists is enough - to keep the lesbians quiet about continued
on page 3
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Burt is advised * Recently the Report of the President’s Advisory Committee for Women and Men was completed. It recommended that all university documentation, position titles should be neutered, so as to indicate that sex is irrelevant in the placing of persons into new positions. These recommendations were distributed to all bodies within the university for implementation. At a recent meeting of the Arts Faculty Council, Jeff Forest moved that the recommendations be implemented as the policy of the Council but the suggestion was laughed off the floor and defeated. Burt Matthews who had accepted the results of the report was present at the meeting didn’t raise any objections to the rejection of the motion. In light of this, the Arts Faculty Council should explain why it defeated the motion and how, or indeed if, the Faculty Council plans to implement the recommendations of the Presidents’Advisory Council . At a recent meeting the Campus Centre Board implemented the recommendations as policy.
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The morality squad of Kitchener Waterloo Regional police has moved onto campus in the last few days in what appears to be an attempt to discredit the Board of Entertainment’s ability to run a legal pub. BOE is engaged in difficult maneouvers to obtain a permanent license for the pub area of the campus centre but the license depends upon the reputation they build for themselves during the next few weeks. They are concerned that the campus will have too well known a reputation for drugs and “wrong-living” and on those grounds be denied the permanent pub license. Federation President Andrew Telegdi has reported to the chevron that the local morality squad has “greatly increased in size” and are looking for trouble on campus. The campus security cannot stop these people from coming on campus, even if they were interested in doing so. Federation Critic-at-Large John Morris was harrassed by these agents of the “clean Canadian life” early Saturday morning when he was on his way to a conference being held in the student village. Morris and his car were searched but the police,did not manage to find any incriminating evidence among his possessions. Any member of the Federation of Students is urged to contact Peter -Yates at 885-1211 ext. 2402 if arrested. The federation is .prepared, even required, to pay your bail.
friday,
january
25,
the chevron
1974
3
Portugal continued
from
page one
Africans living in the area. To protect the project South Africa has from two to three thousand troops there. The Portuguese hope to settle one million Europeans around the dam. -The United States, France and Britain have a growing number of holdings in southern Africa that makes them concerned about the ability of the Portuguese military to control the area. The US supplies close to a half a billion dollars to bolster Portugal. Canada and the other NATO countries have provided substantial assistance in the form of money and military hardware. Part of the Portuguese reluctance to grant Mozambique independence seems to be the infeasibility of a “neo-colonial” arrangement such as has allowed other European nations to maintain significant control over former colonies. In a “neocolonial” arrangement the former colony -has its own government, but remains subject to economic influence of the former colonial ruler. This is generally achieved by the existence within the “independent” ex-colony of a class of people whose financial and social position is best served by maintaining trade arrangements highly favorable to the “ex-” colonial power. Such neo-colonial situations, though generally do not promote an over-all improvement of the living conditions of the “decolonized” people. There is little sign of the existence of a group of Africans within Mozambique who could or would carry-on in the best interests of Portugal if Mozambique was granted independence. Canada carries on significant trade with the Portuguese colonies. Our country is a major importer of coffee and oil in these areas. In turn, Portugal has . bought various manufactured items from Canada, - including aluminum for the Cabora Bassa dam, electronics gear, and military hardware. Repeatedly Canada at the United Nations has abstained and voted against resolutions supoverwhelming ported by majorities that were aimed at helping the ‘Africans. In a UN resolution that was to recognize Frelimo as the “legitimate voice” in Mozambique, Canada stood in opposition ostensibly because Canada was against “violent” solutions. Yet, Canada later recognized the military junta of Chile, and supplies the Portuguese military. At the end of the discussion some students in attendance decided to find out more about Canada’s involvement and the work being done by church and -political groups to help the Africans. They are holding an open public meeting Tuesday January 29 at 730 in _ Campus Centre room 110. (ask the turnkey 1. Substantial information is available from T.C.L.P.A.C., 121 Avenue Road, Toronto.
yourself continued
from
page one
their sexual orientation. Feminists who are gay but do not associate themselves with a lesbian feminism run the chance of having to play out the roles assigned to them-one must be the male dominant or the female dominant in any relationship. This strain brings on identity crisis, role strain and many other hassles. All of these problems lead to tokenism by women’s centres whit h infuriates and radicalizes lesbians more than originally needs to be the case. Internal disputes drain the energies of a group to such an extent that positive action is negated. For instance, in Toronto it is permitted to be gay but no overt displays of affection are allowed. The rationale for this rule is that any new person may be disgusted by such ‘peculiar’ behaviour. Political issues are avoided at all costs-women’s centres want to reach all women. Since lesbianism is such an obviously political statement, lesbians are under heavy pressure to keep quiet about their orientation and their particular oppression that stems from this. All too often straight and gay feminists find it easier to avoid contact with each other and thus, in effect, defeat the purpose of women’s liberation. Women at the weekend conference decided to set up some sort of contact for gay women across the country in all the women’s -centres, in hopes that this will help some women become more comfortable with lesbian feminism. The obvious step further is that the involvement of lesbians in the centres will force straight women to deal with their reactions and thus become more comfortable with homosexual women and bisexual women. Since going to a women’s place probably means changing your lifestyle, dealing with one’s own prejudices should not be disregarded as a useless experience. Finally, the women decided to hold the first national lesbian conference somewhere out west in the summertime and to try and get women interested enough to come out to a four day life experience. All women are lesbians-they just haven’t met the right woman. -margaret
murray
h
. Fighting amongst ourselves
Under federation president question of parity must be a long Andrew Telegdi’s regime the interm goal. . .the question now is dividual societies have begun to how much? and where?” enjoy a new-found power and He then went on to give the importance. Telegdi is interested example of the Arts Faculty in using the societies, the groups Council where students are ache terms the “grass-roots” of the cepted by faculty members in student on campus, to further the a_cademic planning so long as they scope of the federation. play a minority role. The Arts To this end, he has met several Faculty Council has 258 members, times during this past year in three of whom are students. attempts to clear up relations Andy Telegdi explained to the between the Federation and the conference the Senate’s refusal to societies. Last weekend all the recognize the- federation. By society presidents, along with refusing the federation in Telegdi himself sat down to a twoacademic affairs, Senate was day conference meant to bring indirectly negating recognition to them closer together, while more the societies. clearly defining the differences between them. Two OFS (Ontario The societies were unanimous in Federation of Students) fieldagreeing that they must ask their workers showed their faces for the respective deans to clarify their situation. If all the deans recognize occasion to chair the meetings of the societies, then it is implicit that the concerned groups. they also recognize the federation . OFS fieldworker Ben McDonald (as the federation is ultimately opened the conference with a for the societies). speech on student representation - responsible Engineering Society president in the decision-making process, and a brief description of OFS. Paul Dubrocky asked Ben McDonald (chairperson of the conMcDonald stressed the need for parity (ie equal student-faculty ference) to include on the agenda a workshop on “the chevron”. His representation in all decisions affecting both groups> and brought suggestion came as a surprise to the conference since there was forth a number of unique ideas from the student councillors. little time to set up such a Engineering federation council program. No one from the chevron was invited to attend. It could be representative Blair Sheibel did not think parity was appropriate questioned whether the word “workshop” was indeed apon such committees as examinations and gradings, while propriate given the complete absence of resource personnel. arts graduate. student Derek Osbourne thought that students When asked why no one from the chevron was invited, Andy Telegdi might not want parity. Science Society delegate Mike said that the reporter from the newspaper at the conference was Walls, however, countered the above by declaring: “I think there enough for the “workshop”. Theshould be parity on every comreporter refused to be the sole mittee, just in case there is some spokesman for the newspaper at crucial issue.” this session but this did not seem to Dave Robertson, federation perturb the student councillors. executive assistant , further The “workshop” remained on the elaborated saying that “the agenda.
-The next day the chevron reporter and news editor Susan Johnson attended the session. The “workshop” was not indeed a workshop for it consisted only of a series of questions regarding the content of the paper. One representative from the Engineering Society complained about the chevron always writing about minorities and oppression. He referred to an article written by John Keyes on Leandre Bergeron and Quebec politics. It appears that this student councillor thinks the Quebecois are a minority and this being the case the chevron should refrain from discussing them. He disliked having to be reminded of such things. -Larry Batista said that the *‘chevron reporters were shit disturbers”, and later stated that the chevron should try to ensure a greater coverage of events. After one-and one half hours the committee of presidents realized they were making little use of their time and the questioning dwindled away. The conference, ’ exhausted by the two day workload and the chevron “workshop”, decided next to draw up the proposals to present before the students council for approval. The three final resolutions were: 1) Federation Society communica tion ; l each society should clarify its status in relation to its respective faculty ; l each -society should provide a flow chart of its respective faculty power structure: a the minutes of each committee of presidents meeting should be reported by each president to hisher respective council ; l all federation policy proposals should be brought before the committee of presidents for consideration by it so that recommendations may be made to the Federation of Students Council ; l to insure communication between the federation and society councils, all federation council members should be required to report to their respective society council. 2) Board of Publications-the chevron
:
a letter should be drafted and sent to the chevron recommending that a workshop be set up to discuss the campus newspaper within the next month. 3) Parity-student representa tion : this question should be raised at the society level and a workshop should be set up at a later date. The objective of these resolutions is to make the federation and societies into a “working unit”, according to Andy Haycock, vice-president of Mathematics Society. It should be added that the Federation of Students council must first accept the proposals before they can become law, since the students council is for now the final decision-making body in the Federation of Students. ,
-john
morris
4
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28 Jan 74 7PM PATHER PANCHALI India, 1952-55, Satyajit Ray; music, Ravi Shankar. Bengali with Eng. sub-titles Pather Panchali is the first part of a trilogy of films. Since its screening at the Cannes Festival, it has been spdken of and written of with reverence. Qtiite simply it is a realistic protrayal, touchingly and sensitively handled, of the lives af an ordinary Indian family. It is the ljersonal statement of a man who has the gift of seeing things and people as they are, and making them -without violation-beautiful.
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Hockey fan to Ottawa OTTAWA (CUP)---The Ottawa diplomatic corps, an international community, is currently pondering one of President Nixon’s latest decisions. Nixon announced from his San Clemente western White House last week that William J. Porter is to be appointed the new American ambassador to Canada pending U.S. Senate approval. A diplomatic careerist,Porter was posted to many places around the -world as a member of the American Foreign Service. Most recently,--he acted as chief American delegate (under Henry Kissinger 1 at the Paris Peace Talks, 1971-73. He had previously headed the American ‘rural pacification’ program in South Vietnam, 1965-67. At that time, the government had American decided that bombing the Vietnamese back to the stone age was not a sensible strategy and had brought in a team of experts under Porter to convince the Vietnamese
the Americans would bring about true economic and social reform. That program failed, Porter resigned, and was posted to South Korea in 1967. . The Ottawa ‘dip corps’ is alive with theories about why Nixon chose this particular man for the Canadian posting. He replaces Adolph W. Schmidt who has been U.S. Ambassador to Canada since July, 1969. The Toronto Star sparked the speculation with their Jan. 9th story headlined “U.S. Ousts Porter: Posted to Canada.” The Star alleged that Henry Kissinger is kicking Porter, number three man in the State Department, out of the way so he can promote one of his men to that spot. Kissinger wants to move up Joseph J. Sisco, presently number four in the department. Sisco has been Kissinger’s ‘silent partner’ in the Mid-East negotiations. “When Hank’s in Cairo, Joe’s in Tel. Aviv.”
The second level of speculation goes a little deeper: many of the smaller nations -‘of the world are expecting Canada will be the ‘next Vietnam’. They reason Canada has many of the basic resources needed by the U.S. business interests and. thus the U.S. government-if they are to maintain military control of their empire. Porter was head of the WHAM program in Vietnam-Win the Hearts and Minds of the people. Another example of CIA social engineering? Are they about to try it again in Canada? What does Porter’s appointment mean for the Canadian people? Porter spent his first eighteen years as a diplomat in the Arab countries, (Iraq 37-41, Lebanon 4143, Syria 43-46, Palestine 46-47, Morocco 53-57, Algeria 61-65) and the rest of the time in Washington. Amongst other things he was the head of a CIA bureau and political advisor to the Voice of America, a radio show for foreign broadcast, in the fifties; business man, diplomat and CIA agent? U.S. Senate approval of Nixon’s appointment is expected early in February. There has been no official Canadian reaction to Porter’s nomination except for the statement by the Canadian Ambassador to the United States, Marcel Cadieux: “He speaks French...he has always been very friendly...he is also quite a hockey fan.”
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EDMONTON(CUP)-“This is my country. You’re paying rent. Tomorrow I’m upping the rent.” said Dr. Lloyd Barber summing up the view of native peoples on their land-claims. Barber, the federal government’s Indian Claims Commissioner, spoke January 15th in Edmonton on native land claims and their effect on development of the Northwest Territories. The point of his speech was that the only times the government has paid attention to native claims was when it has been forced to by outside pressure. At the moment this pressure comes from companies in building --a pipe line across Northern Canada. The companies are not interested in the nature of the Indian rights but the thought of court battles does not make them uneasy. There are two bases to native -claims in the north. In the Yukon the claim rests on aboriginal rights, while in the territories the claim centres on treaty number 11, signed in 1921. Aboriginal rights means that there is no treaty between the natives and the federal government. The claim rests on the use of the land since time immemorial. In the past the government has refused to recognize any claims based on aboriginal rights. However recent Supreme Court decisions (such as the James Bay case) giving some weight to the claim have led to a softening of the government’s position. The Northwest Territories Indian Brotherhood claims that Treaty No. 11 signed in 1921 is invalid. The Brotherhood claims that the signers thought it was a treaty of peace and friendship, not a surrender of the land. This claim was investigated by Mr. Justice Morrow who last y-r froze any dealings with the land before the Indian claims were settled.
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Justice Morrow interviewed surviving signers of the treaty. One chief, over 90. now, -was asked if his signature was attached to the -treaty. The original document bore it. It turned out that he was unable to read or write. In Fort Providence the interpreter who accompanied the negotiators was not asked to translate the terms to the Indians. The reason for the 1921 treaty is similar to the reason for a settlement today. In 1917 oil was discovered at Fort Norman. Before this the need for a treaty had not been evident. Oil made it apparent and in 1921 there was a treaty. One of the remarkable features of the treaty was that it was a copy of those signed south of the 60th parallel. Thus an Indian family was granted 640 acres under the treaty. Dr. Barber pointed out that 640 acres in the Territories would not support a moose. The federal government has been placed in a ticklish situation. If the 1921 treaty was a con then it puts the basis of the treaties signed in the south in jeopardy. The north will be developed regardless of what the native peoples want. In Barber’s view they should make the best deal they can while they have something to bargain with-their claims to the land. The ideal situation according to Barber would be one where the native people would deal from a position of equality with the various governments, and companies involved. Barber stressed the need for a ‘quick settlement. One possible basis would be an interpretation of the treaties in accord with contemporary reality. An example he gave was the provision in the original treaty of a medicine chest. The provision is meaningless today unless it is understood to mean medicare. Barber claims the terms in the treaties, if interpreted in this way, could provide a basis for the economic development of the north. While this may or may not be true, there is little either in the history of our dealings with native people or our present policies to suggest that a fair settlement will be made.
Rude food issue CALGARY ( CUP )-The Ref let t or, the student newspaper at Mount Royal College in Calgary tried to get student response on their food services. In the December 17 issue: they devoted the third page to a list of ways to force the food servibes, which are run by the college, to provide more variety in their fare. “Everyone complains about it”, said Lawrence Bedder, the person responsible for the page. “If they don’t do anything about it, they can’t complain.” According to Bedder, the quality of the food is good and the prices are lower than those ofrestaurants “but there’s no variety”. Response to the page was immediate. The director of food services, Marg Dell, went to the
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business manager of the students’ association, which is responsible for the paper, Clint Beaton, and according to Bedder asked him to put pressure on the paper about it. However, Dell denied this saying “the attack was not entirely called for”. The services have been in operation for 1% years and according to Dell “we have not had a large influx of response”. When questioned about the meeting Beaton said “We chose to ignore the attack.” “She (Dell) felt quite safe because they didn’t have- any facts”, he added. “They attacked us (the student association) too,” he said. “The whole issue was rude.” “Many people agree with us” Bedder said. However he admitted that the response from students had been minimal so far. A former Canadian University Press western fieldworker when contacted said “The ‘facilities at Mou.nt Royal are the best eating facilities of any university I’ve seen, with seven or nine counters. specializing in different things.
Blast from pasts * OTTAWA (CUP&The now defunct Canadian Union of Students accepted funds from a CIA supported foundation called the Youth International Fund to attend International. Students Congress” former CUS president Peter Warriantold CUP recently. The funds stopped, Warrian said, in early ‘68 when a confidential memo from British Intelligence was intercepted and photostats were sent to different national student groups and magazines. The CIA supported the foundation until the mid sixties. International student conferences were good places to build dossiers on future ambassadors just as national student organizations. often serve as training grounds for diplomats. The grants to CUS stopped in ‘68 after CUS took a more progressive political stand, the National Students Association fell apart and an article in Ramparts Magazine blew the cover off the CIA funding of the foundation. The grants were no more than $2,000 br $3,000 according to Warrian, a fraction of their $266,OOO budget. Warrian said that CUS in 1968 applied for funds once the situation was known, for a lark, but no funds were forthcoming. The CIA also supported the In terna tional Union of Students Congress, to which CUS belonged, as opposition to the Prague based International Union of Students. Although they were a member of the ISC, CUS enjoyed friendly relationships with the Praguebased IUS. The Canadian Union of Students folded in 1969 when several universities withdrew. It has since been succeeded by the National Union of Students which is in its formative stage.
