1975-76_v16,n21_Chevron by Editor Imprint

University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario volume 16, number 21 friday, november 7, 1975

....... Clement looks at regionalism ............... The Weston empire YouriQandyou ................. ..... OH response to wage controls

*p. 8 .p. 1.3 ..p.2 5 .p.26

Finding a place to rest a car free banking hours. This action is in response to a personal memo from from the clutches of a tow truck is becoming an increasing problem Art R.am, the Federation of Stufor many students. dents pub coordinator. In recent weeks, the chevron has In the memo, Ram says he’s conhad several complaints from stucerned about unauthorised vehidents who have had their cars dangcles parking in the loading area. led from a tow truck’s hook to be Security is then forced to tow cars reparked at the Bauer warehouse away, in accordance with the trafcompound behind the optometry fic and parking regulations, Ram building, a service whichcosts $10. says. “Not only is this an extra Another “no parking” develop- ‘. burden on the already overburment is the rash of signs which now dened security department but it is blot the landscape between Colan unpleasent situation for all parumbia street and the playing fields. ties concerned. ” The small campus center parking lot is also soon to become a “no Ram suggests in the memo that stop” area. This lot was designed the problem could be alleviated by either the loading area or the entire to provide parking for bank customers and service vehicles and the lot being chained off. The administration has decided on the latter soluniversity administration has deution. tided to chain off the area after

‘Shamelessly

Whether become whether

or not their owners realize it, all of these vehicles are fair bait for tow trucks. It seems that UW security has renowned more for its willingness to tow cars on the dightest pretext than for anything else. We wonder these unfortunates will have their quarters refunded if they return to find their cars gone? photo by Steve rncmullan

UW finance vice-president Bruce Gellatly told the chevron Wednesday that the area would be chained off after banking hours and only vehicles servicing the campus center pub would be allowed to use it. Gellatly said the action was taken in response to Ram’s memo, adding “I don’t know how we missed it.” All other service areas are chained off at night, the vicepresident said. Ernie Lappin of Physical Resources said the chains will probably be in place within a week. Lappin was also able to explain the &routing of “no parking” signs on t6e borders of Columbia street. The signs appeared two weeks ago.

one-sided’

nsjjW Organised labour in Ontario reiected and denounced the federal government’s wage and price guidelines on Monday. At the Ontario Federation of Labour (OFL) annual convention, in Bingeman Park, 1,300 delegates, representing Ontario’s 800,000 unionized workers passed a strongly worded resolution against the guidelines. The resolution described the government’s policy as “ *. .* shamelessly one-sided, patently dishonest, highly undemocratic, unworkable and possibly uncons titutional .’ ’ During discussion on the motion no one spoke against it though there were many who called for an =ven stronger resolution. About half of those who spoke wanted a lational demonstration and a one day strike.

wage controls

Gordie Lambert of the St. Catherines and District Labour Council said to the OFL executive “lead the demonstrations, don’t wait to be invited. Organize them yourselves. ” And when he said “ifone worker is-jailed . . . then we should shut this province down,” he received loud applause from the delegates. Two delegates representing locals of the Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE) advised the OFL to follow the example set by CUPE at its convention where it passed a resolution directing all locals to defy the wage guidelines. The two delegates called for a national one day strike and a demonstration to Ottawa. A delegate from the United Electrical Workers reiterated several previous speeches by comparing I

the wage and price guidelines to the War Measures Act. He said “some union leaders ducked then and that was the start.” He said the unions must take on the establishment and there was only one way to do it “a machine shut down.” Several speakers compared the guidelines to the War Measures Act and warned in a variety of phrases that “democracy was not in good hands. ’ ’ Speeches against a national demonstration generally called on delegates to return to their locals and get the full support of their membership. Lucie Nicholson of CUPE and Stu Cooke of the United Steelworkers of America both said they had been to demonstrations at Queen’s Park where fewer than 1,500 unionists turned out. cont’d on pg. 5

During the intramural sports it is common for up to 70 cars to be parked on the grass bordering the road. Lappin said the signs were put up following a request by the regional police to all municipalities. The police asked all city councils to standardize their roads. Part of the standardization is no parking on the side of divided highways. Lappin said he will appeal to Waterloo city council that an exception to be made allowing parking beside the playing fields. He hopes to get a decision by the beginning of spring. If the appeal fails, he said, the university may have to provide a parking lot in that area, perhaps between the baseball ground and the road. But one of the problems he forsees is that the lot may not pay for itself. The parking department, he said, is under orders to make parking a self supporting item on the university budget. On another parking issue, the chevron received a complaint from a student who, having paid 25 cents to enter lot “C” (across from the university entrance), couldn’t find a space. So he parked his car beside the ramp whit h divides the lot from University avenue. His car got the $10 tow to the Bauer lot. The towing is done by a private company at the request of security. How much of it is done? “The figures are not readily available,” parking supervisor Phil McKay told the chevron. In an interview on Tuesday, McKay said it was unlikely that a car would be allowed into a lot when it was full. Cars are monitored electronically as they enter the lot, he said. When the allocated number is reached, a car is only allowed in as one has left, McKay said.

McKay said students park alongside the ramp just to be close to the university or because they haven’t looked at the far end of the lot, where he says there are invariably spaces. The chevron also received complaints a few weeks ago about cars being towed from lot “I?‘. Though it is a free lot, a car must sport a decal to be left in peace. Four hundred decals were issued by security, so that bona fide university cars can be distinguished from intruders (intruders being mainly Wilfrid Laurier University students). But the problem for some students was that they didn’t know decals were required, and by the time they learned the stickers had all gone. The chevron suggested to McKay that everyone who requested a decal should be given one and then parking would be on a first come first serve basis, in the same way that squash courts are booked. McKay said he didn’t think that would work because if everyone had a sticker they would all feel they had a right to a parking space. While parking on campus is undoubtedly tight, McKay is not sure whether there is a major problem. He says it won’t be possible to measure the problem until the bus strike is settled. He also says it is difficult to estimate how many students will bring cars onto the campus each year. For daily coin parking the university has a capacity of around 1200, McKay said. Asked if perhaps during the bus strike the parking regulations could have been a little more lax, McKay said it wouldn’t be a good idea because “people pick up bad parking habits which are hard to break.” -neil docherty

friday,

the chevron

COMING

SOON

Friday Nancy-Lou Patterson. Drawings and liturgical designs. UW Art Gallery. Hours: Monday-Friday 9-4pm, Sunday 2-5pm till Nov. 30.

BEETHOVEN SYMPHONY NO. 9 (A Song of Joy)

Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. MacKenzie from 9-l am. $.74 after 6pm.

Alfred Kunz - Music Director & Conductor Humanities Theatre Admission $2.00, students & sen. citz. $1 .OO Box Office - ext. 2126

Farming Strategies for Facing the Energy Crisis. Speaker: Professor Stuart Hill, Zoology MacDonald College, McGill U. 7:30pm AL 105. Available Friday morning and afternoon in Env. St. Lounge. “Migrations of My People the Ojibwa”. Speaker Maahn Ki Ki (Prof Fred Wheatley, Trent U) 7:30pm Centre Hall WLU. Sponsored by Sot An. Fedwation Flicks-Cabaret with Liza Minelli. 8pm AL 116 Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50.

Saturday Campus Centre Pub opens 7pm. MacKenzie from g-lam. $74 admission.

FRI. NOV. 7 - 8 p.m. SAT. NOV. 8 - 8 p.m. TEN LOST YEARS (Drama) Sold

Federation Flicks-Cabaret with Liza Minelli. 8pm AL 116. Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50.

from, the

Out

Theatre of the Arts

Nov. 18, 20 & 21 - 12:30

p.m.

The University ents

Dance

of Waterloo

depertory

Company

pres-

RENAISSANCE DANCES with MUSIC FOUR Some of the music and dances that will be performed are Casarda, Bra&, Coranto, in an English court with visitors from Spain and France. Galliard (which is a 16th century male virtuoso dance) will also be performed.

Free Admission Creative Arts Board, Federation of Students Theatre of the Arts

Sunday Credit Forks Hike. Please come with transport if can. Watch Outers bulletin board outside Env. 356 if any changes occur. 9am Meet outside campus centre. Chapel. “Making Our Lifestyles Christian”. A sermon on personal ethics by Henry Dueck, from Learnington. 10:30am Conrad Grebel College. Two films on unions, Forget it.Jack, a documentary on the Simcoe Hospital Workers strike last year and Do Not Fold, Bend, Staple or Mutilate. Portrayal of a union leader under changing conditions. Discussion and refreshments Physics 145 at 7:30 Sponsored by the Progressive Cultural Club . . *Everyone is welcome. Federation Flicks-Cabaret with Liza Minelli. 8pm AL 116 Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50. Contract Bridge Tournament-Open to students, staff and faculty. $.50/person. Sign up at the turnkey desk, CC by Nov. 8th. Fun, relaxation, and prizes. 7:30pm. Sponsored by the CC Board.

Monday Campus

Centre Pub opens 12 noon.

Salt Spring Rainbow from g-lam. after 6pm.

$.74

“Our Land, Our Life”. Mr. Roger Rolfe will speak on Dene (Indian) land claims in the northwest territories with specific reference to the Mackenzie Valley. Sponsored by the Bd of Ed, Fed of Students, & Oxfam Canada. 3pm. Bl, 245. Career information Talk orl Journalism. 3:30pm NH 1021. Sign up with receptionist Career Planning & Placement or phone ext 3675. Career information Talk on Law. 3:30pm NH 1020. Sign up with receptionist Career Planning & Placement or ext. 3675. Applications for craftspeople for Dee 1 Crafts Fair. All interested people must bring samples. 4:30pm. Campus Centre turnkey desk. Para-legal assistance offers nonprofessional legal advice. Call 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hours: 7-l Opm. Nutrition Lecture Series. “Weight Control, Food and Exercise. With Prof. Jay Thomson, Kinesiology, U of W. 7:30-l Opm. Adult Recreation Centre,. 185 King St. S. Waterloo. Public Meeting on Dene (Indian) land claims in the NWT. Roger Rolfe of Oxfam and local native reps. will discuss the situation. Sponsors Oxfam Canada, Bd of Ed Fed of Stud. 8pm Rockway Senior Citizen Centre, 1405 King St. E. Kitchener.

Tuesday Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. Salt Spring Rainbow from 9-l am. $74 after 6pm. Para-legal assistance offers nonprofessional legal advice. Call 885-0840 or come to CC 106. t-lours: 1-4:30pm. Native Not?h America Film Series. lnuit Country. 2pm. National Film Board Theatre, Suite 207 659 King Street East, Kitchener. Sponsored by SocAn. WLU.

Wednesday Campus Centre Pub opens 12 noon. Salt Spring Rainbow from 9-l am. $.74 after 6pm. University Chapel. Sponsored by the UW chaplains. 12:30pm SCH 218K. K-W Red Cross EEII

Blood Donor Clinic.

EAT m ONLY PICK-UP OR

Evans

“one of Ibsen’s greatest plays” “strikes out at false piety with a rugged

vigour

and humanity”

Humanities Theatre Admission $2.00, students & senior citizens $1.25 Box Office ext. 2126 Creative Arts Board, Federation of Students

OFFER EXPIRES November 13,1975 ONE COUPON

2-4:30pm and 6-8:30pm. Rockwa Senior Citizen Centre, 1405 King Stret E., Kitchener. Career information Talk on th Canadian Armed Forces. 3:30pm N 1020. Sign up with receptionist Caref Planning & Placement or ext. 3675. Poet Cop, Hans Jewinski, a graduate ( U of W will be reading his poems an directing a workshop in small press 0~ erations between 3:30 and 5:30 in th Faculty Lounge Hum 373. Para-legal professional

assistance legal

PER ORDER

offers advice.

nor Ca

885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hour! 7-l Opm.

Chess Club Meeting. Everyone we come. 7:30pm Campus Centre 135. Gay Coffee House. Centre 110.

8:30pm. Campu

Thursday Campus Centre Pub opens 12 nool Salt Spring Rainbow g-lam. $.74 aftc 6pm. Para-legal assistance offers nor professional legal advice. Ca 8854840 or come to CC 106. Hour 1:30-4:30. Waterloo Christian Fellowshii Everyone is welcome to come for E informal time of Bible study and fellow ship. 5:30 CC 113. Christian Science Organizatiol Everyone is invited to attend these reguii meetings for informal discussions. 73Op1 Hum 174. Films-Drylanders, Railrodder, Tt Great Toy Robbery. Free screening the National Film Board Theatre, 6E King St. E. Suite 207, Kitchene 7:30pm. Students’ Wives Club Meeting. Gue speaker on interior decorating from Tt Studio. 8pm. E4-4362. For further in call 884-9441 or 884-9243. General Meeting, Greek Students A: sociation. 8pm. Rm 110, Campi Centre.

Friday Campus Centre Pub opens 12 nool Salt Spring Rainbow from g-lam. $.7 after 6pm. Federation ‘Flicks-Phantom of tt Paradise with Paul Williams. 8pm. P 116 Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50.

any Medium he regular price

Get Identical

NOV. 18-22 - 8 p.m. Directed by Maurice

7, 197

11 th Annual CAROL FANTASY Nov. 28 & 29 - 8 p.m. Sun. Nov. 30th - 2:30 p.m.

‘the Toronto Workshop Production book by Barry Broadfoot

november

PIZZA

FREE JfitueC~~rn~

103 King St. North Waterloo,

885~6060

friday,

november

Mnamata

disease

Film on meryry

poiqcmhg shown with the out‘break of the disease. However, methyl mercury was found in concentrations of 2010 parts per billion in the plant’s drainage outlet with a decrease iti the level of concentration proportional to the distance from the outlet. Chisso’s answer was to divert its drainage into a river with the result that the people who lived along the river were also poisoned. ’ After the government announced that Chisso was responsible, the patients united in a protest and succeeded in squeezing some niggqdly compensation from the company. A few months later, the Fisherman’s Union, angered by the dwindling number of fish in Minamata Bay, stoimed the factory demanding indemnities and a cleanup of the area. Chisso finally agreed, after threats, to pay them a pittance but it refused to clean up

The-shocking effects of mercury film, are horrible and appear more poisoning’ and the struggle of dramatically in congenital victims Minamata victims against the fac- since the poison is concentrated in the mother’s placenta. tory responsible were seen in a film They range from loss of balance, which, until 1973,. was censored in Japan for its controversial nature. tunnel vision and impaired hearing The director, Noriaki Tsuchand speech, to total blindness, imoto, who is showing “Minaconvulsions and paralysis. mata Disease: A Trilogy” in a One hundred people have died Canada-wide campaign funded from the disease and there are 760 with his own money, appeared on diagnosed cases of brain damage to campus Monday +ith representadate. __ It took three years before the tives from. the Native Friendship Society of Toronto. cause of the poisoning was pinpointed by one of Ch&o's own Minamata, Japan, is the home of employees Chisso Corporation, a chemical -a doctor who had fed factory which has been emitting -some of the plant waste to an exmq,thyl mercury into the Shiramui pedentd cat. Sea since 1907. When he confronted manageThe first symptoms of mercury ment with the evidence, C,hisso dispoisoning, or “Minamata took him off mercury research and ease”, surfacing in 1956, were burned his findings. diagnosed as malnutrition and the This very powerful company, patients were encouraged to eat which controls the politics as well more fish. as the economy of the city, claimed The symptoms, as seen in the all along that it had nothing to do

and discussion

the chevron

7, 1975

held on campus

- photo by hal mitchell

Monday.

RW ,’to get coordrdinat~r

The Federation of Students executive board decided Tuesday to give Radio Waterloo the funds necessary to hire one full-time coordinator. If the decision is approved by the student council, the federation will be giving Radio Waterloo a total of $4,670. The amount is to be spent on a salary for the coordinator, magnetic tape and payments to Bell Canada. The coordinator’s job will start Nov. 17 and end April 30, 1976. The deadline for applications will be Nov. i4 and the coordinator will be selected by a hiring committee consisting of three members of the federation executive and three members from Radio Waterloo. Radio Waterloo also requested an amount of $1,090 for new microphones, furniture and lighting but the federation executive rejected the proposal. The coordinator will receive a standard federation salary of $145 a week, according to Dave Assmann of; Radio Waterloo. The job will include the coordinating of schedules and staff, equipment booking, maintaining office hours, and handling day-today breakdowns. “We are looking for someone who is familiar with the equipment and with the administrative functions ,” Assmann said. Most of thtibpposition to the decision granting aclditibnal funds to Radio Waterloo came from executive members who are &aid that another full-time employee would discourage volunteers and make the federation appea,r to be “elitist”.

Representatives from Radio Waterloo argued that this person would coordinate the volunteers and not replace- them. When the radio station began in 1968 the federation paid the salary of a full-time manager. That funding stopped in 1972 and since then

the station has managed to operate on grants. Now that this money has run out, Ridio Waterloo needs the funds to pay an employee for the remaindeF of the fiscal year if the station is to remain intact. -ted

the bay. Shaw derided the “Fish for Fun” In 1969, another epidemic of signs that the government has sugmercury poisoning broke out elsegested fishing lodges use to induce tourists to throw their contamiwhere in Japan and the patients of Minamata took Chisso to court in a nated catch back into the water. - “In an Indian concept, what do turbulent case that lasted four you mean by ‘Fish for Fun’?” years. Citizens were divided by a situaShaw asked. The federal government has a tion in which one small group of task force on mercury which has militant patients staged walk-ins, made many important and valid resit-ins, hunger strikes and cotiontations, while another more timid commendations, she said. “But nogroup tried renegotiating quick setthing ever happened to them-they tlements . sat there.‘.’ Supporters df the patients sent Shaw said the only action taken food, contributions and wrote letby the ‘government was to install ters to the local papers. two household tieezers servicing Supporters of Chisso argued that 11,000 people. the patients were threatening the She criticized the 1970 random economic livelihood of the city. testing of blood and hair for merIn -1973, the patients triumphed cury poisoning, noting that a and each victim of mercury poisonJapanese doctor did more clinical ing was paid a maximum of $68,000 testing in two’ visits than had been and a minimum of $50,000. done in five years by the governChisso has paid more than $80 ment. mil1ioEi.n indemnities, but 100,000 “The only way that various people continue to eat fish from the levels of government will get tocontaminated Shiramui Sea. gether and do something effective immediately is by virtue of public The parallels between Minamata opinion and public pressure. This is and Western Ontario are striking, according to Native Friendship where you all come in,” Shaw said. Society representative, Kit Shaw. ~ She called for a joint-action She was discussing the Dryden group between federal and provinPaper Co. near Kenora, which cial levels. from 1962 to 1970 dumped 10 to 20 When asked what the Indians pounds of mercury into the could do for themselves right now, Wabigoon River flowing past the Shaw replied that the chief of Grassy Narrows and Whitedog reGrassy Narrows was organizing serves and across the Manitoba work projects such as a guest house border into Lake Winnipeg. fpr visitors and various craft proThis year, Shaw said, the plant jects. has installed a device that should Wild rice fields which have been ensure zero discharge-but merflooded by a hydro-electric dam cury experts say it will take 70 to could be drained, she said, and 100 years for the river to cleanse proper testing of so-called unconitself. taminated lakes could be carried . . Since the main sources of liveliout. hood, guiding and fishing, were As the lakes are fished out, eliminated by the ban on commertransportation will be needed to reach more distant ones, Shaw cial fishing in 1970, unemployment rates have jumped from 20 percent said. to 80 percent, Shaw said. The anShaw is a member of the Coalinual welfare cheque came to more tion Against Mercury Poisoning, in f than $100,000 last year. Toronto, which tries to ensure that These are the real reasons, Shaw proper testing is done on emissions said, for the social disintegration, from companies throughout violent crimes and “sterebtyped Canada and the world. Indian image. ’ ’ 4ionyx mcmichael

berlinghoff

_on components SANYO SOUNDESIGN

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GEMOLOGIST NOW ON STAFF!

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friday,

the chevron

Found Found in AL 124 a Laurouse art book. Phone 576-8381.

Lost Slazenger blue squash racket. Lost November 4th (am) on the path to Lakeshore Village. Would like to get it back. Call Mark 884-2054.

OUR. LAND Destruction

of traditional

OUR LIFE

life style when development concern of natives

’

starts is major \

Roger ‘Rolfe .of OXFAM WILL SPEAK

Dene (Indian) Land Ckiims in the North , West Territories

M&day, Nov. .I0 3 p.m BIO I Room 295 Sponsored

by Oxfam,

Board

of Education .

& Federation -

Perbond Pregnant & Distressed? The Birth Control Centre is an information and referral centre for birth control, V.D., unplanned pregnancy and sexuality. For all the alternatives phone 885-1211, ext. 3446 (Rm. 206, Campus Centre) or for emergency numbers 884-8770. Gay Lib Office, Campus Centre, Rm. 217C. Open Monday-Thursday 7-l Opm; some afternoons. Counselling and information. Phone 8851211, ext. 2372. Part-time job available. Turnkey jobs available. Any registered student of the U of W may apply. General meeting that “all” applicants “must” attend will be held January 6, at 6pm, Campus Centre, Rm. 113. For further information write to S. Phillips, Campus Centre Board, U of W.

For Sale

MARKET

Once upon a time, in the summer of 1914, a tiny street Was formed in the town of Berlin. And it was called Moyer Place. Over the years, as Berlin grew larger and changed its name, Moyer Place slowly started to disappear into the tiustle and bustle of big city business. Until 1975 . . . when it was rebuilt and called Market Village.

FRONT

Typing

Will type essays or thesis. Mrs. Norm Kirby. Phone 742-9357. Will type essays and thesis. 50 cents page. Call Shelley at 744-9955. I will do typing of essays and thesis i my home. Please call Mrs. McKee i 578-2243. Will do student typing, reasonable rate: Lakeshore village. Call 885-l 863. Experienced typist for essays, terr papers etc. 50 cents a page include paper. Call 884-6705 anytime. Fast accurate typing, 40 cents apage IBM Selectric. Located in Lakeshorevi lage. Call 884-6913 anytime. Typing at home: 743-3342; Westmour area; theses, essays; reasonable rate: excellent service: no math papers.

O’KEEFE CENTRE NOV. 17-22

363-6633

& YONGE

- LIVE! ON STAGE! THE

STORE DIRECTORY: THE DOLL’S HOUSE, SYNTHESIS II, TRADEWINDS, THE LOBSTICK, PLANTED .POlTS.

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MON-THURS FRI & SAT FRI & SAT

PRODUCTION

8:30

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$8.50, $8.50, L $9.50,

6:30 9:30

Staged

7.00, 7.00, 7.50,

& Costumed

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3.50 3.50 4.00

II, ‘TRAPPINGS CUT’N PLACE,

Looking for the unusual? Unusual plants? f . Unusual containers? ,ji Unusually low prices? ‘Then visit Planted Potts. 6 Market

7, 197

eluded. Michael 885-2627 Best offer! 35mm & 2 l/4 Opemus B&W and Co our enlarger with 55mm & 75mm len! $140. Phone Kevin 884-5433. Cibie headlight conversions, Kor shocks, Stebro exhaust systems, mo: accessories at discount prices. Georg after 6pm. 744-5598, Cvation guitars, acoustic 6-string an 12-string, sunburst, hardshell case! Phone 578-7118 or U.W. ext. 3835, as for Ian. 1975 Triumph spitfire. Immaculate car dition. Phone 576-6102 anytime. Vintage 1940’s black persian lamb coa Very good condition. Three-quarte length, size 14. Best offer. Ca 743-8525. . 1966 Triumph Spitfire MKII. Duel carb: headers, no rust, new paint, Kor shocks, radials. Phone Doug 884:536 anytime. Best offer or will consider trad for Kawasaki.

