1975-76_v16,n25_Chevron by Editor Imprint

University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario volume 16, number 25 friday, december-5, I 975

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Human Relations professor jonah Goldstein addressed a mass meeting, Tuesday, Goldstein was one of 20 speakers who addressed the gathering of about j.50 people. professor Marsha Forest’s contract.

Over 250 people crowded into the Modern Languages Foyer on Tuesday for a mass meeting organized “to oppose political firings and fight for democratic rights”. About 20 speakers, half students and half faculty, addressed the gathering. The meeting was in response to the announcement last week by the Human Relations management committee that professor Marsha Forest’s contract will not be renewed. This coming on the tail of three

contract terminations at Renison college-Forest’s husband Jeffery, and professorHugh Miller last year and professor Marlene Webber this year-has caused concern on campus, because all the cases are surrounded by charges of political fiiing. Forest told the meeting her firing was part of the systematic purge

against progressive teachers which began last year with the firing of her husband and Miller at Renison. She put her case clearly and sim-

ply: -No other member ment was reviewed.

-When

in the depart-

she was hired she was told

it was for two reasons: to take charge of the internship program and to teach undergraduates. But

she said they have not judged her in these areas.

Instead

they chose to

look at her scholarship. The eight publications they considered in the review were all on women, she said, and the panel was all men. -The opinion of the faculty in the department, which is the management committee’s main reason for its decision, boils down to the opinion of “two incompetent faculty and a junior careerist,” she said. -There was no cutback in hiring in

held to oppose political firings. He criticised the non-renewJof

the Human

Relations

department,

when the decision was made. -Forest said she was never

for-

mally told there was a review of her contract. And there was never a full

faculty nieeting to discuss her review. She said a meeting planned for Nov. 21 was cancelled .and suggested it was because the faculty involved were too cowardly to face her. (The memo recommending Forest’s contract not be renewed is

dated Nov. Forest

18. also

accused

the

two

senior professors in the department of being “hopelessly biased” against her politics and her sex. The professor said she is demanding a matched pairs study and would like to be compared against acting chairman of the dapartment, Arthur Wiener. She said got his doctorate after her, and he has not published anything.

UW Faculty Association

Freeize on bing The UW Faculty Association is pleased by the freeze on the hiring of new faculty announced by university president Burt Matthews on Nov. 27, according to association head Jim Stone. The faculty association has been advocating just such a freeze for the past six months, said Stone, since the hiring of new faculty might mean that currently cmployed faculty would be let go. But although they are pleased with the freeze, Stone added, “we’re wondering why the freeze has been imposed now. Perhaps the situation is even worse than we expected.” Matthews denied that the freeze had been prompted by any new information. Rather it was just a question of timing, he said. He had previously resisted the application of a blanket freeze because “it catches different departments at different stages.” A department without its full complement of faculty is thus placed at a disadvantage. _ However, “it got to the point

lauded

where I couldn’t go on,” said Mattdews. “it was not that I had new information, just that the time got too far along.” , No information has been forthcoming from the provincial government as to the amount of aid to be provided to universities during 1976-77. Usually government financing is set during the fall and a budget is sent to senate in December or January and then on to the board of governors. In the absence of any clear information about next year’s budget, Matthews imposed the hiring freeze which- “will continue until the 1976-77 budget can be brought to its final stages.” The information necessary to finalize the budget is not expected until late January, although Matthews said that there are now indications that it may be released slightly earlier. Most of the university’s income is provided in the form of provincial government grants and student tuition fees. These are set by the government according to a Basic Income Unit (BIU) formula which determines the size of the per-student

grants that the university will receive. The value of the BIU for 1976-77 has not yet been announced by Queen’s Park. It is expected that the government will follow last year’s practice of setting a global figure for university financing and then calculating the BIU Value from that figure. Also hindering budget calculations is the uncertainty as to how the federal wage and price controls (which have been adopted by Ontario) will be applied to the universities. Approximately 80 per cent of this year’s operating budget of $51.7 million goes to staff and faculty salaries. When questioned as to whether the financial squeeze being placed on universities by the Ontario government might cause the faculty association to look more favorably at unionization, Stone replied that “we’re not heading toward unionization at the moment.” He admitted, however, that “unionization is a possibility if the situation is sufficiently bad.” -henry

hess

Zionism and the PLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p. 8 The Bay in Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p.77 Naismith Classic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p.26 Burning the presses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .p.32

She also pointed out that they are the same height, same age, and teach the samecourse, inwhich has 55 students and Wiener

she

has

seven. Matched

compare promotion

pair studies

are used to

salary increases of comparative

and male

and female faculty. They have been used at the University of Toronto, and a committee on campus is in-

vestigating the feasibility of their application at UW. The chevron asked Wiener if he would agree to a matched-pair comparison between himself and Forest. m said he would not comment on it. He also refused to ‘comment on the number of publications he has or on Forest’s claim that she had to find students for his first year course. Forest said she would conduct her case publicly. Last year iri her husband’s case “we played by their rules,” she said, and ended up with arbitration behind closed doors. “This is the hearing,” she said, “you people judge. ” And if the meeting was her judge then the case against Forest was thrown out of court. Political fiiings were denounced, and the main conclusion reached was that students and faculty should have more say in hiring and firing. Student after student, representing groups on campus, classes of Forest and Webber, or simply personal opinion gave strong statements in support of the two female professors. And 17 faculty members from 14 departments spoke out on at least one of the issues around these cases. Webber talked of the political nature of-the firings. She said under capitalism women are the most oppressed people and when they fight back it is seen as a great threat to the university. Two of the university’s 44 women faculty are being fired she said, and noted that of the four professors who have had contracts terminated three are MarxistLeninist (herself and the two Forests). Similar to Forest, Webber said her teaching ability was not considered when Renison reviewed her contract .\

One issue raised by many speakers was that though they might not agree fully with the politics of the professors

under

the axe, they felt

very strongly that differing views should be taught.’ History professor Leo Johnson said unless students have access to views which will help them understand and change the world they cripples”. will be “intellectual “The university is full of intellectual cripples ,” he said. “The problem is most of them are teaching.” The procedures used in the Forest case were sharply criticised. Many felt the management committee would have to consider criteria other than just scholarship before it would make a reasonable decision. Teaching ability, administrative skills, professional conduct, and service to the community were all suggested. s Psychology professor Doug Wahlsten, said one of the main issues was where does knowledge come .from. He questioned that it came just from libraries and laboratories, and said it can also come from social practice in trying to change the world. He said both Forest and Webber have a rich experience in the latter but at the university only the former was considered. Forest’s and Webber’s teaching abilities were praised many times throughout the two hour meeting. ’ A student representing the Women and Social Work course taught by Webber with Forest as a guest lecturer read a statement on behalf of the class. It read in part: “We feel both professors have been offering their students the type of progressive education that we have the right to expect in a university. . . Their contributions and dedication is tremendous. ” Part-time Human Relations professor Don Groff said he was not asked for his opinion in the review of Forest’s contract (only full-time faculty were asked) and so he used the meeting as an opportunity to _ “express openly my esteem and confidence in Marsha Forest -as a colleague”. Peter Westaway a recently appointed geography professorat Renison said before going to the Continued

on page

friday,

the chevron

Friday Campus

Centre

Pub opens 12 noon.

Royal Retreat from 9-l after 6 pm.

am. 74 cents

Flicks-Last Tango in Paris with Marlon Brando. 8 pm AL 116. Feds $1 Non-feds $1 .$O.

An Evening of Robert and Clara Schumann with Barry MacGregor nar-

GIVE HER A DAZZLING

DIAMOND

Disco, Recorded Music. Exam-time Boogies, bring your favourite records and cassettes. No cover charge. Music will start at 9 pm, unless someone wants to hejp* Studies of Gurdjeif. Various people knowledgeable and otherwise involved. Everyone welcome. 8 pm. Study Lounge, Campus Centre 135.

Sunday II Advent Chapel. Preparatory

Service. Chapel choir, meditations on “Judgemerit as Grace.” Coffee and discussion follow. All are most welcome. 10 am. Conrad Grebel Chapel.

assistance offers nonprofessional legal advice. Ca!l 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hours: l-4:30 pm.

Cainpus

assistance

Campus

Francaise invite tout le monde a une soiree de fin de session, le samedi 6 decembre a 20:30. Participation: Boissons. Adresse: 87 Westwood Dr., App. 306.

GEMOLOGIST NOW ON STAFF!

Para-legal

Campus

La Societe

5, 1975

Wednesday

Monday

Saturday

Flicks-Last Tango in Paris with Marlon Brando. 8 pm. AL 116. Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50.

It’s a wise man who knows the ways of his true love. The certain way to her heart is a shining diamond gift.. . and it needn’t cost a fortune. A ring, pin, or necklace to glow with icy fire. . . A diamond burning bright for all the Christmases to come because you’re wise in the ways of giving.

Tango in Paris with Marlon Brando. 8 pm. AL 116. Feds $1 Non-feds $1.50.

rator. Admission $5, Students & senior citizens $1.25.8 pm. Theatre of the Arts.

Federation

Para-legal

FI icks-Last

offers nonprofessional legal advice. Call 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hours: 11:30 - 2:30 pm and 7 - 10 pm.

Centre Pub opens 7 pm. Royal Retreat from 9-l am. Admission 74 cents.

THE WAYS OF CHRISTMAS..

charge.

per. All welcome. 7 pm. Conrad Grebel Chapel.

Federation

BEWISE IN

Chapel. Celebration of the Lord’s sup-

december

Centre

Pub opens 12 noon.

Grand Valley Car Club welcomes you to our next meeting. Waterloo County Fish and Game Protective Association, Pioneer Tower Rd., off Hwy 8 between Kitchener and Hwy 401.

Centre Pub opens 12 noon

-Disco music charge.

University

from

9-1 am. No covet

Chapel. Sponsored

by the 12:30 pm. SCH 218K.

UW chaplains.

Para-legal

assistance offers nonlegal advice. Cal professional 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hours 7-10 pm. Chess Club Meeting. Everyone wel. come 7:30 pm. Campus Centre 135. Gay Coffee House.

8:30 pm Campus

Centre 110.

Free Movie-It’s a Mad, Mad, Mat World with Spencer Tracey and Mickey Rooney. IO:1 5 pm. Campus Centre Great Hall. Sponsored by the Campus Centre Board.

Thursday Tuesday Campus Disco

Campus Centre

music

Pub opens 12 noon.

from 9-l

am. No cover

Centre

Disco music charge.

Pub opens I2 noon.

from 9-l

am. No cover

Para-legal

30 KING W. KITCHENEER

OPPORTUNITIES

assistance offers non professional legal advice. Cal 885-0840 or come to CC 106. Hours 1:30-4:30 pm.

FOR 1976 GRADUATES

Waterloo

DU PONT OF CANADA Applications are invited immediately from graduating students in MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING, ENGINEERING PHYSICS, ENGINEERING SCIENCE, CHEMISTRY, PHYSICS, GENERAL SCIENCE, COMMERCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. Applications “pre-screening” apply.

Christian

will be acknowledge in each case, and the process to decide on interviews will

Closing date for applications is December 5, 1975, interviewing on-campus to begin soon afterward.

Christian

with

Kindly visit, your Placement Office for more complete information about individual job opportunities and how to make application.

Science

Students’ Wives Club “Christmas Dinner” Come and enjoy someone else’s cooking and a friendly get-together. Bring your favourite dish. 0001 Prize! 7:30 pm. Married Students Community Centre. For further info call 884-9441 or 884-9243.

Community

Cinema

Campus

w westmount pharmacy

place 578-8800

I 1

ONE COUPON

PER ORDER

Centre Pub opens 12 noon.

Disco music charge.

from 9-1 am. No cover

PIZZA

FREE LittleC~~~~ Expires December 11/75

Films

Friday

L-7

the staff at

Balablock, Hunger, My Financial Career, Canadians Can Dance, A Little Summer Musik, Man: The Polluter. Free. 7:30 pm. National Film Board Theatre, 659 King St. E., Suite 207, Kitchener.

with this ad

Get Identical

Organization

Everyone is invited to attend these regular meetings for informal discussions. 7:30 pm Hum 174.