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Finding a. dean
cent are American, citizens. Questions of American do&nation of the Arts Faculty at In light of this situation, it seems unlikely that the committee will this university have been raised in connection with the upcoming give much consideration to the hiring of a new dean for that desirability of having a Canadian fill the dean’s post, especially faculty when acting dean Patricia of student Rowe’s term expires at the end of given a level -. representation which can best be June. described as tokpnism. Senate policy decrees that the selection committee for the In a written statement, Barnard position be composed of vicesaid : “Since the Dean of Arts has president academic Howie Petch, great influence on the hiring of five members elected by and from faculty and the course content Arts faculty, and three other within the Facuhy of Arts, tid people to be selected personally by since the Faculty of Arts mainPetch. These latter will include tains a low Canaclian content in two students in Arts-one grad and these are’as, there is widespread one undergrad-and one faculty support for the demand that the member from the church colleges. new dean be a Canadian citizen, a Students will thus comprise only person who could better aptwenty percent of the committee. ~preciate and serve the needs of Dorothy Barnard, a member of Canadian society.” the eighty-five per cent Canadian This statement is in line with a Quota Campaign; has told the quota campaign resolution that all chevron that only two of the people university administrators, from elected from Arts faculty are chairpersons upward, Canadian citizens. Depending, on department be Canadian citizens. This is also a the citizenship of the other recommendatipn of the Ontario members to be selected, this government’s Select Committee op means that Canadian faculty Economic and Cultural membership on the committee Nationalism. A petition which could range from around a quarter demands a ‘Canadian’ dean is to slightly over half. currently being circulated among These figures are consistent with arts students by members of the the fact that in the Arts faculty, quota campaign, for consideration Canadian professors constituted by the University Senate; Barnard either a minority or a very slim also hopes that the Arts Society majority in almost all departCouncil will lend its support to the ments. In philosophy, for example, campaign’s demands. only twenty per cent. of the faculty, -nick savage . are Canadian, while seventy per
_
se
n&&
“The unrestrained urge to expand faculty at any cost make us face the present situation”, said engineering professor H.C. Ratz in last Monday3 senate meeting. Ratz was discussing his motion which called for limits to be placed on the amount of the faculty budget that could go to the salaries of tenured and probationary faculty members (those on the road to tenure). At present, 80 percent of the average faculty budget goes towards paying salaries and benefits to faculty members. Ratz wanted to insure that money that would have gone to junior faculty members would not be siphoned
fire those deemed inadequate. Archie’s last remark was ignored discreetly by Senate,which ds&d to refer both Barry Foord, U. of W.‘s director of Ratz’s and Foorde’s proposals to operations analysis, which called ’ the finance commit& for further for a limit of 55 percent of every consideration . faculty budget to be channelled The 1974-1975 budget was apinto probationary and tenured proved, and Matthews will take it faculty salaries. to the Board of Govern&s meeting Dean of engineering, Archie in early February for final apSherbourne, did not think that a proval. The budget is a deficit one percentage limit on the budget ($500$00) on total expenses of $44.6 would resolve the problem, as million. many faculties have all the perDave Kane, ,president - of the manent professors they want and’ Graduate Club, asked Matthews woulti be “sitting pretty”. when the graduate aid committee Other faculties and department report would be back. Matthews presently understaffed or with said he expected the report in definite term appointments would March. Howard Petch, vice-president be condemned to that situation, concluded Sherbourne. academic, mentioned to Senate Sherbou’me did however suggest that the university’s support to that he was quite prepared to each graduate student 1 averages out to $1763 per year. abolish tenure and examine each appointments. Senators did not seem to care for Ra3a~eyyd,; ;xe;h;;
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TERMPAPERS ( R&d
SERVICE 1
FRIDAY
HUM248.
Federation flicks: Gangbusters Chapter 3; Cleopatra (1934) directed by Cecii B DeMille; Oliver starring Ron Moody. 8pm AL116. Pub featuring “Freefall”. 8pm Food Services. Kin and Ret studs 50cents; Federation of Studs $1; Guests-%1.50. Sponsored by Kinesiology Students Association.
416-783-0505 hours 416-638-3559
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Ba ha’i fireside : 7:30pm Everyone welcome
pipers on file $2.00 per page (Catalogues $2.00 each) OR CUSTOM MADE at reasoria ble cost
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SATURDAY Waterloo Athenas Invitational Squash tournament. 9am-12 and l-4pm. PAC OPIRG Board of Governors meeting. Anyone interested welcome to attend.I 10: 30am E2-3324. Federation flicks : Gangbusters Chapter 3; Cleopatra (1934) with lClaud,ette Colbert; Oliver with Ron JMoody. 8pm AL1 16. India Canada
Association
-celebrates
’
Indians 24th Republic Day. Waterloo Collegiate Institute auditorium. Admission free Indian refreshments available. Main speaker Prof AF Thompson. Everyone welcome. 8pm. Pub with Heartaches Razz Band. 9-l 50 cents members. CC pub area. SUNDAY
Slide show presentation “The Mind”, an exploration of our mental being and innermost self. Free,of charge. 7-‘10pm CC113. Presented by Amanda Marga Society. Gangbusters and Oliver. 8pm
Informal drop-in coffee house. 170 Erb Street West, Apt. PlO. MQNDAY
Students’ Wives Club meeting. Breslau H&j. An evening out with husbands for a steak dinner. All Students’ wives and their husbands welcome.
Chess club meeting: 7:30pm Rated tournaments, instruction play. .
Conrad Grebel College worship. Message and music of Urbana+ (students missions convention) 10: 30am.
CC135. or just
WEDNESDAY Afternoon pub area.
-
Chess tournament: loam 3rd floor math lounge. Register at Mathsoc.
CC
with Leigh Ashford.- CC pub area. , Pub ___ THURSDAY
.
Cross country ski trip. Buses leave at 8am. Formosa ski centre. Tickets at Mathsoc. , Pub with Ray Materick. 12 noon. ’
TUESDAY Clint )L
8pm m
pub with Ray Materick.
Amateur Radio Club meeting. New members always welcome. 4: 30pm E232KK * L3JJ.
Gay Liberation Movement has special events. 8pm CC113. For more info call ext. 2372 or drop into our office CC217C. __
Movie Coogan’s Bluff with Eastwood MC 2065, 1:30 pm.
1974
Photography club. Guest lecture series “Marshall Pallett” 8pm SSc355.
CC pub area.
Duplicate bridge tournament. 7: 30pm 3rd floor math lounge. Everyone welcome.
,
Federation flicks: Chapter 3; Cleopatra AL116. *
Pub with Ray Materick: Sponsored by Mathsoc.
jancrary.2S,
Duplicate Bridge open pairs. No experience necessary. Partnerships can be arranged. All bridge. players welcome. 7pm SSc lounge. . Free yoga class. 8pm WLU gym, mat room.
CC pub area.
Canadian Studies 202 lecture with panel under attack. RJ Williams, LA Johnson, RP Woolstencroft re: Lateral Dimensions. 7pm HH334. Pub with Leigh Ashford. CC pub area. Federation flicks: G_angbusters Chapter 4; The Raven (1935) with Boris Karloff and Bela Lagosi and Cromwell with Richard Harris and Alec Guiness. 8pm AL116.
WEST INDIES COMMUNITY CLUB 8 450 WEBER N., WATERLOO We present live entertainment every Friday and Saturday nights. Members and guests welcome. Also new ‘members are invited. For further information call 884-9113, 884-0006. Special price for students.
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We’re still here. . Drop in’during our office hours or give us a ’ call at 885-1211 ext. 3446. Hours: Mon. l:30-4:30 p.m. Tues. 10:30-l :30 p.m.. 7:00-9:00 p.m. Wed. 1:30-4:30 p.m. Thurs. 1:30-4:30 p.m. Fri. 10:30-4:30-1 p.m. . \
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‘-
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friday,
january
25,
/’
1974
.
. /-
operating their own form of oil diplomacy? The British economy, which has for so long robbed Peter to pay Paul? According to Edward Heath, and also Harold Wilson, it is due to none of these; the fault lies with the “bloody-minded” miners, the “greedy” railwaymen, and the “selfish” engineers, are power all of- whom operating basis. The On a work-to-rule parliamen tary sages do admit that these men are made ‘somewhat more “dangerous” by the world energy situation, but the media campaign and s verbiage emanating from Downing St. treats the external fuel situation as a minor factor. There has seldom been such a concentrated campaign to slander and misrepresent the trade-union movement in
British public has been largely in favour of Heath’s measures, not only because it accepts the “extremist” tail which, it is told, wags the trade union dog, but also because it has not been made aware of the implications of three-day weeks. It has
by Jon
McGill
“We must all take our coats off and work unitedly for Britain.” So says Harold Wilson, leader of the British Labour Party. Everyone here must unite in the face of “crisis”,.not sit “idly by and enjoy the fruits of others’ labour”. Quite right, Haroldthe “national” interest must come first. On Wednesday, December 12, Prime Minister Edward Heath gave his “crisis” program to the nation, also citing :‘national interest” as the most important factor. Here are the measures which will protect that interest: a three day work week, for the majority of workers, with a parallel drop in the wages paid to those workers; a three pence (9 cents) increase in gasoline prices; non-selective power cuts, particularly in London and southeast England; and ,large-scale lay-offs beginning as soon in January as possible. These are the major features of Heath’s program; on Monday, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Anthony Barber, will announce what’ will in effect be a minibudget. In that budget, tax rises and an increase in controls are all but assured. Barber, like the rest of his colleagues, will no doubt spice his unpalatable speech with the -final verse of the “Dunkirk spirit” song, heard so frequently these days. Who is to blame for this crisis? The Arab oil sheiks who are “holding us to ransom “? The oil profiteers who are
at the expense of workers. protect profits It also presents this government with a long-sought tool with which to battle the trade unions. The “divide and rule” mentality of so many “democratic” British governments rises once more to the occasion. Prior to the “crisis” it appeared quite likely that the miners would win their pay claim, thereby opening a breach in Phase Three through which myriads of workers could pass. The Conservative government had very few weapons left in its anti-working class -arsenal. The media campaign to stimulate hostility toward the miners was fading; more importantly, it was being realized by many people that none of the unions engaged in the disputes were actually on strike. The government could not use the anti-strike weapon of the Industrial Relations Act, because the miners were, in fact, working a full week. They were only operating an overtime ban. In light of the difficult position of the Conservatives, this “crisis” could not be more convenient. Having once succeeded in creating the crisis themselves, the Tories were now enabled to use the situation to get themselves out of labour trouble. Phase Three, threatened for the past two months, is now likely to be wiped off the slate, not in favour of trade unions, but in favour of a total wage freeze. If the economic crisis talk of the government is to be believed, the threshold pay levels of Phase Three cannot be met, and despite Heath’s frequent dismissal of a freeze as a viable economic measure (these dismissals were
‘Please let me taki? you to the-polling
station’
‘L Another of MT Heath’s alarmist tricks, I sup&se ” part of his 1970 electoral platform) such a measure is now more than just possible. The economic implications of a freeze are not lost on such as the miners. They are, at the moment, determined to call Heath’s bluff. However, it is quite likely that Heath knows their leadership better than they. The Nation Union of Miners’ leaders, many of ‘whom are labelled “extremists”, “Marxists”, and, god forbid, “Cornmunists”, are, in fact, none of these. Their insistence upon an overtime ban, rather than a strike, has ominous implications. What they are forcing their men to do, in effect, is work a normal, forty-five hour week, but accept up to a thirty per cent drop in income; even though many rely upon overtime money to meet their mortgages, food bills, and other necessities. The union is, of course, exempted from strike fund payments. The union executive refuses to call a national membership strike ballot, saying that they do not consider the time to be right. The government interprets this manoeuvre, at least publicly, to be a thwarting of the miners’ desire to return to overtime work. However, neither Heath nor Wilson arevery upset at the refusal to call a ballot; they, and the NUM executive realize that the result would be an all-out strike. Rather, all sides prefer to wait until the energy and morale of the miners are sufficiently sapped, at which point a ballot will no doubt be called. This is not mere conjecture. The evidence of the past year, throughout trade union leadership, points emphatically toward such collaboration. The postal dispute of 1972, the recent Glasgow fireman’s strike, the trial of the Shrewsbury Six ,* now taking place, the words and deeds of Len Murray, General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress, all speak eloquently for the fact of government-union collusion . The implementation of a three-day week, the threat of massive unemployment; both serve to justify union leadership leading its members in the , government -desired direction. It allows the leadership to seem to be acting in the economic interest of the workers; in fact, it firmly establishes that the worker can, at the most, expect to achieve only his
formerly held position, the position under Phase Three. This ‘ ‘crisis ’ ’ characterized by both Tory and Labour leaders as “a national crisis”, is not the crisis of the workers. It is the crisis of the economic interests who have played both ends against the middle for the entire post-war period in Britain. It is, insofar as it. really exists, a crisis made by the oil companies which have dictated ’ to both Tory and Labour governments. As a result of this tyranny of oil powersExxon, Shell, et al- Britain’s coal production, ‘in the fifties and sixties, dropped to less than forty per cent of its former level. Hundreds of thousands of miners were driven from the pits because of the shift to oil. Now that ‘coal is required it is not there. The diplomatic about-face of Alec Douglas-Home deserting Israel in favour of the oil mistress, has also backfired. Britain has not received less oil from the middle-east. She is at her September preboycott level. It is the oil companies who, are diverting the flow here, as in North America, in favour of higher profit from the Netherlands. Such duplicity indicates just how the entire cut-throat captialist network operates. Despite pandering to oil magnates for twenty years, the British ruling class is still to be sacrificed on the altar of profit. However, those who burn are the wage workers. Just one month ago, the British public was being told that it had never had it so good. It is now being told that the dream is over, that it must pull in its belts. The ninety-three per cent of people who earn forty-one per cent of the national income, the class which supports, through its efforts the seven per cent who own this country, must now give themselves up to “economic necessity”, the necessity of ensuring that fifty-nine per cent of the money goes to the right people. The national interest? There is only class interest, and seldom has that fact been more clear than in the epilepsy of Britain this week. note: *The Shrewsbury conspiracy trial concerns six men accused, under an 1875 act, of conspiring, by picketing, to disturb the peace and incite violence.
1.0
friday,
the chevron
january
25,
1974
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Compute1 Systems Ctd- is a publicly owned Canadian company headquartered in -Ottawa with branch offices in Toronto and Montreal. In January, 1971, it acquired a wholly owned subsidiary, Information Systems Design in Oakland, ,California. Since the company’s inception in 1967, Compute1 has provided computing services in both the public and private sectors in Canada and the United States. A rapidly expanding company, Computel’s Head Office in Ottawa maintains one of the largest assemblies of data processing power in Canada. Computer hardware in the
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Upon completion of the course, candidates will bc assigned to regular positions, as indicated by persona abilities-and preferences, in computer centre management systems programming, applications programming, or map keting and sales. Opportunities for further growth ant advancement will be open to all career personnel on thf ’ basis of ability and performance.
Salary and Benefits Compute1 offers a better than average starting salar! and generous fringe benefits. Salaries are regularly re viewed and adjusted for both c%t of living and merit.
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Selected candiates will be given a thorough and professionally directed trairiii?g course, with both theoretical- and practical instruction, in all phases of computing expertise. The course will include:Computer Operations: training in the operation of pri_nters, card readers, tape and disk drives, data control techniques, card handling practices and printer out-put control; instruction in tape library management,
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Interested candidates should send letters of application and complete resumes, incl‘uding academic class standing-no later than February 1, 1974 to Mr. R.T. Lane, Executive Vice-President, Administration, Compute1 Systems_- Ltd., 1200 St. -Laurent Blvd., Ottawa, Ontario, KIK 3B8. All applications will 6 acknowledged, and those selected for interview so notified, prior to the arrival of the
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friday,
january
25,
,
1974
\ 11
Ski club
Womens international a record breaking success
-Paul
Pucker people
i
Arizona forever The Arizona State University swimming women Sun Devils decided to bless the University of Waterloo pool last Friday and Saturday at the 5th Annual Womens International Invitational. These defending American College champions (who incidentally have held this title 8 of the last 10 years> and also defending NCAA champions swam in typical form establishing 6 of the 12 new meet records and 7 of the 13 new pool records. The team brought only 9 swimmers and 2 divers, but were able to capture the meet with 442 points, followed closely by Michigan State swimmers and divers with 397 points. Clarion of Pennsylvania was third with 293. Toronto was fourth with 121, Waterloo fifth with 117 and Western sixth with 113. In all, fourteen teams attended. The Arizona girls complained that the heats were the same day as the finals, and thus found it difficult to produce their best times. Even still, all swimmers who attended gained a great deal of experience watching these all-Americans. ’ Statistically, the best swimmer of the meet was Jane Wright of Toronto who won the 400 yard individual medley on Friday in 4:43.7, the 200 IM in 2:16.1 and the 100 yard breaststroke in lAj.7 setting two meet records and three pool records. Jane tends to hammer her way through the water, even though her t stroke techniques are not very good, her physical strength and determination make up for it. Without a doubt the most talented swimmer was Arizona’s Libby Tullis who demonstrated her powerful and efficient freestyle winning the 50 yard sprint in 25.J seconds a new Canadian open record, and the 100 yard backstroke in 1: 01.6 breaking both meet and pool records. Libby has great potential and a tremendous feel of the water in both strokes.
Sally Tuttle of Arizona, a sixfoot-two mermaid took the 100 and 200 yard freestyle events in 55.0 and 1:59.8 respectively. Sally won three gold medals at the World Student Games in Moscow last summer and was picked outstanding swimmer of the meet. Maryanne Graham also of Arizona won the 400 freestyle and 200 backstroke events in 4: 15.2 and 2: 12.0 respectively breaking two pool and meet records. This girl is rated in the top ten in the world. Switching to diving, defending NCAA champion Jane Manchester won both one and three metre boards. She dove twenty times and scored under six’s on only one dive. Beyond this, all other dives were nearly flawless. She set two pool and meet records scoring 370.65 on the one metre and 406.60 on the three metre. Barb See1 and Barbara Harding of MichigBin State followed close behind Jane on both boards. Outstanding Athenas include Maida Murray who came fifth in both 200 and 400 IM going 2:27.7 and 5 : 12.6 respectively. Sister Marg did her best time for midseason going 2:29.9 in 200 backstroke. Mary anne Schuett did her lifetime best in the 200 breastroke going 2:47.8 placing sixth. Judy Mathieu also came sixth in the 100 yard butterfly timed at 1:06.3. As indicated by the close scores between Toronto, Western and Waterloo, the Ontario University Womens Swimming Championships on February 15 and 16 is bound to be good. Much depends upon who is going to swim in the meet. The Waterloo Warriors should be arriving home tomorrow morning from their trip to New York State where they swam against Hobart College yesterday and Buffalo State today. The men’s swimming championships will be here at U of W on February 22 and 23. Waterloo swimmers who qualify at these two championship meets will be able to swim at the nationals in beautiful Sudbury held at the end of February. --eric
robinson
On Sunday past, the Waterloo Warriors born barded the Windsor Lancers 8-O. Doug Snoddy played a good game in net, well deserving his shutout. At the end of the first frame the Warriors had scored half their goals. Marksmen were Lee Barnes, Russ Elliott, Ken Tyler,- and ,Mike Guimond. Collecting markers in the second period were Ron Hawkshaw and Cam Crosby. The last two goals w.ere scored in the third period and went to Mike Guimond and Russ Elliott. Elliott’s goal was set up by Hawkshaw while the Warriors were two men short. This effort received a boistrous applause from the fans. Goaltender Doug Snoddy received a cut on the head in the first period and Jake Dupuis was called in to finish the period. Snoddy’s injury was not serious and he returned to action to finish the game. The Warriors will be on the road for their next two games playing Western and Windsor with their next home game taking place Friday February lst, when Ottawa will be visiting the twin cities. -4iskris
_
Varsity v-ball
The Waterloo mens volleyball team competed in Guelph last weekend, in their third of four scheduled tournaments for the OUAA season. In the morning games they posted dual wins over Laurier, Western, and Mat Master. Afternoon action saw U of W downed by the host school in two close games. In the final match against Brock U of W were again vie torious. Throughout the days action the warriors maintained their hold on first place with an overall record of 24 wins and 6 loses with one tournament (10 games) still to be played. Second place is shared by McMaster and Guelph with a 20-10 record, and Western is one game behind with 19 wins and 11 loses. Laurier and Brock.are at present, out of contention. Tomorrow the six teams meet for the final tournament of the season at Brock University. The top two teams at the end of the competition will advance to the OU’s, hosted by the first place team, hopefully Waterloo. The championship tournament’ will be held next weekend.