Light moving done also other odd jobs, cleaning etc. Reasonable rates. Call Jeff 745-l 293. My puppy needs a good home. A 7-month old Chesapeake Bay Retriever. Please call Wini at 885-2253. Quebec Ski Tour. Dec. 27 Jan. 1 $85.5 Full days of Skiing at Mt. St. Anne. All transportation & deluxe accommodation included. For Information & Brochure. Write Canadian SkiTours, 25 Taylorwood Dr., Islington, or phone Gord Allan 749-6900. 64 Pontiac Parisienne, PS, PB, 83,000 miles, needs some work, tape deck in-

november

Village

576-0990

friday,

november

7, 1975

“Diseases

the chevron

of choice”

care is indiv/‘dua/ responsibilikty -Health care is the individual’s rather than society’s responsibility, University of Guelph professor Elisabeth Miles said Monday at a nutrition seminar in Waterloo. Quoting both the provincial and federal health ministers to back her claim, Miles said people can’t rely on others to care about their health. Federal health minister Marc Lalonde, according to Miles, feels that health care as is presently practiced is far too expensive for the taxpayer to foot the bill. Miles gave a seminar on the prevention of “diseases ,of choice” resulting from affluence to nearly 150 people, most of whom seemed al-

on the

rats kn

The number of free passes currently handed out for Federation of Students social and political events was criticized Tuesday by Art Ram, co-chairman of the federation’s entertainment board e The problem, according to Ram’ is that there are approximately 160 free passes available to various people. He asked the committee of student socie’ty presidents to make changes to the free passes policy given the high number presently being issued. Federation presidevt John Shortall proposed to the committee that all executive privilege cards be suspended pending a review bf the policy regarding free passes. He agreed with Ram that 160 complimentary passes are too many. However, the committee decided to continue the present policy and refer the matter to the federation student council. Federation education coor-

Labor

Therefore, she admitted, it is difficult’to change food patterns. She argued that prevention is The three major causes of death most effective if correct food patin North America fall into this terns are established in young Chilcategory of “diseases of choice”, dren. Parents must be tough; it is namely car accidents, cardiotheir responsibility to set a good vascular diseases and lung caycer, example. Miles said. A member of the audience critiShe mentioned that these dis- cized an advertisement which is eases are a result of our life sityle being directed towards children. and that prevention has not, so’far, He pointed out that industry been very successful. Food habits spends $86 million yearly on adverare -often influenced by psycylotisements, while the Canadian govsocial factors such as memory qf a ernment spends only $1 ,million on reaction to a particular food, sen-, nutrition education. He also challenged Miles on sevtiments related to specific occasions, love and security, relief of eral occasions, especially on the vitamin C question, but his undipanxiety and frustrations. ready quite knowledgeable subject of nutrition.

’

cont’d from pgi 1 And their sentiments were echoed by another speaker who said +‘demonstrate, yes ! But when you have the troops behind you.” But it was the more militant speakers who drew the applause from the delegates and in the two hours of discussion there was never any doubt that a motion condemning the government policy would be passed. When a vote was called only a handful of delegates voted against the resolution. The sentiment of the cpnve.ntion had been expressed earlier by OFL president David Archer in his opening address Monday morning. He told union leaders to continue negotiations despite the wage guidelines and said unionists should be prepared to go to jail to fight the government policy. The resolution was a distilled version of Archer’s opening speech. It offered several recommendations on how to combat inflation (see page 26). It urged unions to cooperate with the Canadian Labour Congress in its mass education program aimed at exposing the government’s antiinflation policy .‘Locals were asked to contribute to a “war chest” to finance the campaign against the policy and to ste’p up the drive “to organize the unorganized’ ’ . -neil

docherty

dinator Shane Roberts objected to Shortall’s proposal on the grounds that the privileges are one of the few rewards student councillors receive for their efforts. “Bruce - Arts * society president Rorrison agreed with Roberts saying that “dumping” the ‘privileges ,was not the solution to/the problem. But Environmental Studies society president Dave McLellan stated that his society is opposed to the idea of granting privilege cards. In a letter to the federation, the society criticizes the granting of these privileges saying that such action is “gross irresponsibility” on the part of a council which “rarely achieves quorum” and doesn’t “adequately” communi-’ cate with its constituency. Later, in an interview, Shortall told the chevron that it is unlikely that 160 people would ever show up at any one event. At the Myles and Lenny concert held this fall, only 35 free passes were used which meant at least $122 were “lost”, the student president said. Shortall commented that “what we are dealing with here is how many of the people who used these passes would have gone anyway.” He went on to say that it was the small concerts ,-pubs and movies which stand to lose the most since they are dealing with small amounts of money. A list of those who are entitled to complimentary tickets was first compiled in 1968. It included the’ campus and city news media, the university president, people who had contributed in some way to-

wards the event and members of the federation executive board including the president. Generally these passes are distributed in pairs ., Since then, the list has grown and the situation reached it’s present state when members of the student council and the committee of student society presidents voted separately to grant themselves executive privilege cards. These cards grant free admission to events for the card holder and one guest. For student councillors, the cards also include a $50 expense account which un be used by members for events involving their constituents. Shortall used, as recent examples of such use, the Engineering Faculty newsletter and a proposed seminar on abortion at St. Jerome’s College (the idea has since been dropped). He also said that the exact guidelines as to how this money is used have still to be decided on by council. The privileges were granted to encourage the participation of student councillors, the student president said. When members of the committee of student society pre& idents complained about not having the same rewards, the student council granted the committee executive privilege cards, Shortall said. However, it is not known whether the scheme is successful as there hasn’t been a council meeting since the granting of the privilege cards. -graham

lomatic manner left the audience worse, Miles said. Liver cells do regenerate but eventually some of quite unimpressed by his remarks. Miles expressed her trust in the the 40 liver functions will be inhibited by .scdr tissue. American and Canadian food control boards and feels that the food Tbre is little evidence that alindustry will cooperate with public cohol datiaies brain cells directly, Miles said. health council& She went on to discuss nutrition Juvexiile onset diabetes in chilrelated to baby food, alcoholism, dren and young adults must be diabetes, cardio-vascular disease handled by an insulin diet, Miles and hypoglycemia. said. The control is more difficult Overfeeding babies is a potential than with adult onset diabetes, which can either be prevented or cause of obesity, Miles said. Breast feeding in itself does not prevent fat effectively treated by reduction of babies. the person’s weight. However, bottle fed babies tend An insulin diet is preferable to to be overfed more easily since oral drugs, since there’s some evioften the moiher encourages the dence the latter cause an increase baby to finish the bottle after the in cardio-vascular death_s, the probaby is satiated, Miles said. fessor said. Mothers who don’t use their According to Miles, hypogbreasts also tend to introduce solid lycemia is a fad-disease. The sympfood at an earlier stage, the profestoms are vague and can be due to sor said. Breast feeding is generally many things, especially emotional preferable so long as mothers don’t = or nervous stress. Hypoglycemia is put corn syrup on their nipples, she caused, by low, blood sugar levels. added. There is little agreement, apparAt McMaster University it was ently, as to what a low blood sugar found that syrup dip.ped nipples on level really is, Miles said. bottles caused babies tb have little A gentleman by the namk of Carlenwe on their teeth. ton Friedrich who seems to have Miles criticized the food industry published some thoughts on hypofor selling strained apple pie as glycemia does not have Dr. Miles’ baby food. However, industry confideFEe. “He isp’t even a nutwant leaders claim that mothers ritionist, she said. that type of food. When a member of the audience On the question of alcohol, Miles claimed that Friedrich had a PhD in pointed to a recent study in New public health from a school in New York, Miles then questioned the York City which indicates that any credibility of the school’s public amount of alcohol is toxic to the liver independently of other food health program. Cholesterol was cited by Miles as digested., It also destroys the cells in the sqall intestine which absorb the major culprit with respect to nutrients, the professor said. cardio-vascular disease. Thirty to Previously it was argued that al- 40 mg tiere given as normal levels in the blood. cohol is worse for poor people since their nutritional state is =-george &sler

Smoky, money, money If you are a student waiting for scholarship or bursary money from a non-university sourde you are advised to check the list in the awards office to see whether your funds have been received. OSAP re_cipients should not panic. The liniversity has a courier service enabling them to get documents back and forth from Toronto. There should be little or no delay in the delivery of grant cheques or loan certificates.

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Mass Schedule 900 a.m. Sunday - IO:00 a.m. II:30 a.m. 7:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. Weekdays 7:00 a.m. 12:35 p.m. 5:00 p.m. Confessions Saturday 6:15 p.m. Father Norm Choate CR., 884-4256 Father Bob Liddy CR. 884-0863 or 884-8110

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Nov. 7 AM Carlos Mota and\ Mike Moore AM Mike Ura PM, Story - “Wizard of Oz” with Marilyn Tu mer PM Mike Ura PM Dave Thompson AND PM SEXUALITY HUMANKIND - Women and Madness - Carol Pierce and Iris Jackson discuss aspects of psychiatric aid and implications for women PM Phil Rogers PM EARTH SPACES - Mosaic programme on immigration hosted by Paul Wrightman PM The Mutant Hour with Bill W harrie, PM JAZZ with Jan -Murray AM Sign Off

Saturday Nov. 8 9:00 AM Robert Statham l 12:qO AM James t$gginson 3:00 PM To Be Announced 3:30 PM Ian Alien and Sandy Yates 6:00 PM Music 8:30 PM PEOPLE’S MUSIC - This programme is intanded as a showcase for k&l musicians , and features many original compositions.“rhis week, Folkstone. 9:30 PM David Moss 12:OO PM Don Cruikshahk

Sunday Nov. 9 9:00 AM Greg Lemoine Q:OO AM MUSIC HELVITICA - Jazz and classical music from Radio Switzerland 12:30 PM THE HISTORY OF OPERA with Brigitte Allen 3:00 PM Harold Jarnicki 6:00 PM Bob Valliant 9:00 PM INFORMATION MADE PUBLIC - In co-operation with CNR-FM this programme examines local news and issues. Hosted by Bill Culp and Bob Mason. 1O:OO PM Ken Mitchell and Mike Kelso 12:OO PM Ray Marcinqw ,. 3:00 AM Sign Off Monday Nov. 10 9:00 AM Chris Hart 12:OO AM Music 12:15 PM Story - “Wizard of Oz” with Marilyn Tu mer 12:45 PM Music 2:45 PM PERSPECTIVES - United Nations Radio, produced in New York 3:00 PM Jeff Parry 5:30 PM THE WORLD AROUND US - Talk with sociologist and political scientist Vittorio Ceppechi - about politics and trade unions in - Italy \ 6:30 PM Steve Atkinson 8:OQ PM FOLK MUSIC with Stan Gap 9:OO?fvl NATIVE ISSUES - Native culture and children’s aid are among topics discussed by Duke Redbird, Vice-President of the Native Council of Canada 9:30 PM JAZZ with Dennis Ruskin 12:OO PM Ewan Brocklehurst 3:00 AM Sign 0ff Tuesday Nov. 11 9:00 AM Doug Baker 12:OO AM Dave Gillett 12:15 PM Story - “Wizard of Oz” with Marilyn Turner 12:45 PM Dave Gillett 2:45 PM SCOPE - United Nations

3:00 5:30

6:15 9:00 IO:00 12:OO 3:00

Danny’s a brilliant student. There’s no end to what he wants to learn. Yet Danny’s no hermit. He really enjoys a good time. one of the things Danny’s learned at university is how to keer, those good times good. When he drinks, whether it’s beer, wine or spi his limit and he respects it. Another year or so,and Danny will be working in a field th&s fascinated him a]] his life. He wouldn’t risk spoiling the opportunity for anvthing. Yes, Uanny is going to make it.

Wednesday Nov. 12 9:00 AM Pat Dunn 12:OO AM David Glendenning 12:15 PM Story - “Wizard of Oz” witt Marilyn Turner 12:45 PM David Glendenning 3:00 PM Bill Sturit 5:30 PM COUCHICHING 1975 -Twc discussions - First with former _ Peruvian President Dr. B. Terry about problems of third world ur. banization and the second with U of W Prof. Diem on environ. mental hazards 6:15 PM Bert Bonkowski 9:00 PM IS THIS IT? local news ant ’ commentary with Mike Gordon 9:30 PM BLUES with Nathan Ball 12:OO PM Nigel Bradbury 3:00 AM Sign Off . Thursday Nov. 13 9:00 AM Music 12:OO AM Greg Yachuk 12115 PM Story - “Wizard of Oz” witp Marilyn Turner 12:45 PM Greg Yachuk )I 3:00 PM DISCO WATERLOO with John Williams 5:30 PM SPORTS F~EP~RT 6:00 PM Andy Bite 9:00 PM POVERTY AND THE CHILD - Child abuse is discus. sed by Dr. Young, taped ai Kitchener Public Library this summer 9:30 PM Mike Devillaer 12:OO PM Larry Stareky and Lou Montana 3:00 AM Sign Off

Danny’s a brdliant student. There’s no end to what he wants to learn. Yet Danny’s no hermit. Hc really enjoys a good time. That’s the problem. It’s not that he sets out to brink too- , much, but once Danny starts .:.: :_:. ‘!:.: !

7, 197:

Radio (Content determined b] mail strike) PM+ally Tomek PM DOWN TO EARTH FESTI VAL - History and effects o pyramid power and &tues o triticale, a cross between whea and rye, are discussed ‘\ PM Niki Klein PM Joe Belliveau PM LIVE PUB BROADCAST Salt Spring Rainbow PM Ewan Brocklehurst AM Sign Off

Dtiniel Rodier+ Scholarship student+ Dedicated to becoming a marine “9 biologist+ - Will he make it? Yes, . he WILL+

november

see a doctor, except he says it’s just a phase he’s going through. His work hasn’t suffered yet. But if Danny doesn’t change, it soon will. LAnd, no, Danny won’t

friday,

november

7, 1975

the chevron

Women in China

Artsoc

funds feminist

Women’s liberation scored points when the Arts society de:ided Tuesday to partially fund a Feminist who will speak on “Women in China” at UW Nov. 19. Katie Curtin; a former student at the University of Toronto, is being brought to campus by the Young Socialist (YS) club in conjunction with the Federation of Students, Artsoc president Bruce Rorrison said. But since the federation will only natch half the cost of the speaker, ;he YS club will have to obtain ‘unds from “other sources”, Rorison explained. He then asked 4rtsoc councillors to grant the group $10 for the event.

Women

Councillors, after some discussion, decided to subsidize the YS club to the tune of $25 with the proviso that if there’s need of additional funding, the group can reapply for more. The federation’s education board has already committed itself to paying $100 as an honorarium for Curtin, and the YS club has to come up with another $100 to pay the. . speaker’s full fee, - Rorrison said. Rorrison said he was approached by YS club organizer Laurie Fischer, who in a letter asked Artsot to donate $50 for the speaking engagement. Fischer also said the group is approaching other student societies for contributions.

students

Over the past four years there ras been a small but steady in:rease in the number of female stulents at the university. Of the 13,300 undergraduates admitted this year, 40 per cent are women according to statistics from :he registrar’s office. U W president &u-t Matthews said Friday there Mere more women returning each {ear for higher courses. “This is where it has to start,” said Mattrews. “The lack of women in uniIersity administrations and faculies which people keep pointing out :an only shift if a change takes )lace in this position,” he said. The president said these figures vere the most optimistic sign of a :hange he has seen. The university ias been stressing the opporunities for women in its liaison

Library offers If you get your overdue books in oday, the library won’t fine you. This is the first amnesty declared )y the library since 1965. All outstanding fines incurred by 111library users will be waived, as ollows : -for material that has been returned but fines are still outstanding, the fines will be cancelled; -for material that has not yet been

with the high schools, he said. The statistics show that the percentage of women in the arts faculty has risen from 52.6 in 1972 to 59.5 this year. In human kinetics and leisure studies the percentage of women has risen from 48 to 59. Of UW’s engineering students, 3.6 per cent are women. The only encouragement the president could get from that figure is that it has tripled since 1972. In environmental studies women make up 30 per cent of the undergraduates, up from 26 per cent in 1972. In in\egrated studies the figure is 4 1 per cent, in mathematics it is 30 per cent, and in science it is 20.5 per cent. The 1972 figures for those three faculties were 30 per cent, 27.4 per cent, and 15 per cent respectively.

amnesty returned fines will be cancelled, if and only if the material is returned during the amnesty period ; -for material that has not yet been returned but is considered lost (i.e. the borrower has been sent a bill for replacement charges), replacement charges and fines will be cancelled if and only if the material is returned during amnesty.

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A YS club background ,piece says that Curtin wrote a book entitled Women in China which examines the role women have played in the Chinese revolution and attempts to point out the discrimination women still face in education, in the work force, in management, in politics and the problem of women and sexuality. Though Curtin hasn’t visited China, Fischer said her recent book “is particularly relevant in this period of considerable interest in both feminism and China.” “Katie Curtin has not been in China but she’s done sufficient study to write a book which is competent on the matter,” Fischer said. In other business, Artsoc heard a report on the status of its coffeehouse from coordinator Patti Gilbert. Gilbert said that to date the student enterprise has derived a profit of $145 which was divvied up among the workers and managers on an hourly basis. To improve the service, Gilbert said she purchased a better coffee machine which is easier and quicker to operate. Gilbert also said she plans to lower the prices of the sandwiches at the coffeehouse as she’s found a cheaper supplier. In another matter, councillors accepted the resignation of vicepresident Kris Sri B haggiyadatta, and moments later nominated Sandy Vaughan, a second year Arts student, to the position. Councillors felt she was the “most qualified” councillor for the position as outlined in the Artsoc con. stitution. -john

morris

OXFAMs;okesman discusses Dene people

The living conditions of the Indians and Metis-the Dene in the Northwest Territories (NWT) and land settlements peoplethere will be discussed Monday at UW by OXFAM spokesman i Roger Rolfe. The Dene people want to retain ownership over 450,000 square miles of traditional Indian land in the N WT, used by their antes tors for more than 30,000 years. They also want a continuing role in planning as well as profiting by the modern development of their ancient homeland. OXFAM has given Indian Brotherhood of the NWT a grant of $140,000 over the next two years to finance economic studies and community development programs connected with the land settlement scheme. Rolfe will be explaining the OXFAM program and describe the current living conditions of the Dene people in the far north. :‘The native people of Canada have been bought off, pushed aside, and then forgotten to make way for the white man’s vision of development,” Rdfe says. ‘ ‘Pushed to the fringes of Canadian society, most of them languish today in poverty and despair that bears a striking resemblance to conditions in areas where OXFAM works overseas.” This is the first domestic project which OXFAM has undertaken. So far the federal minister of Indian Affairs, Judd Buchanan, has given the Dene proposal a cool reception. OXFAM will also circulate a petition which urges the goverment to negotiate a settlement with the Dene. The petition also seeks a postponement of all major development projects in the North-including the MacKenzie Valley Pipeline -until a land settlement is achieved with the native people. Copies of the petition and a brochure.explaining the issue will be available at the meetings or may be obtained from OXFAM, Box 18,000, Station “A”, Toronto. “Canadians have always been captivated by the romance of the frontier, ’ ’ the OXFAM spokesman asserts. “The fur trade; the timber trade; the immigrant farmer breaking the prairie sod; the’ building of the C .P. R. But each of these frontiers created its victims, and the greatest of these were Canada’s native people. “Like other frontiers before it, the North beckons us with the promise of rich resources. According to present plans, the conquest of Canada’s northern and last frontier will belittle different from the conquest of those which went before.” “The Dene are not opposed to all development,” he concludes. “But the Dene want to survive not only as individuals, but as a nation whose rich language and culture and way of looking at life have much to contribute to the Canadian mosaic. This is especially true in an age when all of us seek ways to live in more harmony with our environment. ’’

friday,

the chevron

The Canadian

Corporate

Elite

‘Clement discusses Regional inequahties in Canada are created and maintained by the upper class and corporate elite in Ontario and are aggravated by federal government investing and purchasing, according to Wallace Clement, author of The Canadian Corporate

Elite.

’

Clement, who is presently teaching at McMaster University, was lecturing on regionalism in two classes of Canadian Studies 201 on the UW campus in the last few weeks. His arguments were illustrated by models which parallelled regional disparity to, overdevelopment/underdevelopment on a global scale. These models indicated how profits and resources flowed to overdeveloped and highly industrialized centre nations from underdeveloped or periphery nations whose regions or economies were largely controlled

Get With

by parent corporations in the centre nations. These relationships occur within Canada, Clement indicated, and even within provinces, especially Ontario. The “Golden Triangle” area within the axes of WindsorMontreal-Toronto contains most of Canada’s manufacturing facilities, most of the Canadian headquarters of multi-national corporations operating within Canada, and almost all the institutions of the Canadian upper class, such as social clubs and elite private schools. According to statistics presented by Clement, regionalism in Canada is manifested both in differing levels of development of the economy and in disparities in the quality of life across the country. He described the economies of both western Canada and the maritime provinces as being based overwhelmingly on resource ex-

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regionalism traction, whereas central Canada (i.e. southern Ontario) has a highly developed economy in the area of manufacturing, finance, and transportation . The control exerted over the Canadian economy is also centered with the corporate elite in the Golden Triangle Clement said. He has surveyed the origins of directors of the large corporations in Canada (both foreign and Canadian-owned) to determine the distribution of directors in each sector of the economy relative to the distribution of the population across Canada. Western Canada has more directors per unit of population in resource industry than the other regions of Canada, but is underrepresented in other sectors. Eastern Canada (i.e. the maritime provinces) is under-represented in all sectors of the economy. Central Canada is over-represented with directors in the areas of manufacturing fmance and transportation utilities.

Quality of life Turning his concern to quality of life, Clement said that the tax bases are crucial for providing social services. Among Canadian provinces the distribution of taxes received from industry is not equal to the distribution of population and therefore the provinces are not equally capable of providing services unless they overtax the population. Ontario, for example, in 1972 with 36 per cent of the population of Canada, received 46 per cent of the total taxes levied on industry. But the Atlantic provinces with 10 per cent of the population received only 5 per cent of industrial taxes.

in Canada

Presenting a series of government statistics summarizing some basic services for homes, Clement indicated the relationship between the income disparities and the quality of life in various regions in Canada. For example, 2.7 percent of occupied dwellings in Canada do not have piped running water, while in the Maritimes and the Prairies the figures are well above the national average with 9.6 percent and 8.0 percent respectively. Ontario has only 1.1 percent without this service. In respect to dwellings where families do not have exclusive use of a bath or shower, he pointed to figures which are even more disparate. The national average is 7.4 percent of dwellings without this service, but in the maritime provinces the figure is 27.1 percent and in Ontario it is only 3.6 percent. The’ incidence of low-income families, Clement pointed out, again shows inequalities. In Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island 34 percent of families are classified as low income by official statistics. Other figures are: Saskatchewan with 28 percent, but Ontario with 11 percent. Although he described Canadian federal politics as fragmented among provinces and territories, Clement emphasized that regionalism in Canada should not be seen as being caused by political boundaries. The roots of regionalism lie in the branch-plant structure of the economy whereby surplus is extracted from one area and not returned because of the branch plant’s ownership by a parent corporation. This region is dependent on the parent company which has pro-

vided the initial capital, technology and management personnel tc begin development of the region, Clement said. Because decisionmaking is centralized in the parent company, the further development of any region depends on the parenf corporation’s priorities for investment. But in all cases of branch plant relations the centre will be extracting a surplus above its investment thus allowing the overdevelopment of the centre area ant underdevelopment of the region. Clement emphasized that the ex. tractive relationship is also charac, teristic of class relations where ar owning class extracts value from ; working class, and that regionalisn frequently poses for what are reall! class relationships. Both relation ships he said, “in Canada, at least are reproduced by the institution 01 private property. This is not to saJ that there are not extractive rela tionships or regionalism of a differ. ent kind in non-capitalisl societies ,” but that. these occur under different circumstances.

Federal spending inequalities Clement’s argument that federal government spending aggravates the uneveness of d.evelopment wa: supported by statistics indicating that government purchasing is con centrated in Ontario. He quotec figures from six years up to 1971 where 44 percent of purchasing wa$ done in Ontario (with 36 percent o: the population) while less than l( percent occurred in the westerr provinces (with 27 percent of the population). To further clarify this point, he went on to describe the spending policies of the Department of Reg ional and Economic Expansior (DREE), a federal bureau with the authority to allocate funds for the alleviation of regional disparity ir Canada. Clement expressed the problem of this department as lying in its practice of granting money tc giant multinational corporations a5 incentives to investing in certair regions rather than using the money directly to boost tht economy of that region. As an example of the results 0’ this policy he described a gran from DREE of $13.8 million to : Quebec subsidiary of New York’! International Telegraph and Tele cont’d on pg: C,

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friday,

november

7, 1975

the chevron

cont’d from pg. 8 phone Company (ITT). The grant was made to create 459 jobs by that company in the pulp and paper industry in Quebec while at the same i time Canadian In_ternational Paper was laying off 550 workers. As Clement stated; “this cost Canadians $14 million to lose 91 jobs.” In this case ITT Canada dealt ” with liberal premier of Quebec Robert Bourassa and federal Liberal prime minister Pierre Trudeau. Working for ITT as negotiator was Jean Lesage, who had been the Liberal premier of Quebec before Bourassa.