Buv anv Medium* At ihe r&&u price

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Everyone is welcome to come for ar informal time of Bible study and fellow. ship. 5:30 pm. Campus Centre 113.

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friday,

december

5, 1975

the chevron

Tests tel./ trub tale? The “desperate struggle” to grab as many students as possible means that UW will not be “very happy” about introducing entrance exams in English for incoming students. According to Joe Gold, English professor, this struggle is the result of a “problem in which economics is linked to enrolment”. Gold was commenting on a report on English language requirements submitted recently to the Arts Faculty council by the Undergraduate Affairs Group (UGAG) subcommittee. The subcommittee recommended that council ask UW president Burt Matthews to ‘obtain as much detail of the results of the recent English testing as possible’. (This achievement test was written in September, 1975 by freshmen students on a voluntary basis.) The UGAG report is concerned about the “inadequate level of skills” of first year university students, particularly in their written work. It commends the recent revisions by the ministry of education requiring four English credits for the secondary school diploma and urges that all students have a fifth credit in grade 13 English as well. The report goes on to encourage secondary schools to provide “as much opportunity as possible” for students to write sustained compositions and to receive constructive criticism of them. Maintaining that competence in

Flip 4op, let . ,-.

Young People in Legal Difficulty

Feds--bail out local WOUP

The UW student federation decided Tuesday to lend $3,000 to a Waterloo project aimed at helping young people in trouble with the law. This loan will be a shot in the arm to the project-Young People in Legal Difficulty-which has accumulated debts over the last few months, according to a spokesman. “The (federation) loan is intended to cover debts which have been building up,” said David Cooke, a Kite hener lawyer. ’ Cooke said the project attempts to help “youngsters unable to cope with society due to their social backgrounds. ” There are now 11 persons employed with the project, eight of them full-time provincial court workers. The court workers monitor trials to see whether the youngsters are given fair treatment and “assist them in getting back on the road,” Cooke said. The project received on Tuesday a $50,000 grant from the federal Local Initiatives Program (LIP) which will keep the scheme alive until next summer. Cooke said the project hopes to attract further money from both the provincial and federal governments to expand its service to young offenders and to start a public education program. The project has to date operated on Opportunities For Youth and LIP grants and the goal now is to seek a more “permanent funding” from the two levels of government, Cooke said. But the provincial government opted out of a cooperative funding scheme with the federal government to assist the project in July “due to budgetary reasons,” Cooke added. However, the federal government is still interested in the project. According to a project’s release, the present situation is as follows: “The federal government has again expressed interest in some sort of permanent project on a somewhat reduced scale, in view of the fact that the sole reason for lack of pro-

vincial participation is lack of the illegal activity is not of a serious nature) to live useful and producfunds. tive lives .’ ’ “The federal government cannot entertain such a proposal, howThe project began four years ago ever, until after. . . the freeze on when a group of people started funds available dictated by the June monitoring the K-W court rooms in 1975 budget will, hopefully, be order to provide legal and other relifted. ’ ’ sources to young people in trouble The Ontario government is preswith the law. The result of such action seems ently investigating whether it can “to be a more judicious exercise of afford a program to give cash to the various duties of the court offinon-professional community legal cials and protection of individugroups intent on providing alternatives to sending young offenders to dS.” -john morris jail. The project operates a house for the young offenders where they can be housed and fed, ‘ ‘especially during the periods when they are unable to obtain schooling or empThe departure of human relaloyment,” Cooke said. tions professor Marsha Forest from He also said that if it wasn’t for the efforts of former federation , the department will be a significant loss, a senate review committee president Andy Telegdi, the prowas told yesterday. ject would have collapsed for lack The committee currently reviewof money. Telegdi has been getting ing the Human Relations and financial support for the project Counselling Studies department from various student groups in will present a report on the status of Waterloo this fall. the interdisciplinary program to The federation’s loan will be resenate in January. paid by Feb. 28, 1976 and guaranRich Maertens, a human relateed by the 10 directors of the protions major, told the committee ject. The goals of the project are: that Forest teaches her pupils how to look at the world critically. -to intervene and mediate in “She is helping us analyse the situations which would otherwise reach the courts; forces of change which shape soci-to assist young people in the ety.” Since “we don’t live in a vaccourts, in association with other groups such as probation uum” it’s necessary that students services ; -be exposed to this type of teaching, -to monitor’ cases progressing Maertens said. Forest offered students this asthrough the courts; -to staff and maintain a home pect of education and her departure for young people in trouble will result in a significant loss to the the law in the department, he added. with Maertens said he returned to Kitchener-Waterloo area. The specific “beneficiaries” of university after “stopping out” for two years because he was inthe project are according to a reterested in learning about social lease: “Certain young people who are disadvantaged before the law as change. a result of broken homes, lack of Forest was informed by her department that effective June 30, education, lack of money, ignor1976 her contract will not be reance as regards the operation of the newed. court system. “Because of the efforts of this The recommendation was based on the opinions of full-time faculty group, many are able to recover professors from a minor brush with the law” in the department-four voted against and two for Forest’s (and in the vast majority of cases,

Forest3

the use of English affects a student’s performance in any academic discipline. where it is used, the report states that “all instructors in arts shall work to maintain high standards of writing in their courses. ’ ’ When it is “obvious” that a student needs help in developing language skills, the instructor should see that the student is made aware of the problem and of the resources available. The report concludes that in the case of high enrolment courses, where communication with students is a problem, instructors should submit the names of students who need help with English language skills to the office of the dean of arts. The dean’s office will then assist them in seeking tutoring or choosing appropriate English courses. Gold called the report “a masterpiece of evasion”, explaining that it “simply didn’t address itself seriously enough to the problems. ” “It neither addresses itself to the proper screening of students coming in nor what to do with students when they’re here,” the professor said. Students are very weak in their use of English, Gold said, adding that in his own first year English class students ranged from “illiterate to accomplished”. On Gold’s motion, at the last Arts Faculty council meeting, the report was referred back to the UGAG subcommittee for reconsideration. He felt that it was “impossible to make tough recommendations” because the university “would refuse to do anything with the report” * The university should “require rigidly and without question” five years of English study as an entrance requirement coupled with a university standing committee to communicate with ministries, the school board and the high schools over -the content of English courses, Gold said. Gold is chairman of a policy report on the teaching of remedial English to incoming university students soon to be released by the

Association of University Teachers of English. It will be submitted to every university and ministry in Canada and is “very controversial ,” he said. Gold was skeptical about the value of the September testing for reasons cited in his letter to the Gazette, Oct. 8. In the letter he questioned the usefulness of machine-scored tests written on a voluntary basis. Gold estimated that one-third of entering students do not have enough language facility to benefit from their courses, but that it is too late for a student of 18 or 20 years of age to spend university time learning proper English. On the other hand, he has’argued for a long time for a language entrance exam and for much closer liaison with the schools in this matter. Jack Gray, associate dean of graduate affairs who is on the subcommittee that produced the report, agreed when asked if entrance exams might discourage students from enrolling in University. “I don’t think I’m for it (entrance exams),” Gray said when contacted on Tuesday. Of the students entering the Arts Faculty, 95 per cent already have five English credits while 33 per cent have two grade 13 English credits, he said. Gray felt that students had more problems organizing essays and writing criticism than in their use of English. Students should have to write essays “fromgrade 3 onup,” he said. Gray blamed media expert Marshall McLuhan for spreading the idea that ‘ ‘the written word is not so important anymore. ” The main question raised by the UGAG report is “does Council want (high school students) to acquire a level 5 in English.,” Gray said, adding that-at the last council meeting the report was referred back to UGAG against his motion that it be received and adopted. The report on the September testing will be coming up at the next Arts Faculty council meeting on Dec. 9, he said. 4ionyx

mcmichael

7Zring’is a loss contract to be renewed. The department also said Forest’s scholarly work “is not up to the standards the department ought to hold. ” Other points such as teaching skill and student evaluation were not considered. Meanwhile, Forest believes she was fired because she happens to be a Marxist-Leninist activist. She also complained that her teaching ability was not taken into account saying “my job is to teach. . and I have generally had an extraordinary response from students. . .It is just that that I was not evaluated on.” Other students at the review committee’s hearing said they felt there wasn’t enough guidance in the department with regard to degree counselling. Ingrid Harm, a third year human relations major, said she can’t “find the necessary guidance from her undergraduate advisor,” acting chairman Arthur Wiener. “There simply isn’t enough information available to the students. ’ ’ Another major, Susan Campbell, said she found the human relations program valuable because it “deals with people on a person to person basis.” However, she said one problem students face is that they can’t find work to test what they have learnt in counselling courses.

Campbell suggested that a “mini internship” be set up for students either on a volunteer or salaried basis so they can apply their knowledge to real life situations. The committee is reviewing the department to see whether much progress has been made after three years of operation as far objectives and goals are concerned. Since the department was established there’s been a lot of disagreement among professors about the goals. of the program, according to committee chairman Lynn Watt. He said one suggestion the committee has heard to resolve the internal bickering was to install a ‘ ‘benevolent dictator” as chairman to get things rolling in one specific direction. However, “unless members of the department are willing to accept leadership they can grind things to a halt+’ Watt said. Members of the senate review committee are: graduate dean Lynn Watt, graduate student Rosemary Roberts, philosophy professor Larry Haworth, engineering professor Horst Leipholtz, science professor Graham Woolford, geography professor Geoff McBoyle, and psychology professor Richard Steffy. -john

morris

friday,

the chevron

december

5, 1975

871 Victoria St. N. - 744-3511 ’ NO JEANS PLEASE Every Wednesday is Singles Night IN THE CROWN ROOM THlS WEEK

‘WED., THURS.,

Attention Skiers: There are still places available on the U of W Ski Club’s trip to Jay Peak on January 9,10,11. The trip cost of $70 includes all transportation accommodation with meals and all tow tickets; your only extra expense is booze! For more info call Stan at 884-l 881.

FRI. ONLY Classified

SHOOTER NEW YEAR’S

EVE TICKETS

NOW ON

SALE

deadline

is noon Tuesdays

for Friday

publication.

Part-time Job Available. Turnkey jobs Personal available. Any registered student of the Pregnant & Distressed? The Birth ConU of W may apply. General Meeting that trol Centre is an information and referral All applicants must attend will be held centre for birth control, V.D., unplanned January 6 at 6pm, Campus Centre 113. pregnancy and sexuality. For all the al- ’ For further info, write to S. Phillips, tematives phone 885-l 211, ext. 3446 Campus Centre Board, U of W. (Rm. 206, Campus Centre) or for HI-LINE, 884-2190, Confidential listenemergency numbers 8848770. information, anything. .. ing, Pregnant? What am I going to do? Call 7pm-7am. Nightly. BIRTHRIGHT for confidential help. Applications to the Facufty of Dentistry 579-3990. Free pregnancy tests. at the University of Toronto are available in the Career Information Centre, Gay Lib Office, Campus Centre, Rm. 217C. Open Monday - Thursday first floor, Needles Hall. Application 7-1 Opm, some afternoons. Counselling deadline is December 15, 1975 and ’ and information. Phone 885-1211, ext. there will be no extensions due to the mail strike. 1 2372.

If you’ve made computers vour first love kd COBOL your second language... ’ roll up your sleeves and take the next step with us! Right now, you’re wondering where you can put your talent and your ideas to work. Obviously, you want to work for a company who will really appreciate what you have to offer and give you the room you need to grow. We’re Northern Electric, and if you’ve been assessing the Canadian business scene with an eye to pinpointing your first career move, you may already know quite a bit about us. Growth that’s been called almost explosive. Telecommunications

product development that’s been termed fantastic. We are on the move and to maintain this momentum we need graduates from various disciplines to work in our business systems. You would use your systems knowledge in such areas as engineering, manufact’uring, accounting and materials control. You should have a good basis in COBOL with some practical experience in its use. Ideally you also know a Data Base Management system

Such as TOTAL or IMS. For our part, we offer opportunity in a wide variety of hardware and software applications, as well as training in the use of the latest techniques in programming and system design. Of course, our standards are high. But then so are the financial rewards and career opportunities for graduates who can help us achieve our goals. If what we offer appears to match what _ you want, talk to your1 Campus- Placement Officer.