The Cross Country trip for Thursday has been postponed until *Thursday, February 7,at 7: 15 PAC Blue South. The $4.00 includes bus, rentals, instruction, use of the course, music to records and it is a Bring Your Own hot chocolate. The date of the trip to the Quebec Winter Carnival-Mount Ste. Anne has been moved to the weekend, 14-17 _of February. Recent problems have set the price at $60 and a returnable $15 damage deposit. If this is out of your budget, arrangements can be made with Federation of Students who are chartering buses and staying in a gymnasium at a cost of $30. Either trip should be fun. Bring your own sleeping bag, skates and skiis. (Occupancy in the vans is based on 6 peopl,e) Pay at PAC receptionist’s desk. On Thursday, February 7 it is Recreational Ski and Giant Slalom - Race Day at Chicopee.
sharpe
-Chester The cold
surface
winter
weather
than in many
has helped
buczek
a better outdoor ever skates there.
to provide
past years, but nobody
ice
sporfsweek Warriors B-ball
Hockey Swimming WreStb’Ig Curling
_.
at western january 26 McMaster here tuesday january Pm Wayne State here january 30 at Windsor january Ottawa here friday
0 swego
here
27 january
january
29 8:15
26
26
at Guelph
invitational
january
26
at Queens
invitational
january
26
Track
at York-invitational
V-ball
at Brock
january
january
p
26
27
Athenas Squash V-ball Synch. Swimming
here
Saturday
at western
january
26 PAC
january
26
january
26
. at Toronto
9am-4pm
12
friday,
the chevron
,IntramuraIs m full swing I
As it stands to date in the Intramurals Program we have 188 teams being involved in nine events, three in competitive and six in the recreational level, playing 816 scheduled games including playoffs, involving an estimated 2,256 persons. Some of the notably larger entries are in competitive ice hockey 34 teams, basketball 36, co-cd broomball 31, ball hockey 24. In ice related sports we have a total of 75 teams as well as free skating hours on Tuesday and Thursday. So maybe we could use an arena. Also this term we have introduced, on the recreational level, a new event indoor soccer to be played at Seagrams Gym on Fridays. The game consists of two 20 minute halfs with a two minute half-time break. The team consists of 5 players with free substitution allowed. The ball is playable off both sides and end walls. As with all our recreational events indoor
Race to be held February 2. The entry date is February 1. Each team consists of four men who are required to run, jog or crawl one lap of the ring road, a meagre 1.7 miles. Preceeding the Relay Race is what is called the “Hoggers Jog” for all those who are interested in a little championship while trotting around the ring road without the fear of the old arch enemy, the stop watch, making a fool out of you. So start practicing today to show those Swedes, Canadians are indeed fit. Speaking of practicing when was the last time you went bowling? Well Intramurals even ‘offers a mixed bowling tournament which is held on Saturday, February 9, at the Waterloo Lanes. This is a co-ed tournament with the 4 man team consisting of 2 girls and 2 guys. Last year’s winners were Carolanne Hearns, Cindy Corpo, Neil McKendrick and Bob Sisler from Coop Residence. Chicopee Ski Day will be held
january
exhibition game night last Thursday. All teams that attended had a great time and saw how tough the competition is going to be. The league schedule has been drawn and we can surely look forward to seeing some great basketball. The schedule gets underway next week, Thursday, January 31st, so to all teams, good luck. A reminder of the squash tournament on Monday, February 4. Entries are due the week of January 28th, interested girls can sign-up in the women’s locker room. A new lgroup called ‘Physical Fitness’ has recently been formed and meets every Monday, from 3:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. and Thursday from 2 : 30 p.m. to 3 : 30 p.m. in the women’s locker room. They will be using the combatives room and the weight room in order to attain physical fitness. Interested? Come out on Monday and find out more about it. GAME Basketball:
OF THE WEEK
Coop Math 1 vs St. Jerome’s A Monday, January 28 9:30 court 1. Hockey
:
Coop vs St. Paul’s Thursday, January 31 11: lo-12:00 Moses Springer Arena Floor
Hockey
:
Raiders vs Attila’s Tuesday, January Seagrams Gym
Athenas dominate ( badminton .
The Athena Badminton team showed a remarkable home tournament crowd an almost perfect record. The 6 girls on the team won 44 of 45 matcheson the weekend. The Athenas competed against Ryerson, Toronto, York, Ottawa and Queen’s. This is the third of four team tournaments has and as a team Waterloo -amassed 121 points with their closest rival being Western with 100 points. With only one tournament left, the Athenas seem to
have the team championship wrapped up. In each ,of the 6 singles and the 3 doubles ranks, individual champions are declared. Three Athenas display a perfect record of 14 -winning matches each and no losses. They are Ellen Hunter, Maggie Acheson, and Sue Hamilton. . Our doubles points. are equally as impressive. The Athenas- have lost only one doubles match to Toronto. The next tournament is at Laurier on February 8th. -.
AACHH***jl’KCHHQ .. . pm
in the
Japaneese
martial
art Tuesday
and Thursday
7-9
PAC.
soccer has no referees so players’ conduct are left to their selfdiscipline. The first games are today starting at 3:3O, with hourly games until 7: 30. Upcoming Events that should be noted are the Ring Road Relay -
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7
not dead
The fate of the ice-rink arena project is still in doubt. Most of the Athletic Advisory Board’s last meeting held Thursday, January 17, was spent discussing the Administration President Burt to can the whole arena project 1Matthews’decision by refusing to hold a referendum. According to Federation of Students president Andrew Telegdi : ‘!In the case of the arena, the federation got used. If our recommendation to Burt had coincided with his expectations, he would have used us to legitimize his decision. Burt’s decision to not have a referendum was his own, and he did not take the advice of the federation, the AAB or any other society. I don’t care if the students want an arena or not, but the decision should be theirs. Burt is hung up on the long term financing which was advised to him. He would sooner see it paid off in five quick years rather than the recommended 15 or 20 years where the cost is spread out more evenly among the users of the facility.” Fryer pointed out that statistically it would be totally uneconomical to build the arena in three stages as Matthews recommended;and by far the best way of doing it is all at once. Warrior hockey coach Bob McKillop stressed the speed that must be maintained in getting the project started. “The longer we delay, the more expensive. it will be to
Ball Hockey
:
Sunnydale Chuckers Monday, Seagrams
Sabres January Gym
29 5: 30-6: 30
vs
Semen-
28 5:30-6130
B-bailers deflated
--
Arena
25, 1974
the student. Construction costs are increasing twenty per cent per year.” - Matthews seems to have purposely avoided the whole affair for reasons other than those indicated. His complaint has been the federation, AAB and all other societies could not get together on one suggested proposal to be offered to the _students to vote on in a referendum. If he has never received a joint recommendation, however, it is because he has never requested one, though most given to him were similar in that they suggested long term finan-‘ cing, and the possibility of -about a 3,000 seating capacity. AAB and federation representatives have unanimously agreed to distribute a proposal to the student body in the form of an opinionnairepetition regarding interest in a student financed arena. Approximately 5,000 of these will be distributed, and the results will be sent to Matthews. If the majority of students want an arena, and Matthews still refuses to hold a referendum, Telegdi has said he will send the results beyond the president’s office to the Board of Governors. This seems likely to happen unless Matthews abandons his petulant stance and gives some consideration, at last, to the long-term wants and needs of students. ’ -eric
robinson
Thursday February 7, but more will be said about that later. But keep the date open! Due to lack of response the program has been forced to cancel two events. We were to have an instructional ski program to be held at Chicopee on Tuesday and Wednesday for lessions but lack of numbers has forced cancellation., Refunds will be given ‘at the receptionist’s desk, P.A.C. Also we attempted to introduce a new event-squaliball, but lack of knowledge of this sport’s spectacle is being held responsible for the poor number of entries. Anyone interested in Gymnastics should meet Sunday from 7 : 00-9 : 00 or Tuesday and Thursday 5-:00-7:00 p.m. in the BLUE NORTH UPPER ACTIVITY AREA. Anyone still interested in attending the Instructional swim program can do so by simply attending the class or by contacting Debi Young, Aquatics coordinator at the Intramural Office Ext. 3532. We are also offering a Senior Resusitation sometime in February as a two .day crash course. Please sign up with the receptionist in the Physical Activities building or again by contacting Debi Young. The. badminton tournament on January 16th went very well with Linda Crow of Renison and Debbie Adams of V2 North coming out victorious, winning this year’s doubles tournament. Congratula tions girls ! Basketball saw its first .
-
The dingy, so called “gym” of the Windsor Lancers was the scene of the B-Ball Warriors first defeat in league action last Saturday. It was a typical Warrior-Lancer meeting with the pre-game tension high, the gym crammed with boisterous fans from both sides, the fast-paced back and forth play and, as always the questionable officiating. The point spread was not so typical of games past. The last few meetings of these two teams have-been decided by one or two points. The Warriors ended this contest 15 points behind. The question now is, what was the cause of the Warriors downfall. It can be summed up as poor rebounding, inconsistent shooting and too many fouls.‘The Lancers shot 35 for 38 from the foul line to Waterloo’s 15 for 20. Windsor took the lead from the’beginning and from there never relinquished it, although the game was close with the Warriors narrowing the gap to 2 or 3 points a number of times, Windsor played I a good consistent game taking full advantage of the Warriors’ mistakes and misfortunes. Individual Warrior efforts kept them in the game. The play of two rookies, Scott and Larman was quite impressive as was the play of Mike Moser. Moser played his usual good game and proved to many Windsor fans that he could play against their “big” men. He was held down to 24 points, but they felt his presence. The Warriors know what they did wrong and know what they need to do before February 13 when the Lancers come to visit. The Warriors can beat the Lancers if they apply their potential. Expect to see another close contest between these two cage greats. -grahame
aitken
I
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the chevron
25, 1974
-photo
In this article. reprinted from sports and fitness instructor author Deryk Snelling Canada’s national swim team coach investigates the training methods and facilities in East Germany. He gathered the information during discussions with se&al East German doctors who specialize in with medicine and sports numerous coaches and athletes the various*’ Eastern from European countries. It is high caliber competition that brings the best out in athletes. You can train athletes using the best in facilities, the most modern techniques and with the best coaches the world has to offer, but if they are not put to the test regularly-pitted against tough rivals-you can forget about winning top honours. To use an extreme example, say you have an Olympic Games gold medal winner. No matter how hard he trains and how fit he is, if he has no hard races for the next four years, it is highly unlikely that he will even be in contention for the next Games.
i i
CHALLENGE The athletes need the challenge of national championships, international meets and the like and in East Germany they make sure everybody sees action more frequently than in other places: they have no less than 10 major competitions-in effect ’ national championships-every year. For that reason, even their “new” swimmers we see and compete against at international tournaments are in a way veterans with lots of experience. They also have a very interesting situation with their coaches at major competitions. For the sake of comparison note that when Canada sent 27 racers to the world championships at Belgrade, we took three coaches. The ratio is about the same for the United States swimmers who were looked after by four coaches (two for the men and two for the women 1. The East Germans took every individual swimmer’s coach except three, with the result that the maximum any coach had to worry about was six and the minimum was two.
COACHING Now that’s real individual coaching at the championship level as opposed to our emphasis on the @am concept where many of the athletes not only leave their own environment, but also their coaches, trainers and so on. The benefits of such a system extend far beyond each individual meet and I am sure it is a very significant factor in the sudcess of the East Germans. The coaches were able to check and analyze Jeverything that went
on because every detail-every lap, every length, every warmup etc-was being recorded. This information was later translated into computer language for further analysis in preparation for future competitions. They do a tremendous amount of testing. For example, each being tested swimmer is thoroughly everyAw weeks ! Their sports doctors measure blood, aerobic and -anaerobic capacity, hemoglobin etc etc and I must say I was impressed with their thoroughness. But they go further than that: for 30 days prior to and all during the world championships each of the 30 members of the team was tested daily.
Now that’s real sports medicine servicing when you consider that the majority of other countries send along a doctor who is not a specialist in the field of athletics and who does not know the athletes themselves. He is just there to help out if an athlete catches a cold, has an earache or whatever. This mountain of information the East Germans are gathering in Leipzig, . their swimming headquarters, is then being fed into a computer to make it easy to get a quick picture of the results of certain training schedules and programs, diets, races and what have you. For example, I had heard they have done a research paper on “taper” and I tried to find out about it. (By taper, we mean the preparation for competition. We tape+ into the actual event as we come off our endurance work and onto an emphasis on speed work. . .we go into pace work and we start preparing psychologically and we finally get into the phase where we use massage and peptalks. Then we shave down and race.) - Tapering may be the most important of any sport at a high level. Anyone can train hard, but you have to know how to prepare to get the very best out of all the preparation you hav& done. The East Germans say they have all the information (gathered doctors, coaches and bY psychologists during training and competition as outlined before) and they say it is being computerized.. .but that was all I was really able to find out about itexcept that whatever the interim results are, they certainly are working well.
INFORMATION The secret of making such a sophisticated system work is, of course, to get the information to -the people who need it-the coaches and the athletes. Here again the East Germans score. The scientific knpwledge they have is continually being passed down to the coaches who have full control of the athletes so they can
interpret the computer printouts, so they can make-the decision on how the information is to be used; there is no attempt to direct the coaching from the scientists’ level. I am not too sure how much psychological testing they have done, but they did have a psychologist along on all their trips during the international seasons last year and again this year, except for the world tihampionships. I have no idea why they didn’t bring him along to Belgrade, but we have to assume that they made their decisions at least a month before as to how they would prepare the athletes and then it was left Jo the coaches to do the job. It woul’d be interesting to see how much if any information’ the computer contains regarding the effects of drugs on performance. There has in the past been quite a bit of speculation on just how involved the East Germans are with steroids, blood doping and other forms of what we might politely call “medically controlled development . ” It is pretty well accepted that they have been working hard in these fields for many years but until now no one has been overly interested because the East Germans weren’t all that successful in international competition. Now that they are beginning to make a real impact speculation is increasing. Some of this is undoubtedly sour grapes talk and in the absence of proof of doping, I for one wouldn’t want to make any comments on whether the East Germans are using what we might term unethical methods. I am satisfied that they have an excellent training and development program which produces top athletes.
j
Whether they have been helped along because they over the years have managed to eliminate the problems-the side effects of drug taking or whatever we like to call it (including heavy vitamin supplements+-I can’t say. I asked direct and specific. questions about it and the replies I got were vague to the point of making me unable to pursue it in any detail. The program devised. by the East German master coaches has, as we have seen, yielded spectacular results. But what about the men who, aside from veteran superstar Roland Mathes, didn’t do nearly as well as their girls? Well, first of all, let us not forget that their men had their best-ever competition at the world championships a few months ago. Secondly, the East Germans feel their men are merely two to three years behind the girls. Women athletes can come to the fore from about 14 years of age to about 17 or 18 while the men generally reach their potential somewheke in the 17 to 23 age
range. The East Germans think their men may well be able to match their women in the race for medals within a short period, and they think that if anything, the men have not been working hard enough so they will be stepping up the program. Last month, I mentioned briefly how the East Germans were making great efforts to bring together the swimmers‘ at major centers where master coaches were available to teach in the best possible enviroment. The East Germans are not alone in understanding the values of group dynamics. We have recognized this and it is probably one of the fields that have helped swimming the most in the last 15 or 20 years. Before, a t@ swimmer was generally a boy or girl who wa? a star in his or her own community, who trained more or less in isolation and who “came out” occasionally to compete. Then came more and more frequent tours of the top athletes in the country-and this helped-and now we have the scholarship system (outside the universities) which is a great asset. We have a number of so-meter pools in different cities and the nutiber of full-time coaches is growing.
by pad
13
sharpe
coaches, athletes or parents of athletes and straight financial rewards are not necessarily the most important. A move for such people is invariably an improvement of their lot. For instance, in a country where ordinary folks have to wait for a number of years before they can get a hope or an apartment, an athlete’s or a coach’s family is looked after in a matter of days. Another example which was quoted to me by one of the Eastern Europeans I spoke to this summer concerned automobiles.