(-_ did somebody mention, l

Canada-U .S. relations In describing the general characteristics of corporate relations between Canada and the U.S., Clement indicated that, although Canada is still dominated economically by the U .S . , “the leading edge of the Canadian corporate elite has entered into a very direct alliance with U.S. corporations,” and in some cases “is in fact sitting on the parent boards of those corporations, independent of subsidiary felations . ” This is contrasted with the usual previous situations where Canadians would only sit on the American-dominated boards of U.S. subsidiary companies in Canada. Presently, in the longeststanding 0 .S. owned companies in this country, Canadians are being recruited for executive positions in the branch plant up to the point where there are only an average of two directors sent in from the parent corporation. (The owners appear confident that Canadians have been sufficiently trained to continue the managemqnt of the subsidiary in a manner agreeable to the policies of the parent company.) In those situations where the alliances are independent of parent subsidiary relations, Clement has found that powerful Canadians from Canadian-owned corporations are obtaining positions as directors of large American corporations. Most of these Canadians come from the financial and transportation’-utilities sectors of the Canadian economy, areas

which are almost completely Canadian-controlled. Many of these companies are looking for foreign areas in which to irivest. This interlocking of Canadian and U.S. corporations, Clement said; is increasing, with directors flowing in both directions between the two countries. This usually occurs with Canadian finance capitalists moving to the top U.S. manufacturing firms and American manufacturing capitalists sitting ?s directors on Canadian-<financial institutions. Clement recited statistics to show that 54 out of the top 194 U. S . corporations are interlocked with Canadian corporations, but only 10 of these interlocks aTe between qarent and subsidiary companies. Clement’s description of these international relations appeared to indicate a domination of fragmented economies by a multinational elite operating through branch-plant structures in many countries. He pointed to the situation of “absentee ownership” as being a key problem within this structure. His further description indicated that the “consequences

of foreign ownership at the national level and on the local level exhibit very similar characteristics including a lack of autonomy from outside control and decision-making”, also, extraction of resources and capital, and a higher degree of uncertainty as to the continuation of the branch plant because it is peripheral to the overall operation of ihe corporation. However, Clement also felt that, based on the difficulty the Canadian state is presently having in convincing corporations in Canada to invest within Canada, it does not appear that it -would make much difference if the corporations were owned in Canada. In such a situation the profits and decision’ making would still be controlled by a small corporate elite.

Social attitudes

Clement contrasted the attitudes of two groups of people towards absentee ownership. He cited interviews in a book by Rex Lukas, Minetown,

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Railtown,

which he felt were indicative of populations .living in areas whose economy is dominated by single

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companies externally owned. Although the corporations in these areas are usually American branch-plants, the residents seldom express anti-American sentiment in respect to co#rol of the economy, as do many in the Golden Triangle area. “The orientation of people in single-industry towns is towards anti-external capital, not makir@ the distinction between U.S. and Canadian.” Asked to clarify the distinction between a fragmented regional political economy and the alternative of local autonomy which his arguments criticizing absentee ownership seemed to imply, Clement replied that he did not want to elaborate “utopian” structures, but that he would describe a few characteristics he felt essential to a workable system. He first pointed out that the development of capitalism has been from more-or-l.ess autonomous petty bourgeois units of production and distribution into the multi-national monopoly corporate structure of the present day. He indicated that this development is irreversable; -given the complex interdependencies of, pro-

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duction and consumption pattertis and social class today, aaitonomous privately-owned industries and businesses would be impossible. However, it was his opinion that industries in an alternative system would have to be completely worker-controlled and economic decision-making completely locally held. Trade relations among these autonomous groups would still be complex, rather than isolated as in the early petty-bourgeois model, but the sources of power would not lie in any central body, and surplus would not flow towards absentee owners as is the case between branch-plant and parent companies . Rather, trade would be on an equal basis with central organizations set up to handle information exchange. “I would strongly argue,” Clement concluded, “that these central bodies would have no more power delegated to them than is necessary to perform these communications tasks, which is a far, far lesser power than is held by parent corporations today. ” -Steve

ixr@a

friday,

the chevron

november

7, 1975

Pollution

“VVho is respon “PEOPLE POLLUTE!” That should have a familiar ring by now. First we hear how hiunger and overcrowding-is due to people-too many of them. Now we’re being told that the pollution of America is due to people-too many of them. Is it really our fault that breathing city air is like smoking three packs of cigarettes a day? Did we kill Lake Erie, or -muck up the beaches of California, Louisiana, Florida and Maine with Oil? Did we com-

It’s foolish to say that any one thing is “the major problem”-as far as pollution is concerned. Ecology is a matter of balance. Anything which upsets that delicate balance threatens us all. The problem is?eally the tremendous number of things which are upsetting the balance of life. ’ The rivers afid lakes we drink from are also used as vast, open - sewers. And all the chemicals and pesticides and detergents and oil dumped in them wind up in the ocean, which gets filthier every year. Over 45O,OOO,OOO tons of garbage accumulate in America every year, filling useful land and costing immense amounts of money. Much of the trash-bottles, cans, plastic containers-is almost impossible to get rid of. Even radioactivity .is a problem, as in Denver, where they recently discovered that a nearby atomic bomb factory was releasing radioactive plutonium into the air, water and soil. For those without community A-bomb plants, substitute the color TV set, which apparently broadctists a lot more than living color (latest safety breakthrough in this area: keep..six feet away !) Obviously, then, there’s a lot more to this than dirty air. But what about air pollution itself? We can learn a lot about the other forms of pollution by understanding what makes our air so bad. What’s true for one is true for all. \ Air pollution has many causes. Most officials and reporters play up the role of automobiles because they contribute heavily to air pollution in terms of sheer tonnage of pollutants released. Even here, though, estimates vary widely, . from less than 25% to over 50% of the total. More important are the amounts of really toxic chemicals that escape into the atmosphere. Alcohol and arsenic are both poisons, but it j takes a lot more booze than arsenic ta do you in. The same principle hslds true for the air we breathe. Over 80% of auto exhaust, aside from carbon dioxide and water - vapor, is carbon monoxide, an

mand the bulldozers and cement trucks that paved under a million acres of America last year, substituting a million acres of shopping centers, tract homes, motel strips and industrial parks? Do people pollute? And if not, who does-and why? The best way to answer this question is to take a deeper look at the things they tell us about pollution -where it comes from, how it can be stopped, and who is going to stop it.

Jose, California, one of the major odorless, colorless, tasteless gas. It’s bad stuff, but the human body . industrial areas on the West Coast happens to have a good deal of toSan Jose has one-tenth the lerance for it. Carbon monoxide is populationand one-tenth the more or less the booze of air pollucars-of Los Angeles, but in many tion: over a long time, it will do ways its air is more dangerous. San harm. Jose has the third highest concentThe other four components of ration of cancer-causing pollutants polluted air are much more in the in its smog, according to the U.S. arsenic tradition: a little bit goes a Public Health Service. Only Gary long way. Both cars and industry and Pittsburgh are worse. produce them. These highly San Jose may not have millions poisonous substances include: of people or cars, but it does have companies like Owens-Corning (microscopic . particulates Fibreglass. One of their factories, bits of Fatter suspended in just outside the city, got so bad that the air) the local citizens hired their own organics (hydrocarbon cominvestigators after the sniog control pound gases from incomsmthorities kept pooh-poohing the plete combustion) threat. Soon enough, they learned nitrogen oxides (also gases that the one plant, operating 24 from burning) hours a day, spews a more deadly sulpher oxides (gases from exhaust than a million new cars! the burning of fossil Eight tons of filth-saturated exfuelsxoal and oil) haust every minute. The plume These are the pollutants you frefrom the smokestack, photographs quently see or smell, and it takes revealed, drifts fifty miles and very little of them to damage your blankets all of San Jose, covering body. an area of 126 square miles. In addition, nitrogen oxide and If industries stand equal to the organic pollutants combine chemiautomobile as an air polluter, why cally in sunlight to produce photodo cars take the brunt of the blame? chemical smog. This is the brow- . The answer is money. Big Businish-haze that blots out the afterness doesn’t want the clean-up bill. noon view, on sunny days in most As long as people think cars are American cities. It’s also the stuff the culprit, they can be fooled into that makes your eyes sting and thinking that cutting down auto extear, and starts you coughing. haust vill really make the air fit to Now, the point of all this is that breathe. industries produce at least 50% of And this leads to something even these really dangerous pollutants. more important: people can be perDon’t be misled by quantity (how suaded to accept the idea that air’ much); in many ways it’s the qualpollution is their own fault. ity (how dangerous) of air pollution Belching smokestacks aren’t our that counts. fault. What about exhaust pipes? Furthermore, in major industrial Do you feel guilty when you areas the amount and variety of drive your car? Do you believe that dangerous filth industries put in the anyone who owns a car is a polluair is even greater and more tion criminal? dangerous.. Arsenic itself makes a Let’s follow it through. Let’s fine example: in 1969, two students admit that cars are a major polluter; who had grown up in Gary, Inafter all) it’s true. And admit that diana, went off to college in we’re the ones who buy and drive Michigan and within a short time the things. Does that make us regot very sick. Doctors found that sponsible? they had actually become addicted Consider the following: to the arsenic belched into the .Fact: The auto industry has al“air” of Gary by the enormous ways led efforts to block steel mills and were suffering withmass transit programs and drawal symptoms ! An even better example is San mnf’d on pg. 11

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from pg. IO push highway systems through the cities. 50% of the space in American cities is consumed by cars and their needs. Fact: General Motors products net the company over $1.7 billion in clear profit every vear. but thev also account <or 3j% of the air pollution tonnage in the U.S. Yet GM spends less than $40 million (equivalent to 2% of its profits) on cleaner engine research, as compared to $600 million for style changes and $300 million for advertising (together, equivalent to over 50% of its profits). Moreover, auto comd

panies buy up and suptransit system (if, indeed, there is press patents and designs one in our community) is invariably that could lead to cleaner slow, inconvenient (lots of transtransportation (such as the - fers), dirty-and, lately, expenLear steam car, bought by sive. GM and quietly shelved). To top it off, they have the nerve Fact: The American auto indus- - to tell us that auto pollution is our try designs its cars to last about three years. As a result over 12 million cars India Cave are junked every year, Restaurant creating a tremendous dis20 Young St., Kitchener posal and dumping probSunday Special lem, the cost of which is borne by you and me. Chicken Curry with Rice I Add to this the fact that our $2.25 HOURS towns and cities are all spread out. TUES-SAT We live in one place, and work 5-10 p.m. miles away, and have tot shop for SUN 4:30-9:00 p.m. CLOSED MON. food in a third location, and buy our clothes in a fourth. We didn’t design it that way. And the mass

fault because we drive cars-so let us pay for it. As if we hadn’t been paying all along. The freeways and superhighways pushed through by the auto, oil and construction industries were paid for by us. These were all highly subsidized operations. Take a look at the gas pump, and you’ll see right there just how much you’re paying. By law,gasoline tax money can only go to build new highways and repair old ones. It can’t go for smogless, free public transportation, despite the fact that studies have shown that such a system would be cheaper for everyone-given the hidden costs of air pollution, the valuable space consumed by cars, and the junk problem. That tax money can’t even go for anti-pollution research (although some congressmen want to change that, as long as the research isn’t intended to phase out cars). So what choice do we have? The auto pollutes, yes. Not the driver, but the machine. Whichmeans that the corporations who built those machines, used the profits they got from us to make sure we’d have no other way of getting around, spent all that money to sell us more and poorer quality cars-they pollute. It doesn’t end here. Because pointing the finger at the cause of pollution raises the question of who is able to stop it. This is the first of a series of short features on, pollution taken from the

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Displayed.here is the chart of Weston’s organization, and though it doesn’t include a// the company,? subsidiaries it shows its diversification. A more complete chart can be obtained from the OPlRC office on campus for ten cents.

W. GarfieM

Weston

Retail Dhfbion

Corporate

by David The name is Weston. In Canada it’s a familiar rademark, a brand name that stands out on the sides of the rackets of baked goods and breads that so many of us devour for breakfast. Behind the name there lives a family of industrious Jakers, now in its third generation. At the head of the ‘amily stood George Weston, a Toronto breadwagon lriver who founded a successful biscuit manufactory in the ate 1800’s; after him came a son, Willard Garfield, who used the bakery as a base for his entrepreneurial talents mnd transformed the humble concern into an industrial giant; today two grandsons, Galen and Garry, are busy :onsolidating their father’s prolific work and moving it in rew directions. Details of domestic life do not concern us here. But the ntricate development of the family business is of compeling interest, in particular because of the pervasive and argely unexamined influence this corporation exerts over he food chain in Canada. It concerns us the more so jecause of the dearth of information available to the public m the size, dealings and history of the company. Members of the Weston clan remain bakers to this day, Jut the parent firm of George Weston Ltd. serves also as a rolding company under which are clustered financial inerests in as many as 244 companies. Most of these diverse inns are not connected by the general public as elements If a unified group acting under a central authority. Yet these interests are so extensive that there can be few Canadian communities that fail to come in contact with Weston influence, whether it be by shopping in retail tores owned by Weston or in independent outlets supIlied by Weston-owned wholesalers; whether through the urchase of foodstuffs, dairy products and confectionary :oods manufactured by Weston-owned wholesalers; vhether through the purchase of foodstuffs, dairy prolucts and confectionary goods manufactured by Westonowned companies or goods packaged in Weston-made ontainers or packed by Weston-owned firms. In August of 1974, the Financial Post ranked George Veston Ltd. the tenth largest industrial firm operating in lanada, based on sales of almost $1.4 billion. L&law Cos. &I. (of which Weston owned 60.3% at the time and effecively controls ,) was ranked Canada’s largest merchandis-

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and John

Keyes

ing firm with sales of $2.7 billion. When the figures from these two corporate wings are consolidated into a single financial return, an act that accountants have clamoured for throughout the last decade, Weston’s is by far the largest Canadian corporation operating in Canada. In 1974, the North American based Weston group of companies had sales of $4.7 billion, with Loblaw Companies Ltd. alone accounting for roughly $3.0 billion. Yet despite this preeminence of position in the Canadian corporate community, little is known of the company or of those who administer it. Willard Garfield Weston was mentioned only once in John Porter’s Vertical Mosaic, where he was lumped with those Canadian “promoters” who, like Lord Beaverbrook, had “gone to live permanently abroad.” The 1974 edition of Who’s Who In Canada lists none of George Weston Ltd.‘s fifteen corporate officers, none of the eleven corporate directors and lists none of the four members of the firm’s executive committee. Since December of 1974, the company has made two notable additions to its board of directors. Mark Hoffman, previously a director of the Hambros Bank in London, England, and formerly with the World Bank in Washington, took a senior vice-presidential position and directorship in January 1975. Then in April former Deputy Minister of Finance in the Trudeau government, S. Simon Reisman was appointed to the Board of Directors. At the 53rd Weston annual shareholders meeting, held in Toronto on May 9, W. Galen Weston, chairman of the Board of directors and president of Loblaw Companies, introduced Reisman as the member of the management team mandated to look over government-company relations at all levels. In light of the recently announced Royal Commission on big business in Canada, this is a timely appointment. If little is known about the Weston family, it is hardly by accident; indeed, a low profile-and at times outright the formative years of the conglomerate secrecy -typified the family has fashioned. As we search what literature is available on the subject, three dominant features will emerge: the first is the company’s sheer-size and the rapidity with which it grew through acquisition and takeover from a tiny bakery into a multi-national conglomerate of

“byzantine complexity;” the second is the secrecy in which the architects of its growth shrouded its development; the third is the success with which the expansion has been engineered with control kept firmly in the hands of the family.

Roots of the empire A 1948 article introduced W .G. Weston to Canada as “the biggest manufacturer of bread in the world, the largest biscuitmaker in the British Empire and Canada’s largest wholesale grocer.” Biscuits and baking are the base and backbone of the Weston empire; they constitute the original field over which W.G. Weston exercised his innovative genius. Weston is reported to have returned from World War I to his father’s biscuit business fascinated with the high quality of English biscuits. After developing his skills in the Canadian market for a number of years and successfully expanding his father’s firm, Garfield Weston gave in to a dream of entering the British market. If he had been taken with the quality of British biscuits, he was unmoved by their productive techniques; in the gross inefficiency of their productive process Weston saw the means to make his mark. Initially, the trick lay in exploiting to its fullest the potential of the automated production line, in applying the manifold fruits of mechanization to biscuit manufacture. Plant redevelopment at the Scottish firm of Mitchell & Muil, purchased in 1935, allowed Weston to sell fancy biscuits “at exactly half the price at which they were sold by the world-famous firms all around him;” as a commentator later observed, he literally “coined money.” Weston’s success in British baking circles was immediate, profound and pressed to best advantage, culminating in a round of acquisitions that pushed him to prominence in the eyes of the world business community. A vignette culled from an old article, one of the few to concentrate on Garfield Weston, permits us a glimpse of his outlook: “One day in 1937 Garfield Weston was showing me over his new biscuit factory at Slough., Biscuits were being continued on page 14

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continued from page 13 were being turned out in millions by great ingenious robots, on an assembly line all the way from pastry to packet. In the last stage of one product, a tube was spreading a layer of c hocolate in the finished biscuit. ‘Look at that closely,’ said Weston, and he pointed to a small jet that was blowing air on each biscuit to spread and thin out the chocolate. ‘Ah,’ I said, ‘that’s blowing the chocolate off ‘Oh, no,’ he replied, ‘it’s blowing the profit on!’ ” . Somewhere in the course of his British “spree” Weston became BritainS largest wholesale and re-’ tail baker, a position his company retains to this day. By 1966 he was said to control the seventh largest industrial fin-m in South Africa and was “still expanding fast;” as well, he had b\y then graduated to the fore in Australian baking circles. _ Weston was an ardent exponent of the principles of the British Empire and clung hard to a belief that the only ingredient lacking in the contemporary British formula was enough “enthusiasm” to bring the mixture to a boil. His affair with British culture culminated in a stint as a. member of the British c House of Commons from 1939-45. But Weston had no abiding interest in politics; he termed his participation an “experiment” and in 1945 he abandoned it to return to-of all places-his native Canada, whose untapped potential for industrial development had apparently caught his eye.

The great expansion

When a corporation wishes to break into a field of operation outside itsknown area of expertise there are, broadly speaking, two ways in which it can proceed: it can enter the market by launching a wholly new venture and hope that it has purchased sufficient expertise to allow it to carve out a piece of the action for itself; or it can cast about for an established firm to buy up, one with an assured portion of the new market of with what market analysts call > ‘ ‘market potential’ ’ . The advantage of the latter growth technique -particularly in regard to concentrated sectors of _ the economy-is that it permits the parent firm to absorb the developed experience and tied accounts of a battle-tested competitor and, if handled prop_ erly, sidesteps the often enormous operating losses attributable to startup in monopoly markets. In the period of its mature operation, diversification of its corporate holdings through takeover and acquisition became the staple method of growth of the Weston group. The wholesale food market was entered quite early with the purchase of WesternGrocers in 1944; chocolate and dairy products were affixed through control over William Neilson in 1948; specialty paper products and packaging materials came with the acquisiti0.n of Somerville Industries in 1957; fishing and ’ packing-of food products with British Columbia Pac; kers in 1962; and newsprint and fine paper with the -purchase of Eddy Paper in 1962. However, the most significant development in Weston history lay not with these acquisitions in related manufacturing fields, but came with the un’ publicised takeover of Loblaw Groceterias completed quietly over a six year period. This purchase touched off a reckless spurt of growth so great that The Economist,-in a retrospective article, remembered ‘the years 1954-6 1 as an epoch of “headlong expansion” into food retailing. After acquisition Loblaws became a holding company under which were initiated numerous takeov-’ ers in wholesale and retail food merchandising including National Grocers ( 1955), Atlantic Wholesalers (1959) and Kelly, Douglas & Co. (1958). In 1948 Loblaw Groceterias Company comprised a 119-store chain of “supermarkets” (then a novel conception in food retailing,) servicing the prosperous Ontario food market. Under the capable guidance of co-owner Milton Cork, Loblaw’s pioneered the introduction of selfservice, mass-merchandising techniques and effectively set a new profit structure for the retail food market; by 1948 Loblaws was drawing accolades as the firm selling more food per store than any other in the world. The closest competitor was A & P, the grandfather of food retailing, whose sales of $430,000 per store were a full $200,000 below Loblaw’s average. Fielding. teams of layout specialists and display artists, and utilizing for the first time the concept ‘of “impulse buying” achieved through end-aisle exhibits and eye level gimmickry, Loblaw’s huge retail outlets and centralized supply facilities allowed Cork astronomicallyincreased returns at considerably reduced markups. While gross profits rose giddily, Cork stole the market from independent grocers by dropping profit -margins from $7.96 per $100 sales in 1933 to $2.06 per $100 sales in 1948. Inmuch the same manner that automated biscuit manufacture allowed _ Weston’s him to mass produce a cheaper product and corner consumer allegiance,, Cork’s use of mass merchandising as “a precision instrument of selling” allowed him to dominate the field. From Weston’s point of view there was no healthier firm available to form the base of the retail wing of an integrated food empire. Loblaw’s was not only a profit leader, but was as well a tightly integrated

friday,

outfit with a developed distribution network, an expansive packing and manufacturing wing for the production of house brands, and an exceptional buying network with representatives “scattered from the tea gardens of India’s Travancore to the fisheries of Alaska.” . In1947, the aging Cork, then 77, sold “a big block of shares” to Garfield Weston. For a time his son, Justin Cork, continued to run the business; but by 1953 Weston was in control. The investment was simultaneously W.G. Weston’s best-in terms of its long range sales potential and with respect to its immediate profitability-and his worst. Its failing lay in the end with Weston’s inexperience as a food retailer, a limitation which prevented him and his top management from discerning the future course of the industry. As regards consolidation and furtherance of Loblaw’s sales leadership, Weston failed to anticipate the cutthroat competition that would typify the retail oligopoly in the sixties and early seventies; because of this he failed to take steps in modernizing and, streamlining the chain and thus fell prey to the tactics of his competitors . There was, however, a natural identity of style and philosophy between Cork’s fledgling monopoly and W.G. Weston’s maturing conglomerate; both appreciated the essential connection between sales volume and competitive advantage, between monopolistic and integrated structures and assured returns. ‘ ‘Suppose you’ve got a small bakery business that uses 200 sacks of flour a week,” Weston once proposed. “You’ll have to pay, say, $5’a sack. But look what happens if you have a 50,000-sack business ! Buying flour on that scale you canget it for $4 a sack. You are making $50,000 a week just by doing a bigger business. ‘And people say it’s hard to get rich!” For most men and women it remains hard to get rich, economies of scale notwithstanding. However, Weston did show the world that once you are bigit’s not hard to get a whole lot bigger. In 1963 D.F.C. Inc., a holding, company for the Loblaw’s group, acquired controlling interests in National Tea Co., a massive American food retailer. When’in 1969 71.45% of Loblaw Inc. of Buffalo was ceded to National Tea by its parent firm, the consolidation graduated Weston to the class of fourth largest food retailer in the United States, with about 1,000 outlets under his control. Consolidated sales for the huge group of Loblaw companies had grown from-$176 million in 1953 to an astounding $2.5 billion in 1%9. There is a limit to the benefits an ethic of growth can produce of its own accord and Weston‘bumped into that limit sometime during the sixties. The growth was impressive in dollar terms, but poorly planned and often redundant; as with any appetitive beast, gluttony eventually leads to chronic indigestion. As acquisitions Loblaw’s, Loblaw Inc. and National Tea were undoubtedly coups; as business propositions they were or were allowed to become inefficient, out-dated and poorly integrated ; because of this, they all fell victim to the price wars in Canada and the U.S. As one commentator noted in 1966: “National Tea was slower than competitors in spreading into non-food products where markups. and profit margins are larger. It inherited many narrow-fronted stores in heavily built up areas with little room for expansion; it failed to work with realestate developers to get into new shopping centres. And, until 1962-3, it failed to prune stores. More outlets, rather than better. and more profitable ones, was the slogan. In part, it’s been the same story in other retailing sides of the empire.” Weston was a baker by trade, not a grocer. He and his management favourites chose to wage competitive struggles on the basis of sheer size, a bulky but ineffectual weapon. “Loblaw’s ,” an official close to the company recently allowed, “was a company of 1950’s vintage trying to operate in the 1970’s.” Stagnation’rather than growth became its typifying feature; instead of profits, losses formed the staple discussion of market analysts. However, while these failings were a direct result of inappropriate management-which bungled the job of integrating lucrative monopoly structures-the failure to deal with this problem must be laid’at the door of W.G. Weston’s abject fear of public scrutiny.