Language or style problems? I wilt copy edit non-technical theses, books or papers, also proofread manuscripts. 884-8021. Quebec Ski Tour. Dec. 27-Jan. 1 $85.5 Full Days of Skiing at Mt. St. Anne. All Transportation & Deluxe Accommodation included. For Information & Brochure Write Canadian Ski Tours, 25 Taylorwood Dr., Islington,, or phone Gord Allan 749-6900. Girls looking for part-time work as GoGo Dancers. Good working conditions. Call Laurie 579-8085.

For Sale Support a fellow student. Buy your Christmas tree at Westmount Place on Saturday. Marantz 1120 - 150 Watts RMS; Dokorder 7500 Reel to Reel Deck - 6 heads; AT-5 Monitors - Dual Twelve inch woofers; Garrard Zero 100. Call Jeff 742-7748. Pair of whitewall snow tires, excellent condition, size E78-14. $30 or best offer. Phone 884-2906.

Wanted U of W Mathematics graduate looking for research or TA position in January. Call 745-9020 after 5pm. Ask for Mike. Play Flute or Saxophone? Can improvise? Need you for class -Pay-. Please contact Diana 884-2503 Soon! Office Co-ordinator required by K-W Planned Parenthood. Duties to include Educational work, client contact, volunteer and office coordination. Full time, flexible hours. Starting Jan-Feb. Send resume by Dec. 17 to 251 King Street W, Suite 206, Kitchener, 743-6461.

Ride

Available

Leaving for Vancouver, Dec. 27/75. Share expenses. Call Tony 884-5343 anytime.

Typing Fast accurate typing. 40 cents a page. IBM Selectric. Located in Lakeshore village. Call 884-6913 anytime. Will do student typing, reasonable rates, Lakeshore Village. Call 885-l 863.

Housing

Available

Available after Christmas one double room and half double. Full use of home and all appliances. Mrs. Wright 885-l 664. Wanted, couple to share large co-op house for winter term with 3 other people. 20 minutes from campus, $60 per person/month. 884-8656. Couple looking for person to share beautiful, furnished house near campus. $125/month. 576-2624 David. Furnished 1 bedroom apartment, corner of Amos and Erb. Available to sublet Jan. to April. Phone 885-1346. Summer Term, reserve your room now. Single room $15 weekly. One complete double $12 each person. Males. 5 minute walk to either university. Frig, toaster, tea kettle, but no cooking. Clean, quiet in private home. 884-3629, 204 Lester St., Waterloo. Large four bedroom house for rent on large lot. New Hamburg. Dec. 15. $300/month plus utilities. 662-2185 evenings. January to April, private room, 3 washrooms and kitchen shared between 4 students. 884-6363 or Toronto 621-l 830 John.

Housing

Hecffic , LIMITED

Wanted

Flat in older home in downtown Waterloo. Female student. January 576-2493. Wanted: Accommodation for 4 people in the upcoming winter term (Jan - May 76). Will sublet or take over lease. Phone (416) 634-2816 after 7:30pm or write to: Michael Rose, 504 Indian Rd., Plurfington, Ontario.

friday,

december

Avert

the chevron

5, 1975

castration

of Dublic interest

E/era Gorge defense nefs S3,lXW K-W Probe is pushing hard to scrape together $5,ooO to prevent the castration of public interest groups in the courts. And to protect Elora Gorge. Soliciting donations for the “Elora Gorge Defence Fund”; student representatives of the local pollution probe approached both the Math Society and the student federation councils this week. Their visit was part of a campaign being waged by the Waterloo and McMaster OPIRG (Ontario Public Interest Groups) and Water-

loo and Guelph Pollution Probes to generate a legal fund in order to proceed with a court appeal. The judgment being appealed was made last July by judge F.S. Weatherspoon when he ruled against public interest plaintiffs Morley Rosenberg and Mat Makarchuk. Rosenberg and Makarchuk had asked for an injunction to stop the transfer of land fi-om the Grand River Conservation Authority to Wellington County. The land is to be used for the construction of a bridge across the

It has happened migrate

gorge-a project which has raised the ire of conservation groups. The contention of Kitchener city councillor Rosenberg and Brantford councillor Makarchuk, both of whom are also members of the Grand River Conservation Authority, was that the GRCA had overstepped its authority. They maintained that land could only be transferred by the GRCA for purposes of conservation, restoration, development, and management. They also argued that the bridge

once again, it never fails. Every year it’s th& same old thing-slush, to the tropic+skipping sunny Brazil and Chile, of course.

Mat!fiiii Math students are organizing to prevent the implementation of restrictions on academic freedom of students. Plans were drawn up at a Tuesday meeting of the Math society for some immediate action and consideration of a preliminary p&&ion on the report of the curriculum committee on requirements for B. Math degree. The report calls for cutting the course-drop period in half from eight to four weeks. There is also word that the course-add period has been cut from three to two weeks. ’ Other points in the report include changes in the “minimum math average” for marks and in the calculation of the average. Part of the report deals with quotes on the maximum number of courses per term, course “attempts” and failures. There is concern that the report may be accepted on December 14 at a meeting of the Math Faculty council. Math Society officials and other students are moving to forestall acceptance of the report while they analyze the potential effects of the proposals and draft their own sugges tions . During the Mathsoc meeting the Math reps discussed pushing for clarification of certain sections of the report where they thought the intent was “ambiguous” if not otherwise objectionable. It was decided to ask the faculty for justification, including statistics, for various positions implicit . in the report. The primary position for the time-being of Mathsoc was expressed in a motion calling for the tabling of the report “ . . .until such time as the students have had an

wind, and co/d nights. Let’s all Photo by ge&ge lomaga

oraaniiae to fiabt adequate opportunity to provide input into the report.” Mathsoc president Gary Dryden said he would approach the dean as soon as possible while other Math faculty are being approached by additional students on the issue. Ex-federation president Andrew Telegdi who was present on other business said he would be “very much surprised” if Mathsoc had to push any f&her than the dean to get the report tabled. At the invitation of some Mathsot executives, three members of the federation board of education were also present to discuss the situation. One big worry noted by Mathsoc official John Long is the time of the year that the matter is arising-the exam and pre-holiday period when few students will have an opportunity to examine and discuss the report of the curriculum committee. Here he expressed the hope that the federation education workers could help. It was agreed that the best course of action would be to first seek assurances from faculty that the report would go no further without more student input. Then in January feedback from tlie Math undergrads can be solicited. A couple other academic matters were brought up at the Tuesday Mathsoc meeting including the publishing of the anti-calendar (math undergrad evaluations of their courses and faculty). Publication of the anti-Cal had been held up in the face of rumours that some math faculty members would launch lawsuits for libel. (chevron, November 28, page 5). Asked about the status of the anti-calendar, Gary Dryden said that it is being published with some minor deletions including a stu-

dents comment about professor Lastman. Lastman had the distinction of having a near record-setting host of negative comments come in from students about his performance in the classrooms. -shane

roberts

would result in ecological damage being awarded against the plainto the gorge. Their position was tiffs. subsequently corroborated by two So far about $3,000 has been environmental impact studies. One .raised. By Tuesday K-W Pollution was done by the ministry of natural Probe had collected over $500 resources and the other by the largely through their sale of apples. couaty. i Students Skeets Travors and In ruling against the injunction Diane Clark solicited another $100 judge Weatherspoon contended from the Mathsoc at its meeting. that “only the Attorney General On Tuesday Mathsoc president can launch a legal action against a Gary Dryden headed a delegation public body where matters on infrom his group and approached the fringement of public rights are constudent federation council. They cerned’ ’ . -were joined by Probe activist JefThe plaintiffs and the Group Orfrey Nelson. ganized to Retain the Gorge for A motion was made to donate Everyone are afi-aid the judgment $100 to the defence fund. During has established a dangerous precethe ensuing debate, several coundent that undermines the position cillors commented on how serious of citizens groups in the courts. they thought the issue was and how They are publicly campaigning piddly the amount was in the mothat “unless this decision is suction. cessfully appealed, the negotiating After a short exchange on how power of conservation, consumer, low the federation’s unallocated civil liberties, and other public incoffers were, the motion was terest groups will be eroded.” changed to donate $250. _-The Toronto-based Canadian Council accepted the motion Environmental Law Association is with the note that if more money was needed for the Gorge fund, handling the appeal, but $5,000 has to be raised before proceedings can then Pollution Probe could make a start. The money is necessary to further request in January. cover the possibility of court costs -shane roberts

All free unauthorized commercial advertising will be prohibited on campus, the UW student federation decided on Tuesday. This ban will include posters, handouts, inserts, .magazines or any other type of printed format intended for campus distribution without the federation’s consent. “If such printed materials were allowed on campus, they would detract from our ability to attract advertising revenue for student publications,“federation president John Shortall informed student councillors . He also said these commercial publicatiohs often don’t allow a student say in their content. The ban was prompted by the possible appearance on campus of a magazine called Like It Is which is aimed at Ontario’s 125,000 college

Students can draw Xmas UK money There seems to be a little confusion about whether students can draw unemployment benefits over Christmas. + One student interviewed by the chevron did so last year. She said she filed the claim saying she was available for work and that she wasn’t attending university at the time of filing. She had a waiting period of two weeks and received benefits for two. Also, following four phone calls to “wrong departments” and an encounter with the line of eternal busy beeps -specially designed by Bell to protect bureaucrats from troublesome enquirers-the chevron reached Mr. Miller. He is supervisor of enquiries at the Kitchener Unemployment Insurance Commission. Miller said stude@s could draw unemployment provided they made themselves available for work by registering with Manpower, and have made at least eight weeks unemp‘loyment contributions within the last 52 weeks. He said if it was a student’s first application there would be a waiting period of two weeks before money would be paid. But if the student has had a waiting period

within the last 52 weeks lhen benefits would start as soon as the claim is accepted. Then Miller suggested that if something was to be printed in the paper, the man to contact was Jack Clayfield, chief of operations at the Kitchener commission. Clayfield said students could not be stopped from filing a claim but it was unlikely they would be granted benefits because they are joining the labour force for such a short time at Christmas. Thus, he said, they are not really available for work. in the summer the situation is difr ferent, Clayfield said, because students are able to work for four months. Then they are eligible for a minimum of 18 weeks benefits with eight weeks contributions. Students who work part-time while going to school and who lose their jobs through no fault of their own can get benefits for eight to ten weeks, said Clayfield, provided they have made the minimum contributions. But it seems the only way to find out if Santa can put an unemployment cheque in your stocking is to file a claim and try it. -neil

docherty

and university student market. The magazine would be free of charge if it were allowed on campus. The publisher of Like It Is, Gary Price, visited Shortall on Tuesday to ask for permission to distribute his magazine. Shortall refused saying that the magazine, which generates its advertising revenue by telling clients that Like It Is is read by a sizeable portion of the student copulation, will siphon off funds that would otherwise go to student newspapers and other publications. Shortall also told Price that his magazine doesn’t allow students a say in its editorial content since it was a commercial publication. Price said by banning his magazine on campus, the federation would be endangering freedom of the press. He pointed out that Like It Is needs a mass circulation to generate enough advertising revenue to survive. Shortall told student councillors that Price “sold advertisers on the idea that their ads would be seen by a captive student market.” If such a magazine were to be distributed freely on campus then the federation would have to contend with many other people who see the campus as “a market up for grabs ,” Shortall said. He also said that the Canadian University Press (CUP) has opposed the free circulation sf Like It Is on campuses on the grounds that it would siphon off potential advertising for student newspapers. Shortall also pointed out that the university is private property and ’ the federation is allowed by UW to determine what publications should be freely circulated on campus. However, mathematics rep John Long said he believed the university is the place to allow freedom of the press and the federation shouldn’t try to censor publications intended for a student audience. Long said that Like It Is poses no competition to student newspapers in terms of advertising since it doesn’t carry the same type of ads. Environmental Studies rep Michael Gordon countered Long saying that Like It Is in its recent issue carried ads from major breweries which also appear in stz&nt newspapers. -john

morris

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6:00 DOWN TO EARTH FESTIVALDavid Assmann talks to Ron Hunter from the Greenpeace about the Foundation Foundation’s involvement in the campaign to save the whale and the research that has been done in the past few decades on the whale. 6:30 Music 900 Doug Baker 1200 Sign Off