’
MONEY
In East Germany, relatively few people are able to save up for a car (whereas those connected with sports are generally in the higher wage brackets), but even those who do have the money can’t just go out and buy one: the waiting list is 12 to 18 months long. “If you are Roland Math+, for . instance,” my informant told me, “you would place your order for a. new car and be told that you could expect delivery some time within , the usual 18 months. Then the next \ day, someone would call and say: ‘Herr Mathes, ypur car is ready. ’ Because you are a top sportsman you are one of the favored few and your name will automatically and immediatkly go to the top of the \ RELOCATION list.” This type of thirig is difficult to Many of our top swimmers make understand for us who can go to their own personal decisions to any dozens of nearby car dealers relocate to get near a good coach and pick one of the hundreds of and idepl fac,ilities, something that autos on his lot. But the more you is easier for boys than for girls and think about it, the more clearly you a move that is easier made for the should be able to see how much older athletes. motivation such treatment of But we have a number of young athletes is to East German swimmers at’ our Canadian families. Dolphins Swim Club who have For the athletes themselves relocated from different cities and there is the prospect of travel who have been accomodated with abroad. Athletic excellence is one swimming families, the youngest of the few ayenues open for East ’ being a 14year-old girl. Ger_mans to achieve this. It is al&o interesting to note that I understand the coaches are w@rld record holder Keena very well paid-1 was told that Rothammer moved from her home some top coaches earn about three in Texas to Santa Clara, Califortime as much ?s, say, an engineer nia, to work with a top coach in in a factory-but because of their ideal facilities. social system, they are unThe ideal situation is where the derstandably unwilling to boast whole family moves so that the about this.. .there seems td be a young athlete is still in the familiar conflict. home enviroment, but in North Because we live in a different America, it is relatively rare that a kind of society, we can’t possibly family packs up and relocates with provide the same type of the idea in mind that the son or motivation, but I think we can do daughter can better further a more than we are doing now. swimming career elsewhere. For example, we need to do As I said the desirability of this more in the field of scholarships. is something we have known for a Most of this action is in British long time, and we are trying to Columbia-about 90 per cent, I encourage it. But in our kind of would say-and we have 14 people society, people don’t like to be on scholarships ! directed in this manner. ’ Looking at the amount of funds we spend on the sport, I wonder whether we are really going to be MOTIVATION able to keep pace with the progress Not so in East Germany. They of other nations as they put enjoy it. massive efforts into the There is great motivation for development of physical education anyone to become involved in and recreation and- c’ompetitive athletics, whether they are sport for the masses.
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-Highrise and Superprofits: In this Highrise Jennifer Dumont
article Terry Moore reviews and Superprofits by Graham Penney, and Wally Seccombe; Press, Kitchener, 1973.
Housing, it may be safely asserted, human need. That housing should ‘healthy’ and ‘adequate’ is also easy though suitable definitions for these are not easy to come by. Any dispute ‘adequate housing’ should constitute, must still be grounded in the general that housing is an undeniable’necessity-if right.
Barker,
is a basic be both to argue, adjectives over what however, agreement not a
Highrise and Superprofits, a new book by Graham Barker, Jennifer Penney and Wally Seccombe of Toronto, attempts to identify the root causes of ‘the housing crisis’ in Canada. Without relying on rhetoric, the authors develop a comprehensive .Marxist analysis to support their contention that the very nature of the capitalist economic order, and the role of the housing industry within it, creates and perpetuates the problem. look at ‘urBeginning with an historical banization’ in Canada, and its relationship to the processof ‘capital accumulation’ and industrial development, the housing industry is demystified - in eminently readable language and form. In the second chapter of the book, the ‘development corporation’ is situated within the frame of reference of an economy which is inereasingly monopolistic, as well as being plagued by the traditional ‘cyclical problems’ of unemployment and inflation. The land assembly tactics of the developers (ie ‘blockbusting’) are described, together with their symbiotic relationship with city governments. By integrating the texts of speeches given by various representatives of the development industry itself, the authors reach outside of themselves, and in so doing bolster the validity of their position. Canada has historically had to grapple with conditi,ons of liquid capital scarcity because of heavy foreign ownership in its resource and in-/ dustrial sectors. Foreign owners are seemingly more interested in shipping the profits home or out of the country than in re-investing them in the Canadian economy. Finance institutions are therefore very powerful factors in the economic growth of any Canadian industry. The development industry generally, and residential housing development in particular, must compete with all other potential areas of investment for the attention of the financiers: of finance capital’s “Some appreciation for‘ commercial over residential preference development can be gained from the fact that in 1966 only 26 percent of the building construction (by value) that occurred in Canada, was in housing.” The banks, the trusts, the life insurance companies and the investment houses, are all potential sources of capital for residential housing. The third chapter of Highrise examines the role these institutions have within the housing crisis. As a result of fluctuations in the attractiveness of investing in housing, at any given time, “the development. industry has traditionally relied on both equity and loan capital from outside the country-cutting off this contribution would affect all. members of the industry”. Considerations regarding the ‘imperialistic nature’ of international capitalism, in its phase of expansion and maturity, formulate the content of the fourth chapter. In this section Canada is situated within the context of the worid economy, an understanding of which is essential to any real analysis of the development industry in this country. The federal, provincial, and municipal levels of
state, and the functions they perform generally with regard to the entire economy, as well as the development industry specifically, are pursued in the following section, chapter five. The relationship between government and housing is analysed in some detail beginning with the state’s utilization of construction as a ‘keynesian lever’ to regulate the entire economy. An obvious contradiction arises between the need for adequate housing at realistic prices, particularly for lower income people, and the usefulness of the development industry as a mechanism for slowing down an ‘overheated economy’. The federal government, under increasing pressure from those concerned with the difficulty that people were experiencing in obtaining adequate housing, commissioned three major studies after 1968: The Hellyer “Task Force on Housing and Urban Development”; the six volume Lithwick Report: “Urban Canada: Problems and Prospects”; and The Dennis Report: “Low-income Housing in Canada”, which was privately published after the government suppressed it. These reports reflect the opposing views of different parts of the federal bureaucracy about what should be done. In their tone ,and recommendations the reports become increasingly ‘liberal’ from Hellyer to Dennis.
Arguing
that the development
a process-maturation sector experienced
industry
similar to that wh some fifty
years age
rese’m blance. between the worker-owner ~
“. . .the corporate landlords who build apartments can only profitably continue building them if they raise the rents.” From Hellyer’s recommendations that the mortgage market be ‘rationalized’ and larger vertically integrated development companies encouraged, to Dennis’ ‘shelter allowances’ for lower income people, the reports share one a priori assumption: the industry should remain in private hands while the government should assume the responsibility for more of the costs and risks in the production of residential housing. The fact that the government gets most of its revenue via its regressive taxation system from the very people who need the most immediate assistance seems to have escaped the scrutiny of these authors. Even though the reports; particularly Lithwick and Dennis, raise the spectre of problems irresoluable within the system, they detour around the contradictions because of their underlying assumption of a private economy. Still, the reports do make some valuable observations. The authors of the Lithwick Report for example, conclude, “that the basic determinants of urbanization are the nature of the economic development and demographic responses to such development”. A.planned economy within constrained or nogrowth economic policies would be the logical response to the urban crisis. However, these suggestions are based on a willingness to reach outside ‘the system’ for solutions impossible within the very system that created the problem in the first place. Canadian governments have an avowed function to “step in to provide a climate and facilities favourable to investment wherever private capital failed or was unwilling to do the job”. The mechanism by which the government has intervened directly in the industry is the Central Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) which was formed in 1946. The history and function of the CMHC is outlined in depth by the authors and is succinctly captured in this passage: “CMHC acts directly in the interests of capital because it assists developers and finance capitalists to make profits on housing production but does not compete with this production. CMHC acts indirectly in the interests of capital because it rationalizes and mediates housing production to alleviate the most acute strains caused when people’s housing needs are grossly unmet.” CMHC’s efforts in publicly funded low-income housing through the underwritings of the risks of
capital by using NHA mortgages and ‘limited dividend’ programs, are given a thorough scrutiny in the same chapter. A typical CMHC effort took place in 1970, when the government found that the number of housing starts were going to be about 40,000 short of the 200,000 units to which it was committed. Two Hundred million dollars was earmarked for an ‘innovative housing program’. The total number of new and upgraded units completed under the program was 14,100 with eight corporations receiving 35 percent of the 200 million dollars. Public monies for private profit. In chapter six- ‘Contradictions in Development’ --the authors point out that the industrial capability of the housing industry in Canada has reached the stage -where “the technology exists to potentially meet the needs of all Canadians in the 1970’s, for cheap but well-built socially healthy housingif the productive capabilities were harnessed to meet people’s needs.” However there is a widening gap between what is industrially p_ossible and what actually gets produced. In a country of three-and-a-half million square miles, land prices are skyrocketing to the point where housing “has become the single most inflationary item of the consumer’s budget”. “Housing presently absorbs about 40 percent of a working person’s wage.” Home ownership has become an unobtainable goalfor everyone except the wealthiest, and most Canadians are forced to hand over an increasing amount of their income to the landlord. For example: “in 1961, 14.7 percent of wage earners in Toronto could meet an ‘NHA loan. By 1971 only 2.1 percent could”, qualification being based on the amount of yearly income of the applicant. The internal ‘logic’ of urban economics makes
it more profitable to built consequently most peopl apartments in the futu greater number of peopl ‘housed’ on less land” classed as metrop’oli populations in excess ( there were three times a built as single-family dw( and 1970. The authors dency can only be de sidiaries ‘from either tl governments. “Working class familiti $5,800 a&l $8,000, too housing, but too poo were forced into the so where little housing w; but exorbitant prices, This particular diffict reinforced because, tht operating in a cap$a ‘social space’ to mar sumption, with a view revenue it produces”. t profits is the goal, “al living arrangements tl spending will be design are responding to, ant much broader structur; that the goals and value are recreated in the ph erects. The ‘breakdown’ of t created a peripheral pcl people, singles, students now all ‘require’ ind
25, -I
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more thLanjust muckraking I
C..
is undergoing ch the industrial the authors point out the 2nd the tenant-landlord
Yelationships.
So we are confronted with the incredible reality that, despite the availability of the necessary technology to produce flexibly designed, durable begin dwelling units, ‘new’ homes and highrises deteriorating as soon as they are occupied. The ‘social worth of housing is only a consideration when it translates into sales or rents. As a building deteriorates rents do not go down, as does the building’s use-value, but rather remain at a high level due to the overall shortage of accommodation. Peter Anker, president of 1MEPC Propertiesof Toronto is quoted by the authors as saying: “I’m interested in profits, not monuments”, in this regard. This whole process, the authors point out, is one of circular ‘cause and effect’. “The pressures of urban life produce a public/private dichotomy which is reflected in the housing and apartment designs for small privatizedunits. In turn, this reinforces the dichotomy and further atomization of the population who must live in what is built.” The alternative of cooperatively designed living units with shared cooking and cleaning facilities is rarely considered, as such designs would “contradict efforts to ‘structurally’ reinforce maximization of commodity consumption”. Serious deterioration in most urban cores, and the state’s response of designating such areas as ‘urban renewal’ sectors, caused a series of chain reactions in the late 1960’s. Against a background of rampant land speculation, ‘block busting’, and land assembly, touched-off by impending zoning changes; the price of land skjrrocketed while the value of the housing deteriorated. Some home-owners sold out quickly and moved away and were replaced by tenants. ‘Mixed’ neighbourhoods developed and the people responded to the increasing pressure from the speculators and developers in a decidedly different way than they would have if the neighbourhood had been composed entirely of small property owners. Community groups enlarged their perspectives and tactics to confrontations with various public and private officials both inside and outside of ‘legitimate’ channels.
p rather than out, and rill be renting highrise By building up, “a an be more profitably n those urban areas 1, ie. cities with ;en thousand people, nany apartment units ng units between 1968 nt out that this tened by massive subprovincial or federal
with incomes between :h’ to hope for public o buy other homes, Ued housing ‘market’ #o be had at anything
is created by, and is .evelopment industry milieu, “structures ize commodity conmaximizing the cash :e the maximizing of social groupings and increase per capita Ln by developers who nereby reinforcing, a :hange”. This means F the private economy :a1 structures that it extended family “has ation including older d young married who ndant self-sufficient
dwelling units”. The importance of this breakdown, to, the economy, is tremendous when you consider “the huge increase in profits from the sale of unnecessarily duplicated commodities like refrigerators, stoves, cars, washers, and furniture purchased for each small living unit”. Some developers are including various kinds of retail outlets in their apartment&for a sizeable piece of the action, of course. The importance of this chapter to the book lies in the authors’ integration of quality and quantity into the criteria upon which currently constructed housing is to be judged. The ‘atomization’ of living space, set in motion by capital accumulation, contributes directly to the ‘crisis of supply’. The authors quote a survey of downtown Toronto apartments as showing that “69 percent of-apartments are occupied by only one person; 29 percent by two persons; 1.1 percent by three; and only 0.8 percent by four or more”. The meaninglessness of the claims by CMHC that housing starts are greater than the net family formation can be fully appreciated in light of this information. As urbanization and atomization continue, so will the crisis of supply. The quality of housing is also affected by the same economic imperatives. The ‘scarcity’ of land in urban areas, and the ‘marriage’ of housing to the land, leads to ‘planned obsolescence’. “Developers figure that twenty or thirty years in the future the land price will have appreciated to such an extent that it becomes.. profitable to repeat the entire process-knock it down and build something larger or more in line with the development that has occurred, in-the intervening twenty years .” The greatest profits can be realized from planning developments that will achieve obsolescence in such a short period of time.
“The question of the 1970’s is no longer whether, but instead, what forms social revolt will take in the cities.” The authors argue that a temporary ‘lull has occurred within this movement, various ‘reform councils’ at the municipal level being left in the wake. Speaking of the more active of these community organizations the authors point out that “these groups have mobilized large numbers of working people to take political action to protect their interests”. In the course of these struggles, “the people have begun to realize the strengths of developers, the degree that local politicians are in collusion with the developers, and the naivety of those who advocate strictly constitutional means to fight for the preservation of neighbourhoods”. Community groups have not been successful in winning major concessions from either municipal governments or developers, but even if they did, as is pointed out, the victory would be contradictory in nature. If -municipal zoning regualtions are tightened and Official Plans passed to control population densities in the inner-city,the resulting restrictions on supply would increase prices. “Such a situation highlights the fact that the fight for stricter scrutiny of land use in the absence of furt.her demands for land price control and state ownership of urban land banks, is contradictory in nature.” By themselves, land-use controls might be of benefit to local neighbourhoods, but the resulting rise in prices would be to the disadvantage of the working class as a whole. Caught in this contradiction ‘reform councils’ are finding it ‘necessary’ to vote for highrise rezoning ap-
plications to just hold the line on the housing shortage. The urban crisis, we begin to understand, is not caused by ‘devious-minded’ politicians or officials, or pay-offs, or bad planning.. It is rather a structural problem, rooted in the economic order and ultimately solvable only through a ‘total reorganization’ of the economy. ( The final chapter, entitled ‘Towards a Socialist Alternative”, encompasses a change in orientation, by the writers, from the political economy of the development industry to the potentially revolutionary response of tenants and workers to their living conditions. “As developers buy up property, they purposely deteriorate the neighbourhood to give themselves leverage on the remaining property.” Arguing that the-development industry is undergoing a process maturation similar to that which the industrial sector experienced some fifty years ago, the authors point out the resemblance between the worker-owner and tenant-landlord relationships. As the numbers of employees mushroomed, as industrial corporations grew in size and became vertically integrated, workers responded by creating their own collective organizations to protect themselves. The ‘power’ of the working class increased dramatically with the advent of unions, and the authors make astrong case for a similar response by tenants. As landlordship becomes more concentrated in a relatively small number of large corporations, while home-ownership becomes more the exception than the rule, more and more people will find themselves with corporate landlords in common. Since many tenants are also wage earners, a sizeable proportion of whom are trade unionists, a ‘cross-fertilization’ of tenant and trade union militancy becomes a distinct possibility. Tenant rent-strikes, co-ordinated with actions by the employees of development corporations (ie construction, clerical, maintenance workers) through‘tied-demands’, takes on a militant character when one considers that the tenants already ‘occupy’ corporate property. Concluding that “tenants are the social basis of progressive housing struggles in Canada”, the authors urge ‘conscious socialist militants’, working within the base of tenant and labour unions, to attempt to introduce “a class analysis” into existing tenants’ groups. Such an effort would help to facilitate ‘tenant-worker alliances’ with strength and anticapitalist potential. Highrise and Superprofits is an extremely important book for a number of reasons. First of all, the authors clearly demonstrate the educational potential of ‘cultural criticism’ formulated within a Marxist perspective. While the root causes of the housing crisis are analysed, the reader at the same time gains an understanding of the economic system, that will expand his/her understanding of the total social . environment. Many people, to whom other everyday concerns have appeared as so many unrelated phenomena, will now have a greater insight to the causes of human problems. In closing, it should also be mentioned that the authors have enclosed two appendices to their sections on the development industry per se. The first one’ is an excerpt from an article by Rick Deaton entitled, “The Fiscal Crisis of The State and The Revolt of The Public Employee”, which first appeared in Our Generation Vo18 No. 4, Fall 1972. This article provides a good introduction to an analysis of Canada’s regressive taxation system. The second appendix is a guide to corporate research compiled by the authors themselves. It contains many valuable hints and suggestions that will be of assistance to anyone engaging in investigative reporting, with a view to getting “to the root” of any particular social problem.
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WLU /PRESENTS FOUND Hat left in my truck January 18th by student I gave a ride to Milton. Contact security office ext 3211.
PERSONAL 23 year old male prisoner would like to write to Canadian people. Richard Ashbaugh no. 228541, Box 777, Monroe, Washington, USA 09282. Contact Holiday Ranch for skidoing and horse drawn sleigh riding. Call 1 664-2616.
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Professibnal draftsman, low rate, will do diagrams, chart or graphics’ for thesis, reports or journals. Lettering with Leroy and Letraset. Call Ro 8847503. Looking for part time work? Try Go Go dancing. No experience necessary. Call Laurie 579-8085. FOR SALE
*
Kitchen table and four chairs, chrome. Grey and blue vinyl. Ideal for student evenings. apartment. Call’ 884-0935 1 Heathkit AM-FM portable radio Gr17 assembled, includes manual and batteries. Asking $50. 885-0268. Ladies Reiker ski boots size 8% $30, skis good condition. Head standard $70.2 pair men’s Bogner ski pants $10 each. Call Jane 576-2190. 1 Electrohome power amplifier 25 Wrms output, good, working condition. Asking $15. 885-0268.
Two Dynaco A-25 speakers, excellent condition $80 each. Phone Ted 8848514 between 5-7pm.
MURRAY McLAUCHLAN .
WANTED Old pianos, harmoniums (pump reed organs) needed to make other instruments. Any condition. Phone 7455228. Filing cabinet 3 or 4 drawer. 6131 after 5pm.