The cult of secrecy

Much of the frenzied Weston accumulation went on behind tightly closed doors, a family secret unannounced to shareholders, regulatory agencies or the general public. In 1966 an article in The Economist began with an apology: “surprisingly little is known about the network. We’ve tried to trace the outline but admit it’s none too sharp and that some of the figures we quote are no better than intelligent guesses. Why this obscurity? It’s partly-deliberate.Mr. Weston does not look for publicity.” Nor, it might have continued, does he search for candour. Year end statements for the Weston and Loblaw groups were chock full of glossy photos of food displays, but gave no hint of the real connections between the firms. . -_

Shareholders attending annual meetings were treated to free food baskets, while their queries about corporate holdings were evaded or deflected with platitudes (“the Good Book tells us we must be as meek as a lamb and as shrewd as an adder.“) Sales grew meteorically, but subsidiary f’lrms were only erratically listed and thus no clear picture of the scope of Weston holdings was allowed to emerge. While company officials justified the secrecy as a necessity given the parent fum’s desire to keep vital information from falling into competitors’ hands, its pervasiveness suggests a paranoid dimension. Garfield Weston and his chief executive George Metcalf guarded zealously the conglomerate’s anonymity during the fifties and early sixties, so completely that “documents from subsidiaries often- were sent to Metcalf s home rather than his office.” Companies within the group were kept secret .from one another and referred to by code names, at once puzzling and childish: B.C. Packers was known as “phisch,“. Power Supermarkets was named “Number One,” while Donlands Dairy was called ‘ ‘Dee Squared. ” As an interview with Metcalf later allowed, the secrecy was so total that “many a company executive of Loblaw and Weston subsidiaries did not know several of his competitors were in fact his inlaws.” The extent of Weston’s North American holdings and its links with the Loblaw group of companies were inadvertently stumbled upon in 1966 during the investigations of the Federal Committee on Consumer Credit. After an evasive interchange concerning lines of ownership with officers of Atlantic Wholesalers Ltd., who either would not or could not identify their connection. with Loblaw’s, Senator Croll con: eluded: “I am becoming a little perplexed here, that the two top officials can come here from the company and cannot give us this information. Someone has to know what fees they pay or who controls the company. I am finding difficulty in following that. We asked a question about who controls the company, and you mentioned Harbour Investments. We asked who is Harbour Investments, and Mr. Hamm says he does not know. It is very hard to’understand <why you do not know who controls the company. Surely you must have some idea of somebody who does. It is not just a seal or a corporate seal. Some face must appear there, and that is all we want to know.” Commanded to make available their holdings, Weston and ‘Loblaw’s decided to comply with the committee’s request During 1966 the full holdings were released to the Financial Post and a chart was dutifully appended to the shareholders’ reports of both companies. The chart portrayed an intricate combination of holding companies from which were suspended approximately 160 distinct firms1 The reasons behind Weston’s secrecy were evident at the moment of disclosure. N.W. Baker, an analyst with the Montreal firm of Morgan, Ostiguy and Hudon, estimated that at disclosure Weston interests handled about 28% of all of Canada’s food sales. He ventured as well that resistance to consolidation and full exposure probably derived from “an anxiety to avoid problems with anti-combine legislation” based on its concentrated market control. In England, where Weston holdings were quite above board, a commentator suggested concerning the secrecy and evasion that perhaps “Mr. Weston wants to conceal his domination of the Canadian food markets from the Canadians.” Inany event the paranoia was ill-founded, for in Canada those charged with the power to assess monopoly and restrain it have been notably lax in applying their legislative powers, as Weston’s good luck will attest.

‘The sheer size of it all The mixture of awe and outrage with which disclosure was met by the public is easily sensed by a glance at the accompanying corporate map. Within the labyrinth of companies, an observer must engage. in a strange game of corporate snakes and ladders to get to the ,pinnacle. Without such a map, someone interest.ed in the lineage of a firm like Atlantic Wholesalers would have to have weeded through a confusing network of five other firms, three of them holding companies, to get to the parent corporation. Even success at this exercise would not fully reveal control or lay bare the larger structures within which the operations of the first firm are integrated. George Weston Ltd. is 54.% owned by Wittington Investments Ltd. which in turn is 84% controlled by the W.G. Weston Charitable Foundation, the family’s personal control vehicle. At this point one is finally at the base of the mighty tree, a gargantuan whole of which the North American holdings form one large branch. From this trunk stems as well Associated British Foods Ltd., the parent firm for Weston’s overseas holdings. Through a deceptive complex of dual corporations at the highest level, an entire global network of companies is controlled. Two legally distinct corporate entities, .W. G. Weston Charitable Foundation, and W. G. Weston Charitable Foundation (U.K.), crown the North American group and the European group respectively.

dby..

ALL -

‘Suppose you’rte go ‘You’ll have to puy, ‘ou can get it for $4 L ich!”

In England, Assc the major operatir vestments Ltd. (U foundation. A.B .F counter-part to Ge holding company a over the non-North ton group of comp; dent0fA.B.F. and nine member board trio sits on the boar Ltd. in Canada. This wing of the ( a diversified group to the 1974 Who centred in Britain ( Rhodesia (9) and E resentatives in Ca France, Germany a family conglomera companies, substar ling, food packagir ante, property dc pharmaceuticals cc Weston’s invol\ Rhodesia have bet humanitarian consi The exploited and c the racist governm place, have- long I haunt of multinatic For Canada, We: the ‘ ‘first major bur publicly in Rhodes sanctions;” he trur am investing in R complaints made t public about the et’ theid, he gave a c black South Africa This never was a t Humanitarian cl most certainlymanagers -‘ ‘the m cess of a Canadiar least ingross financ Foods group is lar qualify for 68th rjos 300 largest indus tri; the United States, 1 ion. If, for the sake of under the Weston totalled, they swell billion annually. Se sales level would e; in the top twenty o largest industrial c(: the only Canadian Yet despite this tional presence, th glomerate remains general public and many of its own el may be worked to t tage. During the spr ing to a representati Meatcutters and Sayvette Ltd’s emp by management’s r

the chevron

975

usiness that uses 200 sacks offlour (I week”, W. Garfield Weston once proposed. frt look what happens if you har*e a 50,000 suck hrrsiness! Buying jlour on that scale Iking $50,000 u weekjrrst by doing u bigger business. And people sny it’s hard to get

Toads Ltd. acts as If Wittington Incontrolled by the :e, the European Ltd., acting as a le locus of control nbers of the Wes. Weston is presind Galen sit on its th him. This same‘ If George Weston itself substantial, vhic h-according UK

Edition-are

(69), Ireland (22), 59), but with repy, New Zealand, er this wing of the :d a total of 561 upon baking, mil;, but with insurons true tion and th Africa and in y rewarding that carried no sway. 1swork force, and : it and keep it in tions a favoured IS.

stinction of being tke an investment “Sanctions or no world to hear, “I ’ With regard to i and the general tsiness with aparal: “historically, it to the country. Intry.” iside, Weston is of one of his : example of sucthat there is,” at associated British , multinational to e’s 1974 list of the operating outside ales of $2.08 billof the sales made *ate umbrella are 2 approaching $7 ated fashion, this family for a spot of the world’s 50 at would make it on the list. obvious interna;ed Weston conlrehended by the surprisingly, by hidden strength fargaining advan-of 1974, accordamated Union of men organizing were obstructed m of the firm.

On the one hand Sayvette counselled its employees against signing up with a huge international union, citing expatriation of dues and poor control of funds as its reasons. At the same time Sayvette employees were given to believe that they were bargaining with a small company that would be at a disadvantage in negotiations with such a powerful union. The fact that Sayvette formed part of an integrated multinational conglomerate with sales approaching $5 billion annually was not volunteered.

Corporate gigantism and the public interest

Economic orthodoxy teaches that the lack of effective competition engendered by the increasing concentration of ownership in all industrial sectors brings with it certain compensatory advantages, like increased product variation, assured supply and the hidden economies attributable to large scale undertakings. Looked at without the normal ideological gloss, it is apparent that the advantages claimed on behalf of corporate gigantism .fall squarely in the lap of those who own and control the enterprise, presenting them with unparalleled opportunities to overcome the vagaries and fluctuations of a competitive market. The degree of manipulation possible through con glomerate enterprise was announced to the Ontario Legislature during a debate on bread price hikes. At that time Stephen Lewis, focusing on the integrated control over all steps in the baking process exercised by Weston’s, noted: “Loblaws said they had to raise the price of bread because of the increased cost to the supplier, the supplier beingWeston’s, which owns Loblaws . . . Weston’s said it had to raise the price because of the increased cost to its suppliers for milk and sugar. . . Donlands and Royal Dairy and West Cane Sugar, all.owned by Weston’s. Weston’s then said that the flour had gone up from their suppliers . . . McCarthy Mill and Soo Line. . . both wholly owned subsidiaries . . . They then said that distributioncosts were going up which would require an increase in bread-and -the distributors involved were National Grocers and York Trading. . . Now since all of the price mechanism is controlled within the same corporate empire, is the minister going to look at the possibility of price fixing?” The minister, of course, was not going to look at the possibility, having made up his mind about such questions a good deal earlier in life. Behind the variety of individual corporate names referring to seemingly independent industrial entities, Lewis was pointing to the unified central authority that controls their destinies. This reality-in itself hard for the Canadian public to perceive, since they are given none of the clues-is further disguised by the unending proliferation of brand name products manufactured and distributed by these firms, each with an apparently distinct existence. A recent trip through a Zehr’s store, a retail subsidiary of Loblaws operating in central Ontario and one rarely thought of as Weston-owned, turned up six nominally competitive brands of that Canadian staple, white bread: Weston, Dietrich, Zehr’s, Christie, Hollywood and Wittichs. What is. hidden behind such profuse differentiation is the fact that

the only non-Weston brand on the shelf is Christies. The point applies to most aspects of the Weston - conglomerate and may be exampled in regard to its prodigious interests in fishing and packing. A visit to a B.C. Packers plant resulted in the following list of salmon labels, all brand names in claimed competition yet all packed by branches of a single firm: Robin Red, Maple Leaf, Cert, Rose Marie, Thunderbird, Paramount, Loblaws, Queen Charlotte, Sea Trader, Streamline, Tip Top, Canadian Clipper, Swallow Salmon, Fraser Gold, Silverline, Sealord, Wesco, Creel, Overwaite, Surf, Ferndale, Universal, Carnation, Sea Gift, Laguna, High Seas, Pine Tree and even A&P. The problem spills over into the realm of retail and wholesale food outlets; here, in marked counterdistinction to the other members of Canada’s retail food oligopoly, Westons fronts a variety of chains that the public rarely places together. On the retail end Loblaw’s sells under its own name, but commands as well Dionne, O.K. Economy, L-Mart, Super-Valu, Economart, Zehr’s and Shop-Easy, and owns substantial interests in Sobey’s. Through these outlets Weston directs about 23.4% of the total number of chain store outlets listed in the 1974 Canadian Grocer Survey of Groups and Chains. On top of this Weston is likely Canada’s largest wholesale grocer. Through a variety of wholesaling subsidiaries, Weston services many of the small and medium sized retail grocers throughout Canada, independent agents selling under names like Red & White, Lucky Dollar, Tom Boy, Super Save, Maple Leaf, Valu-Mart, Shop-Rite and others. Its Canada-wide market share amounts to 31.7% of all outlets and the only province in whit h it has not made significant wholesale penetration is Quebec.

The future of a conglomerate

“Food,” mused one of the Weston group’s yearend reports, “is the most stable business in the world.” Market domination, it could have added, is certainly the most stable way of conducting that business. . That Garfield Weston, innovator and entrepreneur, appreciated the subtle advantages of empire, and notjust its sheer size, cannot be denied. “All my life,” he is reported to have said, “I’ve been looking for tied accounts, the sort you don’t have to sell every day. That’s the whole point behind overlapping businesses and interlocking directorates. ” It’s true as well that the breakneck speed with which the conglomerate -and particularly its North American retail wing-was fabricated could have left little time to work systematically through the > problems of full integration. 1 There is little doubt either that incredible mismanagement accompanied the retail acquisitions and that for a number of years the whole investment was “questionnable.” Between 1962 and 1971, Loblaws’ share of the Ontario market dropped from 25% to 15%, and a similar attrition occurred at National Tea in the United States. Perhaps more than anything else, the secrecy that surrounded the Weston empire did more to inhibit the realization of its full potential than it did to enhance it. Garfield Weston’s paranoia about public disclosure, perhaps fueled by a fear that with it would come regulation and perhaps even breakup of his handiwork, lacked entirely a material correlate. Weston’s only real censure until recently was a U.S. Federal Trade Commission ruling that for ten years National Tea could not buy up any new chain stores without FTC approval. In Canada, the Combines Branch of the Department of Consumer .and Corporate Affairs, the agency charged with reviewing the depth of concentration in Canadian industry, has been categorically lax in its approach to Weston’s. However, the 1973 purchase of an 18% interest in M. Loeb Ltd., one of Canada’s largest diversified wholesalers, jangled even the sleepy sensibilities of the Combines Branch. Untouched by Weston’s claim that the purchase was strictly a business “investment” with no intention of takeover, the branch has ordered the company to sell off its interest. Had ownership been established, Weston’s control over the wholesale grocery market might have approached 39.4% and its market advantage increased immeasurably. To date, its interest has been diluted, with the remaining 18% being held in trusteeship. In any event the work of the thirdgeneration of the Weston clan is, for starters, internal and lies with the more mundane but financially rewarding job of consolidation. On one level this means internal expansion, the initiation of new companies to tap the vast captive markets of the manufacturing empire and to eliminate external dependencies. With Weston companies devouring an estimated 12% of all sugar sold in Canada, the development of ’ a venture like Westcane Sugar makes eminent sense. On another level, it means a concentrated campaign to buy out minority interests in the many companies. gobbled up by Garfield Weston without full ownership. Recent offers for shares of Loblaw Inc. of Buffalo, George Tamblyn Ltd., Sayvette Ltd. ,’ and NationAl Tea indicate that this plan is in motion. Another

interesting the tricks ownership

move, instructive for those intrigued by used by conglomerates to consolidate and control, is the reported sale of Kelly, Douglas & Co. from the Weston arm to the Loblaw’s arm (where it was originally placed), in return for shares that will raise Weston’s interest in Loblaw’s to 81% from its current 63%. More important and impressive as a managerial feat-because of its dollar contribution to Weston’s total sales-is the redevelopment of the retail wing under the direction of Galen Weston, Garfield’s son. Under his shrewd management Loblaw’s has stripped itself of almost 100 inefficient outlets, revamped its operations and inaugurated an aggressive television advertising campaign that has put its market share up to about 22%. House brands, typically manufactured within the . family, now account for 17% of sales as opposed to 10% just one year ago. Similar steps have been taken at National Tea and Loblaw Inc., and market analysts predict a return to full profitability in the coming year. In all of this the affections of Canadian consumers, so necessary to conglomerate retail sales, have been won by William Shatner’s charming recitals of Loblaw’s weekly customer promises. Under the banner of that by-now odious phrase, “more than the price is right,” Loblaws has returned to the fore in food merchandising. Strangely , while the phrase has aggravated the pro-corporate Ms. Plumptre (“meaningless and junky”), it has drawn compliments from Ms. O’Grady of the Consumers’ Association (“it’s a catchy, effective campaign”) and disinterest from Consumer and Corporate Affairs.

The Weston saaa The Weston saga provides a fascinzting glimpse of the cloth from which our national economic life is currently cut. To be sure, much of what has been related was examined for its uniqueness as a homegrown juggernaut in a league typically dominated by foreign-owned giants. But its general features, its immensity and its means of growth, point to behaviour increasingly preponderant in our society. The mammoth, diversified corporation and the concentration of power that is its reason for being more and more stand as the fact of social life. As a liberal capitalist nation, Canada must wonder whether such power is an exceptional phenomenon, or whether its continued creation is a destiny towards which the country is impelled; it must question whether the Weston clan and their corporate brethren are aberrations in a system of free enterprise, or whether they in actual fact reveal its true proflrle. When queried long ago as to why he wanted to own 100 companies, Garfield Weston congenially replied: “I love the game;” so, presumably, do Desmarais, Taylor and everyone else on the inside of the corporate elite. Yet from the bleachers the end product of this game is a strange one indeed, nothing short of an elimination of its players and a violation of all its hallowed rules. Concentrated ownership contradicts the prevailing free enterprise ethos, yet it appears as a necessary upshot of the workings of the system itself. Size begets greater size, indeed to such an extent that capitalism’s professed accessibility is finally eclipsed. Even the Financial Post, chronicle of the business world, stumbled on this one while worrying publicly about Power Corp .‘s try for Argus. “The diffusion of economic power,” its editorial ran, “is an implicit condition of any free enterprise system and it is achieved in large measure by wide public ownership. Neither the prospects of competition nor acco.untabiIity tends to be enhanced where control rests in few hands.” The owners and managers of the Weston behemoth will no doubt wonder at this display of naivete, for it is precisely as a means of eliminating the competitive pressures of the marketplace that their monopoly control has been so assiduously developed. With size, dependence on outside businessmen for finances and supply of raw materials is largely overcome. Once in motion, the huge needs of the corporation itself are sufficient to guarantee the success of new ventures; with tied markets the competitive free enterprise struggle-which is the mechanism claimed to have brought us the finest of products at the lowest of prices-is neatly sidestepped. Indeed with the current holdings of the Weston Family, assured undertakings like Westcane Sugar could occupy the attention of its offspring for eons. To the public-who are expected to sit still while this accumulation continues and to content themselves with the consumption of its products-the impact of the process may appear less beneficial. And in the long run, Canadians’are unlikely to be satisfied with palliatives such as the Combines Branch’s directive to Weston to sell its interest in one of its competitors; for, as the densitycf this conglomerate makes apparent, this can never be more than a ludicrous caricature of the official referee assigning penalties in a match whose results are already ordained.

friday,

the chevron

november

7, 1975

Cross-country team finishes sikth in OU!!AA championship Brian Stride of Brock University broke away from Joe Sax of Western after eight kilometers to win the O.U.A.A. cross-country championships held in Guelph last Saturday, November 1. University, of Toronto repeated as team champions. The University of Waterloo team finished 6th overall in the 11 team field. ’ Stride, who is just back from the’ Pan-American Games in w&h he placed fourth in the 3000 meters steeplechase, led the lead group of runners which included Ted MCKeigan of Waterloo over the very greasy and slippery 10 kilometer course. However’ Stride, Sax and Phil Pyatt of Toronto soon pulled away from the group. With Stride

horses and a dog, became impossible to run well on if you weren’t wearing proper footware, as it had rained all morning prior to the race. The trails ‘-were converted into grease slides on which the runners grasped for good footing. At some spots the mud was ankle deep. Waterloo’s tiam did not perform as well as expected due to the absence of two of their top runners because of injury and retirement and also due to the rather poor showing bY a few team members. Mike who has consis_. Lanigan . . tently placed very well*. all. . year

kilometers. Sax also was unable to - hang on to the strong and extremely fit Stride who ha seemed to have made the most of his high altitude training. Stride’s winning time was

who also expected to run much better than he did, could o@y manage 55th Place in 40:42. Bruce LowerY and Craig Speirs placed 56th in 40:48 and 59th in 41:46 respec-

could only manage 28th Place in 37:29. The next Waterloo runner was Dale Irwin who finished in 34th place 38:07. Ralph Kay was next in

makingthe pacewatt fell 0~ at 7 5%dplacein 40:28.StephenP-G

33:38.’ Sax’s

time was 33:48.

Sax

has now finished second in -this event for 3 years in a row. Pyatt’s time was 34:04. McKeigan, who was the top Waterloo runner, finished in 10th place, in 35:2 1. The entirely new course has to be the most challenging course that the OUAA cross-country runners have come up against this year. The course, which consisted of rolling hills, cow trails and cows,

tiv&-

The top three teams were University of Toronto with 41 points, Queens with 65 points and Western with 74 points. The next major event on the calendar is the Berwick Marathon. The University of Waterloo team last year won the team event and expect to repeat again this year. David R. Northey of Waterloo holds the course record of 44:55 for the 9.3 milecourse which.was set in 1971. ,

Intramural Soccer playoff results

League A saw no. 1 ranked G.S.A. advancing easily to the finals with victories over the Golden Guys and Southerners. Math advanced to the Champi&ship game with wins over Conrad Grebel and St. Jerome’s, The Championship game was tied after regulation

play

ami

the

team ,results fii ~~~~f&

they edged the Grads 2-l. Eng 1, after losing their opening game to the Grads, went on to win the “B” Consolation final. . M e n ’s

winning

goal was finally scored after 4 periods of overtime with the game beinn concluded at 1:OO a.m. after 3 l/2 hours of play. Final score - Math 2 G.S .A. ~1. The Golden Guys won the “A” consolation final 2-l over Conrad Grebel . penison Rats advanced to “B” Championship final with wins over the Sci Sots and St. Pauls-. The Grad team made their way to the championship game with wins over

~s~r~~~?

COt’YIpetitiVe

hockey.

The second week of Me’n’s Competitive Intramural Hockey is now complete and with a couple of exceptions, all the leagues seem pretty balanced. In League Al, St. Jeromes A is the only undefeated team. They will have to continue to play good hockey in order to finish with an unblemished record. League A2 has two undefeated teams, namely, Math A and E.S S. With the teams not meeting each l

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other until the last game, first and second place probably will not be established until that time. In the B leagues, Team Lakeshore, Puck Ponies, Optometry and St. Jeromes B have emerged as the teams to beat. We can possibly look for a few upsets here. Although not all the Village teams have played two games, we can expect, as always, some very close competitive games before the term is over.

New tennis times Indoor courts, change facilities available Thanksgiving to April 3Oth, 1976. Mondays-9:00 a.m. - 12%) noon (2 courts) Tuesdays & Thursdays-9:00 a.m. i 11:oO p.m. (2 courts) Fridays-9:00 a.m. - 12:00 noon (2 courts), 12:00 - 2:00 p.m; (1 court) 2:00 - 6:OO p.m. (2 courts) Sundays-l:00 - 11:00 p.m. (2 courts)

Women’s volleyball

League A Kin 1, Kin 2, V2 South each have 1 win and 1 loss League B V2 WC, V2 EB&C 1 each have 2 wins League C Arts and V2 NC&B each have 2 wins. Games are played Tuesday evenings at 7:45 and 8:45 p.m. Women’s Squash Singles-Tournament in progress. The draw is posted in the Women’s Locker Room. Mixed Curling will be at Elmira C .C. o’n Saturday, November 15 at 9:00 a.m. A reminder that all entries must be turned in at the In-. tramural Office early Monday.

day, november

the chevron

7, 1975

al The- Soccer Warriors lost the UAA final to Queen’s last Saturmy 2-l and thus the 1975 season is rer for the team. The game was :ry close and because-of the of:iating, the match became frussting for Waterloo. The field was wet after the orning’s rain. It was overcast ith a strong wind blowing. Watero played against the wind in the st half. The Warriors started nervously, td as a result Queen’s had a few ose scoring chances in the early bing. From a free kick from about ; yards in front of the Waterloo. Ial, Horace Rebeneick took a trd shot for the left-side b,ut Marts Klein dove over to make the we. Another chance for Queen’s rellted from a mix up in the Warrior :fense. Klein came out for a loose dl to the left side of the Waterloo :t but as he went to get the ball, a :fender kicked at the ball and tught Klein in the head, but ueen’s eventually shot over the :t. Klein, despite being cut, reained in goal for the rest of the me. The play settled down for the :xt 20 minutes with both teams aying on fairly equal terms. But in

the 35th minute, goaltender Klein was called for a hand ball. The call by the linesman was questionable as the claim was that as Klein threw the ball up field, his hand was still touching the ball over the 18 yard line. On the subsequent free kick, Horace Rebeneick made no mistake in booting the ball in the lower left corner. The goal put Queen’s ahead 1-O. The play continued to be even up until the end of the half. The Warriors got a goal with about a minute remaining in the half on a defensive error by Queen’s. Paul Stevenato received credit ‘for the goal as he kicked the ball from centre, high into the air, towards the Queen’s net. The ball came down close to the 18 yard line and a Queen’s defender in an attempt to push the ball back to goalie Blair Hawkins,-put the ball past the netminder and into the goal. The half ended in a l-l tie. The Warriors used the wind in the early few minutes of the second half to come close to scoring. Luigi Circelli just missed an opportunity to score when Blair Hawkins dropped-the ball after making a save. Circelli moved the ball towards the goal but a Queen’s defender was able to kick the ball away in time.