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6:00 THE WORLD AROUND US- A roundtable discussion with six people associated with Canada World Youth from both Gambia Dec. 5 and Canada about the exchange Carlos Mota and Mike Moore programme and operations of Mike Ura the organization. The participSTORYSwallows and Amaants are Dawne Cressman, Jim zons with Marilyn Turner Bishop, Momadou Patty, FamMike Ura ara Dampha, Pierre Leger, and Dave Thompson Marie Josee Messier. SEXUALITY AND HUMAN6:30 Ewan Brocklehurst KIND- A far reaching discussion 8:00 FOLK Music on a number of aspects of sexu9:00 NATIVE ISSUES- Dr. Lloyd ality and abortion, including a Barber, Indian Land Claims historical and medical look at Commissioner for Canada, talks abortion. about the history of interactions Phil Rogers between native and white EARTH SPACESPaul groups over land rights including Wrightman hosts a mosaic prog- some specific examples of injusramme on a variety of topics. t ices. THE MUTANT HOUR .with Bill 9:30 Lorrie Beggs Wharrie 12:00 Sign Off JAZZ with Ian Murray Sign Off Tuesday Dec. 9

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classical and jazz music from Switzerland. CLASSICAL MUSIC & OPERA with Brigitte Allen. This week featuring the Bach Survey, Part II. Harold Jarnicki Bob Valliant INFORMATION MADE PUBLICIn co-operation with CKWR-FM this programme examines local news and issues. Hosted by Bill Culp and Bob Mason. Ken Mitchell and Mike Kelso Ray Marcinow Sign Off

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Dec. 14

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Dec. 15

6100 THE WORLD AROUND US- An interview with Darcy Martin of the Development Education Centre in Toronto. Relationships between Canada and under: developed nations are discussed with an emphasis on Latin America and the Carribean. 6:30 Music 8:00 FOLK Music

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the chevron

chevron debate examines hdtibil’rty . Two scholars came to debate, le, a scientist, brought data, the ther, a philosopher, came loaded 3wn with words. That was the situation Monday hen physchology professor Doug ‘ahlsten took the affirmative and lilosophy professor Jan NarveIn the negative of the resolution: There is no scientific basis for zreditary differences in intelligIce and there never will be. All search on this question should be oppressed .” Over 100 people crowded into L 211 to see the two contestants ce each other, separated only by le bulky frame of United Church inister David Watson. Wahlsten began his presentation i saying he was concerned with lcial problems. He said there ere two views on how these probms can be solved. One is to treat le individual and the other is to lange the system within which we ve. He said under the class system n capitalism the people who hold le power determine who will be at le “bottom of the heap”. He started from the premise that :ience should serve the interests T the vast majority of the people. Id through honest research it rould be used to solve the probms of the world. He then made two observations. he first was that differences in >ility between people do exist and m be measured by phsychological sting, though what these tests ean he said he did notwant to go to in this debate. His second observation was that lere are people who live in abject lverty and are denied basic jman rights. They are oppressed lder capitalism, he said. That being the case he asked hat study can be done to alleviate is problem. Once again he said ere were two approaches -change the system or measure :x-&ability. And it was the value of e latter which was discussed. He defined heritability as the rm or coefficient whichexpresses le extent of differences around zople which can be attributed to heritance. Wahlsten said if the value of that Iefficient is known then the only

thing it can be used for is selective hereditary differences can be breeding &and eugenics. He said judged. He again backed this asserheritability comes out of agricultion with several quotes from schotural genetics where it was used for lars in the field. The major problem is that the this purpose. “This is what these guys have in variables which have to be consimind,” he said, “-eugenics, dered in such a study are conselective breeding--denying peofounded, said- Wahlsten. Through ple with low IQ the right to reproinheritance people do not just induce.” herit genes but the whole metabolic He then supplied quotes from resystem he said. This coupled with searchers in this field to back-up his what he considered to be the major claim. The quotes were shown on problem-that of distinguishing beslides . tween the environmental factor and The first was from Konrad Lothe hereditary factor, makes this renz in Nazi Germany in 1940. research impossible, he claimed. “ Selection for toughness, heroism, He said it would only be possible social utility must be accomplished in a classless society. But if we had by some human institution of mana classless society, he said, there kind, in default if selective factors would be no need for this kind of is not to be ruined by domestication research because everyone would induced degeneracy. The racial be treated equally. idea as the basis of our state has Implicit in this statement was that the research being done now is already accomplished much in this respect.” only to justify and perpetuate the Wahlsten said “this is what we inequality of the capitalist class system. call racism. ” Narveson in his presentation The second slide from a 1%9 article written by Jensen (one of the cited little data but chose to chalmain researchers in this field) read lenge Wahlsten in what he considered’ to be key areas. inpart “ . . .current welfare policies unaided by eugenic foresight could He first criticised one of the lead to the genetic enslavement of a. chevron articles on the mistaken substantial segment of our populaidea that Wahlsten had written it. tion.” Following that he claimed to find Then a quote from the grant the psychologist’s analysis very proposal from a research group at confusing. the university of Hawaii: “With reHe said he was not sure what spect to long range significance Wahlsten meant by suppression. these data will serve as a basis for Narveson felt that if research is future decision about the disturbing useless then why suppress it? He but inevitable questions about felt such research should be pubpopulation control which will have lished and then refuted. to be made at government level. Narveson was also unclear on The purpose of this study is to prowhat Wahlsten meant by no “direct evidence” of a scientific basis for vide some solid information about the genetic correlates of intellighereditary differences in intelligence. ence so that an informed decision He wondered if there could not may eventually be made.” The university was given $1.7 be indirect evidence. He asked if it million by the National Institute of Health and the study is currently being undertaken. Wahlsten said when applied to racial differences this is genocide. He said Shockley, Hernstein and The Garrison Project will have Jensen are teaching these ideas and some “very profound effects in “we must unite the people against Canada’ ’ , and people will have to this research by convincing arguact quickly if they wish to protect ment.” themselves from “injury to health Wahlsten argued that to this date and property”, says Richard Madthere is no scientific basis by which son, a representative of the Audubon Society. Madson outlined the land irrigation project and its effects both in the US and Canada to approximately 100 people from the university community Tuesday night. The Garrison Project, situated in semi-arid North Dakota, is an irrigation scheme which is being funded by the US Bureau of Reclaimation, an agency of the US Department of the Interior, Madson said. It is estimated that the project will irrigate 250,000 acres of land, which, Madson said, sounds like a good thing. However there. are many serious complications which he believes justify haIting the project. The project first came into the public eye in the early 70’s because of landowners problems in dealing with the government. Madson told of several personal experiences of farmers who had been lied to, had received poor compensation for prime land, or had to watch as their farm houses were tom down minutes after they had managed to leave. This in itself is not enough to call the project into question, Madson said, but reflects an attitude which the government has towards people in general, and whit h Canadians should be aware of. It wan’t until 1973 that it was determined the project would effect Canada, Madson said. At that time environmentalists realized that the water flowing into Canadaby way of the Red and Souris rivers would

could not be considered an a priori probability that the differences in intelligence between two individuals is partly due to the genetic factor. This became a contentious issue with Narveson asking Wahlsten if it were not plausible the difference in intelligence between a human being and afly was at least in part genetic. Narveson’s point seemed to be that unless it is accepted as possbile that some of the difference between two individuals is attributed to the hereditary factor then everybody could reach the same level of intelligence merely by manipulating the environment. He said that for Wahlsten to claim that the hereditary factor could not be measured until the environment was exactly matched was asking too high a standard of evidence . In response to Narveson’s questions Wahlsten replied “direct evidence is when you don’t have an experiment where the factors that you’re interested in studying, where you’re trying to separate the influence of two things, are confounded. And then the direct e-vidence is just whatever the differences are between the two levels of a particular condition that you are interested in. . .Thats what I mean by it. Thats what Jensen means by it . . .when he says there is no direct evidence’ of this .” “Plausible”, Wahlsten said was an unscientific term. He said anything can by hypothesised and anything is possible but the point is is it knowable? Science deals with the real world, he said, and if something is knowable it is investigated. On the question of what is a matched environment, Wahlsten explained that the environments have to be comparable but not

down to every little detail, and what was crucial is that populations would have to be raised in such environments and not just individuals.

In a very active question period one of the main questions raised was why should the research be suppressed and how would it be done. On the first part, Wahlsten turned the question on its head and asked why research into selective breeding should be done. On the second part he said the people should be educated about what this research is and actively suppress it. He also said the research only raises the issue of racism and the problem could be dealt with inother ways. It was in the question period that Narveson explained that he was not arguing for eugenics or selective breeding. In their summations Wahlsten’s position remained as outlined, though Narveson expanded his a little. He said there was always the chance that someone will come up with a “great theory of intelligence in the future and that this could not be denied. He said there was no reason to suppress research even if it were useless research. Narveson was not as suspicious of motives behind the research as WahIsten. He said he ‘did not understand why racism would be in the interests of capitalism and he did not understand what Wahls ten meant by oppression. A vote taken at the end of the debate had 41 for and 50 against the motion. A vote taken at the beginning had 36 for and 60 against, with a large number undecided. -neil

’ .

docherty

lm&ation to bhina nmblems u

have its salt content drastically increased. This will happen because the land which is to be irrigated has a very high salt content, which will be “leeched” from the soil through drainage to end up in rivers flowing northward. Madson also questioned how effective the project will be in terms of irrigation. “We’re not opposed to irrigation”, he said, but pointed out that to irrigate 250,000 acres of land which is already in use, “220,000 will be taken for production purposes”. Earlier, during a press conference, Madson showed that 780 farms will benefit, and and that the project is intended to *help some farmers by destroying. others. He calculated that since 400 million dollars is being spent for irrigation, the amount of money being spent for each farm to benefit is about half a million dollars. Madson went on to counter arguments put forward by the Bureau of Reclamation to justify the project. He said that much of their support stemmed-from the claim that the project will protect farmers in the event of another drought such as the one in the thirties when many were driven off the land. The project will only irrigate a total of six tenths of one percent of the land in North Dakota, he said, leaving ninety nine percent withoutwater, in the event of a drought. The Bureau has claimed that the dams and reservoirs needed in the project will serve fourteen municipal water supplies, Madson pointed out during the press conference that the Bureau has only identified four of these. One is a major city which recently discovered an underground water supply which is now being put to use. The costs of

the project do not justify providing water which can be obtained otherwise, Madson said. The Bureau has said that the project will create 16,000 acres of “prairie wetland”. Madson challanged this, saying 50 to 708 thousand acres will be degraded or destroyed . A “wildlife environmental heritage will be lost” if this happens, he said. Madson stated that the project was only thinking in terms of dollars and cents, ignoring human and social costs . “We need more than neon and plastic for people to really live”, he said. Madson accused the Bureau of Reclamation of “trying to protect an expanding bureaucracy”. He said that if the project were not continued, their role would be one of “caretaking” previously completed projects. Finally, Madson said that there are some “basic inconsistencies between what you (Canadians) are beingtold, and what is takingplace”. The Americans have promised that no construction of the project which will potentially affect Canada will begin until the Canadians and Americans have determined that the treaty which prohibits “injury to health and property” will not be broken. Madson said that the Audubon Society “flatly disagrees” with the American Governments promise. The society discovered that construction has already started on the Lonetree reservoir which has no other purpose than to regulate water flowing into Canada. Madson emphasized that it is not too late to stop the project if people act quickly, since only twenty percent of it is completed. +zhris

jones

the chevron

The following articles on Zionism and the Palestine Liberation Organizatidn were compiled by the Canadian University Press.