/
in concert
SAT. FEB. 2
Call 884-
TYPING Will do typing of essays and thesis in my home. Please call Mrs McKee at 578-2243. Typing for students, 742-4689. HOUSING
2 one hour sets with intermssion
essays etc. Phone
tickets:
AVAILABLE
Townhouse for rent May to September. 4 bedroom, rent negotiable. Call 8847672. Sublet two bedroom apartment, carpet, sauna, exercise room, cable. Near Mutual Life and Towers, bus at door. Available March 1. Call ext 3258 or 576-2037. One bedroom apartment February 1st in married residence. 884-9535.
’ available students
Girl wanted to share furnished apartment on Guelph Street, $50 monthly. Please contact PAC receptionist ext 3302. Room available, comfortable Weber street. 742-5336.
WLU, U of W & Conestoga students advance $2.50 \ at door $3.00 ,. non-students I advance $3.00’ ’ at door $3.50
tickets axvailable at SAC office, Federation office, Conestoga student off’ice.
s
house on
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ONLY YOU CAN SOLVE - T-HE STUDENT ‘HOUSING I CR .
~
1
if you want to be part of a task force to deal with thi’s situation contact Randy Smitt or Andrew Telegdi at the. * Federation’of Students office. Ext. 2402 Bd. of Student Grievances Federation of Students
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the chevron will be having . another staff meethg J on monday afternoon at two pe em everyone
is urged to attend
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LEGAL. PROBLEMS? - Paralegal Assistance is now offering nonprofessional legal advice in most fields. (new volunteers accepted) Mon and Thurs 7-1Opm Rm. C.C. 106 phone 885-0840 --
FEDERATION
OF STUDENTS
UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO
PRESI’DENTIAL ELECTION Nominations for the position of President, Federation of Students for the year 1974-75 open THURSDAY, JANUARY 24,1974 and close THURSDAY, JANUARY 31, 1974 at 4:30 p.m.
SUN. JAN. 27 - 8 p.m. BARRY WILLS QUINTET Jazz-Concert Barry Wills - Piano, Gary Tomlin - Drums, Art Lang - Bass, Robert Comber - Vibes, and Mike Slauenwhite -Violin. Theatre of the Arts Free Admission (Musicians Performance Trust Fund)
MON. JAN. 28 - 8 p.m. BLACK lsJ,GHT THEATRE Humanities Theatre
Nomination forms may be picked up from Helga Petz in the Federation office (Campus Centre Room 235) and must be returned to the same office by 4:30 p.m. January 31 . /’
Election Committee Federation of Students
OF PRAGUE
TUES. JAN. 29 - 1 lx,:30 a.m. MORE CLASSICAL GUITAR iblUSlC by Steve Kusnir Theatre of. the Arts Free Admission Creative Arts Board, Federation of Students
WED. JAN. 30 - 11:30 a.m. MADRIGALS IN LIEU OF LUNCH presented by * The University of Waterloo Madrigal Singers Directed by David Walker Some works performed will be by the following composers: Monteverdi, Pilkington, Purcell, Debussy, Gasto1d.i plus others Theatre of the Arts Free Admission Creative Arts Board, Federation of Students
JAN. 31 - FEB. 1 - 11:30 a.m. THE FEAST by Dan Wright directed by Phil Reilly a play performed in an unusual Theatre of the Arts Free Admission Creative Arts Board, Federation
play
GRADUATION IS COMING: HAVE YOU THOUGHT ABOUT WORKING WITH CANADIAN
UNIVERSITY SERVICE OVERSEAS?
CUSO needs teachers (Arts and Science) engineers technicians/technologists \ mathematicians planners and a host of others
setting
of Students
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Study sessions are now in progress on campus. For information contact Denise Bosch, Placement Office, Needles Hall.
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The University of Waterloo’s computing facility is destined to expand later on this year, but it is not yet by any means certain what direction this expansion will take. In this article, math student Preston Gurd examines some of the the university, and choices facing describes some of the bizarre machinations of the committee mandated to make the final selection of the’ new equipment, and its attempts to deal with t.he often conflicting interests of computer users on this campus.
The nature and power of computing resources at this university may-or may not- be dramatically altared early next week when the Computer Resources Advisory Committee (CRAC) meet$ to make recommendations concerning the proposed acquisition of a new computer. Following the regular Wednesday meeting of CRAC, secretary Peter Sprung tola the chevron that the , committee must present to Executive Council an optimal selection from a set of options which include either renting an IBM 370/158, whose order must be confirmed, by February 1 and which would replace an IBM 370/145 now on the site, or choosing among a set of proposals made by six other computer manufacturers, which call variously for either putting a new machine alongside the 370/145 or for replacing the 370 equipment entirely. The comniittee, which is advisory to the Vice-President (Academic), also agreed for purposes of discussion to , eliminate from consideration a proposal * by the department of Data Processing td acquire their own 370/145, to be used exclusively for administrative work, Sprung said. Both a 370/145 and a 370/158 have been on order from IBM since last February. In order for either of th&se machines to be delivered next August, the university must confirm its order by Feb. 1 at the latest. The other six computer manufacturers, referred to collectively by the committee as “brand x”, entered the picture in late November when the question of acquiring a new computer came up on the CRAC agenda for the first time. The committee is empowered to discuss and make recommendations on concerning computing decisions which affect the whole ’ equipment university community. There are no ’ students on t& committee. At the November 21 meeting of CRAC, some of the. five academic members questioned the wisdom of renting the IBM equipment without first seeing what other manufacturers had to offer. Later, informal proposals were solicited and received from Digital Equipment, Control Data, Xerox, Honeywell,.Burroughs, and Univac. The vendors have asked that the committee not discuss the details of their bids publicly and com&ttee member Warren Little (Electrical Engineering) would only say that they “bid on a variety of configurations in h the $20-60,000 (monthly) range”. At stake is one of the most prestigious computer accounts in Canada and it came as no surprise to see the various vendors almost fall over themselves in the attempt to “d&ail the 158”. Over the past couple of months, the ten members of CRAC-have watched a rapidly-growing mound of brochures, technical manuals reports, and
Picking the. right brain - Brand X looks good, but IBM has the inside track
the NO SKN Of LIFE: Two members of the Computing Centre discuss inoperative IBM 360/75. Loss of its services /ast week pointed out a pressing need for new equipment. CRAC will consider the question Monday afternoon. presentations accumulate on their respective desk%, only to find that, in the words of committee member Burt Leathers (Sociology), “the issue is so slippery and contains so many contihgencies that it is almost impossible to take a position”. Under the circumstances, it is perhaps unfortunate that the image of a group of experienced individuals collectively and objectively gathering to select the best possible options for university computing could not be farther from the truth. The issue originated in January of 1973, when the Computing Centre approached the executive coqncil with a proposal to rent an IBM 370/158. The Executive Council approved the idea in principle. Meanwhile, th,e Data Processing Department, which had for some months been expressing dissatisfaction with the quality of service they were getting from the computing center, countered with a proposal for an IBM 370/145 for their own exclusive use. Letters of intent were sent to IBM for both machines but the final decision on which way to proceed was deferred until February 1974, and until’ CRAC could deliver its opinions on the matter. At the same time, the council approved a “five year plan” for the computing centre,
which called for spending an average of $1 ,OOO,OOO a year on all hardware. Much of this will be spent in the first two years of the plan, as the computing centre must pay off $770,000 to complete the purchase of the 360/75, as well as pay for the rental of the new and old equipment. A 370/145, was rented on “an interims basis” for about $26,000 a month, in order to take the load off the existing facilities. The Data Proces&ig department found the acquisition of the new machine did nothing to improve services on the 360/75. In mid-October, they complained to CRAC that “computing real time varies as much as 150% depending on the CPU load at the time of the run”, that the service was unreliable and became even more so when they attempted to run their jobs after midnight. *Data Processing Director Bud Walker told the chevron that his department continued pressing their case for their own computer, considered using a service bureau in Waterlod, and looked into transferring their business to the Math faculty’s Honeywell machine. In the meantime, at CRAC’s November 14 meeting, the minutes record Warren Little arguing that CRAC “had never seen or heard a satisfactory justification” for the computing centre’s five year plan.
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Although only about half of the money involved was earmarked for 370 equipment, several of the academic members continued to question the current policy. , Dr. Morven Gentleman, director of the . Math Faculty Computing Facility (MFCF) pointed out that, while time was limited, the mathematics faculty had encouraged much the same situation and was able to dramatically* increase its computing power for less money by bringing in a Honeywell H6050 to replace an IBM 360/50, which was virtually dedicated to one programming language only-APL. On December 5, a subcommittee was formed, composed of Burt Leathers, Warren Little, Eric Manning (Math) and Paul Dirksen (Director of the Computing Centre) to solicit proposals from other manufacturers and report back. At the next meeting, the minutes state: “B. Leathers suggested that P. Dirksen should be replaced on the subcommittee *because of his apparent lack of interest in seriously considering a non-IBM machine.” Dirksen had “no objection” but, as Gentleman declined to replace him on the grounds of “conflict of interest”, subcommittee membership was reduced to three. CRAC rejected the idea of going to tend&, which would entail some legal commitment. Instead the subcommittee went about dealing with the vendors in a more informal manner, with much running back and forth to determine, correct, and redetermine requirements, which were sometimes tantalizingly elusive and, the salesmen complained, “heavily loaded in favor of IBM”. By,last week, all the proposals were in and the committee now faces the knotty problem of attempting to analyze their relative merits. The committee must choose between a 370/145 along with “brand x” or a 370/158 versus a bigger “brand x”. About $51,000 per month is available to spend on new equipment. If the 370/145 is kept, only $20,000 per month- would be available for “brand x”. Yet even for this . kind of money, unofficial sources report that one manufacturer has offered a Dartmouth Time-sharing System, which can support “hundreds” (perhaps 200) of users at any one time. The bigger “brand x” could cost $51,000, while the 370/158 configuration which has already been decided upon --would cost $58,000. The $7,000 difference would be made up by returning the rented data cell and four spindles of 2314 disk storage to IBM, effectively, as Burt Leathers suggested, “stripping user disk storage from the 360/75”. Some members expressed the belief that the IBM equipment cost too much for what we would be getting and that it might not be suitable to our needs in the .. long run. Others were critical of the Computing Centre. Burt Leathers told the chevron: “It comes back to the fact that we have the same dilemma that existed before, that is the computing centre will not in the most crude way define requirements. The reason is that they can’t except in the most seat-of-the-pants fashion. ~They do not know what the users want. They decide by introspection.” Throughout these events, the official posture of the Computing Centre has remained basically defensive, waiting, as it were, for the g&ahead on the 158 once the controversy is over. Paul Dirksen stated the case very simply when he told the chevron in an interview that “we have done our analysis and tie feel that the 158 is the answer”. Supporting his case is the fact that the computing centre staff are experienced with IBM equipment, that the new machine should be tip and running in August without much trouble, that it can back up the debug service, that it
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offers few conversion problems from 360 y equipment along with maximum compatibility, and that it will benefit from IBM service, which has the reputation of being the best in the business. Manning pointed out that ., “the university will always have to have some sort of 360 or 370 around here, simply because there is so much code (programs) floating around for 360 machines .” Other committee members have noted that the “virtual machine” facility now running on the 370/145 is an excellent tool for developing and modifying operating systems. CRAC has devoted considerable time recently to discussing the question of how much time and money already lavished on the 370 equipment will have to be written off if the university decides to buy “brand x”. Yet there has been little overt sign of this development work untilcomparatively recently. Early attempts to use the 370/145 to support the debug service elicited the information that a WATFIV job which took 5 seconds on the 360/75 took 12 seconds on the 3701145. Because of a faulty switch, . attempts to transfer the debug service from the 360 to the 370 or vice versa sometimes caused the loss of all the ’ debug jobs queued internally in the system. As a result of the oversaturation of debug services in November, a crash program during the Christmas holidays brought forth a debug service which utilized certain features of the 370’s virtual machine system to minimize the problem of processor swap and to provide parallel processing of the sequential job stream. Dirksen said a fairly simple test using--a ,Watbol job stream took 13 seconds on the 370/145 compared with 18 seconds on the 36Q/75. When the 360/75 went down for *what turned out to be four days last week, the Computing Centre was wholly unprepared to shift the load onto another computer made by the same manufacturer which they had over a year, although it is true that the computing centre was able to work up a system that would allow the 360 work to be run on the 370 within four days. Dirksen told the chevron that the services proposed for the 370/158 include l the Data Processing Department’s work; l an expanded VM/CMS time-sharing facility ; and l debug backup. According to recent usage statistics published by the computer centre, Data Processing represents an average of about 14 per cent of the load on the 360/75. How long it will take for the load to rise again to peak levels is not known. Dirksen, the minutes say, is worried that the acquisition of a non-IBM machine would force him to add more staff. It is not known how feasible it would be to reallocate existing staff to new tasks. The Data Processing department is in somewhat of a quandary when it comes to deciding ‘between “brand x” and IBM. Financial Systems Manager Al that all of their Price explained programsare written in Mark IV or PLA, which are not now available on non-IBM machines, so the department would face a massive conversion problem in going to another machine. Data Processing Director Bud Walker noted that “we need stable, nothing fancy, meat-and-potatoes processing, not like the faculty, who want all the bells and whistles”. Ideally, he said-, the department would like its ownmachine, but, as this does not seem feasible, he said that in December his department had agreed to give up its demand for a 370/145 in return for which the Com-
puting Centre would give it its own virtual machine on the 370/158, which would be allowed to use a still-to-be negotiated maximum percentage of available processor time. He said his department is by no means convinced that IBM equipment is the answer. The main criteria his department is looking for, he said, include timesharing, remote data entry, remote inquiry and ease. of use. IBM “is nowhere near the leader in timesharing” and “does not do so well in ease of use”. He said conversion could be a major task, but would \Abe mitigated because their old computer would still be available. Remote data entry applications would be more difficult on IBM equipment, he said. “Other manufacturers,” he said, “provide much better facilities and data security for the kind of applications we would like to develop.” Another member of his staff said the VMKMS timesharing system is less than useful because, for one thing, it does not now support O/S (IBM’s principal operating system) labels. Speaking of the department’s chronic scheduling difficulties, he said: “If this were a business, heads would roll.”
department is allowed to use a ‘fixed allotment of the computing centre’s resources, an allotment which is measured in units-i.e. if’a person runs a job on the 360175, he is charged so many units depending on what resources of the system he uses and for how long he uses them. Thus, if a department wants to use computer time, it must go to the computing centre for it (with the exception of math, whose users may optionally use their own machine), or else go to some other facility and spend real dollars. Before the question of new equipment came up, CRAC was considering a socalled “chargeout” scheme whereby computing users would be allocated dollars in their budget which they could spend on , computing wherever they wanted to. One indication of what this kind of thing might lead to can be found in a recent proposal by Professor Jack Ord of the physics department that his department be allowed to purchase a, minicomputer and operate a small timesharing terminal system, which r would cost about $100,000 to start with, about $10,000 a year for operating costs, and provide an economical connect time
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and to university users for a dime. A service such as APL costs almost nothing because the equipment is paid for and it costs very little to run. On the other hand, the debug service, at .47 units per job run, is in ‘fact hugely unprofitable. Balanced overall, the real dollar cost of a unit is 40 cents, down 10 cents from last year. As new equipment ’ increases capacity and old equipment becomes paid for, this cost . may be expected to decline. According to CRAC chairman Peter Bryant (Engineering) the Computing Centre is a facility which is capable of doing 4% million units of work each year in its current configuration. From other sources, it was learned that this -4‘/z million units costs $2,690,311 in fiscal year 1973-74 and is expected to cost $2,361,246 in 1974-75. For the remaining three years of the five year plan this should decline to about $2 million for, say, 5 million units. By comparison, the MFCF accounting procedures are calibrated, according to Acting Director Rick Beach, by means of running a set of FORTRAN programs on both systems, so that 10 Honeywell cents equals 1 computing centre unit. The Honeywell system costs about $360,000 a year to run and takes in slightly more than that in paper revenue (about $32,000 a month). A little simple arithmetic yields the result that the H6050 does roughly 3,800,OOO units of work for $360,000.
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There are some excellent reasons for this disparity. The computing centre provides a wide variety of information and consulting servicesto a body of users, many of whom, in Eric Manning’s words, “expect to be led by the hand”. It provides service to the holders of 1200 HASP account numbers and the countless undergraduates, graduates and even high school students using the Debug service. The Computing Centre provides an interminable list of services, which is so long that apparently there are people employed who do nothing else but try and keep track of them all. In keeping with its status as a major showcase of the university, many of its secretaries are apparently former models. It employs a staff of 86 full-time, 5 coop and about 30 part-time personnel. Its yearly payroll exceeds $1 million and will rise by necessity from year to year in order-to keep and attract highly-qualified staff. The annual payroll of the MFCF is about $42,000, which pays for one operations manager, one software development person and three coap computer operators. In addition;’ the MFCF may call upon the secretarial services of Vicky Hall. The more vocal academic members are positively enthusiastic about the possibilities of “brand x” over the IBM machine. Manning noted that, in the university, the user population of undergraduates, graduates -and grad ’ students changes rapidly and, from this point of view, the question of compatibility is perhaps not so important. He added that users will go wherever there are usable computing resources available, and said “I have seen enoughto convince me that it is worthwhile to look somewhere else.” Manning added, “Because we are a prestige account, other manufacturers _ are willing to sharpen their pencils, which means we stand a better chance of getting a bigger bang for our buck.” Consideration of what machine to buy is clearly dependent on the overall direction of changes in the character of computing services at the university and upon cost considerations = Ultimately all costs for computing are born partly by student fees and mostly by the yearly Ontario government grant to the university. Right now, each
of 50 cents per hour (by comparison, the MFCF charges $6 per hour). In a telephone interview with the chevron, Ord said that the idea behind this service arose not from dissatisfaction with the Computing Centre, but rather because he was looking for computer requirements from the point of view of what the type of user in the physics ~department needed, rather than from the point of view of what a computer centre would be willing to provide. Nor is the Computing Centre in a position to provide the most economical of services. A 1969 management consultant report by “Systemation Incorporated” praised the services offered as among the best available, but was sharply critical of “the management of the day”. Over the past couple of years, the computing centre has reduced staff by leaving vacancies unfilled, and is not necessarily susceptible to the inadequacies mentioned in 1969, but the ’ cost of computing remains high. A Computing Centre “unit” is “sold” to commercial users for $1.54, to academic outside users for 36.5 cents
Software support and development is provided by, to quote Eric Manning once again, “a rather large number of undergraduate students who work strictly for love and computer time”. Notwithstanding certain misconceptions held even by some members of the CRAC committee, this somewhat informal organization offers its 860 users reliable, efficient, round-the-clock service seven days a week, to anyone who takes the trouble to seek permission and to learn the system without too much outside support, except from the system, which is usually able to explain itself. Obviously, comparing the MFCF and the Computing Centre is as misleading as it is informative. The point not to be missed is that by being open to the various options, available, the MFCF achieved a phenomenal increase in the quantity, quality and type of service they could offer and at less cost. Under the circumstances, it is unfortunate that the Computing Centre, which will be responsible for the university’s new computer, appears unwilling to do the same.