Athena b-bailers The Waterloo Athenas saw their st action last weekend in a pre:ason tournament at Guelph. he object of the weekend for the thenas was for all 14 players to lin some experience against some ’ their league opponents. The team record for the weekend as 1 win and 2losses. However, )ach Kemp felt that they performed asonably well at this stage in the ason. Many of the points scored pinstus were a result of turnovers used by pressure defenses and viotions such as 3 seconds in the key. We fel that we can overcome ese problems,” said Kemp after e weekend. He felt that the

Nomen’s Gig footbali Well folks, last Wednesday, Ocher 29 saw the end of yet another In filled season of women’s flag &ball. The Village Green was the site of [is long-to-be remembered iampionship game between the rls of Village 2 South Quad and ;. Pauls. Both teams struggled through eir regular scheduled season, :mi-final games and other such ings as not-so-good weather contions and maybe even missing the Id meal at the Village dining Noms, to eventually face each other order to determine the- final tampions. The game got under way Wed:sday afternoon and both teams td their supporters there to back em up vocally. The championlip appeared to be leaning in the rection of the St. Pauls girls when e South Quad girls managed to ore a touchdown which in the td, gave them a “come from bend” victory much to the delight ’ the South supporters. The final score in the game was -6 South Quad over St. Paul’s. In e consolation game, Notre ame and Lakeshore were in a 6-6 : and after playing 1 period of Tel-time, the teams agreed to share d place. Aho at this time, we would like thank all those girls who took lrt in the regular season of play td we do hope that you enjoyed ourselves.

Gerry Williams had a good chance as well when he headed a ball towards the goal and followed up on the goalie but he couldn’t . kick the rebound in. This was when the majority of the penalty calls began going against the Warriors, resulting in frustration for the Warriors and an advantage in play for the Gaels. There were a few scrambles in front of the Waterloo goal during the middle section of the half but Queen’s failed to score. Then during the last 15 minutes, Waterloo began to pressure Queen’s again but on many occasions were stopped not by Queen’s but by the referee. With five minutes left, Queen’s got a break down the right wing and caught the Warrior defense out of position. The ball was crossed from the right wing to Jim Monaghan on the left side, and he made no mistake in kicking the ball on the fly into the upper left corner giving Klein no chance. Waterloo didn’t get a good scoring chance in the last five minutes as the goal took its toll; Klein did make one more brilliant save to keep the score at 2-l for Queen’s, From a corner kick, one Queen’s attacker took an extremely hard

-jason

miller

winm lose

Athenas played their best game against Western because they were executing well both offensively and defensively. Game scores for the weekend were: Lakehead (49), Waterloo (27), Western (70), Waterloo (62)) Waterloo (47)) Toronto (29). The tournament gave the Athenas an opportunity to size up some of their opposition for the year, This year the Athenas will play a home and home series with the Western division of OWIAA and a

shot from the 18 yard line but Klein dove to his left to deflect the ball wide. The game ended with Queen’s in front 2-l. . Although it may sound like an excuse for losing, the officiating was definitely against the Warriors. Even the Queen’s players admitted after the game that the referee and linesmen did not call a fair game. Queen’s did playwell though and took Waterloo’s short pass attack away from them. Yet the number of calls against Waterloo also helped to stall their attack whenever the Warriors advanced the ball into the Queen’s end. There were too many obvious calls going against the Warriors which should -- not have

been called. The intelligence of the referee was illustrated by an incident in the final minutes of the game. A Waterloo player said to the referee, “I hope you go to hell.” The referee, instead of ejecting the player or at least giving him a yellow card, resorted to the childish response of kicking the Waterloo player. In spite of the loss, the Warriors did have a successful season as they came away with the best record ever for a soccer team at Waterloo. The majority of the team should be returning next year so the Soccer Warriors hopefully will be contenders once again in 1976.

single game with the eastern division teams. It would appear that in the west, Guelph and McMaster will be tough while the East’s strength will be with Laurentian and Queen’ s. The Athenas will match wits with the top from the East this weekend when they meet the Canadian champions, Laurentian University in their home opener tonight at 8:00 p.m. Tomorrow at 2:00 p.m. they will meet the University of Ottawa.

Roos Bauer i Daoust delinek CCM Factory seconds; clearouts of name brands Good supply of used skates A

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Second Language Monitors Interprovincial

Program

A minimum of 400 university level students will be selected throughout Canada to become second-language monitors during the school year beginning in September 1976. This interprovincial program was established by the Ministry of Education of Ontario in conjunction with the Council of Ministers of Education, Canada and is financed by the Department of the Secretary of State. Participation in the program comprises two aspects: 0 part-time work as a second-language monitor Ofull-time studies in another province. -_ Those candidates selected will receive at least $3,000 for nine months of I participation in the program and will be reimbursed for travel expenses, to a maximum of c. $300 for one round trip between the province of residence and the host province. Brochures and application forms may be obtained by contacting: Mr. Roy Schatz, Coordinator Educational Exchange and Special Projects Branch Ministry of Education Mowat Block, Queen’s Park Toronto, Ontario M7A 1 L2

for application

Deadline for receipt forms is Wednesday,

of requests December

Think about sharing your newly acquired skills. Sharing them with the people of developing nations in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and the South Pacific. CUSO offers involvement that lasts a lifetime! WANT TO GET INVOLVED?

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friday,

the chevron

november

7. 1975

Wanted

Warriors win vo//eyba/l

Co-ordinator for RADIO WATERLOO

Pay: 14Wwk Term: Nov. 17 till April 30 1.976 Applications must be submitted to Helga Petz in the Federation office by 4:30 Friday Novembkr 14, 1975. Position subject to approval of Students’ Cokcil, ’ FEDERATION OF STUDENTS

’

Last weekend, University of Waterloo ‘hosted a Mens Invitational Volleyball Tournament. The Warriors fought their way to victory in this competition featuring nine other Ontario University teams.. The tournament was divided into two sections of a five team, Round-Robin play. Two games were played against each team, with one point allotted per win. The Warriors accumulated six out of eight possible points, having lost one game against McMaster and the other against Laurentian. This put the Warriors in first place, fol, * lowed by Toronto. In their semi-final match, Waterloo played the second-place team of the other section, Guelph. The

Warriors won two games straight. Western defeated Toronto in the other semi-final match. In the finals, the Warriors gained the first game and Western took the second. In the battle for the third game, the Waterloo Warriors were the victors. The mens volleyball team played excellent and exciting ball. Their defensive hustling and hitting has improved considerably from last year. The Warrior’s new coach, Mr. Wes Syme, a professor in HKLS, was satisified with his team’s performance. He stated that the Warriors were the most consistent servers and receivers in the tournamerit.

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Tom Jarv, teamlcaptain, excelled in his hitting and Daye Montieth did some consistently good setting. Both these men played on last year’s Warrior Ontario University Athletic Association Championship Team. Other returning members are Duncan Colquhoun, Jim Roberts, Grant Browning, Ed VanderGraft, and Les Coulis. New faces to this year’s team are Bob McRuer, Juris Stephrans, John Khor, Wayne Rablay, Wally Pearson, Mike Hamilton and manager, John Walker. Next weekend the Warriors play at Wilfrid Laurier University. Six Ontario West Division teams will be participating. -helen

witruk

riday,

noyeniber

7, 1975

extremely well pl,ayed game. V2 South being a little better lookhalf.In the flag footbal finals last ,ing, banners a@ a one-man band. ’ With 3 seconds remaining_on the _ Later in the A final,. everyone ‘hursday, both,A and B ,titles were r expected Engineering to win clock, Rose pummelled the winp for grabs. Sandy Rose, from V2 South, ning point through the end-Zone to lexcept the Poontangs XngirieerIn the B final, the highly touted opened the scoring with a booming ing having already defeated the single to take an early lead. Service capture the 1st Delahey-trophy in 72 South crew battled the enfrom Renison, tied the &ore later in their history.* Poontangs with their dazzling ,dishusiastic Green Machine from ReThe fans, through their enplay of 35 multiple offense plays, ison. Over 300 fans \i;atched the -1st half. expected a short game .for the Both p,unters exchanged points thusiasm and encouragement icking duel .between the teams. to keep <he games tied in the second . added a great deal of colour to an championship. 10th teams ha? c-hGerleaders with With onlv 2 minutes remaining Engineeri& found themselves be: F/‘e/d /&&y A thehas fifih hind 8-7*with Paul Bagnoral ac‘bounting for all the Poontang points Geuther, late into the second half members on the Quebec provincial 1 the’> with 10 minutes remaining. -The i team. They will represent Going into this final -weekend df at the C WIAU lurnament play, the University of _ Waterloo team had to gamble to see Quebec Association finals. We are an inexperienced Waterloo Field hockey team had a they could -even the mwk. “We played our good defense and kept team this year with a goodnucleus -1 record with wins over Western returning in 1976.” One large dethe McGill tea@ consantly offside nd Guelph and a single loss to ficit for the Athenas will be the loss and thus out of scoring range. IcMaster. Now it was time to play of graduating Cheryl Mangolt. About-25230 yards out our gamble le Eastern and more powerful Cheryl has been an outstandirig offense left us short ondefense and :-hools. ’ player for 4 years. -’ The Athenas fist-encounter was a break awa’y set Up the third marker. ’ ’ Final team standings le Gaels. .With bitterly cold temp“I think we played about 6 o_ur wL ratures of 2 and 3 degrees; the game potential. I’m disappointed we let 7 0 Torontoias also *layed on a \terrible York beat us because we are as McGill 6 1 itch. The pitch w;ts so chewed up good or better than them. The Uni- 1 McMaster 5 2 t the goal mouths that all goals. that versity of Toronto was pever 4 3 York rere to be scored would have to be 3 4 doubted as champions. They have Waterloo . ut in the air. From the beginning excellent coaching and good skills. Queen’s 2 5 rhistle the Athenas dominated the The McGill team as well is a very Guelph 1 6 ame;-mature group with many of its> Western “We plqyed great offensively . 0 7 nd had numerous plays that deeloped well but we couldn’t put le ball in the net,” said Coach IcCrae. At the conclusion c$ a long, fi-usmating game the score was a static -0 tie. Nd scoring resulted after a 0 minute overtime period which With only two regular season tion which should change next :d tq a penalty stroke contest. Five week as Kin Care nieets SS. T. games left, there are still two unde!ueen”i and five Waterloo girls feated teams left in ‘ ‘A” league and In B-2, V2 EE are still undo-)ok alternate penalty shots on the three in t‘B” league. feated, but face a tough game next oal. Marie%iller scored first and .Next week’s games are8 must .week against East 4 Aces who won rith a l-l tie, rookie Caroline Kes; for_-some teams as a further loss by a big score over SS Bucket )p scored to win the contest 2-l. may eliminate them from playoff Brigade (68-2). action. B3 is a- two team rupaway as Vaterloo 0, York F In Al, the Phantoms remain unHelen’s Popcorn m&%Renfson RBts beaten as they squeaked by the : ‘This was ‘probably our poorest are still undefeated: These two‘ Summer Rats (4341). Tiny Toddlers ame of the tournament for a lot of teams meet next week-in a game remain without a victory, but Sasons, but the fact remains we which decide-first place. they have lost all 4 games by a total idn’t handle this game well%t all. ” - In B-4, Vl East and Basketbalof only 27 points, and a victory next ‘he York team ‘showed tremendlers should win their remaini-ng two w_eek over Math Mucks could still US improvement and desire since games,- but- Basketballerswill win them’ a playoff berth. E Athenas last saw them. During probably take first place because of In A2, CC and OTHG need one E second half the Waterloo team ‘their defaul,t win over Vl East early . win in their remaining two game&o :I1 apart as the forwards-received in the seas&n. clinch 1st place. o support from the backs when the This week produced several upC League remains a’closerace as all was-in attack. ~“Unforti~ately se_ts as Math “A” and West D both all three top teams won. ‘e had a bad game against York won their first game of the season Hammer and Coop can secur8’ [hen in fact we were contesting the th place with the York team; A over Alufah_o_ns and Slackers, re- first place by winning their remainspectively. Math “A” and - West-.- D ing two games, although their-hst )_ss to them dropped us another meet next week? a match which game is against V2 West, to whom lace.“‘. could decide the final playoff spot. ?@ey suffered their only.loSs. . B-League produced 6 defaultSt. Jeromes ‘ ‘C” and ’ Science games over the weekend-as the top V.R.S. clashriextweekas well,ina Yaterloo 0, Toronto 5 _. all picked up &tories. -game which could decide second Although ihe -score describes a contenders and third place, if Hammer and Coop In-B-l, Kin Care, Pheasants and lasting to the Waterloo team, it takes first. {as probably one of our best games -- S.S.T. are Still tied for first, a situa, f the weekend. We played well d’e:nsively and had a couple of good hances offensively that we ouldn’t polish -bff.” This game las-played in a downpour. Condions were awful. Two of the To,nto goals were deflec$ons with oFlie Beth Heuther having no hance. The t&-d goal was scored rhile Beth had slipped on the wet rass and couldn’t recover. The lay was up and down like a good pectator game. The ToEnto fory Friday &.Saturday 3 rard line is tremendously quick nd- aggressive. The University of ‘oronto team advanced to the ‘WIAU championships this leekend in Vancouver. They will NEXT WEEK e a skeng contender for the naonal title. ’

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on a TD -and a safety touch while Rick Taylor matched their TD and Bob Hnatyk responded with-a single. The reg.ular iame ended in a> 8-8 tie after Bob Hnatyk kicked his second of three singles. In overtime, Engineering came _ alive, with Ri Taylor recovering the only Poontang fumble-in the end zone for a major. Two quick interceptions resulted in Taylor’s continued elusiveness in finalizing 1 the score, 27-8 Engineering.

Yaterloo 2, -Queen’s

Monday-Saturday

Yaterloo

1, McGill

“We came out dpminating this srne and scored early with a good lay set-up by .halfback Cheryl hngolt who hit forward Janet [elm and Marie Miller with a good a%. The McGill goalie made her rst stop but l&t the rebound get way while right wing Caroline [eslop banged,home the goal. The thenas played about 15 more miutes of strong attacking hockey nly to have a poor goal g&t by Beth

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Evenings

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friday,

’

HIS CIA CODE NAME IS CONDOR. -IN THE NEXT SEVENTY-TWO HOURS ALMOST EVERYONE HE TRUSTS WILLTRY TO KILL HIM.

ROBERT RED CLIFF ROBERTSON/lilAX

YEAIS

OF AGE 01

OYEK

iroN SYDOW

2 SHOWS NIGHTLY 7:00 & 9:20 p.m.

ItS the mrne two dudes Frm * “l@own Saturday Night:.. but this time theyie back with kid dyn-o-mite!

HAZEL’S

A week before La Ronde‘opened at the Theatre of the Arts, I spoke to Tom Bentley-Fisher about the sele&on of this rarely-performed masterpiece. He explained that while he found the script interesting for a contemporary audience, more importantly he saw it as an excellent learning opportunity for student actors. It would force them to explore the broad spectrum of emotion and motivation in order to arrive at a convincing characterization in performance. Aware of the history of the play in productiofi (it has never been su&essful on the stage), Tom defended it on the grounds that here in a university, a production “has the right to fail.“, as any experiment can, as long as it attempts to further the participants’ understanding of their subject, in this case, theatre. With this in mind, I decided to forego the standard black and white review in order to assess the production as a learning experience.

The performance as a whole left me perplexed. It wasn’t strong enough becatihe a great deal of the action was missing. I never had a chance to get into it. i By Saturday a flow in the action developed. The actors worked together to establish an overall feeling of a party, brought across through dance interludes between scenes. The interludes only worked on Saturday (they were used in the other performances as well) because each character lent his or her own charm to create a ballroom atmosphere. They weren’t just actors fooling around. Credit the husband for patching up the hole in the action that he created with superficial ‘ ‘acting’ ’

.’

GERALDINE

PAGE

PAT HINGLE An

HONEST

hlCITlONPlCTURE about A search

for

these human

acceptance beduty

fl rned of

the

chdnglng

dedtnst

Mennonite

GRAHAM

times

understdndlng

and the countryslde

scenic

Produced Dwected From

by by a Novel

BECKEL BURT

MARTIN

CHARLES by

DAVIS MERLE

GOOD

ult Entertainment

“UnDeRCOVeRStkR(l” StoryandScreenplay.by LEOMARKS andROYBOULTING

DIANA ROSS

7, 1975

La Ronde: .a right, to fail

PEOPLE Starring

november

The play consists of ten scenes. Each one involves two people, and the central action revolves about a for the carnal act (a screw, layman). Where, when, how, with whom and why are the unique factors distinguishing one scene from the next, In the initial scene, there is an enticer (the whore), and an enticee. The enticee would pass on to the next scene and become enticer, etc., e,tc. (a new character repres’ enting one more step up on the social ladder) until the final enticee, “the Count returns to the whore and the circle is complete. I have found that the basic problem in this production was defining sexual roles. Who was on the top, and who was on the bottom? On opening night, Tuesday ‘the 28th, very little was defined. On top of this, technical problems ruined any hope of creatifig a mood, any mood. Some scenes were funny, and some weren’t, but what was required of actors in the second five scenes was a greater depth of understanding, or ai least a consistant understanding of their roles. Several of the more important lines which reveal the sexual role of their characters were blurred. Imprecision of this nature holds the spectator back from understanding the character’s actions. Technical mistakes murder mood and atmosphere. The dropping of props onstage and noise offstage are terribly obvious. Sloppy scene changes and lighting mistakes detract from the production’s flow. It is up to the stage manager to take enough time to rehearse the lighting technicians thoroughly. If the lighting is too complicated, then simplif?it to work smoothly. .

on Friday. He worked hard at making his scenes work. Unfortunately , he used phony, irrelevant gestures to indicate feelings instead of feeling them. Perhaps he didn’t know-what side to be on. On Saturday he relaxed and let the situations play themselves rather fhan forcing his’way into them. Though his wife worked well in her scenes with the young gentleman,, her lover, she never got off the ground with him. Highlights of Saturday’s closing performance were supplied by the

Poet, the Young Miss, the Actress and the Count. All became multidimensional characters that offered more than sexual drives. The Poet showed the isolated, frightened side of sexual desire. The Young Miss became a little more experienced than her polite manner would have you know. Once the Actress was performed more directly and sincerely, without all those hammy “sex gags”, she grabbed the audience’s sympathy as well as laughter. The Count became a beautiful mixture of naivety and compassion with a romantic flavour, but with a modern man’s fragmented awareness. When the Count left the stage on Saturday night, I was left with a pleasant feeling.None of the characters struck me as bad people. Immediately following hii exit, the Count led on all theaother characters, in a line, hand in hand. They marched along solemnly and then formed a tight circle. The red feather boa, which throughout the play was delivered to a new enticee during the interludes, is passed around the circle. Each character regarded it either with horror or with hatred. The boa may have represented carnal lust, or a social disease, or anything to anybody. = More importantly, the whole march scene brought down the previously light mood of the play. If the director had wanted to condemn the characters’ actions, he should have made this more evident in the rest of the play, otherwise, he is just invalidating all the work his actors have done to make their characters seem moral. Maybe it is his own concept‘ion of the play’s intent that is invalid? I wish to thank the cast and crew for a most enjoyable, and profitable learning experience. But, do you really know what you are doing? -myles’

kesten

If, at some time your on/y reason for going to a pub is to get-drunk and do a bit of boogeying to a loud and somewhat raunchy band, then perhaps you should take in MacKenzie, playing this tieek at the CC Pub. They tend to play standard though hackneyed versions of recent AM fare by such groups as Z.Z. Top, Doobie Bros.; nothing spectacular, but if you’re in the right frame of mind (perhaps leaning towards staggering) they’ll get you up and shake your ass around. Don’t look too hard though for any aesthetic qualities in their music, for like so many run-of-the-mill pub bands, all you’ll get is sheer volume instead of good music. Though their material-is well rehearsed, they’ve been pla*ying this stuff long enough.

photo by hal mitchell

friday,

november

7, 1975

Mason: good, bad ‘& indifferent

Born to run Bruce

Born

Springsteen

to Run

Bruce Born to Run is Springsteeti’s third album for Columbia Records in the past three years. His first two, Greetings from Ast&y Park and The Wild, the Innocent and the E Street Shuffle received great critical acclaim, yet sold very poorly. His second album didn’t even reach the Billboard Hot 100 and Columbia seriously considered dropping his contract, Yet for some rather strange reason Born To Run has received so much publicity in the past few weeks that three major news magazines have done feature stories on Springsteen’s life and music. In the short space of about two months he has risen from the status of New Jersey cult-hero to “the next Bob Dylan.” Born to Run is probably the best album that will be released by a solo artist this year. It’s the best solo album I’ve heard since Dylan’s Blood on the Tracks, which was released last February. Before analyzing any of the particular songs on the album, it would be useful to illustrate what his music sounds like. It has very much early 1960’s influence; you can hear early Dylan, Phil Spector-like production and Van Morrison style vocals in many of the cuts. The theme of the music is life in the grimy Eastern-seaboard cityslums. At several points in the record Springsteen states his desire to get out of the city; “Baby this town rips the bones from your back/It’s a death trap, it’s a suicide rap/we’ gotta get out while we’re young” and “It’s a town full df losers/And I’m pulling out of here to win”. However, this record, despite the superficial appearance of some of the escape-theme lyrics, is a glorification of life in the streets. The lyrics are very personal; Springsteentakes an almost romantic approach to his subject. The album opens with “Thunder Road”, a song which begins softly and builds up to a tremindous climax. Springsteen’s songs are almost totally devoid of any hook lines, the songs ramble on in story-telling fashion with very few repeated verses. “Thunder Road” -is about a guy

Dave

Mason

Dave Mason

who has nothing except what’s “beneath this dirty hood.” He tries to persuade the girl of his dreams to escape the city with him and “ride out tonight to case the promised land.” The theme is not original, many early sixties songs are based along the same line, yet Springsteen’s version is as good as any of those. The most poignant street song on the album is the last song of side one; “Backstreets”, about two friends who spend the summer on the city backstreets together where “At night sometimes it seemed/You could hear the whole damn city crying”. However, if there is any fault in Springsteen’s writings, it is that he repeats the themes of his songs too often. “Born to Run”, which opens side two, has an almost identical theme to “Thunder Road”. It’s a

fantastic song, elaborate string arrangements and the best saxaphone solo I’ve heard since Bobby Keys’ solo on the ‘Stones’

tune “Rip

This

Joint”. The lyrics are powerful in their street imagery; “The highway’s jammed with broken heroes on a last chance power drive/ Everybody’s out on the run tonight but there’s no place left to hide.” If this pattern follows up on subsequent albums then the theme will become somewhat redundant, if not boring. Yet Born To Run is anything but boring. Any person who wishes to like Bruce Springsteen need only listen to this album once at loud volume to be very impressed with the man’s talents. He’s Dylan and Elvis synthesized, and anyone who knows anything about American rock music knows that’s one powerful combination. -steven

threndyle

Nevertheless .

Several years ago an innovative English group named Traffic split up allowing the two main creative forces behind it to explore their differing creative directions. Those forces were personified in Stevie Winwood and Dave Mason. Stevie then became part of the fllrst ‘ ‘super group’ ’ , Blind Faith, a disappointing and much overrated collection of England’s finest. However, Dave fared better by going it alone and released one of my favourite al+ms to this day Alone Together. Well, Winwood saw the error of his ways and after a time got together again with Jim Capaldi and a few other musicians and formed a new, progressive Traffic. Unfortunately with the success of his solo album, Mason continues to feel its title is his watchword and consequently continues to produce solo albums. It is unfortunate because, though Dave Maso&s a fine g&arist, musical manger and often a good song writer, he lacks the creative genius necessary to come up with excellence every time. Mason is talented but he needs help and feedback from his back-up people to put together top notch material. It sounded as though he got that on Alone Together but it is definitely lacking on his latest album called simply Dave Mason. This is not to say that it is a poor album. There are quite a few good songs on it.“However, Dave Mason illustrates that Mason can only work individually for a definite time and time is hp. He needs to record with a group that is respectful of his talents but more importantly, that has the creativity and talent he can respect and grow with. He has not found that combination with this album. Working in this vacuum, too many songs such as “Get Ahold on Love”, “Harmony and Melody” and “It Can’t Make Any Difference to Me” come across merely as filler. Still others like “Show Me Some Affection” after the initial impact of the soothing George Harrison-like guitar and pleasant female vocalizing, fade after several listenings into repetitive jar-

gon.