“I w& chased out of Israel because I am not a Jew-that is Zionism. ’ ’ And that is why, according to Shafik Al-hout of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the UN last month condemned Zionism as “a form of racism and racial discrimination. ’’ Al-hout, a native Palestinian born in Jaffa, told a partisan but divided audience here on November 17 that Arabs and Jews \ “were living happy till the Zionist doctrine came to our land” and. turned 800 thousand Arabs, including Al-hout, into refugees. The vice-chaifman of the PLO delegation to the UN, and a PLO executive member, Al-hout said the PLO is the “sole representative of the Pal,ehtinian people” and de-

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What does the PLO want? “We way .tij co-exist is ti> live in democMiddle East, which he cal want to go batik to Palestine and racy despite religious differences .” “peace by pieces,” would fail, ; live in peace together with the Afterwards, at a local restaurant that Arab solidarity in support owned by an Arab Canadian, AlJews,” Al-hout said. Israel must the Palestinian people would no’ hout told a largely pro-Palestinian end its discrimination against the broken. Arabs liv’ng in Palestine, and must audience “it is up to the Arab But negotiations between ISI community and progressive forces “identify t hemselves with the area and the Palestinians, he sai$ about them” rather than create a in Canada to.40 something to create out of the question because the “Middle-East ghetto” of Jews. an even-hdnded policy on the part raelis refuse to recognize the P as the legitimate representative: Al-hout said the PLO will not ac- of the Canadian authorities. ” the Palestinians, and because cept any attempt to resolve the dis- ’ He said the PLO “just wants to pute by creating a separate sfate for see Canada take an objective look PLO will not sit down and negotl the Palestinian Arabs. “We don’t at the Middle East situation” rather “as prisoners of war”. than blindly follow, pro-Zionist Again in response to questi want tobe settled anywhere except policies . about the use of violentie involt fended the PLO and UN position to in our own land.” The question of the use of viol- . ’ Al-hout also predicted that the civilians, he reiteratkd that it w: a packed meeting at the Ottawa ence by the PLO in their’struggle “Kissinger Plan” for peace in the continued on pag Public Library, organized by the against Israel was repeatedly raised Ottawa chapter of the Voice of / by pro-Israel members of the audiWomen. ence. “We represent the oppressed and are fighting for what has been What about the killing of taken from us by brute force, by civilians? What about the violence What is Zionism? According to A .C. Forrest, who wrote a controver: real terror. We are freedom fighters at the 1972 Olympics? What aeout book on the Palestine question in 1971 titled The Unholy Land, “Politj and we identify ourselves with the the hijacking of ah-planes? Zionism is a pl&osophy which says that all Jews belong to one natic national liberation movements of “You condemn hij&king a plane “They need a state of their own to secure their identity, to prot I the world.” but you don’t condemn hijacking a themselves from frzture outbursts of anti-Semitism, and to develop tl The Zionists, he contended, whole country ,’ ’ replied Al-hout. culture and civilization. have been condemned by the progHe did not deny that violence is a “Israel-is that state and it is the duty of all Jews to support Israel aric ressive Third World and developed component of the PLO struggle, possible, to go live in Israel.” countries, but “have best relations but stressed that Arabs are also the Zionism, Forrest writes, is based on the premise that “the,mere pr with the reactionary nations which victims of Israeli violence. ence of Jews among Christians is an irritant which generated al have in the past practised anti“We are not the aggressors. Semitism, for which there can be no remedy. semi tism , ’ ’ citing the US as the Arab people are born tolerant. But Therefore, the only way to solve this problem-the most import prime example. this titie there is not more problem of the Jewish people throughout their history-is for Jews there will be an ever“But the will of the people is tolerance . . . leave the cuuntry of their residence and establish their own state in ti lasting struggle until we achieve more important than the will of the historic homeland of Pales tine. ’ ’ -L cotiplete victory .” reactionary forces,” he said, pre. Forrest continues to say that “Political Zionism was one of two Jew Al-hout concluded his talk by movements which came into being in 1897. The other was the Socia dieting that the PLO and the Palesasking Jews outside Israel “to play tinian people would achieve “/ultiBund. a role by voicing out that the only mate victory’ ’ . Zionism was a nationalistic movement of the middle class in Eastc Europe.‘ The Bundlcame out of the poorer and working. classes 2 reflected a very different ideology, for it was based on the very oppot concept-that anti-Semitism, which was real enough at that time, was a mysterious or perennial evil.” The view of the Fund, Forrest explains, is that “Anti-Semitism has cause in the economic, political and psychological conditions of soci and, like any other human evil, it can be cured by changing the conditic that brought it about. ’ Accordingly, the Bund maintains that the Jewish problem is part of general problem of mankind and can be solved only by thgimprovemen the lot of humanity as a whole, not by any special panaceas for Jews. The forcible establishment of the state of Israel in 1948 marked a victc for the proponents of Zionism, but it did not put an end to the split am<: Jews and non-Jews over the question of Zionism. Today the split continues, both, inside and outside Israel,_and Can; has in recent months become the scene of a struggle between the Zioni and the representatives of the displaced Palestine people, the PLO 01 whether the PLO will be allowed to get its side of the story out for No Amei-icans to hear. One Jewish organization in Canada which has been critical of Zioni and has supported the rights of the Palestinian people is the “Alliance Non-Zionist Jews” founded last year in Toronto. The alliance.operated out of York University in Toronto and consist: ‘student and non-student Jewish members. The following is their critic of Zionism first published on November 11, last year titled “A Jew Alternative to Zionism”. * ,

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Claims of Zionism ’ The central historic claim made by the Zionist movement since inception until this very day is that the creation of the Jewish State Palestine, would provide the ody solution to the Jewish question. Moreover, the left wing of the Zionist movement claimed the implemc tation of the Zionist enterprise could lead to the social emancipation of 1 Jewish workers and farmer, both those who would emerge through 1 creation of the state. Largely 6 the basis of these claims, the Zionist movement came command the allegiance and active support of millions of well-mean humanitarians, liberals and social democrats, both Jews and non-Je\ throughout the world. The Zionist enterprise has also during its history gained the actj support of many powerful institutions, governments, and states whj commanded the concrete power to insure the establishment of Israel. fact, without the support of these, the Zionist enterprise would ha remained no more than a utopian fantasy. Until the holocaust, Zionism had little basis to claim any kind of SI stantial support among the world-dispersed Jewish population. The historically unparalleled, systematic attempt to physically anni late the Eurqean Jewish population during the second sworld war u decisive in their stampede towards Zionism, even though the Zion leadership refused to fight to open (to Jewish refugees) the \ doors of et one country-except for Palestine. In actuality this complia&e with the anti-Semitic closed-door policy Canada, of the US, and of Britain was the logic of their sectarian loyalty Zionism and so their programme could not serve the life and death net of the Jewish people. ‘The establishment of the’ state of Israel, and the worldwide activities Zionist institutions and organization have only now reached a high level material power and historical maturity. The time has clearly come to subject these “achievements” to the tl of critical analysis and evaluation, Tom the perspective of those deel concerned with the liberation and social emancipation of the Jew] people, in particular, and with social progress in general. . Zionist trap It is evident to us that not only has the Zionist movement failed idvance the social goals it claims for its objectives, but moreover practical effect hti been to thwart th&m. Rather than providing a haven for Jews in Palestine, the Zionist mol ment has created a historic trap for the Jewish people. continued on pagr

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Canadian harassment of the-Palestinians A number of prominent Palestinians, intellectuals and diplomatic personnel, have been running into harassment by Canadian immigration officials when coming to speak in Canada. They have been followed everywhere and confined to very narrow lists of engagements. Take the case of Hanna Nazk president of the Birzeit College, a 50 year old internationally recognized institute of higher education on the occupied West Bank of the Jordan River. Dr. Nazir came to Canada last May for discussion with church leaders about Israeli violations of basic human rights within the occupied territories through imprisonment without trial and arbitrary deportations. He was followed everywhere by immigration officials and told he should not have spoken to the Canadian Arab Federation because it was not “on his list of church groups”. Prominent Pal es tinians have been subjected to long interrogations at airports and allowed into Canada only under Ministerial Permits. When Fayez Sayegh, a distinguished Arabscholar and statesman

What is Zionism? continued

The Israeli state now faces a perspective of continued war with peoples increasingly unified and organized, with mounting support throughout the world. The consequences can only be a tragedy, a tragedy which may likely involve the mutual use of tactical nuclear weapons. What twist of logic considers that the solution to the Jewish question could.be realized by the record of the Israeli state? That is: -the Israeli leaders have turned their state into a military fortress at war with all the nations surrounding it; -the material costs of Israel’s war policy have been increasingly loaded on to the backs of Israeli workers (through an inflation rate of about 35. percent and the mid 1974 devaluation of 43 percent which resulted in the current crises) while at the same time a new generation of millionaires has risen to prominence and political power; -Israel’s “black-skinned” Jews are suffering from oppression and misery in the white-dominated social structure. -despite Israel’s claim to be democratic, it still has in force a series of emergency regulations imposed in its time by British imperialism and characterized by Zionist leaders at the time as “fascist laws”; -theIsraeli state, since its inception, has been allied with most reactionary forces on a world scale. -Israel was and remains a militant supporter of US imperialism in South-east Asia and was among the first to extend diplomatic recognition to the brutal military dictatorship of ‘Chile. For the past period, all Jews have been identified with the Israeli state simply because they were Jews. In fact, a Jew who did not identify with the interests of the Israeli state was considered to be a self-hater. The reason that critical Jews are considered self-haters is based upon the belief, in Zionist ideology, that all non-Jews are conscious or potential anti-Semites. Thus any solution to the Middle-East crisis that rejects the view that non-Jews are inevitably anti-Semitic but accepts them as potential allies in our struggle against anti-Semitism is labelled as being a rejection of Jewishness. AS a consequence of this sectarian attitude towards non-Jews, Zionism removes the need-to consider the national rights of the Palestinians and in fact engenders a racist attitude towards Palestinians and Arabs ingeneral. While seeking a path to Jewish self-determination, Zionists have denied that very same right to the Palestinians.