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MIDNIGHTSHOW SATURDAY JAN 26th 12:05am . TICKETS NOW ON SALE
january
25, 1974
The Department of Human Relations and Counselling Studies, University of Waterloo announces the opening of The Centre for Creative Infant Development. The purpose of the Centre is to provide education and training for parents whose babies are under one year of age. In February, 1974, a programme will begin for mothers interested in learning to promote the growth and development of their infants. The programme will consist of three afternoon small group sessions followed by ten days of individualized training in I the mother’s home. If you are interested in joining this programme, call or write The Centre forcreative Infant Development, Department of Human Relations and Counselling Studies, \ University of Waterloo, 885-1211, Extension_ 3562. ’
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STARTS WEDNESDAY JANUARY 30TH
Applications are invited‘ from students who expect to graduate with good standing in Engineering ’ or related disciplines for admission to the graduate program in Chemical, Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, - or Surveying Engineering or Computer Science. Facilities for inter-disciplinary studies in Applied Mechanics, Bio-Engineering, Control Systems, Fire Science, Forest I Engineering, Pollution Control and Tran‘sportation also exist. Financial support is available in the form of research and teaching assistantships. Further information and application forms are available \ from the Dean of Graduate Studies.
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: best, be only su’pplementary. Further, such volumes as these can serve no viable . purpose to the reader who is looking for a starting point. There is almost complete absence of theory as such. The volume is a collection of observation and experience. It is also a remarkable reminder that as , ’ far as Ireland is concerned (and England too, for that matter) the more things change, the more they stay the same: for’ Marx and Engels make constant reference -to the artificial divisions engendered by religion, and to the resultant turmoil -caused by political factorialism and disunity. Those who grant . tenuous, ’ nebulous and safe support to the cause of 1 “revolution” would be well-advised to re’ read (perhaps read) Marx and Engels for . we have obviously not learned important lessons of observation. “Give me two hundred-thousand Irishmen and I-could overthro,w the entire British monarchy” wrote Engels. That lesson of. the power of unity often vanishes into the moras of despair. Marx and Engels one hundred years removed dispel ,_ despair.
land found expression in the nationalist movement so influential in 19th century Ireland. From an early position of mild disdain for . such a movement (-Marx originally felt that only an ‘English working-class victory could liberate the Irish) Marx shifted to the more realistic view that the nationalists were a necessary forerunner of the Irish social revolution, and indeed the precursor of a similar revolution throughout Britain. Marx has as of this movement been proven incorrect in that neither national -liberation nor socialist revolution have materialized in Ireland. The fault lies less with Marxian analysis than with the selfstyled leaders of the Irish movement, men who ultimately sold out to English threat or enticement. Marx, as internationalist, gave great weight to the importance of Anglo-Irish worker unity, and the failure of attempts at such united action were also largely failures of labour leaders in England particularly after the turn of the century. Reformism in England spread to Ireland and though the majority of the working -john mcgill class could not be regarded as satisfied with such measures, Marx had reckoned without the flexibility and the splintering effects of the capitalist. Marx could not be expected to see, either, the extents to which the English ruling class would go to suppress the Irish. Murder, repression, economically forced emigration *hroughout the 19th and 20th century had The Anatomy of Human seriously weakened the little unity built Destructiveness, up in Irish working class movements. Erich Fromm, Ed. Holt, The condition-of the Irish small farmer. Rinehart Winston - Neti York, in the 19th century a condition which led 52pp. $10.95 to the rape of Ireland via emigration is Human destructiveness, perhaps due to well expressed in an excerpt from Capital its violent reality has been a topic much chapter 37, volume 3. discussed by -psychologists, social t‘What he pays to the landlord in the form and biologists. A topic that of rent frequently absorbs not merely a ‘scientists’ could not’ elude the scrutiny of Erich part of his profit, that is, his own surplusFromm, the popular author of The Art of labour (to which he is entitled as possessor Loving whose - recent publication treats of Xis own instruments of labour) the controvertible phenomenon in much but ,also a part of his normal wage which detail. he would otherwise receive for the same 9 It appears that Fromm keeps a tab on amount of labour...the landlord, who does all the psycho-social issues with the exnothing at all for the improvement of the press purpose of later writing about them. land, also expropriates his small Not that this close vigilance is in any way capital...this is precisely what the usurer $oes...with just the difference that the undesirable, but it should be noted that usurer would at least risk his own capital Fromm adds little towards solving the issues, he simply restates them. The k-t in the operation.” A more precise of Loving did not concern itself with the statement of the root of Irish land bourgeois marriage as a dehumanizing problems cannot be found. It is from that root that the rural agricultural proletariat institution, rather it merely proffered a spring, and with the late 19th century mediocre recipe on how to be happily married . advent of urban industrialism so too come Nevertheless, Fromm’s ventures are the urban proletariat. considered valid contributions to both The bulk of urban working class psychoanalysishe belongs to the movements came after Marx’sdeath, yet much of what he and Engels had to say ‘cultural’ wing of psychoanalysis which proclaims the influence of society and the about the urban English counterpart hel[d true for the Irish. The factory -slave nuclear family upon the individual’s system was nowhere more cruel-than that psychic development L and sociology. in Belfast and Dublin. Of Dublin, Engels When examining human aggression, remarks in 1892 “the bourgeoisie have Fromm rejects two established and sacred made further progress in the art of hiding theories, accepted by most psychology the distress of the working class”. ‘scientists’. The first, belonging to the However it is still “only the pigs and the behaviourist B.F. Skinner, asserts that all heaps of refuse which are no longer human actions are a result of contolerated”. ditioning, and thus the sentiments and. The English working-class leaders, motivations can be safely overlooked. The upon whom Marx had once relied, apsecond, originating from Konrad Lorenz’s peared thusly to Engels in 1894, “the book, On Aggression, concludes that independant Labour Party is extremely evolution gave man a certain amount of indefinite.. .Keir Hardie is.. .supercunning aggressiveness which somehow must be whose demagogic tricks are not to be liberated. To counter the two theories, trusted for a moment”. “The Labour - Fromm maintains that aggression stems Party had declared itself clearly and from social causes, and thus instead of unequivocally meaning that in the next being purely instinctive it should be election, one of the two old parties will argued that man has a capacity to offer it alliance...then there -will be destroy. compromise.” \ Aggression would then be determined Compromise was, and ‘still is long the -by the environment (slums, ghettoes, keynote of the Labour attitude toward street gangs, etc...) rather than by Ireland.. biological or reflex factors. The visions and attitudes of Marx and Given the fact that Fromm is a Engels with regard to Ireland were * psychoanalyst one could expect further inextricably connected with the wider clarification on how to differentiate framework of their political and economic between individual aggressiveness, a analysis. f necessity since the differing levels of An understanding of Marxist views of violence‘are dominant factors in the soIrish history can only %e found through called pathological crimes. But he limits himself to postponing. the question, obthe concomitant understanding of Marx himself. There is no shortcut to such an serving that ‘aggressiveness can be understanding however the collection of reduced to a minimal level only if the Marx and Engels on the Irish Question whole system in the manner .that it has provides a good compendium of articles existed in the last six thousand years-can and letters, which may be used as reference be fundamentally different’. _ -to the larger works. Such reference can, at -john morris
society kills
_ Marx, Engels, and the Irish
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“The bourgeoisie turns everything into a commodity including the writingof history. Its reason for existence, to falsify the best-paid all goods-. . .And historigraphy is that which is falsified for the purposes of the bourgeoisie.” Frederich Engels The Preparatory Material for a History of Ireland: There is no better witness to the truth of Engels statement than the mass of twentieth century texts on the history of England’s “agricultural district” Ireland. Since the writing of Irish history is ’ undertaken by English liberals and Tories, this recently published volume of Marx and Engels on the Irish Question is welco.me indeed. As stated in the introduction, neither Marx nor Engels were able to devote the necessary’ time to specific volumes on purely Irish matters. This collection comprises all, or most of the references articles and letters relevant to the “Irish Question”. It does, indeed, of a scientific inprovide the “basis terpretation of the History of Ireland”, though it can be considered nomore than a beginning, a point of reference. Engels before-his death had prepared many notes for /his planned History of Ireland. From the substance of these notes his position can be outlined, and it is a position which is largely unassailable. From the original English invasion of 1169-71 until Engels’ death, Irish history presents a dominant picture of invasion both physical and economic, met with constant but disorganized native resistance . Each renewed English attack solidified the alien presence, carving slices of the land in preparation for gift-wrapped delivery to carniverous English lords and kings .eThe Irish were supplanted in every sphere by their English cousins, until the country became one large feudal estate.
Each and- every Irish rebellion was destined for failure due to the inability of clans to organize and unite. Th< gradual pre-eminence of the English settlers, in the form of a bastard Anglo-Irish nobility made the Irish task virtually impossible. Impossible that is, until the screaming infant capitalism gave precocious birth to it’s hoped for negation, the working-class movement. It is largely the period of that birth and after which concern Marx and Engels in this volume. Engels notes for his “History of Ireland” were sketchy and we can therefore only make rational guesses as to the content of such a work, had it been finished. Marx and Evgels on the Irish Question dealing in the main with Ireland from the famine until the fall of Parnell in 1890 eliminates the need for guess work concerning this crucial period. Both men where quite precise in the lessons they drew from that Irish experience. Much of the Irish experience in the-19th century took the form of a bourgeois national liberation through such vehicles as Repeal of the act of Union and “petty middle-class” men such as Daniel O’Connell. O’Connell, says Engels was simply a “two-faced whig”, who would “soon find himself in the wilderness”. Both Marx and Engels were able to make the important distinction between the Irish workers and their leaders. Through such men and false idols as O’Connell, said Engels -the workers would receive “political education.. .and this is ultimately for no one more dangerous than . for (O’Connell) himself.” The basis-of Anglo-Irish struggle had been for centuries, the land question. Subjected to tyrannical control of their land, high rents and the threat of eviction the Irish lived in fear of dispossession. The natural desire to regain control of
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Review time& three . With a group of twelve musicians, from half a dozen countries one could hope for both innovative and novel production. Esperanto, billed as “the world’s first international orchestra” is such a group, made up of people from England, Belgium, Australia, New Zealand, Italy ‘and Hawaii. Unfortunately, the allusions to internationalism evoked in their choice of a name are not sufficient to raise the music above that of profficient orchestrated rock. The list of talents shared by the members of Esperanto is impressive in its diversity: first and second violin, viola, cello, guitar (both electric and acoustic), percussion and keyboards. However, if one is going to utilize such a selection of instruments considerable discretion as 1 well as moderation must be exercised in arrangement. In choosing the musicians and writing most of the arrangements for their first recording venture (EsperantoRock orchestra A&M SP 4399) Raymond Vincent (Belgian) failed to exercise these qualities. Generally, the effect of the music on this album is that of confusion and disorder., It would appear that if one is to play rock violin one must limit oneself to a succession of minor chords, and little more. The last cut on side one lifts the album momentarily out of the pervading sense of chaos, combining the best vocal arrangement found on either side. The cut, Statue of Liberty, deals lightly, if in cliched terms, with the elusive American sense of frontier and the pioneering spirit that drew immigrants to her during the ‘\ late nineteenth century and into the twentieth. Instrumentally the collection of twelve musicians come together most i successfully on the one of the- two arrangements not written by Vincent: Gypsy. Brain Holloway, an Englishman, succeeds where Vincent had failed; in using the talents available to their best advantage. It is significant to note- that
arranged
by Vincent
is
* * If one performer in the entertainment business today could be characterized as “predictable” in both lyrics and arrangement, that performer would be Cat Stevens. . His latest release, Foreigner (A&M SP4391) is true to -his own partitular form. The first side consists of one eighteen ’ minute piece entitled “Foreigner Suite”. While some of the interwoven melodies are undoubtedly interesting and pleasant to listen to, the overall effect is disappointing. Too often the frequent piano and guitar runs strike one as overly familiar, and, in style, they are. The lyrics are equally repetitive yet ’ not nearly as pleasant;one finds a sprinkling of the catch phrases common to hippiedom, such as: “Come on over and find yourself”, “You are, really are, Truth”, etc. The second side of the album does not provide a break in this monotony, in fact, reaffirms the Cats consistency. The cheery note for those who find themselves attracted to his past work is that Foreigner, while not innovative, is not a disappointmentiCat Stevens has acquired a unique style, one that has managed to sell enough music to provide for a healthy life style, and does not seem adventurous enough to change now. One of the latest recordmgs to come out of England is another in the line of individual ‘ ‘virtuoso” efforts that have become increasingly popular. However, since the efforts of the Beatles, as individual musicians, the production and results of attempts at one man shows have improved. Rick Wakeman’s work on keyboards mixed with Moog in his Six Wives of Henry VIII signalled a new level of single-artist performance. Mike Oldfield’s Tubular Bells (Virgin Records VR 13-105) surpasses even the achievements of Wakeman, primarily in that he injected an element of diversity and variation that was lacking in Wakeman’s work. The list of instruments used by Oldfield is impressive in its length as well as variance - grand piano, farfisa organ, bass guitar, different variants of the guitar, flagelot, etc. Given such an extraordinary number of inst’ruments , played by one man, the fact that a continuity and smoothness is maintaine’d throughout. There are only two “cuts” on the album, side one and side two, both of which seem to wander along some sort of- determined path, yet not tied down to a repetitive melody of meter. Indeed the tempo and tone change repeatedly and seem to carry the listener through a series ,of musical experiences rather than mere tunes. The music on this album is generally easyto listen to, and relaxing enough that one is not compelled to either get stoned or to “rock-and-roll”. Nonetheless one criticism could be levelled at Oldfield in that his music tends a little towards a contemporary form of musak. While bearing much of the imprint of this type of music, Tubular Bells is pleasant enough to listen to that it overcomes that criticism. All told, it is a fine piece of work, by far the best of the three pieces of music reviewed herein. -john keyes
I Marx lives David McLellan’s’new book Karl Marx: His Life and.Thought arrives much touted and much reviewed. He himself justifies the attempt with the observation that many of Marx’s writings including the correspondence have become available since Mehring’s biography of 1918 thus enabling a completer and more accurate account. Complete it certainly is. It is 498 pages long and has something to say about every period of Marx’s life-from his birth in Trier in the Rhineland to his
death in London and burial in Highgate Cemetery. However, the subtitle is an exaggeration. While it is a good account of Marx’s life the passages concerned with explicating his ideas! are for the most part uninformative> confining themselves to the reproduction of only the very general lines of Marx’s thoughts. This is perhaps inevitable in a book that is primarily a biography, though in reading it one gets the impression that McLellan believes he is establishing crucial points with regard to Marx’s thought. McLellan is. one of the protagonists of the Hegelian school of Marx interpretation. In the small Grundrisse volume he attempted to prove Marx’s continued occupation with the theory of alienation and his indebtedness to Hegel’s dialectic. Unfortunately, McLellan only chose to translate 100 pages of 1100 page manuscript, leaving most of us as much in the dark as previously. One suspects he only chose those passage3 that confirmed his point. The theme is picked up again in Karl Marx, indeed what better place to prove the continuity of Marx’s work than in a full-length biography? But it is all quite disappointing. The conclusion that “Marx’s work is best viewed as a continuing meditation on central themes first explored in 1844” is virtually uncontestable. What is at issue is whether this “continuing meditation” necessitated any major theoretical shifts between The 1844 Manuscripts and Capital. Was he still under the influence of Feuerbach’s “natural man”? Did the concept of alienation in the later work signify the same things as it did in the earlier ones? In the light of the same facts Maurice Godelier has concluded that “Marx’s dialectic has nothing to do with Hegel’s, because they do not depend on the same notion of contradiction” through an analysis of the major categories of Capital and the Hegelian dialectic. Right or wrong it reaches a level of reflection for above McLellan’s obvious, yet intended as meaningful, remarks. However, if we agree that his work is no contribution to Marxist theory, it does remain as a first-rate biography, showing the manifold influences from which Marx’s thought emerged. The conviction, common to Maoists and liberal professors alike, of the crudity and one-sidedness of Marxism should be finally dispelled. His erudition not only encompassed the contemporary influence of Hegel and the German metaphysical tradition but also extended to the classical period, not to mention the later economic studies. Marx’s doctoral dissertation on Democritus and Epicurus attempted to illuminate the present period through an investigation of post-Aristotelian Greek philosophy. His conviction was that there were parallels between post-Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy in that the universality of these major thinkers necessitated a return to previous simpler and less universal schools of thought. Be that as it may, it should be clear that Marx’s “overcoming of philosophy” was not the product of ignorance and misinformation. Indeed it is rather the case that his passion for study resulted in his leaving many of his works unfinished. Here is a complete account of all of Marx’s political work as well as his tactical positions on various questions. This illustrates the fact that Marx’s idea of a political position was-not one that is totally intransigent and foreign to compromises as many “Marxists” seem to think. One of Marx’s basic principles was that of remaining in touch with, and influence on, contemporary events. He participated in propaganda and agitation for bourgeois reforms in Germany acknowledging that they would not mean the emancipation of the working class but considering them its necessary precondition. Also he didn’t, though he threatened to, dissociate himself from the Gotha Programme of 1875 (of the German WorkersParty) with which he and Engels violently disagreed. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of
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the book is the insight that it allows into Marx as a man.’ A drunken Marx, along with Bauer and Liebknecht, smashing gas lanterns on Tottenham Court Road with paving stones and then being chased through the back streets of London by police, tempers the popular notion of Marx as a cold political rational. In a letter to Jenny he reveals that his depths of emotion were not limited to the political I arena. “I love you more than the‘Moor , of Venice ever loved. The false and corrupt world conceives all men’s characters as false and corrupt. Who of my slanderers and snaketongued enemies has ever accused me of having a vocation to play the principal lover in a second-class theatre? And yet it is true. Had the wretches enough wit, they would have painted ‘the relationships of production and exchange’ on one side and myself at your feet on the other...” His life -was not easy; his poverty, the deaths of his children and grandchildren, and the continuing struggle between the political actor and the theorist saw to that. Yet through these struggles and hardships emerges the,picture of a man who could say with equal conviction “the noise of children, this ‘microscopic world’ that is so much more interesting than the ‘macroscopic’ ” and “I damage a power (Russia)’ which, together with England, is the true bulwark of the old society”. McLellan’s biography will contribute much information of historical and personal interest to one’s understanding of Marx and the foundations of Marxism and has the additional virtue of being accessible to the general reader. Though one must take McLellan’s own points with a grain of salt, he has allowed his subject to speak for himself: he has spoken powerfully. -ian angus
Coming uP January 24 to 27-Federation Flicks 8:00 p.m.-Gangbusters-chapter 3 8:30 p.m.-Cleopatra (1934) Taking off from Ptolemy’s tale, Cecil B. DeMill has fashioned one of hollywood’s greatest romances with a cast of thousands. 10:00 p.m. -Oliverstarring Olivei Reed and Ron Moody . January 31 to February S-Federation Flicks 8:00 p.m.-Gangbusters-chapter 4 8: 30 p.m .-The. Raven (1935) starring Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi. 9:30 p.m.-Cromwell with 5Richard Harris and Alec Guiness. January 23 to 25-The Stronger A play with two interpretations. 11: 30 Humanities Theatrefree. January 28 Black Theatre 8:00 p.m. A Czechoslovakian February 9- Joni Athletic Complex tickets $5.50
of Prague Mime Play
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In the following article, reprinted from the New Scientist, Stephen Cotgrove examines some of the causes and forms of the current wave of anti-scientific thought, which raises questions not only of an increasingly uncontrollable technology, ‘but into the very philosophical framework of western science itself. The debate about the uses and abuses of science is one which attracts widespread interest, and is not anti-science as such. More radical is the traditional Marxist concern with- the need to harness science to the needs of “the people” and which, in its more sophisticated form, seeks, to challenge the elitism of science. But what is given only scant attention by recent analysts is the growth-of an antiscience movement which is more than a critique of the uses and abuses of science _ position or the structural and organisation of science in a capitalist society. The primary preoccupation of the search for an “alternative” society in recent years has, of course, been its concern with exploring new forms of human freedom. Its thrust has been directed against the constraints of outworn institutions and ideas. But this has extended well beyond an attack on the rigidities of the technological society and the domination of the expert. ‘Whether such ideas prove from the hindsight of history to have been prophetic or trivial is a matter for speculation. But the fact that they have caught the imagination, particularly of some of the well-educated young, in,dicates possible portents for the future. Much of the protest is, of course, critical of the uses of science rather than of science as such. Jeff Nuttall’s book, Born b Culture (Paladin, 1970)) for example is written explicitly in the shadow of “the bomb”. But the protest is more than a plea for a socially responsible science, harnessed to the promotion of human welfare. It is an attack on the technocratic society which is seen as the coldly rational . and inhuman world of technology in which human ends are lost sight of in the search. for rational techniques and bureaucratic efficiency. z Such an attack on the technological society is not confined simply or mainly to the -outpourings of a literary and artistic’underground. First published in France in the 1950’s, Jacques Ellul’s The Society (Cape, 1965)) Technological mounted a powerful case against what he saw to be the domination of man by technique, of which technology in its narrower sense is but a part. More recently, the case has been further explored and reinforced by Herbert Marcuse (One Dimensional Man, Routledge, 1964) and Jurgen Habermas Rafional Society, (Towards a Heinemann Educational, 1971). it is argued, comes to Technique, determine not only means, but also ends. Technique is the search for the one most right way. Hence there is no 1 efficient, scope for human choice and judgment. Judgments about values are excluded not merely as non-scientific, but as unscientific, since they cannot be proved by any appeal to experimental data. The attack on technology is not ,necessarily an attack on reason and rationality as such. Rather, it is an attack on the preoccupation in modern societies with technical means to the exclusion of human values and human ends. It is an attack on a society dominated by technique. But it is science which under-pins technology and ’ provides the fundamental knowedge for technological application. It is in this sense that science has become the contemporary ideologythe justification and legitimation for the technological society and above all for the technocrats who have become its chief A technocracy, argues functionaries. Theodore Roszak in The Making of a Counter-culture JFaber, 1968), is “a society in which those, who govern justify themselves by appeal to scientific forms of knowledge. And beyond the
\ Is science neces.saqr? - / Many think not, and their numbers are still growing authority of science there is no appeal.” Science itself then comes to be seen as part of the apparatus of domination; the justification for techniques and technologies which are imposed without consideration for other human ‘values. It is this aspect of science which inspired the invective of the literary and artistic underground in the 1960s and has been a dominant theme in the widespread student protest. In its most extreme forms, this condemnation of science as cold, calculating and inhuman slides into an attack on reason itself. This is more than an affirmation of imagination and spontaneity. It is more than an assertion of human warmth and community against the cold impersonality of rational, technical and bureaucratic efficiency. ’ Society is seen as itself irrational in the sense that there is no reasonable relationship between society and the nature of man. The old liberal view of a rational and humane society is found to be bankrupt. Reason is rejected because it has failed. The vision of the new and original world can only be achieved by violent assaults on the imagination, including the use of drugs which blow the mind and provide release from the constraints and limitations of ratiocination. In Nuttall’s phrase, “the root of political development is creative and irrational”.