Film ‘reviews: women and labour directly benefit the working class women portrayed in the movie. The film was however stimulating. The determination and long, hard fight of the sufiagettes was impressive. Society in gene+, was hit hard and taken off guard by the A women’s film with an optimisfight of these women. They marched adamantly, were retic theme and a happy ending. Or was it? Pierre Berton narrates the peatedly jailed, yet failed to be Fight of women from the height of stifled by the repressive tactics repressive Victorian era to a used against them. It was not until somewhat changed position of the World War I that the deadlock was post-war period. broken. Bourgeois women are depicted With an increasing need for proin their era of pomp and pageantry, duction, as a result of the blockadproudly displaying their learned ing of imports during warfare and the loss of men to the military, practice of the social graces. On the wbmen stepped on to the scene. other hand, the wage earning women, working in factories at the Their cry for the vote was replaced time of the Industrial Revolution by their cry for participation in the war. They proved themselves capare hardly an example of the tradi, able of filling men’s shoes and tional feminine role. The true class struggle that unearned the right to vote with their jermined the women’s movement sweat and toil during those war St that time, and is still as strongly years. evident today, is very discreetly inThus universal suffrage was fi:roduced. Was the real issue the nally achieved. Now perhaps the vote for women or was this most important question arises. Jerhaps, an immediate issue, What then happened to the move*aised and militantly advocated by ment? Why did the feminist thrust ;he bourgeois class and merely a come to such an abrupt halt with scratch on the surface of the major this single victory? A major vicssue of the class struggle-the tory, yes, but only an isolated struggle needed to bring about their achievement. .otal liberation. This would more It was an oppdrtune time for the

“Women On The MarchThe Fight For Equal Rights”

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women’s movement because of the vulnerability of the imperialist and capitalist doctrines, to make such a concession. But, as Berton interjects “equal rights would still take many

years”. -clara

kis ko

“It’s Not Enough”

This movie attempts tOportray the injustices faced by women in the labour force. I use the word “Attempt” because the movie uses interviews of bourgeois women-professionals-but neglects to interview women of the-working class: The fdrn does however,

offer the

following statistics on the discrimination between the sexes. The majority of women work for lower incorn& than men which is based on the myth that the majority of women have a husband to provide for them. In actuality, over one qua,rter of the working women are widows, separated or divorced. Women represent one third of the labour force‘, who either work to support themselves and their children or to supplement the family ini=ome. The annual wage for a woman is $4,800 compared to $9,700 for a man. More women than men finish high

there

He std has the talent, he just needs to loosen-his ego a bit &d allow fellow musicians to help him realize his full potential. --a. clamm

Poet-cop Policeman-poet Hans Jewinski will grace UW on Nov. 12 (Humatiities 373, 3:30) to read selections from his new volume entitled Poet Cop. Jewinski is a former UW student who writes poetry and who also happens to be a policeman in Toronto. In addition to reading his soonto-be-released

school but men continue to get better jobs with the same level of education. An example is given in a common department store. Women are channelled into trivial jobs such as selling novelties ; whereas, men are positioned in the sales jobs receiving commission. Not enough daycare facilities are established to permit more women to work outside the home. In 1968, there were 1,200 child care centres and only 89 were public. Most are open from 9:30 am-3:30 pm, which certainly means that they do’not serve those who need use of them-the working class women. The film takes a passive, fatalistic approach in looking at women workers. It promotes the ideology that women should have the opportunity to choose between working and/or rearing her children. It pro-

motes the individualistic approach to rearing children; that “mother” is the only one really equipped -- to do the job. The film supports the notion that

a woman’s

place is in the home, but

she should

be compensated

(for her

isolation) with a wage. This is contrary to the historical trend that women are definitely leaving the home and entering the work force. -Sylvia collins

are som’e

songs including “Every Woman” and “Bring It on Home to Me” that fare better under critical scrutiny. “Every Woman”, although espousing a traditional romantic understanding of women, has a beautiful musical arrangement reminiscent of “As Sad and Deep as You” on Alone Together. (Lyrics never were Mason’s forte.) On “Bring it on Home” the backup band can be heard to work with Dave instead of for him. They get together a male harmony that-does this old blues favorite justice right down to the final “ . . .-on horn&o meeeee!” The two best cuts are “All Along the Watchtower” and “Can’t Take it with You When You Go” which finish off each side of the album. With “Can’t Take It”, Mason captures the vitality and complexity he used to produce consistently. He manipulates str%gs, organ and guitar so that, though they are held in check, they are not s&led from building up an exciting energy which makes this song stand out above most of the others on this album. Dave Mason reassures everybody on “All Along the Watchtower” that he is still one of the best guitarists around. Using a Jimi Hendrix format for this Dylan song he manages to create a similar mood of anxious urgency with an interplay of guitars and organ. However, his arrangement of the song distinguishes it from Her&ix’s version and it comes across as a solid Mason effort. The solo dynamism of this musician appears to have run out. This is not to say he has lost his songwriting and instruinental ability.

book,

Jewinski

will

direct a workshop on the intricacies and difficulties of running a small press in Canada. He is familiar with this subject since he has printed the works of such Canadian poets as Margaret Atwood, John Robert Columbo, Doug Fetherling, Ian Young and Eldon Garnet.

THREE. . MUSKETEERS Fri & Sai Vov. 7 & 8 7&9pm Boooooooooeooooeoooe

MAN.OF

ARAN

Nov. 9

Sur 7&9pm

KlNC OF HEARTS

MowWet 8 Pm ~ooooooooooeooooeee4 Nov.’

1 oy12

admission

$2.00

friday,

the chevron

Addrew

all letters

chevron, ampus

to thre Editor, the centre. Please type

Metaphysically, for instance , ‘ ‘materialism refers to the claim that mental phenomena are identical with physical ones, or may be “reduced” to them. And certainly the practice of science does not presuppose that belief; it is quite possible to pursue not only physics but even psychology without accepting it. Again, there is “materialism” in the sense of Marx’s theory of “dialectical materialism” ,. which is a set of rather loose and unspecific claims about the main determinants of history (or anyway, certain aspects of it). Again, this kind of materialism certainly is not presupposed by science. And although it is never very safe to say anything about I was interested to see Doug Wahlsten’s qualification, it letter in your issue of last week; it’s always - Marx without considerable is fairly plausible to believe that he himself nice to find other people besides profesregarded “dialectical materialism” as a sional philosophers taking an interest in the hypothesis, capable of being confirmed or philosophy of science. However, I think disconfiimed by experience just like any Wahlsten’s main claims in the letter are other large-scale hypotheses (viz., not easy, either ill-taken or seriously misleading or but possible in principle). just plain wrong, and since this may not be The fact that he was personally convinced obvious to everybody I thought I would try that it was true, and often acted as though it to set matters straight in this letter. didn’t require any evidence at all, must not Wahlsten takes the author of an earlier be held too seriously against him: after all, he article in the chevron to task for saying that was not a philosopher of science. At any science is a “consensus of rational opinion rate, the point is that we must not assimilate distinct from other bodies of knowledge and what Wahlsten first calls “materialism” to from its applications,” claiming instead that either of these other senses (let alone still the touchstone of science is factual truth, not others, such as that “materialistic values” opinion. are better than some other sort). Now, there are some minor matters in the quoted statement which would need a bit of Now Wahlsten goes on to say that there are disputes about some theories, “such as explanation, but so far as the main claim is theory of concerned, it should be pointed out that the neo-Malthusian overpopulation. . . ” which “No amount of Wahlsten’s reaction is probably ill-taken. The term “science” is not a univocal term. intellectual debate or unbridled speculation In one sense it refers to a canon of intelleccan sort out”. Now, taking these words at their face value, this would seem to be a tual operation, i.e., a set of methods for at%taining knowledge. In another sense, it refairly obvious and even trivial point. No fers to a body of theory. In still another empirical theory can be confirmed or disconsense, it refers to a social undertaking, an firmed solely by “intellectual debate’ ’ or on-going activity by a whole lot of people, “speculation” (bridled or otherwise), neoviz., scientists. Malthusianism or the atomic hypothesis In the second sense of this term, there is about matter or anything else concerning the really nothing wrong, and in the main a concrete world. whole lot right, about using some such definBut what Wahlsten wants to say about this ition as the one quoted. When someone says, particular theory and a few others, which “according to Science, such-and such”, he evidently he thinks are clearly false, is that in is referring to a body of results, i.e., of scienaddition to empirical confirmation, the tific theory. theory has to be tested by something called He cannot refer simply to the laws of na“human struggle”. What all does this mean, ture, the ultimate set of scientific results one wonders? (There is a curious point about neo-Malthusianism, for what it’s worth: if which, in the final reckoning are the whole truth about nature, because whether there is that theory is true, then presumably we any such thing or not we certainly cannot would expect “struggle” under certain conclaim to know at present what it is. What he ditions, namely for the too-limited food suphas to be referring to is’ that body of theory ply. But presumably this isn’t what Wahlwhich is currently taken by working sciensten has in mind.) Evidently what he does want to do is to tists to be true (or at least, the best we can currently do). And in this sense, science is a bring the “class struggle” into the laborat“consensus of rational opinion”. It is not ory, and everywhere. But what is the status of such claims? Presumably not all scientific simply a consensus of everybody’s opinion-that would be referred to more acpropositions require “class struggle” for sense”. Nor is it a their confirmation or disconfirmation; at curately as “common consensus of just any old scientists. Experts least, given Wahlsten’s original suggestion on X could be crackpots on Y, after all. What about the nature of science, there doesn’t a reasonable person would want to appealto seem to be any reason to advert to it. And here would be the consensus of the relevant even the sociological claim that there is a experts, and if there wasn’t any such consen“class struggle” is not one which is “tested sus, then in decency he ought to qualify by struggle” ; it too, one would think, is his statement in some such manner as, tested by careful observation and even, con“ . . . or at least, most scientists in that field”, ceivably, experiment. or whatever. There is a notorious tendency for Marxists It would be utter confusion, however, to to urge on the class struggle, but one hopes, confuse “current scientific opinion” with at least, that they aren’t doing this in order to some such thing as “correspondence to promote confirmation of the hypothesis that there is one! fact”, or whatever. Precisely how one goes And, finally, we are told that according to about verifying a scientific theory is a very Marxism, “social practice is the sole criterdifficult matter to sort out. Experimentation, ion for truth”, in the case of the empirical sciences (a very which whatever it means is surely inconsistent with Wahlsten’s first different account would, of course, have to be given in the case of the “formal sciences” characterization of science according to such as Mathematics), will of course have a which the-criterion of truth is, simply, corlot to do with it. respondence with the facts. (Or did he mean, But it ‘is now generally recognized that correspondence with the facts, provided that experimentation is not sufficient, and in they are the way a particular set of hypothsome cases not even necessary (though ultieses say they are?) Indeed, it is difficult to see what it even mately, all things taken together, experiment and observation are the very wellsprings of means to say that social practice is a “criterscience). ion of truth”, unless, trivially, it is that propBut then Wahlsten goes on to say that “a ositions about social practice are true only if genuine scientist is a materialist, someone social practice is the way those propositions say they are. ,4nd one assumes that somewho believes that the world is knowable and that the laws of nature exist in the material thing more interesting than that is what is meant. world independent of human will”. So far, so good. But it should be noted that this is By the way, I would like to take personal umbrage at the claim, in Wahlsten’s final not the usual meaning of the ‘term ‘materialism’. paragraph, that “Dialectical materialism is

Wahisten 3 claims are YM-taken, misleading or wrong”

novem ber 7, 1975

not taught at this university.” In one sense, of course, that is true and exactly as it should be. Neither, I hope, is Presbyterianism, Progressive Conservatism, or any other such general doctrines. However’ Wahlsten seems to imply that dialectical materialism is not studied, and that is not true. For one example (among many others, I’m sure), my colleague Haworth and I did a course on Marxism a couple of years back, with every intention of repeating. This course, though listed in calendars etc., was taken by a grand total of .about eight people, despite the apparently large population of aspiring Marxists dwelling among us. One presumes that they already knew all there was to know about dialectical materialism and associated matters, and/or were not about to associate with bourgeois professors whose professed aim was merely to analyze Marx’s ideas carefully and try to determine what sort of evidence was relevant to them, just what they imply about what, and so on. This has not, in my experience, prevented these savants from committing at least as many fallacies as Marx here and there appears to- commit. . . At any rate, it is a long way from claiming that science is in principle objective and requires careful and precise formulation of hypotheses, controlled experimentation, accurate observation, guarded generalization, responsible use of statistical methods, and the avoidance of logical fallacies in reasoning, to the proclamation that science requires a blood-and-guts commitment to the ultimate victory of the proletariat, and I hope that this letter will help anyone who may have been led astray by Wahlsten’s generously ambiguous use of the term “materialism” to get him from the one to the other, to avoid doing likewise, or at least, if he insists on doing so, to realize that insight into the nature of science is not on his side!

McDonald moaned that Trudeau’s wage controls would discriminate against women, who are trying to gain wage equity with men. She asked, “If the guidelines are 10 percent for wage increases, then how can women get ahead with a 12 percent inflation rate?” This question brings two points to mind. First, McDonald must not have read the wage control white paper. In the program “Attack on Inflation” issued by the minister of finance, a complete copy of which was published in People’s Canada Daily News (Oct. 21, 1975, pp. 22-24), one of the numerous exceptions to the overall guidelines pertains to women. It says: “Employers may also grant increases in compensation above the guidelines if such increases result from taking measures . . . to eliminate sex discrimination pay practices. ” Before becoming indignant about how nasty the government is, McDonald should have investigated what was actually said.In fact, the white paper on wage controls tosses a few crumbs to several sectors of the working class in order to try to buy them off, stifle dissent, and thereby split the opposition to the program. Second, she speaks as though the wage control program were going into practice. There is no reason to believe that the program can ever be implemented, because the working class is already preparing to defeat it. McDonald assists the government by creating illusions about the nature of the control program, all the while refusing to organize opposition to it. Fortunately it is only the so-called “Communist Party” that has such a defeatist attitude. Workers themselves even now are actively retaliating against the program. The fact is that women workers can catch up with a 12 percent inflation rate the same Jan Narveson way as men by organizing and fighting for Department of Philosophy higher wages. The most incredible thing is that McDonald appeals to Trudeau to “attack the monopolies” instead of the workers! Trudeau is a thorough-going lackey of U .S : imperialism who has consistently sold out this country to foreign finance capital, espeYou could stand to learn one or two things cially to the oil monopolies, and he is a sworn about political economy. On page three of enemy of the working class. the Oct. 3 1 issue of the chevron, you wrongly It is ridiculous to beg this man to change accuse a young woman of making profit from his allegiance, given his long and dishonoraher petty craft industry and being a ble history of eager service to monopoly capitalist . capitalism. A petty craftsman buys raw materials at a By uniting and opposing the wage concertain value and then produces a commodtrols, the Canadian working class and people ity with a higher value by expending his/her can defeat the Trudeau government and own labour power on the materials, using force the rich to bear an increased portion of simple tools. No profit is realized in this the burden of the economic crisis. process. These efforts will only be hampered by The increase in the value of the product so-called “communists” who create illuover that of the raw materials is solely de- sions about the nature of the enemy. rived from the craftsman’s own labour, and Donna Wills if you were to investigate this, you would discover that the hourly-equivalent wage rate for this sort of simple craft work is extremely low. Today, a small artisan must compete with Your article entitled “Senate report suggests large-scale, met hanized industry, and the give students more grants” (October 24) is money earned by petty industry is barely good, but the title is misleading. ’ sufficient for survival. It rates more as a The article clarifies this header by pointhobby than a business. ing out that the report approved by Senate Profit comes from the exploitation of calls for a shift from a consistent loan-grant human labour. A capitalist uses money to mix throughout one’s academic career to a purchase raw materials and hire a worker at system that awards a substantial grant in first a certain wage. and second year and then replaces it with The worker produces the commodities, loans in third and fourth year. The result is and the capitalist makes a profit by paying a that the total grant for any individual is not wage which is less than the value added to increased, just apportioned differently. the raw materials by the labour power of the My comment was that the proposed sysworker. Thus money is transformed into tem did nothing to remove the financial barcapital. riers to post-secondary education. Any sysTherefore, to accuse the artisan of being a tem which uses loans as the form of assisprofit-making capitalist is to assert that the tance discriminates against lower-income young woman exploits her own labour, people’ which is pure nonsense. The brief itself realizes this when it says What you call “hip capitalism” on the part “We are concerned that some adequate form of this artisan is in fact “hip ignorance” on of assistance be available for those mature your part. students, with or without families, who Jenn George commence or return to post-secondary study after a period of time in the work is that the system force. ’ ’ -The implication proposed for non-mature students is inadeAccording to your report of the meeting on quate. John M. Shortall the basis of the oppression of women President, Federation of Students (chevron, October 31, 1975, p.3), Nan

Political economy

Hed misle

friday,

november

7, 1975

the chevron

Cabbaae8town plays u-

I was amazed when I read Myles Keston’s review of The Cabbagetown Plays in the chevron (Oct. 31), particularly that part of the review concerned with Snowbirds. Keston’ stated the play was “a comic dialogue between two winos one might see on a park bench’. . . in .Toronto . . . the play is funny. The audience laughed. The acting was stilted, forced and the play was erratic.” “Snowbirds” portrayed a segment of society which is not obvious in Kitchener, that part of society which has fallen to the absolute rock bottom, where survival is uncertain and the only redeeming feature in life is sharing a bottle with a buddy as down and out as oneself. ,’ Coming from Toronto myself, I did not find that play amusing, and I was horrified and disgusted at that portion of the audience who laughed and “roared” with amusement. I have seen these men lining up at the Scott Mission only a few blocks from Queen’s Park, in their ragged old coats and worn out shoes, who look at passers-by with hatred and envy. They are notfunny, they are frightening. “Snowbirds” was a painfully accurateportrayal of the lives of these men. If the acting was stilted, it was because the men themselves are stilted and erratic. It doesn’t take much reading in literature to discover references to a Jekyll-and-Hyde effect or alcoholic psychosis connected with heavy drinking for years on end. ’ During the play, the only possible explanation I could come up with for the incredible reaction of the audience was possibly an attempt to release tension through laughter. Keston in his article revealed that this was not the case. Now I conclude that the laughter resulted from ignorance. Perhaps Keston has never been to Toronto. D. Lavers Psychology

Communists revisionists

Et ’

Nan McDonald’s performance at the federation sponsored meeting last Wednesday evening (Oct. 29) once again demonstrated the underlying ‘social fascist’ behaviour of the so called “Communist” Party of Canada. Unwilling and unable to answer questions from the audience raised after her speech, McDonald rudely attacked members of the audience who questioned her. At one point when a man asked how the CP’s programme differed from the NDP, the chairperson, Bob McFee (president of the K-W Communist Club), literally threw a copy of the party’s programme at the questioner: No communist would ever deal with ‘an honest person’s question in such a manner! This meeting, however, was an excellent thing as it clearly showed the bankruptcy of the revisionist line. McDonald and her crew only serve to sow confuiion and treat illusions about the social system in Canada. Their line says that if workers beg long enough and hard enough the monopoly capitalists will throw them a few crumbs -housing, hot lunches, etc. “Don’t fight -beg,” is the rallying cry of the revisionists. McDonald upholds the Soviet Union as a node1 of socialism in the world. She doesn’t accept that the Soviet Union is a super3ower and a vicious social imperialist coun:ry which is bringing us to the brink of a third world war. She acts as an agent of Brezhnev snd his lackeys in the Soviet Union by slanBering the People’s Republic of China and its great leader chairman Mao Tsetung in every Nay possible. The one country where work:rs are truly living under a socialist system is :he country she insults. Staunch friends and supporters of China were outraged by this voman’s public denunciation of a nation of 300,000,000 people who are striving to build t. new and great future for l/4 of the world’s copulation. Not even Nan’s revisionist friends came o her defense during the question period. l’hey all sat there in stony silence. Perhaps

they too saw the degeneracy of her line. In spite of the total lack of support at the meeting, McDonald made a sales pitch for members of the audience to join her party. For $3 anyone can become a “Communist”. The NDP is at least honest enough not to say it is not a revolutionary party. The revisionists are clearly non-revolutionary and non-militant. They are a disgrace to real communists all over the world!Marsha Forest, Assistant Professor, UW

Cannery feature criticiied

’

One of the main priorities of International Women’s Year rests in organising unorganised women workers. The main trend in Canada today is that as a consequence of the economic crisis women are being forced into social production,*once on the job market they are channelled into the virtually apartheid job system of separate and unequal job and wage opportunities with men. Women are-segregated in sales, service and recreation jobs, where, as a portion of the working people they are singled out for superexploitation by the monopoly capitalist system. Women, particularly native and immigrant, are the cheapest, most available source of labour power and the capitalist system is quick to reap the benefits of their vulnerability. As a consequence of being in social production, rather than isolated in domestic work at home, women’s consciousness is changing rapidly; that is, they are developing class consciousness. In an era when many women are becoming militant trade unionists, the chevron thinks it a service to the liberation of women to reprint an anti-liberation article (from an American journal no less !) which carries every bourgeois line going. “Life in a Tuna Cannery” by Barbara Garson (chevron, Friday, October 31, 1975) is an unmitigated slander against women, an attempt to deny the historical trend in the womens’ movement. It promotes the idea that unions are necessarily male chauvinist and sellout to boot, that they not only sell male trade unionists down the drain, but that, by definition, they oppose the aspirations of their female members. Why does the chevron pick up a Story which concentrates the most backward trade union sentiment in order to attack the trade unions, the only self-defence organisations workers have? The article carries the nauseating radical feminist line that men are the enemy as opposed to offering a class analysis which locates the exploitation and oppression of women in class oppression. Life in a tuna cannery-an area of production noted for its particularly vicious exploitation of women-is depicted in the reprint especially when one as really not so bad considers the sensuou s and erotic aspects of cleaning fish! The article actually promotes that fish cleaning gives rise to pleasurable fantasies and as suchis reasonably attractive work. I can just imagine the tales of eroticism that fish plant workers in the Maritimes would offer if given an opportunity to recount their working experience. Minimum wages, seasonal w’ork and stinking working conditions barely surface in Garson’s romanticised fiction. She must have been rejected from a bourgeois literary guild and decided to take up writing short stories glamourising the oppression of women, discouraging them from joining unions and enjoining them to buy into her own sick sexuality as a diversion from the real issues. ’ The article takes a thoroughly reactionary line and as such deserves nothing more than contempt. The women of the world are increasingly fighting shoulder to shoulder with men to throw off the yoke of imperialist aggression; capitalist, colonial and feudal oppression. They’are organising as workers to take up leadership in trade unions and a significant number are becoming revolutionary leaders \ in Canada and elsewhere.