Zionism continued

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two-way street on that score. Seven attempts have been made on his life, he said, including one last year when 10 mortar rockets fired by Israeli terrorists hit his offices in Beirut. “The building was filled with women and children. But you do not see that (in the West) because you are one-eyed children. ” “Is that not violence?” he asked. Al-hout’s message to the audience was to “tell all you find that the Palestinian people will not give up the struggle. . . we will never leave. ’ ’ The response was a standing ovation and chants of “Long Live Palestine!” and “Revolution and to Victory!” Zionists demonstrate While PLO spokesman Shafik Al-hout spoke inside the Ottawa public library about 150 demonstrators outside proclaimed their support for Zionism and their oppositions to allowing the PLO to present its case. “I am a Zionist”; “PLO Spells Murder” ; “Hitler Also Killed Zionists”; and “Give Peace a Chance” read their placards. STORE

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came to Canada as guest of honour for the Canadian Arab Federation annual meeting he was detained and interrogated at the Toronto airport although he was carrying diplomatic passport as well as his United Nations documents. This detention was questioned in the House of Commons by Heath McQuarrie (P.C. Hillsborough). On May 26th he asked the minister of immigration to investigate this regretable discourtesy to a respected personage and a friendly

On October 9th a distinguished Palestinian professor, Ibraham Abou Lughud of Northwestern University (US) who came to speak to students of Toronto University on “Palestinian Perspectives” following Moshe Dayan’s talk on “Israel and the Big Powers”, was also interrogated at the airport. On June 12th a trade union leader ’ (Palestine General Union of Palestine Workers) was detained and interrogated for three hours. One of the questions hammered at him was state. “Where does Arafat live?” What Andras replied that Sayegh had has this to do with his entering admitted membership in the PalesCanada on a visit? tinian Liberation Organization. We have since seen how the “This under Canadian law makes issue of the PLO observer status on him a member of a prohibited the UN conference on crime was class. . .but under the Nicholson handled.. . it was side-stepped at doctrine he was given a minister’s the last moment. permit for the express purpose of What is Canada’s policy now? his visit to Toronto,” he stated. We are hearing many ominous reMcQuarrie then asked whether ports of massive buildups of security, police and army, of foreign this indicated “that all members of the PLO whether they be priests, intelligence officers, of new trainclergymen, pacifists or what, are --‘ing, of electronic controls, in prepnot admissable to Canada”. aration for the -Olympics next Andras replied, “The advice summer. given by the Department of Justice According to Globe and Mail reis that the PLO is an organization, porters Peter Moon and Arnold the membership of which are proBruner (October 28) the Canadian hibited entry except under special cabinet has before it a request to permit. ” permit immigration officers at port of entry “power without right of appeal to refuse entry to any Nobody would claim responsibilforeigner they suspect of terity for organizing the demonstration. People who were identified as rorism’ ’ . How will they define that phrase? leaders but who refused to give their names to reporters claimed According to Andras’ statement, they were “just a cross-section of would this mean that all Palestithe community showing their connians would be turned back without cern.” even the reference to Ottawa acIn fact, many of the demoncorded to Lughud? strators were members or supporIn its editorial (October 28) the ters of the Ottawa Jewish CommunGlobe and Mail points out “Entire ity Council, who apparently ornational groups one supposes, ganized the demonstration. could simply forget about entering One demonstrator, when asked Canada until after the games.” why the PLO were called “murThis would mean that for an enderers” for their armed attacks tire year, while the question of the while Israelis who do the same rights of the Palestinians to struggle thing are called “commandos” for the liberation of their homeland, claimed the difference was that Isis still a controversial issue in * raelis did not kill “wantonly”. Canada (although accepted in most “Precision bombing into a re.- countries of the world) no Palestifugee camp for instance, is a difnian would be admitted to put the ficult job. If you are off just a bit facts as he sees them in front of the you hit a school or something,” he Canadian people. explained. -charlotte mcewan

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Offensjiw against the c&Fowing left LISBON (CUP)-Portugal’s military chiefs appear to be using the current “state of emergency” in the Lisbon area to destroy growing suport for the left- in the military rank and file. President Francisco Costa Gomes declared the emergency state Nov. 25, after paratroopers from the nearby Tancos Air Base occupied most other air bases-in the ’ Lisbon region. The paratroops, who recently refused continued participation in the government’s attempt to crush working class organizations , were demanding the dismissal of air force chief General Morais Silva. Silva was moving to disband the unit. In assuming direct control over the armed forces, Costa Gomes apparantly blocked the movement,of several key left-wing commanders who were detained in his palace. He also forbade the publication of all Lisbon newspapers and only a pro-government radio ‘station continues to publish. The detention of the leftist officers, including General Otelo De Saraiva Carvalho, head of the COPCON military security force, apparantly prevented any coordination of resistance to maneuvers of pro-government dommandoes . The well-equipped commandoes seized control of TV and radio sta-

“negotiated political solution to the tions and have apparently intimicrisis ’ ’ , the CP implied criticism of dated leftist military units, who the paratroop action for its -apparform the vast majority in the Lisbon region. ent recklessness. On Nov. 26 they attacked the The unit has been a heroic symheadquarters of the lightly armed bol in recent weeks of the growing military police, sa solidly left unit. rank and file resistence to Portugal’s 6th provisional govemAfter an exchange of gunfire and the death of three men, the MP’s ment, dominated by the’antisurrendered. communist socialist and popular democratic parties. Pro-government forces appeared The two-month old government, to have solid control of Lisbon, but late reports indicate armed workers aiming for a stable envtionment to attract West European and Ameriand soldiers across the river Tejo itself in from Lisbon were preparing to, . can capital has preoccupied attempting to remove leftist offimarch on the city. cials from state posts and to take The left was. also reported in control’ of information media. complete control of the Alentejo Region in south-central Portugal, It met strong working class resiswhere farm workers took over their tance backed repeatedly by the military ranks. The ranks were estates after the overthrow of fasbeing radicalised particularly in the cism in April, 1974. But the Communist Party (CP) Lisbon region, but leftist soldier has asked its thousands of working orgamzation in many other areas are strong. class supporters to respect the state On Nov. 20 the government of emergency which forbids meetings, demonstrations and newssuspended its activities until the paper publishing, besides imposing president could guarantee “the ina midnight to 6 am curfew. dispensable conditons for the exercise of its functions and its author. Calling only for vigilance in “Defense of the liberties and other conity.” The left, including the CP, most quests of the revolution”, the CP wants to avoid anything that might trade unions, workers committees ignite a civil war. in the factories, and factory and neighborhood committees in workThe CP dominates the navy command, so it is unlikely the navy ing class urban areas, called the move blackmail designed to force will intervene at this point. ’ In a statement calling for Costa Gomes into increasing right-

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is t power in the armed forces. the unit disbanded and tried to disEarlier, on Nov. 7, Portugal’s perse the troops among other units. . Revolutionary\ Council (CR) the The men objected and yesterday Supreme Military Authority which they occupied four air bases and appoints the government, ordered Silva’s office, precipitating the curthe Tancos Paratroopers to dyna.rent events. mite the transmitter of Radio Re* Some army units occupied Lisnacensa. bon TV studios Nov. 25 to support Renacensa, formerly owned by the paratroops but were ejected by the Catholic Church, had been octhe comandoes six hours later. cupied by its workers and used to The support actions for the Tansupport working class organizing. ’ cos men were uncoordinated and That day it had helped mobilize the leftist forces were apparently people to support the workers at unwilling and unprepared to meet the ministry of social communicaCosta Gomes’ response. tions. Earlier the same day, Costa The workers had discovered a Gomes confirmed the replacement document linking their newlyof general Carvalho as Lis.bon appointed secretary of state military commander, while main-appointed by the 6th taining him as head of COPCON. government-with the notorious The vast majority of Lisbon Pide Secret Police of the former fastroops had declared their support cist regime. for Carvalho with the commandoes ’ They refused to allow him into dissenting. the ministry building and, with the Recent reports now indicate military units who joined them, COPCON has been dissolved, havwere decisive in beating off the ing been overwhelmed by corn-’ government agents. The secretary mandoes in the Nov. 25-26 action. It remains to be seen whether the has not returned since. A revolutionary council state of emergency will be used to spokesman explained he had or- crush all other leftists and working organizations. dered the paratroops to not simply occupy the transmitter because he On the other hand, these forces I feared the workers of Renacensa have the arms to resist, if the coorwould arrive and win the troops dination is solid. over to their side. The CP was hoping recent impressive demonstrations of workThat is precisely what happened ing class strength-including a in late September when the new 6th workers degovernment ordered troops to all massive construction monstration on Nov. 12-would Lisbon radio stations. In every convince the Socialist Party to decase the workers quickly consert their rightist Popular Democravinced the soldiers to join their side tic Party allies and form a new left as members of the working class. oriented coalition. Three days after the dynamiting, But the socialist leadership are the Tancos paratroops demonuncompromising with the CP and strated against their ‘own action. ’ on Nov. 26 strongly supported the Henceforth, they decided they military action against the par-atwould take orders from COPCON, roopers . the leftist operational commandThe events represented an atand security force. tempt at a leftist “coup d’etat”, the Their officers responded by quitsocialists claimed. They are openly ting Tancos and on Nov. 26 they were reported to be at a NATO air pleased at the possiblity that the 6th base in Northern Portugal. government may be able to conAir force chief Silva then ordered tinue. moses

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While studying a sentence ’ comparative, A student named Moe WEE declarative, With a case of beer, the words became clear, Another Blue was’imperative.

continued from page 1 college he had heard a lot about the Forests and Webber. But he said as he got to know them he found them to be “people like you and me” but with a very strong belief in “creating a better world for people and not for corporate profits.” He said “whether you’ agree with them or not, their loss from this campus would be a very great loss.” One student complained that -slogans had been painted on some campus buildings this week. Her comments were well received as were those of Jenn George, who chaired the meeting, and Forest, both of whom condemned the action. -neil

docherty

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TORONTO (CUP)--During the “heyday” of debate in the 1960s and early 70s one side argued that since students were the ones to benefit from post-secondary education, they should bear the main responsibility for paying the cost involved. Tuition fees should be maintained at their present levels’ if not increased, they said, and anyone who needs financial assistance should get it in the form of a loan repayable upon termination of studies. Opponents contended that education was a “right” for all, that society as a whole benefited from a-n educated population, and therefore society should bear the cost, just like any other “social service”. Moreover, to promote “universal accessibility” regardless of economic background education should be free to the student, they said. Tuition fees should be eliminated and all students should receive an income to live on while at school. Anyone who pays tuition or who signs student loan forms has all the evidence needed to prove the outcome of that debate.

government officially reopened the discussion, which has continued anyway, since the sixties, by announcing that a committee would be set up to hear briefs and make a report on the future of student aid in the province. It would, the government claimed, take a “fresh look at student aid.” In- its brief to be presented to the committee in January, the Ontario Federation of Students (OFS) states quite clearly it is “apprehensive about the political meaning of this exercise” or about how “fresh’ ’ a look is intended. “Given the past performance of our friends at Queen’s Park (the Ontario legislature), we have a suspicion that the nagging committee’s deliberations are merely a front to justify a policy change which will not be in the interests of students or those who have not the opportunity to become students,” the OFS says in its brief. “Why are we doing this?” it asks, without really providing an answer. But, last September, when the OFS met in Kingston and discussed whether to submit a brief or just ignore the committee, an answer was given that persuaded student delegates present. The publication of a brief and the appearance of OFS and other student groups before the committee would give students an opportunity to restate their position on student aid for the benefit of anyone who would listen, even the committee. And it could provide an opportunity to organize around the hearings to demonstrate student support for that position. As for the brief itself’ nothing new is said, and its main thrust is to reiterate the demand that tuition fees be abolished and that an allgrant form of student assistance be instituted.

Fees, according to the brief, ‘ bare a form of regressive taxation” which “represent a financial barrier to accessibility. “Students are required to pay a set amount towards the operation of an educational insitution. Each student’ regardless of income or background, pays the same fee for the same area of study. . . (they) are individually ‘taxed’ before

being allowed to pursue their education.” The brief calls this “as unfair and arbitrary as any other form of taxation which requires both those who have and those who haven’t to contribute equally” and notes agreement with the statement by the Ontario Federation ‘of Labour that: “ . . .we totally reject the theory of using education as a means of hidden or indirect taxation. If our taxing policies are such that they do not provide sufficient equity then they should be amended. University fees should not be used for this purpose.” The brief takes issue with those who argue that tuition fees should be maintained because students, as consumers of the services provided by educational institutions, are the primary beneficiaries of these services. . OFS rejects this “market place definition” of the educational process because “the end result has been, and will continue to be, regardless of any assistance scheme, that those who are able to pay take advantage of this service” while those who can’t won’t.