Anti-authority Not only the thematic analysis of . contemporary literature but also more rigorous researches suggest that the search for new forms of freedom and the attack on science and reason are related. As long ago as 1938, the psychologist Jaensch claimed to have discovered a type of personality which he described as characterised by liberal views, taking pleasure in eccentricity, individualistic, and effeminate. In the 1950s at Berkeley, researchers rediscovered a very similar authoritarian-liberal dimension of personality. Now what is interesting in this context is that both researchers discovered a type of person holding not only liberal views on a range of political and social issues but also characterised by a preference for more flexible and less structured patterns of thinking. In other words, their preferred modes of thinking were the opposite of the structured, authoritative, unambiguous, mathematically expressed styles which characterise scientific discourse.
More recently Kenneth Keniston, in a study of alienated students, indentified a similar cluster of attitudes which included a conviction that _the universe was unstructured and not governed by regular laws. Life is seen. to be devoid of purpose; any meaning discovered is subjective, the future unpredictable, and the present overwhelmingly important. These students emphasise the value of passion and feeling; their main values are expressive or aesthetic. As their main aim is the development of “which might awareness, anything fetter or restrain their responsiveness and openness is oposed”. As students, “they are distinguished by their passionate concentration on a few topics of intense, personal concern”. And, finally, their fantasy life is “rich, vivid, anti-social, inconventional imaginative, and sometimes bizarre”. Such a syndrome of liberal and antiscience views is not in fact confined to a small minority of extremists either on campuses or in the literary underground. In his study of sixth-form schoolboys, Liam Hudson (Frames of Mind, Methuen, 1968) found that the arts “divergers” were able to “think fluently and tangentially, without examining any one line of reasoning in detail”, were “more tolerant of ambiguity” and exhibited “unbridled fantasy” and
“capacity for the bizarre”. What is particularly interesting, they were “much more likely to have views which are liberal and non-authoritarian”. The anti-science syndrome cannot then be dismissed as the views of a small and extreme minority or inculcated by permissive universities. It is already articulated in the minds of a substantial proportion of the youthful population. Explanations about this apparent-. linkage between anti-authoritarianism and anti-science views are inevitably speculative. There is nothing new, of course, about anti-science philosophies, of which Ellul, Marcuse and Habermas are but the most recent. A long tradition of romanticist and anti-rational philosophies celebrate the importance of instinct, emotion, imagination, spontaneity and community. Indeed, such views reflect an optimistic view of human nature-the image of the -noble savage. The alternative and pessimistic view sees the need for external order and control to save _man from his worst
excesses. This is essentially *the Hobbesian view of life in a state of nature as nasty, brutish and short. So it is possible \ to argue that there is a basic logical connectedness between those who seek to liberate and express the human spirit and opposition to limiting and restricting structures, including highly structured forms of thought. And science can be seen as an authoritative body of knowledge which structures both the beliefs and practices of its adherents ina way markedly similar to theology. The search then extends to ways of liberating the human mind and imagination from what are seen as the shackles of rigid modes of thought. In short, it is being argued that there is more than one dimension to radical thought: The traditional Marxist/ socialist/liberal critique has focused on the property institutions of society and the inequalities and exploitations to which these give rise; it is the uses and abuses of science on which it focuses. The conflicts between the various factions within the movement for a socially responsible science have been about how far science can be autonomous and neutral, and what should be its relations to society. Recipes vary from structural changes in society to new institutional forms for controlling, science. All agree that science as such is potentially “a good thing”. But it is the second major dimension of political debate which has come to the fore in recent years-the debate about order and freedom. The more extreme opponents of authority extend their critique to science, as antithetical to the values which they rate as most human. While the supporters of the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science are mainly academic scientists, “middle-class radicals”
concerned with moralising science, the proponents of the counterculture are non-scientists and anti-science. It is Marcuse not Marx who is their prophet. They too are mainly the well-educated sons and daughters of the middleclass. And they too are making a moral protest about society. But it is one which rejects science as fundamentally anti-humaneven though, like Marcuse, they are often willing to accept such of its fruits as hi-fi amplifiers. Future
of’ science
There is the distinct possibility that -the relative popularity of science in the post-war period may prove to have been its high point. Science has been espoused for its promise of material well-being, in short, for its uses. But not far below the surprisingly well-ordered and tidy surface of society there may well be rumblings of discontents and anxieties about society which science cannot meet, and which many scientists may find it difficult to understand.
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The contemporary proliferation of cults and crusades, together with the renewed interest in mystical experiences, and a revival of belief in “spiritual” things among some of the thoughful intelligent and well-educated young is one side of a coin which, from its other perspective, is both anti-science and anti-rational. The decline in institutionalised religion should not lull us into the belief that we are entering a new age of reason. More-over, the divide between the two cultures is more than one of vocabulary: there are marked divergences of values which cannot be reconciled easily-the value of imagination, experience, spontaneity, comlmunity set against and contrasted with routinised objective research, authoritative knowledge, rule-governed procedures and the division -of labour and specialisation which fragments social relations. The challenge to science is more than simply a question of harnessing _science to socially responsible ends. It is a ‘challenge to an intellectual enterprise which, to a vocal and perhaps prophetic minority, appears to be remote from human purposes. and to be antithetical to many human values. Just how widespread is the challenge and whether it will grow or diminish, we cannot say at present. But the 1971 OECD report, ‘Science, Growth and Society, thought it sufficiently important to point out that :‘The worldwide culture of educated youth, which is deeply concerned with ecological perspectives and is increasingly antimaterialistic, egalitarian, antimeritocratic, and anti-bureaucratic, could conceivably even adopt antirational views and could become more influential in the next decade than our extrapolations suggest.. .” Such beliefs are most likely to gain acceptance if they resonate with experience. Much will depend therefore on the future direction of social change-on the extent to which rigid authoritarian “rational” bureaucratic structures are liberalised, governments adopt policies to tackle discrimination, deprivation and poverty, both nationally and internationally , technology becomes more sensitive to its unintended and deleterious consequences, and thus science is seen to be harnessed more purposefully to human needs. The OECD report is itself a testimony to the significant changes which seem to be taking place in ministerial thinking, which may presage a shift from economic growth as the overriding objective of advanced societies to a greater sensitivity to the quality of life. Moveover, there are faint signs of a shift towards more - participative and less hierarchical structures in both sections of industry and some universities. Such changes could all blunt the sharpness of the attack on science and the technological society which it underpins. But this view is necessarily speculative, raises sociological issues of great complexity, and would not be shared by those such as Ellul who see little possibility of salvation from the inexorable march of technique. What is clear is that the future of science cannot be divorced from its social context. Yet the majority of our science under-graduates continue to be educated in narrow honours schools, largely oblivious to the sword of Damocles which hangs over their heads, worried only about careers. Moreover, ( the study of the relations between science and society remains largely neglected in most universities (though there are notable exceptions), and is often too narrowly conceived as an exploration mainly of the impact of inventions and problems of policy. Without a much greater understanding of such relations, the future of science and technology, and of the societies ” which are so greatly influenced by them, must remain. largely at the mercy of _ historical drift, short term exigent and reactions to unforeseen crises, q possibly growing radical dissent.
On the trail 6f sasquatch ,
According to an old scientific adage, unless a phenomenon is explicitly prohibited by scientific understanding, it cannot be ruled out as impossible. This saying comes to mind in the wake of a rash of unidentified flying object sightings all over the United States. There is some evidence that mass UFO sightings can coincide with the down cycles in the vicissitudes of life. Apparently numerous American citizens prefer the uncertainty of visitors from space to the certainty of an unsteady president and a corrupt and immoral government. Throughout ‘these and better times, however there are reports of strange and unusual events that are so persistent that they demand serious scientific investigation. UFO’s were subjected to stiff scrutiny a few years ago by an eminent physicist
two feet to heights of about 8 feet and more. weighing 306 pounds or Reminiscent of the abominable snowman or yeti, the most popular names for these American creatures are Sasquatch. or Bigfoot: Sasquatch are certainly known in academic circles, but are generally dismissed as myth and legend. There are a few bona fide anthropologists who are willing to stake their reputation by investigating the authenticity of Sasquatch. Most of the enthusiasts and active Sasquatch hunters are amateurs. Many of them stumbled upon written accounts of Bigfoot or in some cases claim to have seen the beasts. Yet most explorers were usually sceptical before they started to examine the evidence. One- Bigfoot supporter’, John Green, a small town journalist in British Columbia, has written and published three books on the subject. His latest, published this year, details 500 reports of the 800 or so he has on file. It is the most comprehensive compilation of sightings of the hairy North American monster. By opening his files Green hopes to silence some of the critics as well as provide a complete reference on Bigfoot. Although giant hairy apes have been
from the University of Colorado. , He concluded, not to everyone’s satisfaction, that UFO’s are a figment of the imagination or can be explained by wellknown natural phenomena, such as clouds or airplanes. However, there is no such easy explanation for the huge footprints and hairy primates that have been observed by numerous persons in the Northwestern corner of the United States and in Canada. Starting with the Indians of the region, man has sighted large man-like animals standing erect on
sighted on the east coast of the United States, by far the majority occur in Northern California, Oregon, Washington State and in British Columbia. The file is naturally incomplete because, as Green states, most people would, question the sanity of anyone reporting such an encounter. Grover Kranz, an anthropologist at Washington State University and one of the few professionals on the Sasquatch trail, states that probably 10 times as many persons encounter Sasquatch as’
What’s eight feet tall, weighs several hundred pounds, and is covered in hair? No, not a basketball-playing grizzly bear, it’s the elusive sasquatch, and in this article,New Scientist’s Gerald Wick reviews current information on these, our enigmatic evolutionary cousins, who leave footprints wherever they go-and nothing else. I
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deign to mention it. The stories in Green’s book range from observations of Bigfoot tracks to tales of intrigue involving attacks by rock throwing monsters. However, in most encounters, the Sasquatch were content to stride off into the heavily forested mountains where they are found. The most pervasive evidence in the Sasquatch mystery are the footprints. They look like large archless human footprints, often reaching lengths of sixteen inches and widths of six inches. These proportions make Bigfoot much wider than a human foot. The main comment of antagonists is that the witnesses are actually seeing large bears and bear tracks. But, as Green mentions, any zoologist who sees the tracks quickly dispels the notion of bears. Kranz claims that some of the tracks are definitely authentic. The eye witness reports conjure up a picture of an ape-man. The creature walks erect, takes tremendous strides - it gracefully steps over fences that a man has to climb over. Bigfoot has short hair all over its body, its arms extend below the knees. Various questions come to mind. Why has no one discovered the bones of a deceased Sasquatch? What do they eat to maintain their bulk? What about fecal and hair samples ? Why haven’t more people seen them? The protagonists of this drama have answers to all these questions. The habitat of the Sasquatch is in some of the most rugged country in the world. They share their densely forested mountains with bears, moose, elk and other large vegetarians. The remoteness may answer some of the objections to Sasquatch. A few large bones have been collected, but there has been no systematic search. One would think that bones of such a large animal would be easily located, but the dearth of bones led to stories about elephants! graveyards. Gorillas were only discovered by Europeans in 1850 although reports of their existence had been circulating for 200 years. ’ At least four photographs of Sasquatch have been taken over the years. Similar to photos of the Loch Ness monster, they are either blurred or taken from such a distance that nothing definite can be said. However, in 1969, a dedicated Sasquatch hunter did manage to film a movie sequence- of a female striding through the woods. This sequence has done nothing to diminish the uncertainty. Sceptics claim that it is a hoax and the faithful are furthered in their belief. Another clear sequence was photographed later, but the photographer is not making his pictures readily available - apparently due to bad publicity. Through it all, the footprints remain the most nagging and real piece of evidence. It could be a well-organized hoax requiring a battery of persons slamming the ground with a large mould of feet at a force equivalent *to 300 pounds. Furthermore they would have to carry their equipment over precipitous ridges and through rugged country. With a tight squeeze on research funds, it is doubtful that a full scientific expedition will be launched now. Grover Kranz believes that the possibility of research funds is zero. He pursues Sasquatch in his own time. Anthropologically speaking, Sasquatch could fit the evolutionary scheme. There are three major differences between man and apes - bipedal locomotion, even teeth and brain size. The Sasquatch has the first and second requirements in common with man although his head shape seems to preclude the last. Man and Sasquatch could have separated on the brain branch of the evolutionary tree. For the amateurs, Bigfoot remains an excellent excuse to spend time in the majestic woods of the Northwest. Even if they do drag back a specimen, unbelievers will still have an out. As an eminent colleague, of mine once remarked, “If some scientists were shown a single Martian they would probably reject it as a statistically insignificant sample.”