Yet in the age when women are standing up in fighting unity with their trade union brothers, when many petit bourgeois women are aligning themselves with the struggles of the working class, the chevron can find nothing Canadian, nothing progressive and nothing but reaction to fill their centrefold. Are we to believe this is an accident? Marlene Webber

Coming back to strikes, excesses of democracy cause dictatorship of workers (and no longer that of the proletariat). This may be a new phenomenon in political . philosophy. As I-have already indicated since four years or so, Canada has been witnessing a steady flow of strikes emanating especially from the province of Quebec. It is short-sightedness on the part of both the Federal and Quebec governments not to check this perennial tendency. It has spread in all the provinces in Canada. There is a steady erosion of the country’s economy as the result of strikes. Strikes cost the Governments and companies more than In my eyes the chevron is affairs in Chile, two million dollars a day. On the other hand, affairs in Portugal, the CIA, sexual liberathey indirectly weaken the party in power to tion, the odd local matter and a “technologithe advantage of the opposition. cal” section, all with a healthy sewing of I quite agree that strike is a sociological political theories and views. Are there really that many romantic, phenomenon which cannot be avoided. I am of the view that it can also be checked. The political-saturation desiring, extremist thingovernments of Canada should realise that kers amongst us? Is the world composed of the godly worker, the satan administrator strikes could be turned to their advantage. If and the student preparing for the coming the present anti-inflation policy fails to make impacts, they could try to fight inflation with revolution with his “progressive literature’ ’ ? unemployment. That is, each government of I’m interested in being informed about the Federation Should enact a legislation whereby workers (especially those in essencampus events, local developments that will affect me, technological advancements and tial services) will lose theirjobs if they are on “trivia”, humor and to a lesser extent, the strike for more than a month. Employers in the private sector should be convinced to world of politics. How about looking at the neighbourhood? support the legislation. For example, the increased cultivation of It is time that the government did someasphalt on some of the best agricultural land thing about strikes in this country. It should in the world. no longer observe down-to-earth, all the The technical section is a good idea and tenets of democracy. It would not be inaccuhad a good start. Suggestion: switch the emrate to suggest that it is approaching a stage phasis in the technological section to techwhere the police and the army could be used \ nology. to force the striking workers back’to their I’m recommending that if the chevron is to jobs. Those who are not prepared to cooperrepresent the campus, it should also be of ate should be automatically sacked. interest to a person like me. This suggestion may appear arbitrary to Peter Gunn those who take refuge in democracy and commit havoc. It is intended not only to protect democracy but to save the Canadian economy. The cruel truth is that no government in the so-called Third ‘or Fourth World’countries could afford to be losing money every Strike, strike and strike. day or see its essential services disrupted. This is always the fate of a country where No worker in this part of the world should be majority of workers want to live beyond absent from his or her work for more than a their means. ’ month, else he or she loses it. Democracy would not work smoothly in a Although Western democracies might capitalis t-oriented country such as Canada term these countries crude, dictatorial and is. Canadian economy has completely beundemocratic, yet, they get along well. If come a ‘dollar’ economy. Everybody wants you want to safeguard democracy, you to get his or her own lion share of the dollar. ought to be undemocratic, sometimes. For workers are more concerned with how I am not saying that workers should not to “capture” the dollar than the importance agitate for or demand higher wages and good of their services to the communities and conditions of service. But these demands companies they serve. should not only be reasonable but workable. The “artificial” excuse these workers Imagine, certain workers demanding forty give is that they want to cope with the rising or seventy per cent pay raise. To me, this is cost of living caused by inflation. Since 70s crazy. Some workers have been on strike for Canada has been witnessing an epidemic of more than ten weeks and they are being paid strikes. with tax-payers money. Postal service is This strike-mania is caused by the fact that being treated anyhow. This is one of the everybody in this country (including myself) most essential services to the community. wants to ride in a Cadillac, Continental, Most postal workers don’t realise this. They Mercedes Benz or Mark IV. Some people, are as callous as death. even, want to own private planes and esThe cardinal questions Canadian workers tates. should put to themselves in all their dealings A waiter, an office messenger and garbage with their governments are who consume collector wants to earn more than a univerour services? Do we place their interest first sity professor. Primary and high school or ours? Who are our employers? Do they teachers in Canada earn more than vicehold our destiny or means of our livelihood chancellors and university professors in in their hands? , Third World countries. Nurses earn more Finally, the government and people of than most doctors in Europe (not to talk of Canada should do something about this doctors in Third or Fourth World countries). stone wall attitude of some of their workers. They hide under the cloak of high cost of If their excesses are not checked, Canadians living (inflation is always here) to argue would soon be witn,essing their dark ages -\ their case for higher wages. after their students, teachers and professors Price control measures designed by the had gone on a long strike. Or they would government to roll back inflation are now realise their mistakes when telephone under attack. Those who oppose these operators, the police, the army and prison measures would not even admit that they are warders go on strike. This time, some of “selfish and short-sighted”, and that they your sons ‘and daughters would intensify are doing a disservice to their country. their kidnapping spree, bank robbery extorIt is unfortunate that these people who tion and feed you with hand grenades and profit from inflation would not like to see the bullets. government’s plan succeed. This govemFurthermore, some Canadian workers ment would not operate in a vacuum. It will should be reminded that they should not live work for and with the support of the people. in a grand manner at the expense of democThe impression so far is that a majority of the racy. Democracy \should not be “democpopulation of Canada supports razy’ ’ . government’s efforts to curb inflation. And Patrick John Obilo this is encouraging enough. Student of Political Science

We welcome your help ,

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I 1 I

Strikes and democFacy

-24

the chevron

friday,

Energy -

ho makes -. __. - th.e major Which technologies get developed and which are neglected reflects the opportunities and priorities.of those in power, including the energy industry. The decline of railroads and public transportation, the hypertrophy of the automobile, the wasteful reliance by aluminum producers on ‘cheap’ electricity, the extreme sophistication of oil geophysical and petrochemical technologies, the neglect of sa-e and non-destructive coal-mining, of combustion technology for high-sulfur coal, and of building design for natural temperature control and for-energy conservation-a// are consequences of high priority for private profit and low priority for the people’s optimum material we//-being. The following article is a cut version of qne that appeared in “Science for the People”

At the heart of the energy industry are the giant multinational corporations. At the present time, seven international oil companies (Standard Oil of New Jersey, Texaco, California Standard, Gulf, Mobil, Shell an& British Petroleum),‘five of them U.S. based, dominate the international oil markets, controlling two-thirds of the oil and natural gas. These companies are involved in the extraction, refining, marketing and transportation of oil and gas products. There is a second group of 20-30 smaller companies, referred to as the “Newcomers” or the international minors’, which are primarily U.S. firms (Standard Oil of Indiana, Phillips *Petroleum, Continental Oil, Atlantic Refining, etc.), but include important firms from other countries, such as the Japanese-Arabian Oil Company and the EN1 of Italy. In spite of their differences, these two groups have the same primary aim of profit maximization . The Soviet Union also plays an important ’ role. It has exported oil to a number of countries in Eastern Europe and Western Europe, as we11 as to Egypt, Cuba and Brazil. In order to break into existing markets they have to offer lower prices and the possibility of bartering other commodities for oil. In recent years, however, Soviet oil exports to the Third World have slowed considerably .

History In recent years, the international oil industry has moved to extend its holdings over ,remaining portions of the globe (the Arctic, South-East Asia), and has also branched out within the North American continent to buy up reserves of coal, natural gas and Uranium:One of the factors that prompted this trend was the nationalization of the oil itidustry in Iran in mid 195 1. At the time, the only oil company operating in Iran was Anglo-Iranian (later BP), with a 51% share owned by the British Governtient. Progressive forces in Iran felt that their country got little benefit from the oil industry, and that real power over their destiny and economic development could only be obtained through nationalization. A British boycott of oil from Iran was followed in 1953 by a coup whichoverthrew Dr. Mossadegh, the premier, and reinstated the Shah. The role of the CIA in executing this operation has been well-documented. Herbert Hoover was then sent out to Iran by *Eisenhower to make arrangements for Iranian oil to be controlled by a consortium of British, French, Dutch and American conterns. This deal enraged Enrico Mattei, head of the Italian State enterprise EN& and he attempted to break the monopoly of the Anglo-American oil cartel. Mattei proposed the idea of a joint Italian-Iranian venture with the Iranian Government getting 75% of the profits. (A 50-50 profit split was currently in operation.) The Iranian Government agreed with the proposal, and this served as an early model of participation in oil policymaking. Saudi Arabia made a similar arrangkment with the Japanese, and the Mattei example was increasingly adopted by the nationalist Arabs of the Organization of Oil Exporting countries (OPEC). Standard Oil of New Jersey tried to accommodate Mattei with offers of cheap oil

and refining capacity, but he was killed in a plane crash before the deal went through. As independent and nationalist regimes in the Arab countries have increasingly seized control of oil resources through participation and shared profits, in part encouraged by the presence bf the counter-vailing Soviet Empire, the oil companies have been forced to diversify their holdings in two ways. They have extended their ownership over other energy sources in the U.S. to the point where they now account for over a quarter of domestic coal and Uranium production. For example, Jersey Standard now has major Uranium deposits, is fabricating nuclear fuel, and has accumulated the largest block of coal reserves in the nation (six billion ton& in Southern Illinois). The Oil industry has now become the energy industry. They have_ also staked out their cl&n over South-East Asia and the Arctic, and are involved in drilling for oil and gas on continental she_lves and sub-sea territories around the *world. This consolidation of political and economic power is enhanced by the fact that the large companies are the only sotirce of information about the size of our energy resources. All this means that a handful of corporations have set themselves up as a “private government of energy,” and are in a position &determine the development rate and uses of the world’s remaining fossil fuel resources and alternative energy sources as well. But the energy companies are not an isolated sector of U.S. industry. Rather these companies are an integral part of the corporate system in which planning and accommodation are joint activities, the government a willing junior partner.

Government

But even here ihe Government has turned over administration of oil production rates to the industry dominated state-regulatory .commissions. In regard to natural gas, the 1954 Supreme ’ Court Philips decision authorized the Federal Power Commissio’n to regulate the price of natural gas at the well-head.. . For ten years, the FPC ignored the court order. The FPC finally established a pricing mechanism in the sixties. Very shortly after, the oil companies warned of an impending gas shortage, and argued that the price of gas be raised to encourage the companies to search for new supplies. It is difficult to know whether there is a genuine gas shortage since all figures on gas reserves are provided by the industry, and there is no independent government estimate. The staff of the FPC questioned the industry data, but John Nassikas, Chairman, and the other members, accepted the industry’s statistics. The Internal Revenue Service allowed oil and mining companies to buy coal firms in the mid-sixties using pre-tax corporate profits, thus avoiding paying corporate income tax on the money used for the acquisition. At the same time, the Justice Department (antitrust division) and the Congress allowed these major m?gers to go forwardwithout opposition. The result-three companies, two of them oil firm subsidiaries, control 27% of all coal production in the U. S . In the past five years, oil companies have increased their share of the national coal production from 7% to 28%. The connection between the Government and the international oil companies in the U.S. is complicate_d by the existence of a large domestic oil sector (companies without international holdings), and the existence of conflicts between the domestics and the intemation& . In s&e of this, U.S. Foreign Policy has actively promoted the interests of the international oil companies. Nixon’s energy message unveiled originally in April, 1973, and modified with each change in the economic situation since then, has been exuberantly greeted as a bonanza for all sectors of the oil industry, domestic and international. The message eased restrictions on the import of oil, lifted Government controls on natural gas prices, increase& support for domes tic oil production and refining, and posed a serious setback for the environmental forces in the country. The only unpredictable element was a generous new system of tax credits for oil and gas exploration. The net result of all this was to drive up the already-bloated price of oilstocks. Also, it offered little hope for an enlightened policy of clean cheap’ energy that could prove undamaging to the majority of people and their environment. The corporate recipients of this generosity could have written the message themselves-its language and future visions are remarkably similar to the copy produced by advertisers for the petroleum industry. WHERE

THE

ENERGY

COMES

‘FROM

november

7, 197’:

-Forcing independents out of business. -Countering the forces - of Arat: Nationalism (whit h seek increased partici, pation in oil operations and profits). -Diversifying holdings both geographically (the Arctic, Indonesia, Indochina) and ir terms of controlling the development o: other energy sources. -Destruction of environmental opposition tc projects such as the Alaska pipeline, dril. ling on the outercontinental shelf, extensive strip mining in the western states and nuclear power. -Ensuring governmental and administra tive arrangements that will tirther lubricate responsiveness to the interests of the oil corn panies. -A desire to raise prices at all levels, par, titularly at the level of retail and wholesah business, which has been less profitable thar the production and fast sale of crude oil. Oil company profits have been highest ir 1973. However the return-on-investment ir the energy industry really has been slipping ir recent years and the current energy offen sive is presumably intended to help reverst this situation. A Wall Street analyst see! 1973 as “one of the classic growth years fo! the oil companies.” The same analyst quoted in Barron’s for June 18, 1973, wa! asked, “If I read you correctly, we’re in the throes of,bona-fide energy crisis . . .If that’: the ease, why bother with oil stocks at all?” His answer “The bleak picture I painter: was not for oil company profits. It was -fo tighter supplies, rationing and fundamenta changes which will see more and more inter vention in the industry’s affairs by both pro ducer and consumer governments. But al this can be true and rates of return on asset! can go up.” Even S. David Freeman, director of the Ford Foundation Energy Palicy Study, ha! stated, “The ‘energy crisis’ could well serve as a smokescreen for a massive exercise ir picking the pocket of the- American con sumer to the tune of billions of dollar’s i year.” No new refineries have been built for sev eral years. This is a process that could have occurred years ago, but the increased pro duction could have endangered profits. I takes approximately three years to build ; new refinery, so that refinerycapacity is no likely to increase very much till 1976 or 1977 Over a ten to fifteen year peGod we cal expect growing dependence of the U.S. Europe and Japan on oil supplies from the Middle East, further world monetary crise: (caused by dollars‘ flowing out to purchas oil from the Middle East), possible militar: intervention to prop up regimes that cal keep the oil flowing to the world’s metropoli tan centers, and much debate over what ha been called ‘ ‘The Oil vs. Israel problem. ” Traditional sources of cheap and convenien oti from the U.S. and Venezuela will no longe supply the domestic demandiat the mo ment the U.S. imports about one-third of it HOW

THE

ENERGY

IS CONSUMED

help

Two themes are immediately obvious here-the first is the monopolistic nature of the oil industry (eight companies hold 64% ofthe nation’s crude oil reserves and are responsible for 55% of the gasoline sales). The second is that government policy has favoured this growing concentratibn of economic power rather than acting in the best interests of the public. In a remarkable report released in Washington on July 17, 1973, the Federal Trade Commission accused the nation’s eight largest oil companies of conspiring to monopolize the refining of petroleum products over a period of atleast 23 years. The result, according to the FTC, has been a shortage of gasoline and other products in some areas of the country, when no “real” shortage exists, ‘ ‘substantiaIly ” higher prices forced on American consumers, closure of some independent marketers of petroleum products and “excess profits” for the eight conspiring companies. The FTC complaint recited 11 different ways in which the eight oil companies were said to have acted illegally to create and maintain4 monopoly. The government has helped the oil companies a great deal. One example is the number of tax loopholes for the industry. While the average citizen paid federal income taxes at the rate of 20% or more in 1970, the five large domestic oil companies paid an average of 5%. (Gulf paid only 1.8%). Further, a greai deal of the U.S. oil supply lies on the outercontinental shelf, which under law is administered by the Interior department for the Federal Government.

Depletion

of resources

The energy crisis has come to mean many things, each characterized by a different time-scale. We are apparently confronted with: -immediate problems of supply and distribution of gasoline over the next few months, -questions of energy production and refincry cafiacity over the next three years, -difficulties in world oil production over the next lo-15 years, -ultimate depletion of world oil supplies in about 40 years. It is convenient to treat each of these phenomena separately. It is important to stress that the term “energy crisis” as promoted in thousands of corporate advertisements and government pronouncements refers to the first two time scales, and particularly the frst. There is growing evidence (like the FTC report) that the short term shortages of oil, gasoline and natural gas are convenient devices for allowing the major oil companies to implement a strategy which has the following goals.

oil, mostly from Latin America and Canada 6% from the Middle East. It is estihated tha the U.S. will be importing 60% of its oil il 1980, mostly from Middle Eastern countries These projections could change drastically i the Government commits itself to a progran of making the U.S. self-stifficient in energy The Wall Street Journal considers &a “the flood of dollars and other Western cur rencies into Saudi Arabia and other Oil na tions threatens to become the number problem of the World monetary system dur ing the next decade.” The key question is How will the money be used? In anothe decade, Saudi Arabia is likely to have re serves of about $30 billion in gold and foreig exchange, double the present America] total. By 1980, fuel imports are expected tc cost the U.S. up to $20 billion annually, ant this is being considered unacceptable b. Washington. One of the underlying issues in the curren Middle East conflict is the desire of SauC continued

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Heritability a

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A scientific\ ’

jensen, Herrnstein and others have claimed that people’s IQ is highly inherited and plays a large x?t in determining their "success" in later life. Their arguments can he broken down into the following points, none of which has any ground to stand on: --IQ tests o6jectively measue something called “intelligence”, which differs fmmperson to person. \ 7 -The ability to perforrf7 well on IQ tests is inherited. --Intelligence (dkfined,and measured by fQ) is what determines people’s socio-economic status in life. From these points jensen goes on to claim that the 75 point difference in the avera’ge !Q test scores &etween blacks and whites reveals a genetic inferiority of blacks, which he,says makes compensatory education and other sociarprqgrams doomed to failure. Herrnstein goes further to say that some people are brn to be unemployed or poor since they anz genetic&ly inferior. jensen, Herrnstein, and the others who push the IQ line find the source of society’s social inequity in the I genes of its victims. Following is the first of several features on this topic adopted from “Science for the People” and which will Iappearin the next few issues.

the long-eared corn for your farm? Well, if Jensen, Shockley, Herr&tein and the the variations in ear length of the cord on other ideologues of raci@and class infehority have claimed that scientific studies show your farm is due to the fact that many genetic that intelligence is largely inherited, that pervarieties are present, and that some of them formance on IQ tests is deteqnined mainly grow better on your farm, then it would by genetic factors. By cloaking their ideologmake sense to try to breed those with long ical pronouncements in scientific garb, by ears. talking about “correlatiops of IQ test-On the other htid, if the corn plants on scores ,” “heritability,” and so on, they your farm consist ofa small range of genetic have sought to ward off those not fafniliar varieties, and the variation in ear length dewith such language and lend scientific aupends mostly on differences of soil, or moisthority to their statements. In fact the arguture, or fertilizer, etc.,- then it would not ments used by Jensen and his cohorts are make sense to breed the long-eared corn. merely distortions and lies put foqvard as (You’d be better off trying manure or bug scientific evidence Fe scientific touchstone of the Jensen In the first case where the variations in ear gang is a concept called heritability (Jensen length are mainly the result of genetic fattars, we would say the heritability of ear says the hefitabili#y of IQ is 80%). As we shall see, heritability is a rather well deli length is high* In the second case where the and limited concept in genetics, but its 3 -I variations in ear length are mainly the result of &tage for Jensen is that .it can easily be environment@ effects, we would fay the confused with wbt is more commonly heritability is lpw. thought of as inheritance. To bring out the ’ What heritability measures is the dxtive contrast betdeeti these two different conimportance Sfgenetic factors in ptiucing the opts, let’s look first at whal is meant; by variations in a particular trait (ear length) inheritance. in a particular population (the corn on the You inherit things from yaw parents (and farm) in a particular environment (the Iowa past generations ofpar~nts)--things like black farm). Technically speaking, heritability of a skin, or a long nose, or the @or of your hair. trait is the proportion of the total variation in These are. physical traits that are that trait within a given population within a largely indep&dent of where you grow up or given. range of environment wwch comes the kinds of manners you are taught. They from genetic causes. ate thought to depend on the genetic material, Knowing the heritability in the context DNA, which you also inherit from your parwe’ve given aboye can be u‘seful, but otherents (50% from each)..But the tnain point is wise the concept has severe limitati,ogs. that what you inherit are characteristics that Since heritability only hq meaning’for a don’t really change much with the environgiven range of environments, it tells nothing ment you gn3w up in (though people have been about what would happen if the range of known to get sun/-tans and nose jobs). environments were changed. <The same field Of course you also inherit poverty (wealth), of corn giowing through a warmer summer social class, and other aspects of your parmight have a totally different distribution of ents socio-economic position and life style. eq length ahlong the plants. Also, heritabilNow, wha,t is meant by heritability? This r ity tells US only about the given technical concept grew out of the practical pupulittion-it gays nothing about a different needs of livestock and plant growers to inpopulation (of corn) or of the differences crease their yields. A simple example wa bwtien any twq such populations. We canhelp make it clear. not correctly talk about the heritability of a Suppose you are an agribusiness person trait per se; heritability only has meaning in from Iowa who grows corn. You notiCe that referbnce to a specified population (with a on your farm some plants have long-eared . specified history) in a specified environcorn, others have shorter length ears. Does it ment. make sense for you to select out and breed Let’s see how the Jensen’ gang perverts l

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Arabia tid other cap&&rich oil states to securely invest these finds in the Middle East area using adyanced western technology while at the sarrie time gaining access to U.S. and world markets for the resulting exports, including oil-based products. There have been attempts to ,encourage investment of this money in U.S. corporations. Another way the money has been used is for arms purchases from the U.S. and Britain. Iran, for instance, has purchased close to $3 billion wopth of phanto jets, hundreds . of helicopter gunships an & rsqnnel carriers, British Chieftain tanks. with laser guided artillery, destroyer frigates and a fleet ’ of hovercraft to skim battalions of assault troops over the waters of the Arabian Gulf (Persian Gulf).

. This military build-up is clearly dil’ected at any internal movement aiming for the kind of social change which would allow the people in the _area full con601 over their oil resources. Iran’s secret police organization has been ruthless in’ suppressing political dissidence, and the ruling groups of S;tudi Araibia, Kuwait and Dhof& have t&en similar steps to arm themselveS q&.nst any threat Of iptemal take-overa

Last week’s science feature “Criminal *chromosomes: the myth of the XW syndrome” was written for the chevron by Shelley Sender, a U W graduate student in biology. .

this Concept and conf&es it with inhtitance. Jensen has claimed that the her&a&itj, of IQ is high in w ‘te, middle-class population (let us not conteI t this for the moment) and then has concluddd from @is that intelligence is inherited, that is, that it is fiied genetically, and unchangeable. Thus, he (, says, the 15 point difference in average IQ scores betweed whites and bbks is genetic in origin, apd compensatory education (i.e., improved schooling) is doomed to, failure, sitice some people are just born stupid. None of these conclusions can be correctly drawn, and to demonstrate the elementary fallacies in the reasoning, let us consider the follow/ ing two examples : Take 100 sets of new bob identical twins (identical twins have exactly the same genetic material). Split each pa&of twigs so that we have two grbups, A and B, of-100 unrelated babies each. Raise group A in the best environment money can buy-good food, books, sensory stimulation, attention, etc. Raise group B in a poor environment-poor’ clothing and housing, a riear-starvation diet, rats, and other conditions which I&r working class children are subjected to. Suppose after five or six years, we give IQ tests to both groups and fimd that children in group A have an average IQ of 120, those in group B 60. Further, we can imagine that we can measure the heritability of IQ in each group, and let us say for the sake of argument that in bothgroups A and B the heritability of IQ for that group is lQO% (that is, any variation is genetic since all were treated kxactly the same in each group). DOW this mean that the IQ werence between the two -soups is genetic? No, it can’t be because the individuals in group B are . genetically identical to those in group A. The flaw in this reasoning is that.we measure the heritability within each group, but not for the sum of the two gn3ups43eryone in both A and B. This example applies directly to Jensen’s argument, The Jensen gang uses. heritibtiity estimates obtained from white, middle class people and g6 titi there to conclude that the observed IQ differences between blacks and whites in the U.S. population as a whole are inherited. As we-have seen in the above example, however, IQ dqerences between two populations indifferent environments have nothing to )’ do with the heritability within either one of those populations. Most babies thrive on milk, but a few tith a real genetic abpoxmality s,ufZer severe mental retardation on a milk diet. Remove-the resmnsible ingredient (milk sugar), however, and all do e&illy well on a milk d&t. On a whole milk diet we would find that mental retardation had high heritability, since-all children with the abnormal gepes

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would be retarded. Cha a diet without milk sugar, however, the children with the atF normal genes would be able to develop their mFal ability Note that the &i&ens’ genetic material would not have,changed--only their environment. Thus even if a trait is highly heritable in one environment, the de-. velopment of the trait and the heritability can be changed by altering the environment. In terms of the IQ question, no matter what the heritability of IQ were, it would still say nothing about the feasibility of cmpensatory education. Jensen, as we have seen, incorrectly argues that since IQ is largely “heritable” there is no use trying to change it by educational methods. The arguments used by Jensen and his cohorts, the equating of inheritance and heritability, are completely fraudulaent,. By using technical language they have attempted to cover up the misconceptions and fallacies in their work. In arguing the scientific basis ofiheir conclusions, they are distorting . the most elementary notions of genetics. All of which might lead us to ask what light the advances in genetics over the last thirty years can shed on this issue. It seems that genetics has nothing More t6 say than that nothing can be said. No one has ever discsvered the relationship of complex behaviour . patterns in humans like IQ performance to specific genes, in fact this hasn’t even been done for fiuit flies &hich have been extensively studied). But even fruit flies, have proved to be rather complicated organism, so the study of genetics has beer& carried out more recently on a molecular le\tel. If anything, these studies have Shown the complex nature of the interactions between the environment and genetic ate&l. So intertwined are these two aspe & of biological development that breaking them down into separate identifiable parts has not been possible. What this means iii practice is that in looking at the i&iation of a particular trait within a given population, it is not really valid to,xotisider that variation as arising independently from genetic causes and envbonmental cause&. The total variation is, not merely the sum of an environmental iariation and agenetic variation. Or put another way, the use of a concept like heritability which assumes such an arbitrary division is itself highly questionable. We see that advances in genetics indicate that the studies of the Jensen gang have no basis at alI &I what has been led by *en&i\. cists; and even more importantly, no studieS in the conceivable tit&e would be ‘able to & IQ performance w a-person’s &netic makeup. Tl& question is an ideological one, only raised by Jensen and his cohorts to perpetuate an old form of political . oppression. l