The brief also notes that “there exists no adequate method to determine, on a cost/benefit basis, the value of education” accruing to the student and to the society, and “even if one did exist, the question remains as to why this would be applied in a arbitrary and artificial manner to the post-secondary level only. ’ ’ The brief also rejects the contention that “tuition can be used to filter out those with low motivation and those unprepared to continue their education.” OFS calls this belief “naive’ ’ and “unthinking’ ’ . The brief cites a 1972 study in Canada which indicated that a high degree of ambition did exist among low-income children surveyed, despite the fact that proportionately fewer of this group actually make it to a university. According to OFS, “motivational factors are related to socioeconomic background both in terms of level and type of aspirations” and the sdy effect of the high cost of

education is to deter those from low-income families. But tuition fees are not just a regressive tax and a deterent, the brief states. Because of the “wide variance in fees” depending on the type of post-secondary education sought’ they are “coercive” and used to “stream” different classes into different types of education. The QFS brief reiterates its position that, if “universal accessibility” to education is to be promoted’ then more is required than simply abolishing tuition fees. All students must be provided with a “guaranteed annual income” to live on while they study. The brief notes thLat the last “fresh look” at student aid in the 1960s and early seventies did arrive at “one overwhelming consensus; universal accessibility and equality of opportunity to post-secondary education in Ontario did not exist. More particularly, it did not exist for ‘lower class’ people”. Because lower-income people are under-represented, at postsecondary educational institutions, some policy makers began to argue that continued subsidization of the post-secondary sector out of general tax revenues was unfair to the lower-income groups who did not benefit, but who paid the bulk of the taxes. They also used this argument to reject the proposal for a living stipend for students. The brief calls this argument ‘ ‘curious’ ’ since it “rejects those met hanisms necessary for guaranteeing equal access to posteducation on the secondary grounds that it will be less equitable in the long run due to a regressive tax system. “Surely it would be more sensible to direct one’s assault at the tax system itself,” the brief states, particularly “on the question of the benefits derived by the corporate sector” from post-secondary education in comparison with what corporations pay in taxes. The brief says that postsecondary education is “probably the most vital independent variable on the corporate ledger.” Without a post-secondary system and the highly trained man-

3ower it produces, our “relatively advanced industrial society would grind to a halt. With it would go all corporate income. ”

And how much do corporations share in paying the costs of education? “During the seven-year period from 1967-74, when expenditures on post-secondary education were booming, corporate profits were booming as well, increasing 250 per cent from $5.6 billion to $19.5 billion. Personal income, meanwhile, increased at a more modest 125 per cent, from $33 billion to $74 billion. “Despite this relatively fast growth in corporate income during

this period, the corporate share of the cost of public expenditure fell as a proportion of all revenue sources, from 11.3 per cent to 10.7 per cent. Personal income tax, on the other hand, increased as a source of revenue from 16.2 per cent to 18.3 per cent. “The inference is quite clear: during the period when spending in post-secondary education ‘took off’ the relative proportion of the corporate tax as a source of government revenue fell. “Qn this basis alone it is not difficult to argue that corporations failed to pay their fair share of the cost of expanding post-secondary education. ’ ’ <. ---peter

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The following article written by Bruce McKenna, a law student at Osgoode Hall in Toronto, for City Magazine traces the history of the Ontario Municipal ‘Board and shows how citizens can be co-opted in thinking they’ve won major issues in urban planning when in fact they’ve won only small ones.

For citizen groups all across Ontario, there is always one last con-

solation when a strong, well-based, carefully-argued; and fundamentally just objectiokhas been ignored by a local council intent on expressway building, demolition, sale of the city hall to Eaton’s, rezoning for a local developer, or any of the other major decisions which city politicians are continually making in spite of public protests. Their consolation is the OMB. The- Ontario Municipal Board, a

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quasi-judicial body appointed by the Ontario government to review the decisions of local governments involving planning, zoning, capital expenditures and a number of other matters, is the losing citizens’ second chance. - In spite of the difficulties and often the high costs involved in finding a lawyer to take their case to the OMB, many citizen groups .are convinced enough of the justice of their case or anxious enough to have a delay to go to the OMB. In other provinces with similar review boards, the same route is often used. What are their chances, of success? How fair a hearing can they expect? What are the principles which determine the outcome of OMB hearings? Thanks mainly to the strong public image and occasional antiestablishment decision, crusty old Joel Kennedy, OMB chairman for many years until his retirement in October 1972, gave the OMB a good reputation among citizen groups. Under Kennedy’s regime they certainly didn’t always win; but they didn’t always lose. With hardline right-wing developers’ pals in office in city halls across the prothe occasional OMB vince, victory-and some of them were very important-looked gsd to many people. It seemed clearthat the Ontario cabinet and their many friends in the land development industry wanted a somewhat different approach from Kennedy’s successor. They selected William H. Palmer, a former deputy minister of municipal affairs, to take over. Palmer’s personal politics were presumably well known _ to his politicalmentors, and he knew exactly what the province’s overall policies towards planning and- local politics were. When Palmer arrived, he made it clear that he planned achange from Kennedy’s approach of openly challenging some municipal decisions . Palmer had been appointed, reported the Globe and iMail, “to pull the Board back from open combat with civic politicians.” What that amounted to, and what the real politics of the OMB are,can be seen in an analysis of all the cases heard by the board in 1973. There were about 480 in all, of which 135 dealt with issues which pitted citizen groups against developers or city councils or both. Each of the decisions> was read; and cases involving citizens and citizen groups identified. Based on the facts of the case as reported in the written decisions, a subjective determination was made about where the citizen interest lay and who emerged as the victor. A careful evaluation of these 135 cases indicates clearly that the OMB is a tool. of provincial policy, and that in spite of its semi-judicial atmosphere and its-practices of taking .evidence which seem to resemble an impartial court of law, it is performing the job of keeping citizens in their place and implementing the pro-development, prodeveloper, pro-centralization policies of the Ontario government. The success rate of citizens in cases before the OMB gives a clear indication of this tendency. Of the 135 cases analyzed, the overall success rate of citizen groups was 40 per cent.; Breaking down the cases by their importance, however, a very clear pattern emerges. On. cases of very minor importance, 23 in 1973,citizens won’i6, or 69 per cent. And in 29 cases - of major the continied

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micipality-wide importance, izens won only six, a success e of 2 1 per cent. Zven this low figure is mislead;, however, because of the six, ee were annexation hearings, a Cal kind of matter where citiIS often get what they want, two rely resulted in delays for the lnicipalities opposed, and one rolved the rare situation where.a nicipality was along side a citi1 group fighting another municiity. :n contrast municipalities do exmely well at the OMB. Their zrall success rate in the 106 cases ere they took a fiim stand one y or another was 73 per cent. ind the success rate of nicipalities rose as the imporice of the matter increased; it s 60 per cent on minor matters, per cent on local matters, and 91 . cent on major questions. ‘erhaps even more surprising is fact that, on the whole, indiuals appearing to object before board do better than organized zen groups. The overall success e of individuals in the 104 cases which they were involved was 42 . cent; but citizen groups won y 32 per cent of the 31 cases in ich they were involved. The success rate of both types of ectors declined as the imporce of the case increased, but on 18 major cases where individuwere involved their success rate s fully 33 per cent, whereas citi1 groups lost all 1 I major cases y were involved in. 3itizen success rates varied conerably depending on the kind of le they were fighting. )n cases involving appeals from nmittee of adjustment decins, for instance, where property ners were given permission for major violation of a city zoning or ilding bylaw, complaining ghbours or residents’ associa1s succeeded in 80 per cent of cases. )n new commercial, industrial, 1 residential development prots, however, citizen success ts were 32 per cent, 36 per cent 1 43 per cent respectively. The lest success rate was on major nicipal public works projects. ere were 29 cases of this kind in ‘3, and citizens won just three of m-a 10 per cent success rate. 3ehind these overall statistics remarkable differences in the cess rates of citizens in front of rerent OMB members. In 1973 re were 14 OMB members who u-d the 135 analyzed cases, and success rate of citizens before se members ranged from 0 to 63 s cent. rhe most pro-citizen decisions t year came from D. Jamieson, member of longest standing on : board. A former municipal nner, Jamieson heard thirteen es on his own and citizens won e of them. a three other decisions he comed with other board members o wrote the judgements; and of se three citizens won one. Two er board members, F.G. Blake 1 S S. Spiegel, both accoutants , :ided in favour of citizens more n half the time. it the other end of the scale is ryer W.H.J. Thompson who 1 three cases and decided linst citizens in all three. n spite of this great range, there ttle use that citizens can make of se figures even though they may luence the decisions of the u-d’s chairman, W.H. Palmer, which board member is assigned mportant cases. Y’he member who is to hear a e is not revealed in advance. A uest for an adjournment may or y not yield another board mber, and the bulk of board

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members fall within the 25-40 per cent citizen success rate range. By determining the type of issue involved and by applying to it relevant leading principles of OMB decisions, it ought to be possible for citizen groups to make a very good guess about their chances of success in an OMB hearing. It is the kind of case, and the kind of challenge which citizens pose to the policies of the provincial government at Queen’s Park and the local politicians and planners-and not the strength of the citizens’ objections-that seems most important in their chances of success. Objecting to a committee of adjustment decision in favour of a small-time developer on a matter of purely local importance, a citizen group can be reasonably confident of success, although it may be better for individuals to go as individuals rather than as an organization. But fighting a private developer who has the municipality on his side is achancy business at best. And fighting a public developer, or some public works project like a new library, a new expressway or a new swimming pool, is about as close to a lost cause as citizens can get. The main benefit of forcing an OMB hearing is the benefit of delay, of playing for time in case there is a local election or enough pressure that forces politicians to change their mind. As for the province, the OMB seems a perfectly-tuned policy institution. It gives angry citizens a second chance to fight when they lose, it gives them the appearance (though often not, as the statistics indicate, the substance) of a fair and impartial hearing, and it siphons off anger and political energy that might

otherwise be devoted to organizing local election campaigns or fighting for real local government reform. The citizens can be allowed to win quite a few small issues when no big interests are at stake, but not many big ones. The province can be sure that its interests, its policies, and its basic commitments to growth, to development and to the land development industry are respected and promoted. Developers may get upset when they lose the occasional case, and municipal politicians may not always appreciate having to live under the benevolent provincial thumb. But the system works well for everyone on the winningside, and the losers win just often enough to keep on playing fair.