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Nursing, the workplace extension of women’s roles as wives and mothers, is the most recent development in the history of medical “professionalism”. Men are .the doctors and women their companions-as nurses. This article from “Witches, Midwives and Nurses” traces the history of women’s involvement in the healing arts and mens attempt to close the profession to women. Barbara Ehrenreich and Dierdre English wrote this short history and the chevron found it in the Ontarion. Women have always been healers. They were the unlicensed doctors and anatomists of western history. They were abortionists, nurses and counsellers. They were pharmacists, cultivating healing herbs and exchanging secrets of their uses. They were midwives travelling from home to home and village to village. For centuries women were doctors without degrees, barred from books and lectures, learning from each other, and passing on experience from neighbour to neighbour and mother to daughter. They were called “wise women” by the people, witches or charlatans by the authorities. Medicine-is part of women’s heritage, their history, their birthright. Today, however, medicine is the property of male professionals. Ninetythree percent of the doctors-in the US are men; and almost all the top directors and administrators of health institutions. Women are still in the overall majority-70 percent of health workers are womenbut they have been incorporated into an industry where the bosses are men. They are no longer independent practitioners, known by their own names, for their own work. They are for the most part, institutional fixtures, filling faceless job slots: clerk, dietary aide, technician, maid. The suppression of women health workers and the rise to dominance of male professionals was not a “natural” process, resulting automatically from changes in medical. science, nor was it the result of women’s failure to take on healing work. It was an active takeover by male professionals. And it was not science that enabled men to win out: the critical battles took place long before the development of modern scientific technology. The age of witch-hunting spanned more than four centuries (from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century) in its sweep from Germany to England. It was born in feudalism and lastedgaining in virulence-well into the “age of reason”. The Witch-craze took different forms at different times and places, but never lost its 1essential character: that of a ruling class c&npaign of terror directed against the female peasant population. Witches represented a religious, political and sexual threat to the Protestant and Catholic Churches alike, aswell as to the state. Two of the most common theories of the witch-hunts are basically medical interpretations, attributing the witch craze to unexplainable outbreaks of mass hysteria. One version has it that the peasantry went mad. According to this, the witch craze was an epidemic of mass hatred and panic cast in images of a blood-lusty peasant mob bearing flaming torches. Another psychiatric interpretation holds that the witches themselves were insane. But in fact, the craze was neither a lynching party nor a mass suicide-, by hysterical women. Rather, it followed well-ordered, legalistic procedures. The witch-hunts were well-organized campaigns, initiated, financed and executed by Church and State. The most fantastic accusation of all was that witches helped and healed those who had no doctors and hospitals, and who were bitterly afflicted with poverty and disease. The church told these sufferers that their torment was a mark of sin. L But the gout and apoplexy of the rich
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got plenty of attention. Kings and nobles had their court physicians who were men, sometimes even priests. The real issue was control: male upper class healing under the gaze of the church was acceptable, female healing aspart of a peasant subculture was not. The wise woman, or witch, had a host of remedies which had been tested in years of use. Many of the herbal remedies developed by witches still have their place in modern pharmacology. They had pain-killers, digestive aids and anti-inflammatory agents. The witch-healers methods were as great a threat (to the Catholic Church, if not the Protestant) as her results, for the witch was an empiricist; she relied on her senses rather than on faith or doctrine. She believed in trial and error, cause and effect: -Her attitude was not religiously passive, but actively inquiring. She trusted her ability to find ways to deal with disease, pregnancy and childbirthwhether through medications or charms. In short, her magic was the science of her time. Meanwhile the ruling classes were cultivating their own bree-d of secular healers - European medicine became firmly established as a secular science and a profession that excluded women. Confronted with a sick person, the university-trained physician had little to go on but superstition. Bleeding was -a common practice, especially in the case of wounds. Leeches were applied according to the time, the hour, the air, and other similar considerations. Medical theories were often grounded .more in “logic” than in observation. Incantations and quasi-religious rituals were thought to be effective. A frequent treatment for leprosy was a broth made of the flesh of a black snake caught in a dry land among stones. Such was the state of medical “science” at the time when witch-healers were persecuted for being practitioners of “magic”. It was witches who developed an extensive understanding of bones and muscles, herbs and drugs, while physicians were still deriving their prognoses from astrology and alchemists were trying to turn lead into \ gold. Universities were closed almost without exception to women wishing to study medicine, and licensing laws were _ established to discredit the better off-, more educated women-healers. In trials they were convicted on the grounds that -as women they dare cure at all. By the 14th century male doctors had won a clear monopoly over the practice of medicine among the upper classes (except for midwifery). They then turned their attack on the great mass of female healers, the witches. The partnership between Church, ‘-State and medical profession reached full bloom in the witch trials. The doctor was held up as the medical “expert” giving an aura of science to the whole proceeding. The Church explicitly legitimized the doctors’ professionalism, denouncing non<professional healing as’ equivalent to heresy : “If a woman dare to cure without having studied she is -a witch and must die:” (Of course, there wasn’t any way for a woman to study.) Finally, the witch craze provided a handy excuse
for the doctor’s failings in everyday practice: anything he couldn’t cure was obviously the result of sorcery skills. The proliferationand success of the witch-hunts led straight into an assault on the last preserve of women’s medicinemidwivery . In the hands of the non-professional barber surgeons who wielded forceps, obstetrics was transformed into a lucrative business which “real” physicians entered in force in the 18th century. In the U.S. the male takeover of healing roles _ started later than in England or, France, but ultimately went much further. There is probably no industrialized country with a lower percentage of women doctors than the U.S. today. England has 24 percent; Russia has 75 percent; the U.S. has only seven percent. By the turn of the century medicine here was closed to all but a tiny minority of necessarily tough and wellheeled -women. What was left was nursing, and this was in no way a substitute for the autonomous roles
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women had enjoyed as midwives and general healers. In 1800- the U.S. was ripe for the development of a full-fledged “medical profession”. The majority of practitioners constituted anyone who could demonstrate healing skills. But a growing number of formally trained doctors began to take great pains in distinguishing themselves from the host of lay practitioners. The lay practitioners were undoubtedly safer and more effective than the “regulars”. They preferred mild herbal medication, dietary changes and hand-holding to heroic interventions. Maybe they didn’t know any more than the “regulars”, but at least they were less likely to do their patients harm. Left alone, they might have well displaced the “regular” doctors with even middle class consumers in time. But they didn’t know the right people. The “regulars” with their close ties to the upper class, had legislative clout. By 1830, 13 states had passed medical licensing laws outlawing “irregular” practice and establishing the “regulars” as the only legal healers. This early grab for medical monopoly inspired mass indignation in the form of a radical, popular .health movement which came close to smashing medical elitism in America once and for all. The Popular Health Movement of the 1830’s and the 40’s is usually dismissed in conventional medical histories as the high-tide of quackery and medical cultism. In reality it was the medical front of a general social upheaval stirred up by feminist and working class movements. The Movement was a radical assault on medical elitism, and an affirmation of
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the traditional people’s medicine. “Every man his own doctor”, was the slogan of one wing of the movement, and they made it clear that they meant every woman too. The “regular” licensed doctors were attacked as members of the “parasitic, non-producing classes”, who survived only because of the upper class’ I “lurid taste” for calomel and bleeding. The peak of the Popular Health Movement coincided with the beginnings of an organized feminist movement and the two were so closely linked that it’s hard to tell where one began and the other left off. The Health movement was concerned with women’s rights in general, and the women’s movement was particularly concerned with health and with women’s access to medical training. At its height in the 1830’s and 40’s, the Popular Health Movement had the “regular” doctorsthe professional ancestors of today’s physicians running scared. Later in the nineteenth century, as the grassroots energy ebbed and the Movement degenerated into a set of competing sects, the “regulars” went back on the offensive. In 1848, they pulled together their first national organization, pretentiously named the American Medical Association (AMA). In the late 19th century, the woments health movement” began to dissociate itself from its Popular Health Movement past and to strive for respectability. Members of irregular sects were purged from the faculties of women’s medical colleges. Female medical leaders such as Elizabeth Blackwell joined male “regulars” in demanding an end to lay midwivery and a “complete medical education” for all who practiced obstetrics. All this at a time when the “regulars” still had little or no advantage over the sect “scientific” doctors or lay healers. Though no longer faced with organized opposition (they could not claim to* control any special body of knowledge), the professional victory of the regulars was only made tangible through a lucky coincidence. Science and ruling class support became available about the same time, the turn of the century. French and especially German scientists brought forth the germ theory of disease which provided, for the first time in human history, a rational basis for disease prevention and therapy. Meanwhile the U.S. was ,emerging *as the industrial leader of the world. Fortunes were ruthlessly built. The Rockerfeller and Carnegie foundations appeared in the first decade of the 20th century. One of the earliest and highest items on their agenda was medical “reform”, the creation of a respectable, scientific American medical profession. Naturally the money to set up such institutions as John Hopkins was firmly behind the scientific elite, of the “regular? doctors, leaving the smaller, poorer schools (often schools for blacks and women) to close. Medicine was established once and for all as a branch of “higher” learning, accessible only through lengthy and expensive university training. Medicine had become a white, male, middle-class occupation. The <doctor had become the “man of science”-beyond criticism, beyond regulation, very nearly beyond competition. All that was left was to driveout the last holdout of the old people’s medicine-the midwives. In 1910, about 50 percent of all babies were delivered by midwives -most were blacks or working class immigrants. Potential profits for “professional” obstetricians were going down the drain. Publicly, however, the obstetricians launched their attacks on midwives in the name of science and reform. Midwives were ridiculed as “hopelessly _ dirty, ignorant and incompetent.” A truly public-spirited obstetrical ’ profession would have been able to make the appropriate preventative techniques
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known and available to the mass midwives. This is in fact what happened in England, Germany and most other European nations: Midwivery was upgraded through training to become an independent occupation. established, But the American obstetricians had no real commitment to improved obstetrical care. In fact, a study by a John Hopkins professor in 1912 indicated that most American doctors were less competent than the midwives. Under intense pressure from the medical profession, state after state passed laws outlawing midwifery and restricting the practice of obstetrics to doctors. For poor and working class women this actually meant worse-or no-obstetrical care. For the new, male medical profession, the ban on midwives meant one less source of competition. Women had been routed’ from their last foothold as independent practitioners. The only remaining occupation for women in health was nursing. Nursing had not always existed as a paid Credit profession - it had to be invented. for the invention of nursing goes to a small handful of upper class women reformers whose prime interest was not in improving opportunities for women but in improving hospital conditions. In the view of nursing leaders like Florence Nightingale, the filthy and archaic hospitals of the time needed “a woman’s touch”. The “Nightingale nurse”, who set the pattern for nursing education in this country as well as England was conceived as the embodiment .of “femininity” as defined by Victorian society. For all the glamorous “Lady with the nursing at the time lamp” imagery, involved little more than household drudgery, with the patriarchal husband replaced by the lordly-doctor. But just as the late nineteenth-century women’s movement had not opposed the rise of medical professionalism, it did not challenge nursing as an oppressive female role. Women have not been passive bystanders in the history of medicine. The present system was born in and shaped by the competition between male and female healers. The medical profession in particular is not just another institution which happens to discriminate against women. It I is a fortress designed and erected to exclude women. This means that the sexism of the health system is not incidental, not just the reflection of the sexism of society in general or the sexism of individual doctors. It is historically older than the medical science itself; it is deeprooted, institutional sexism. Professionalism in medicine is nothing more than the institutionalization of a male upper class monopoly. We must never confuse professionalism with expertise. Expertise is something to work for and to share; professionalism . is -by definition - elitist and exclusive, sexist, rascist and class&. The oppression of women as health workers today is inextricably linked to their oppression as women. Nursing, their predominant role in the health system, is simply a workplace extension of their roles as wife and mother. The nurse is socialized to believe that rebellion violates not only her “professionalism” but her very femininity. This means that the male medical elite has a very special stake in the maintenance of sexism in the society at large; Qoctors are the bosses in an industry where the %workers are primarily women. Sexism in the society at large insures that the female majority of the health workforce are “good” workers docile and passive. Take away sexism and you take away one of the mainstays of the health heirarchy. , What this means is that in the health system there is no way to separate worker organizing from feminist organizing . To reach out to women health workers as workers is to reach out, to them as women.
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In the interest of increasing communication between the Federation of Students and the undergraduate societies on campus, a conference of representatives from those bodies was held last weekend from which some novel recommendations emerged. Several of these proposals, if followed through-which will mean student council approval-could have beneficial effects, and most are at worst harmless. Among the . better proposals presented was one g for a workshop on student parity in,, university committees, to be org 2 by the societies at some future date; if this. ever material&s it is possible that valuable questions will be raised concerning the role students should play in decision-making, vital questions if we are ever to attain any real control over our own education, Unsurprisingly, however, a couple of the proposals-those dealing specifically. with the future relationship of the federation with the societies-are less promising, if not downright sinister. They arise afterayear during which the federation/societies relationship has become increasingly cosy , as a result of federation president And-r Telegdi’s conviction that the societies are in some way more ‘representative’ of the student body than is the student council. This has been a convenient rationalization for Telegdi-whose own priorities have been in the Board of Entertainment-since the societies have generally functioned’;?s little more than social clubs within their respective faculties, and have ‘tried to maintain a safely ‘apolitical’ stance. The result of this hobnobbing has been a steady accretion of power into the hands of the societies, epitomized by their takeover of the Board of Entertainment under a bylaw passed by a general meeting of the federation last spring. Two proposals from last weekend’s conference seemed designed to further this process, which is likely to lead to a disastrous dilution of what little power tl e federation possesses, by instituting an almost unworkable bureaucratic im% pediment to present procedure. The first recommendation calls for a system whereby all federation policy proposals, would be brought for consideration to the committee of presidents-“so that recommendations may be made to the Federation of Students’ Council”. This proposal is dangerous in that, under the guise of furthering’ society/federation communication, such a structure would inevitably come to be regarded as a substitute for, if not equivalent to, ‘grass-roots’ participation in the legislative process, which it emphatically is not. It appears necessary, given the number of students at this university, to conduct student government under some sort of electoral system; there is no need, however, to saddle the federation with a \ structure which could,easily evolve into a cumbersome bicameral bureaucracy whose only advantage over the present system is its provisation for a useless and meaningless society representivity. The other recommendation, on similar lines, maintains that: “To insure communication between the federation and society councils”, all federation members should be “required to report to their respective society councils”. This again may be seen, in effect, if not in intent, as a bid to bypass the constituencies of the council members, shuttling them off even further from grass-roots student input. If the society councils want to participate in the affairs of the .federation as a whole, let them do so as ordinary students, not as competing representative bodies. With the federation suffering from lack of student interest, to the point where some boards find volunteer help almost impossible to find, surely we should be looking for ways to involve the students, rather than further remove them from an already distant, and thus feeble, government. Let the societies function within*the’ir own legitimate province, as intra-faculty student organizations, whose relationship to the federation should be one of COi operation, not coercion. l
msmber: canadiah miiversity press (CUP) and onbwio weekly newspaper association (OWNA). The chew-m is typemt by dumont pmssgraphix and published by the of students, incorporated, unhrsity of w&e&o. Content is the respm\ fedemtion sibility of the chevron staff, idepedmt of the fedemtion. Offkes are located in the campff~tre;phare(519) 8854660,8851661or uniwwsity~~2331. \ Circulation
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There was a man so wise, He jumpt into a bramble bush, And scratcht out both his eyes. And when he saw his eyes were out And reason to complain He jumpt into a hawthorn hedge And scratcht them in again. i’m sure that says something about the university byt i’ll leave that to the english majors to figure out, i’ve enough to do as it is without thinking as well. campus centre regulars were deeply sad,dened this week to find that jane harding and margie Wolfe were no longer turnkeys but as they say in the movies into every life a little rain must fall, anyone requiring ms. Wolfe’s services sho’uld’ contact macabre productions immediately, she needs to eat. but on to the point of this exercise, the anti-popular enemies of the people spewing forth balderdash this week were eric robinson, phi1 tatham, grahame aitken who after writing his first story has vowed to return to photography forever, liskris, bob hillier, flora conroy, mike gordon, bob sisler, Chester buczek, joanne rowlandson, randy hannigan, paul mamelka, paul sharpe, linda lounsberry, jon mcgill, ian angus, terry moore, shane roberts, john morris, margaret murray, Preston gurd, dri, tom marzotto, tony jenkins, Chris bechtel, Susan johnson, mellow rotman, rod hay, nick savage and maybe somemore.
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friday,
the chevron
Wife caught
off guard
Tuesday
january
January
25, 1974
29th
1:30 Music
Headless man returns from the dead Friday
January
25th
1:30 Music
Bruce Armstrong 4: 30 Ford Hall -Forum Tom Wicker, New York Times-The right to know: The Press Responsibility to inform the Public 6 : 30 Music-John Robertson 9 :3O Vietnam’s Greatest Hits 10 : 30 Sports 10 : 45 Rest of the News 11 :OO Ian Layfield Saturday
January
11%)
The Mutant
Sunday
January
Hour
Wednesday
27th
1: 30 Music-Jack
4 :30 6:30 9 :30 10 :30 11: 00 Monday
Walton Portuguese Music Music the Masque-Elephant Counter Culture Music-Greg Bewsh January
Dust
28th
26th
1:30 Music
4: 30 The Arts in Belgium 5 :oO People’s Music-Bill King 690 Rest of the News 6:30 TBA 7:oOQuebec Love 8:00 The Bod & the Bard 930 Alive Variety-Alabaster lo:30 Crawdoodah Gazette of the Air
4:30 Landscape and Life Pt. 1 . History of Wellington County 5:OOThe Human SocietySeminar on Post-Secondary Learning 6:00 World Report-A look at the Labour government in New Zealand 6:15 Thinking out Loud-The prospects for peace-from Radio Moscow 6 : 30 Music-Ivan Zendel 8 : 15 Basketball live-McMaster vs Waterloo 10: 45 Rest of the News 11: 00 Jazz-Baruch Zone
c
1: 30 Music-Don Rooke 4:30 Ford Hall Forum-Tom Wicker,-New York Times-The Right to- Know: The Press Responsibility to, Inform the Public 6 : 30 Soul Music-John Williams 9 : 30 Sports 10 : 00 Music & MusiciansClassical Music from the USSR 11: 00 Music-John Dale
January
30th
1: 30 4 :30 4 :45 5 :00
Music-Dean Purves Soviet Press Review Belgian Press Review Feature on Aldous Huxley (Part One of Five) 6:00 TBA 6 : 30 Music-Gerry Forwell 9: 30 The Phantom Announcer 11: 00 Music-Al Anderson Thursday
January
31st
1:30 Music 4: 30 World Report 4:45 TBA . 6: 15 Rest of the News 6 : 30 Music-Ted Szepielewicz 9 : 30 Bob Dylan Special-Pt. 10: 30 Belgian Press Review 10: 45 Soviet Press Review 11: 00 Music-Brian O’Neil 1p
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