Scienceand techno-logy:’ opinion Last week we carried an article &but the XYY genetic syndrome. Starting this issue, several eatures on the IQ myth will appear i n the science and technology section over the ne J few weeks. Both these topics (Le., the XYY genetic syndrome and the IQ myth)<are characteristic examp+ &what is commonly referred to as “reactionary ideology”. They belong to the ‘, same category as the following equally reactionary lines: people are naturally competitive and Self-centred; people’s wastefulness causes energy shortages; people’s demands cause inflation; people immigrating to Canada &se unemployment; people are apathetic; etc. These statements have seveial things in common. They all relate to topical concerns if Canadian people, they all blame the people for the problems in Canadian’! soc!@y they all divert people’s attention away from the real causqs,%nd therefore, they’ali promote reactionary thought. Why, reactionary? * B~mause, if we based our strategy for solving these problems on the previously mentioned statements we would find ourselves supporting the status quo, and in some cases we may even justify moving backwards. It is tht) Canadian elite which is mainly interested in maintaining the present social structure. It is not surprisSng that they are the strongest proponents of re+actionary thought. The elite, or specifically the monopoly capitalists,L try to instill this thought into the * minds of the Canadian people, who by themselves do not benefit from the present social stnrcture. In order to do that, they have to distort the facts. Th@r strategy is quite simple. If we accepted their political opinion we wguld not question tb conduct of multinational financial and industrial corporations and the pfinciples of capitalist society. Unemployment, uneven distribution of energy and food, housing shortages, and inflation are all unseparable characteristics of the present stage of our social and 6corlomic system. Blaming the people will resutt in incorrect and ineffective actiofi. It is a diversion to study the relationship between an extra chromosomg and ct@inal activity, since it suggests that such a relationship may exist and may be important. Criminality is primarily a result of the material conditions surrbuding ~0 and cwww+ be dealt with by special treatment of babies with “abnormal” genes. This research can in no way be beneficial for socie . It can only serve as a tool for discrimination and should v not be carriedbut. Unjust educational and professiona{ opportunities are the fault of class structure in capitalist society. Studiss based on a person’s IQ level can only serve to justify existing di,sparities. Scientists engaged in such research autoinatically cause confusion and mystify the public. Scientists have to make an effort to becme pore politically aware. I

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of energy resources the paper argues. It says Canada is almost unique because it has a - plentitil and diversiged supply &resources fop ‘its energy and fuel needs-coal, natural gas, oif, urtium, and hydro-electric power. The problem is that our government has never developed a $stfibutioti system which .- would allow Canada to he self-sufficient. The paper criticizes the government for relying on ‘the oil industry for its-information. It says that even the recent Royal Con&ission Hearings on Petroleum Products Pricpolicy which it says has been neglected by ing, set up by the provincial government, relied “almost exclusively” on oil industry both Ottawa and Queens Park. The section on energy concludes a firm data. It is the petroleum industry which has “a statementan the wage and price guidelines. most pervasive influence on all aspects of “We ares‘unalterably opposed to any soour life. It accounts for 30 per cent of the called anti-inflation program, that does nodirect foreign investment in our economy. In , thing to curb profits; that does nothing to supplying energy and fuel for manufacturimprove the supply of housing and accoming, &ansIjgrtation and heating it is the most modation at prices working people can afpowerful interest group in our country.” ford; thatdoes nothing about the land specuYet, because it is foreign controlled, its lation; that do& nothing about the high inin the inpricing policies, are “primarily ’ terest and mortgage rates; that does nothing terests of, and benefit to, the home office.” about the rapacious drive for higher prices The paper argues that thi%e is no justificafor fuel and energy; that does nothing about tion for an increase in the price of oil. the monopoly-like operations of the food “At the height of the so-called oil-crisis processing and distributing industry; that Imperial Oil increased its profits in thefirst 3 --does nothing about restructuring the&ax sysmonths of 5974 over the same period of the tem to make it more equitable; and that does previous year by 101.5=per, cent, Shell .by ‘not include a commitment to a-policy of full 87.1 per cent, Gulf by 100.7 per cent, BP by e~mployment.” 100 per cent, -and qetrofina by 33 per cent. Need one lo.ok further for a major cause of -Energy policy _+ ’ inflation3” . The paper warns that “higher energy “Our government’s long courtship with a continental energy policy in which the costs ~31 compound the.ecbnomic crisis our province faces now.” It calls for a national Americans call the shots can only lead to us getting the short ehd of the stick.” So reads energy policy of self-sufficiency in all fuel sour&s. the policy p&per on energy. “Rather than embarking on a massive The problem for Canadaz not a shortage

Canada’s ‘.woes After every- i=onventiod of the Ontario Federation df Labour, a_ presentation is made to Queens Park outlining the priorities of organized labour for changes in legislahe tion: Following this year’zconvention, held in Kitchiner, the OFL will present six I&icy papers on some of the, tiost --crucial issues which face Canada. The papers explain why the unions won’t accept the federal government’s wage and price controls, and off& labour’s alternative. Canada’s’ energy policy and housing i industry are investigated and come out.very _ poorly. And future union policy on women workers,.industrial safety tid human rights are outlined.

Inflation

-On inflation, the policy paper says: “From _ -1971 to 1974corporateprofit.s rosefrom$8.6 billion to $18.3 billion-a neat. 111 per cent increase, while the average earnings per _-. ,worker had increased by only 25 per cent.” Labour demands, f”e paper says, are “not a cause ofmation-but a response-to it,” and it describes prime minister Trudeau’s w3ge and prick guidelines as “gimmickry” designed to hold down wages while i profits are left unrestrained. The paper blames uncontrolled profits as the root scjufce of inflation alnd argues its case with details from four sectors of the economy-land, housing, oil, and fo&- “Most of the_ land suitable for housing in urban areas in the province, is owned by half a dozen large corporations. It is not uncommon for ‘these land speculators to buy available land, keep it for a few weeks and sell it to other speculators or the. government at a quick profit, ranging 9’ corn 45 to 600 per cent: Yet we are’ told high wages‘cause the inflated musing pTices. Wages are even blamed for the 25 to 50 per cent mark-up that i8 added to each house between sales on houses that were built when carpenters were getting $1.~ per hour! , The- major oil corpor&ions operating in this country made record profits last year. . Iplperial Oil profit rose to $290 million from $228 million in the previous year;Gulf to $1’61 million from $100 million, and Shell , to $142 m@on from $101 million. They didn’t do badly at all, while the consumer paid through the nose. Multi-national oil corporations are so -5 powerful that they dictate to governments, and governments often adjust, their policies - to accommodate them rather than the needs of those they govern. $’ One of the biggest corpor@ions in the food business is the George Weston Company which includes Loblaws, and other grocery , chains, flour mills, bakeries, meat packers, drug stores, dairies, fisheries and a host of other ,food-processing_apd distributing ente+ises* spread out -over nearly 200 corn- panies, increased itsprofits in 1973 by 86.4 per cent over- that of the year beforyto $34,629 million from $18,577. Maple Leaf _ $MilIs increased its profits by 149.5 per cent, Silverwoods industries by 72.3 per cent, and &.&da Packers by 40 per cent in only 39 weeks.“The pap&$&s on to say: “Huge conglomerates such as the George Weston empire can do some fancy bookkeeping, sell at high prices from one branch ‘- of the company to another to declare a loss, can take advantage of tax concessions, write-offs, and other gimmicks.. Workers have no such means. Every cent the wage earner makes is declared, taxed and spent.” Of utiemployment the paper says: “In the -first seven months of 1975 unemployment iq Z-Canada averaged 7.7 per cent. At -its height in January it reached the 8.4 per cent fi@e and involved 817,000 people, the highest rate of unemployment since 1946. A third of the jobless. are in Ontario. These figures are dangerously high; in fact, they are rem,arkably similar to the number of unemployed ‘in 1932, just prior to the peak of the great depression.” The paper calls upon the government to _ make a committment to full employment, a

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program of exploratiod and dkvelopment ol natural gas sources the federal govement! unde’r-an agreement with Alberta, is raisiw the price of natural gaS by 20 to 25 per cent as a penalty tq users so as to conserve-gas. This will cost Ontario users $60-$80 a yea more for gas and is a direct attack on the pocketbook of the poor, who already are oirer-burdened. ” Also, the paper says, though tax incen tives are given to the industry for exploration no gdarantee need be given that the monei iI used for that purpose. Similarly, the paper argues, “none of the imost half of the take that the Alberta and federal governments get from the gas price increases, ‘is marked for exploration. Both governments we .merely contribut ing to inflation and the further impoverish. ment of the poor by this new gas price increase. The most shameless reason is given for the price tficrease -to bring the price of gas u&ed for each unit of fuel to that produced by oil! O@rio Hydro’s proposal to increase the price of hydro by 25 per cent (they originally asked for 30 per cent) if granted, will again be adding fuel to inflation. .We regard the increase as a severe hardship on the tenant and homeowner and particularly those on fixed incomes. Since the demand for a raise is reportedly due,to the needs of commercial exp+ion, then industry should shoulder most of the burden. Whether it’s oil, gas or hidro: the pressures for price increases are dictated by greed and the consumer is expected to pay. Immediate action is needed to safeguard the l

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- :OFL resolution coideInns _. con trols wage and. * .

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This week 7,300 delegates representing 800,000 union members in the province held the 19th annual conyention of the Ontario . ‘Federation of labour. An emergency reiolutionin response to the federal government’s wage and price guicfdines was piesented to the delegates. -The resolution was passed almost unaniinously with discussion only on whether it wa3.a sufficient/y strong condemnation of Che government policy.

The Ontario Federation of Labour is frmly_ opposed to, the federal government’s so-called anti-inflation program. We believe that it is ill-conceived, otitrageously unequitable, shamelesslp on&sided, patently dishonest, highly undemocra-. tic, unworkable and even, possibly unconstitutional. The measures initiated by Prime Ministe;‘Trudeau, quickly endorsed by-Premier Davis, and warmly embrtied by the corporate community, are a travesty of justice. They amount to a -thinly disguised maneuver to put a ceiling on wages, while leaving most of the other forms of income unrestrained. The wage controls are an attack on the victims of inflation rather than a sincere attempt to attack inflation &elf. The program makes almost co eff&t to curb prices and profits, @tires the experience of other countries which have tried such controls, is mainly directed at the wage earner,’ will only create &ore unemployment, will fiTt.her impoverish the working people, and will perpetuate and widen the disparity in income between the rich and the poor. The controls are a cynical violation of the mandate given by the elect&ate to the government, which campaigned on a program of opposingsuch controls. They are being imposed agtinst the advice’ of most reputable economists who -have gone on -record that prices cannot be controlled by such measures. .YIt raises the spectre of a’bureauc_ratic nightmare. Wages are already restrained by the process of c&lective bargaining itself, ‘while prices are imposed unilaterally. ’ Wages are easy t,o control because they are negotiated iri t/he full ‘glare-of public light and each penny is accounted for, while . prices and profits are decided behind the closed doors of-the --r corporation offices. Wage controls will only -exacerbate labour-management -conflict and will not promote industrial peace or ease inflation, i The government’s wage control proposals are morally indefensible; they are blatantly in favour.of the co-rations and’ against the wage earner. Officials of the newly created Anti-Inflation Board and various ministers of the government are vying .with each-other to assure the financial community that the food processing and distributing industry -is not responsible for inflation, that dividends will be protected, that oil, gas, and hydro *ill be ailowed to rise in price, that land speculators w,ill not be interfered with and that increasing mortgage and interest rates -will go unchecked.. In rejecting the government’s wage control program we propose these positive alternative’s to combat inflation: -that the Ontario and federal governments implement thepro-

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posals in our policy s,tatement on housing particularly those sections asking for involvement of the public sector in a m&s t program of low incow housing, a curb on land speculators, . goveriunent established land banks, a lowering of .mortgage and interest rates,- and a rent review board with power_ to cqntrol a%l roll back excessive rent-increases. the Ontario government press for a national inquiry- into ~ _- -that all wets of energy with full disclosure of ‘all aspects of - production, producibility and pricing, and that a price freeze be instituted on all energy and fuel products until the industry proves need for an increase. - -that the old age pension be incr+sed and that a form of negative income tax or a guaranteed annual income be implemented to bring the unemployed and -the lower income ~ wage earner over the ‘pbverty wall. -that the Ontario government update the labour relations and ’ employment standards legislation -to permit the majority of the, as yet, unorganized workers to have bargaining power, so that they might protect and improve their wages and working conditions. -that the Ontario government rn~& a firm comniitment to a policy of full employment. -that tax concessions and other incentives granted to industry be permitted only on guarantee that these will provide new jobs. +hat Queen’s Park and &.awa adopt monetary and fiscal policies that are in line with ecbnomic growth. That they pursue a policy of eradicating wasteful government expenditures which only benefit pri$leged groups at the expense of the ordinary taxpayer. Furthermore, the OFL adopts the following program of action: -We urge ‘all our affdiates to cooperate with the CLCin the grogram adopted by its Executive Council on October 24th. ,This program aims at exposing the inkquities in the federal government’s so-called anti-inflation legislation which we will oppose until it is with-drawn. -The OFL officers, vice-presidents and staff wili be available as speakers at sexiinars, meetings, rallies and demgnstrati&s to promote the fight a@inst the wage controls. The OFL publications, briefs tid other literature will reflect the campaign and attempt to enhance it. The policy statement “Inflation & Unemployment” will be reprinted in quantity-to be available for affiliatei at cost for mass distribution. -We urge-all our affiliates to purs_ue their coiective bargaining goals and objectives with vigour and determination, and-iot to -. pe‘nnit employers to escape their responsibil&ies, or to erode the collective bargaining process through the use of the proposed legislation. -We urge our affiliates to make generous contributions to the CLC national fund to fight the government’s proposed control legislation and to combat its inequities. -We urge our affiliates to step ‘$ the drive to organize the’ unorganized, to bring into the house of labour those not yet affiliated, and to cooperates with the native peoples, the immigrants, the disadvantaged who are seeking.equality and justice in our society

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continued from pg= 26 economic health of Ontario and to protect the standard of living of its people.”

Women’s

rights

The government, industry, and labour itself all come under fiie in the policy paper on women’s rights. It criticizes “piecemeal” and “band-aid” approaches and says that with the rapid growth in the number of women in the workforce “sweeping measures” are required to eliminate sex-discrimination. “Women continue to be the fastest growing component in the Ontario labour force: 72 per cent more Ontario women worked in 1973 than in 1963, and the provincial average of women workers is now over 35 per cent. The increase in numbers however has not been followed by an increase in equality. The highest percentage of women workers

doing the same work (equal pay legislation notwithstanding); and, women are consistently relegated to low-paid job ghettos (equal opportunity legislation notwithstanding). More recent figures horn the federal department of labour survey enforce this argument, and show that even in clerical occupations, predominantly filled by women, that men generally earn-more than women in similar jobs .” Equal pay laws only treat the surface evidence of the problem of discrimination against women, rather than the cause. The solution is a radical change in policies and laws on equal job opportunity, training and promotion opportunity, recruitment and education. Low wage rates paid women workers are a factor in maintaining lower wages for men, the report says. “The problem then is not

almost the size of the city of Toronto itself. In the Kitchener-Waterloo area, two fiims control 3,000 acres. In London, five firms control about 4,000 acres. In Ottawa, five firms control 9,000 acres, enough land for the housing needs for the balance of the decade. The Dennis Report on Housing disclosed that six major developers, in ten of the twelve cities in Ontario investigated, owned half and in several cases almost all the land needed for residential purposes in the next decade. An intolerable situation. When most of the land required for housing is held by a few firms, and these firms are developers with close corporate ties to the mortgage institutions, the cost of land will increase. ’ ’ Discontinue handouts to developers and instead commit the government to a direct land banking, servicing and low income home building program, are some of the recommendations made in this paper.

Human Rights

in Canada is still in the low paying, low status service industries”6 per cent-and their major occupations are sales, service and clerical-64.7 per cent, and this despite the generally higher education of women-26 per cent completed high school as compared to 18.3 per cent of men in Canada in 1972.” Too many of the laws and regulations designed to provide equality, the paper says, are “unenforced or unenforceable. .. shaped by no real intent, with no overall purpose. ’ ’ It cites as an example the requirement to grant women time off work for pregnancy, with a guarantee of reinstatement at the job with full pay and benefits after the delivery of the child. “However, if women are really not to be placed at a disadvantage because of the socially and economically desirable act of having children, extensive child care facilities should also be part and parcel of this legislation.” Legislation designed to provide equal pay is weak in that it is based on a job comparison, the policy paper says. The section only covers women who have substantially the same job as men. Excluded are women employed in establishments where there are no men doing the same work, such as secretaries, typists, receptionists, some nurses and nursing assistants, many sewing machine operators and other textile trade and many sales and clerical workers. And in cases where there are some men employed, they usually enjoy higher pay levels. This, the paper says, all points in one direction-equal pay does not exist. Rather the gap in wages between men and women is increasing. Statistics Canada figures have consistently shown that women full-time workers earn on the average 40 per cent less than males who work full-time. Average hourly earnings in manufacturing outline an incredible gap-between 1955 and 1969 the wage differential between men and women doubled from 64 cents to $1.28. The reasons for this kind of persistent economic discrimination are twofold: women continue to be paid less than men for

one or’ women’s interests versus men’s, but of maintenance of the status-quo and age old. discriminatory attitudes versus long-run productivity and prosperity.” In its criticism of union action, the policy paper says there is a conspicuous absence of women on the executives and committees of most unions. And while women union members must accept some responsibility for failing to exercise their rights, the report says unions could adopt more positive programs to encourage such participation by women members. The paper recommends the adoption of “affirmative action” programs within OFL affiliated unions to upgrade the status of women in the trade union movement.

Housing

problem

The housing problem as seen by the OFL is that: “Today most resale houses in Ontario range in price from $44,900 to $65,900 on the average. To finance such a home, and for calculation purposes allowing 30 per cent of gross income for paying principal, interest and taxes, a family will have to earn between $17,500 and $26,000 per year to start buying a house in this province. If the median family income is $14,485 and the average income is $7,304 it is readily apparent that very few workers could afford to buy a home in Ontario today.” The paper says private enterprise cannot solve Canada’s housing shortage. It blames impotent government policies, and land speculation for putting housing out of the reach of “thousands upon thousands of the citizens of this province.” There is no shortage of land for housing in Ontario’s metro areas the paper says. “But it is concentrated in the hands of a few land speculators. There is enough land in this province to provide 30 acres of space for each man, woman and child. There is no land scarcity in this province-what is scarce is government policy on proper land use.. In the Toronto area 89 per cent of the total development land comprising 35,800 acres is held by nine large firms. This is the land area

“Incidents and statistics, facts and events that fall into the scope of human rights read rather like a catalogue of human wrongs,” according to the policy paper. Subtle and overt racist discrimination against immigrants and native Canadians, ranging from anonymous telephone calls to .property damage, violence and unequal wages and educational opportunities are far from being uncommon in Ontario, in spite of laws specifically aimed at preventing such discrimination. The policy paper says organized labour must re-establish its place as the leader in the fight to preserve the rights of all through such measures as: -an immediate and equitable settlement of all land disputes with native peoples. -a federal-provincial program designed to support the aims of native peoples to achieve self-determination, selfsufficiency and control over their own affairs. -improved housing and health care programs for native communities. -a positive government program to prevent further mercury contamination in northern waters. The paper also proposes a review of all school textbooks to eliminate prejudicial material, a review of the Ontario public service hiring practices as regards women and other minority groups, increased activity and scope of the Ontario Human Rights Commission to allow it to institute class actions and other legal procedures on behalf of victims of discrimination. The paper’s 14 recommendations include proposals for citizens committees to investigate complaints of misconduct by police, action against advertising that demeans women or minority groups and the creation of more human rights committees at the labour council and union local level.

Safety and health ‘ ‘Indus trialization and an expanding technology are radically altering the environment and exposing people to growing

amounts of toxic pollutants. Some of these chemicals did not exist a century, a decade, or even a year or two ago. Every day thousands of workers are exposed to dust, noise, chemicals, radiation, fumes, stress, heat, suffering discomfort. They are subjected to irritants and unsafe conditions that cause disease and are a matter of life and death. Unfortunately the true statistics of this industrial carnage are unknown. Many workers contract diseases which at the time are not associated with employment. They go on suffering and finally die unaccounted for. They are not eligible for disability payments. This toll is growing constantly. The World Health Organization has estimated that between 75 to 9OG of all cancers are environmentally caused and, therefore, can be prevented. At the present time the world scientists know of at least 17 cancer causing agents used in industry and suspect many more. Italy and Britain have chosen to ban some of these for use in industry, especially where alternatives exist, even if they are much more expensive. Ontario believes only in control of exposures and it very rarely enforces even that. Companies continue to use toxic substances and spend no time or money searching for substitutes, technological alternatives or better ventilation, unless forced. Our greatest problem is the way the government makes workers choose between the jobs or their health. This is apparent in every instance where a hazard to health related to work exists . Too readily, and in spite of existing technology available to remove a potential danger, our government submits to corporate blackmail. The case in point is the closed asbestos mine in Timmins. The company claimed that it was not economically feasible to reduce the fibre counts to meet our standards in Ontario, and closed the mine, subjecting workers vulnerable to cancer to prolonged unemployment. No company should be allowed to play with the lives of workers. Trade unions must be prepared to go on strike to enforce the right to investigate, police and correct unsafe working conditions. ” The policy paper on Health and Safety says individual workers too must be prepared for some sacrifices in earnings by exercising responsibility for safety on the job. The paper calls for further expansion of the Federation’s safety and health task forces investigating the effects on workers of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals used by industry. The paper’s recommendations include beefed up penalties under the Industrial Safety Act for violations; establishment of labour-management safety committees with an inspection staff empowered to gather all information concerning such inspections ; the right by workers under law to refuse to work in unsafe conditions, and a general campaign to alert the public to the growing danger to the community of the use of toxic pollutants in industrial processes.

Member: Canadian university press (CUP). The chevron is typeset by members of the workers union of dumont press graphix (CNTU) and published by the federation of students incorporated, university of Waterloo. Content is the sole responsibility of the chevron editorial staff. Off ices are located in the campus centre; (519) 885-l 660, or university local 2331. As the sun sinks slowly behind the pat and day winds down into darkness the dedicated chevrics emerge from their burrows dragging reams of copy to be fashioned into still another scintillating issue of the chevron. how about that all you callous critics? you’d never gues that i failed remedial name-writing three times in succession. anyway, for those of you who don’t know it yet, the chevron office is water-loo’s original after-hours club and so if you’re feeling bored and can’t afford the coversharge to the pub drop on in and find out what a good time really is. chevrics of the week: george eisler, randy hannigan, Steve izma, d’epps, grant macfarlane, Steve mcmullan, haI mitchell, denis andre, dave anjo, mart radomsky, helen anne witruk, wini mertens, dionyx mcmichael, judy jansen, john macnair, glen dewar, harry warr, terri berlinghoff, leona krytow, rita kanarek, libby warren please come back, and old warhorses john morris, neil docherty, diane ritza and Sylvia hauck. don’t forget chevron party tonite; visit chevron off ice for place and time. hh

the chevron

friday,

’

Allman Bros. Win, Lose or Draw $7.29 $5.05

Dan Hill You Make Me Want To Be $7.29 $5.05

Capricorn

Bruce Miller Rude Awakening $7.29 $5.05

G.R.T.

Electric Light Orchestra Face The Music $7.98 $5.51

Rock of the Westies $7.98 $5.51

Babe Ruth Stealin’ Home $7.29 $5.05

Murray McLauchlan True North Only The Silence Remains $8.98 $6.17

Capitol

Liszt0 Mania A&M Soundtrack of the Ken Russel Film $7.29 $5.05

november

7, 197.