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5, 19

reported either. The rape laws are based I Unfortunately’, rape doesn’t usually hapwomen don’t report rape ,-and why if a victim several myths, the first one being that’mc does complain, she either won’t be believed pen like that. Most rapists are described by people make false reports about rape th _ from the start or a jury will decide she is the theirpsychiatrists as “perfectly normal men Rape as a crime is certainly not new. It has in ‘most respects, except for a greater ten- - they do about any other crime. ,guilty party and let her attacker go free ! been around at least since biblical times and This means that it is the duty of investig; ,As the result of these attitudes, she must dency toward violence.” has been an inevitable and acceptable part of ing police officers to doubt the word of suffer for her sins, by enduring snide reMore than 50 per centof rapists are know\n such social events as wars, football alleged rape victim, and if the case ever go by their victims, and most rapes don’t hapmarks from friends, jokes about rape from weekends and (often) marriage. to court the judge must warn the jury that il strangers, anger and recrimination from’fam- ‘L pen in the street, they happen in the victim’s What is new is that women-the most unwise (or dangerous) to accept the story ( ily and, at the vqy least,nagging d)estructive own home or in the home of the rapist. ~~~aL~-ictims of the crime-are no longer the victim’s word alone. The woman mt This figure would probably jump drasti.questions in her own mind: Was it really my , willing to lie back and take it. prove herself worthy of belief-that is, she tally if we knew how many children are own fault? Maybe I was stupid to go out with guilty until proven innocent. -him, maybe I shouldn’t have been in that raped by family members (brothers, For the first time in history, weare hearing - place at that time, maybe I did lead him on.brother-in-law, fathers, stepfathers, uncles) Rape is a unique-crime in many ways. It about the problem of rape from the woman’s or by neighbours, and if we could find out No wonder that at least 9 out of 10 sexual the only crime, for instance, where the E point of view. ’ how many women are raped, often regularly. crimes are never reported at all, not even to ‘qtself (sexual intercourse) is not a crimir This is -new, because our attitudes about the victim’s family or closest friends. by their husbands. offense, but rather it is the circumstari~ rape have generally been shaped by seeing it But, in the first instance, this type of sexwhich make it so. through the eyes of men-the men who . So nobody really knows how often rapes is . The law in theory is pretty clear-cut . ‘owned’ the women who were raped, and the happen. But we do know, from the -scant - ual atwk (molesting of \childrenbyfamily) -often ignored or kept under wraps for fear of outlining those circumstances. The law sa men who saw nothing-wrong in raping statistics that are%ailable, that. rape can scandal, and in the second case, the law says that it is a c.riminal offense if the woman (: women. happen to any woman-3-month-old babies that,.a woman cannot be ‘raped’ by her hus’ This is why we generally ha% more symnot consent to the act, or did not consent have been raped, Syeariold grandmothers band (for the law also says that a husband . her own free will. -- pathy for the husband or boyfriend of a rape have been raped, poor women, middle-class has unlimited sexual rights to his wife. In ‘nice girls’ -In practice, however, the law chooses victim (when, for instance, he leaves her or - women prostitutes, women fact, evenif they are no longer living tois embarrassed to be seen with her) than we make judgments about when it is in fact wearing bathing suits ‘at the beat h or parkas right to force sexuallintercourse on do for the victim herself. and workboots in the dead of winter, walking * gether, but are not yet divorced, a man may still rape.- his wife with no fear of It is why we tend to be skeptical ‘of ‘the w-oman. The law actually says that it is through a parking lot. -punishment-the courts look at such an at- right if she is under 18 years old and hz woman who reports she was raped by her In the words of a convicted rapist: “I’ tack as an Jattempt at reconciliation’ and the ‘bad reputation’ (is not ‘ofpreviously cha date (“But men have such uncontrollable would j.ust drive around until I saw a woman law must not interfere with s-uch attempts.) character’). passions. . . You must have led him on. I . . alone. I didn’t care what she looked like ,, It is not likely that we will ever hear about It is alright, or most probably will be fou )-she didn’t have to be attractive or slim. All -all the family rapes that happen&&hough to be alright, if she was necking with the m It is why we tend to-look at rape as, at she had to be was alone.” psychiatrists and psychologists often hear beforehand. And it is USU-dly decided by t worst, a sexual ‘misdemeanour’ and we look about them years later when the now-adult jury that rape is alright if she had gone 0 - at the rapist as a ‘bad salesman’, an innocent This seems to fit our image of rape-a victim finds she cannot respond to her husand clumsy victim of the social system that ’ demented stranger leaping out of’the bushes with the man before, had sexual intercour band, or has deep-rooted problems in all with him before, or had been living with hir says all women want it, but they might preor from some dark alley at the unsuspecting areas of her life). , tend they don’t, so you must break down victim. If this was a true image, it would be It is a popular belief that if a woman h consented to sexual intercourse in the p; their resistance by gentle persistence. If relatively easy to clear up the problem of Unfortunately, the laws concerning rape she’s stubborn, keep insisting. . . rape-just make sure such areas are bettered she has no right to refuse to consent at a make sure that a lot of other rapes are never time in the future. All these attitudes add up to why most policed, or advise women to avoid them. ; \ / . ._ _continlied on page 1 by Trish

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page 14

On an immediate level, the rape crisis centres serve to provide non-judgmental help for victims of all types of sexual assault, even if the law does not consider her attack a crime and even if the victim does not report it to the police at all.

During a trial the rapist’s lawyer often questions the victim about her past sexual behaviour, or tires to show that she deserved what she got, by dressing ‘seductively’ (when she may have thought she was dressed ‘attractively’), or acting in an ‘improper’ way, or accepting a ride from a stranger.

The rape crisis centre may refer her for psychological counselling (the counselling may include her family as well) or just give her the chance to talk with other women who have been through the same thing.

Often enough, the jury will agree-“She was asking for it!” They will agree because most people like to think that if people act right nothing bad will happen to them, so if this woman was raped she must have done something wrong, and therefore the rapist was not to blame-she was ! This type of attitude is probably the reason that the charge of rape has the lowest conviction rate of any crime in Canada. Only 54 per cent of accused rapists are actually convicted, compared to an 86 per cent conviction rate for other crimes. including jurors-often Also, peoplefeel that unless a woman has been beaten to within an inch of her life as well as raped, there really has been no harm done. One California jury member remarked unabashedly to the press following a trial which involved a rape accusation: “He (the alleged rapist) was just trying to show her a good time. . .” Why should a man be put away, possibly for life, for trying to show a woman added: a good time ? (As one newspaper “Men try to ‘show a woman a good time’ on the average of once every ten minutes in the United States.“) To most women, rape is no longer a ‘fate worse than death’, but many women who have been raped comment afterwards that they would rather be dead than suffer through the ordeal of rape trial and through the unfeeling jibes of people who consider rape a joke, or merely a variation on normal sexual realtions. The rape victim often has trouble adjusting to the fact that her world is no longer as safe as she once thought is was, and also to the fact that, if her assailant is let off, it may seem to her that society is not willing to )rotect her from attacks on her person, or to )unish her attacker-just because that atack happened to be on her sexual organs *ather than on some other part of her body. A woman who has been raped is usually most troubled by the humiliation and fear she experiencedthe feeling of degradation and helplessness at being overpowered by Force. But it often appears that those around her, 3n the other hand, (including friends, police,

The centre can advise her on how she can deal with the medical and legal problems following a rape and may go with her to the hospital and police station if she wants someone with her. Most rape crisis centres encourage selfdefense training so that women will gam confidence and men will someday realize that it can be as dangerous to attack a woman as it is a man. A more long range goal of the rape crisis centres, though, is to educate the public -women and men-about the realities of rape, to help us realize that rape does happen, far too often and in every community, large or small.

lawyers) concentrate most on the sexual aspect of the attack. Imagine the victim’s surprise and confusion when they ask her “Did you enjoy it -even just a little bit?” who would think of asking that of a victim of, say, a mugging or robbery attempt? ! As more research is done about rape, more facts will come to light about why men rape. We already know that it is usually not because of an overwhelming surge of sexual passion -most rapists are married or have readily available sexual outlets. And most rapes do not happen on the spur of the moment but are planned to some extent beforehand (this is especially true of gang rapes). To our knowledge so far it seems that men who rape are often the same types of men who would beat up other men if they had the confidence-but they see women as easier victims. Men who rape children must have an even worse inferiority complex. Another type of rapist sees women as merely ‘pleasantly shaped masses of protoplasm’ designed for sexual use. He sees nothing wrong with so using a woman, and

believes she has no reason to object. 1 1nowever are getting LL. *v7 women 2% tnemserves more and more angry at this type of treatment and are objecting more vocally all the time. Where once they had no one to complain to, nowhere to go for support and help through the trauma of readjustment, there are now specially-formed ‘rape crisis centres’ springing up all over Canada. In the last three years, there have grown 22 such centres (remarkable when Contras ted with the number of large cities in Canada), and more are starting all the time. They all started as a spontaneous response to the needs of the women in their communities, and they all share the belief that there is never an excuse for rape. They believe that women, like other people, have the right to live their lives without the threat of violence, and that includes being free to wear what they like, go where they like, and choose or reject their sexual partners, without being accused of ‘inviting attack’.

Rape is a problem not just for the women who are raped but for all women and for all of society, for it is the society that sets up the conditions that may foster rape, for instance by making the rules about how men and women see their roles and how they react to each other. There is obviously no simple solution to the problem of rape. Violent crime in general is on the increase, but the fact is that rape is increasing even more. It is unfortunate but true that every woman will at some time in her life probably be faced with the problem of sexual attack, to a greater or lesser degree, directly or indirectly . Through open education and communication about the problem it is to be hoped that she will meet with a greater amount of understanding and sympathy than is likely to be the case now. As more people are made aware of sexual offenses in our society and their effect on all aspects of living, we may even see the day when we are free of this problem at least in its present size. There is no simple solution. But to start thinking about it is a good first step towards finding a solution. The problem itself is definitely a matter of concern to us all. The

reprinted from Cord Weekly

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Up against the Bay

Nativeresistenceto resourceimperialism. x The following feature documents aspects of resource imperialism as practiced by the Hudson’s Bay Company both in Canada and in the African territory of Namibia. It was written for This Magazine by Susan Hurlich, a Toronto anthropologist who works as full-time coordinator with the Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern African Colonies.

The problems and struggles of Canada’s native peoples may seem far removed from those of the peoples of Namibia (formerly South-West Africa). After all, South Africa’s occupation of Namibia has been declared illegal by the United Nations and the International Court of Justice. And the armed struggle of that country’s 760,000 blacks--constituting 85% of the popdation -has been recognized as legitimate by numerous international bodies, as has the movement which leads that struggle-the SouthWest African Peoples’ Organization (SWAP@. In Canada there have also been growing demands by a wide range of native peoples for return of their own lands and control of their own economies, as well as that rising level of militancy which spilled over into last year’s armed occupations at Cache Creek and at Menora and into other recent demonstrations of resistence. But Canada’s native peoples constitute only 3% of the total population of this country; moreover, despite some proposals made by native peoples to the International Court of Justice, the international community has not taken any formal position on the plight or the resistance of Canada’s original inhabitants. Clearly, there are real differences between the two situations which must effect, significantly, the tactics and strategies open to the peoples involved. Yet, when Vern Harper of the Toronto Warrior Society met Mose Tjitendero of the South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO) in April of this year, they spoke not of the differences but of the similarities. They spoke of how the native inhabitants of both countries have been displaced from their traditional homelands by foreign settlers. They spoke of how foreign investment supports the continuing control of a local white elite. And they spoke of the Hudson’s Bay Company.

The Hudson’s

Bay Company

Historically, the arrival of the Hudson’s Bay Company in Clanada was part of England’s international commercial exJansion, an expansion motivated by the search for new sources of raw resources to be used in home manufactures. Colonies existed solely for the economic benefit of the nother country, and the New World with its rich supply of ‘ur-bearing animals became the home country’s fur preierve.

the extraction of raw fur. This ‘trade’ was one of the key factors responsible for the increasing poverty and underdevelopment of the Indians and Inuit (Eskimo) relative to the increasing wealth and power of fur merchants and foreign business. Today, though the trade in furs continues, it is mainly through retail trade that the Hudson’s Bay Company continues to control the economy of Canada’s remote northern communities, and hence the lives of the predominantly native population living there. In Namibia, the presence of the Hudson’s Bay Company takes a different turn. Rather than directIy controlling the economies of local communities, the company is one of several foreign corporations which profit from the illegal occupation of Namibia by South Africa. Ironically, in Namibia the Hudson’s Bay Company is once again involved in its traditional role of fur merchant. For the past thirty-seven years, the company has been the major participant in the marketing of karakul fur (known in Canada as ‘Swakara’, this luxury fur is similar in quality to Persian lamb). The company maintains an installation at Windhoek where Namibian karakul is sorted, graded, and bailed for shipment to Hudson’s Bay in London where it is auctioned on the international market. Not only does the production of this fur involve the systematic and deliberate exploitation of 20,000 Namibian workers, but the involvement of Hudson’s Bay Company is in direct violation of both United Nations resolutions and an International Court of Justice ruling. It is the presence of the Hudson’s BayCompany in both Canada and Namibia that provided Harper and Tjitendero with a peg upon which to hang the underlying similarity of their two situations-resource imperialism and the control of local economies by foreign interests. In both countries the indigenous population serves as a source’of cheap labour to provide foreign manufacturers with raw resources. What is most instructive is that the native peoples of both countries are themselves aware of the parallels and can thus underscore the similarities of their respective struggles.

I In 1970, the Hudson’s Bay Company moved into its fourth century of operation. Many Canadians remember the festivities and celebrations which occurred in major cities across the nation marking this anniversary. The residents of Winnipeg particularly remember this date as it was in 1970 that the company’s headquarters was transferred from London (U.K.) to Winnipeg, which has head office for over one hundred years. ‘(~4;been 2 pt:$ “,the Cam&an j . . .” . -.-+-

This move was made because Canada was the main sphere of the company’s operations, with 95% of its business and 98% of its employees. In 1970, however, there were no festivities to mark this three-hundredth anniversary in Canada’s remote northern communities, communities which are inhabited mainly by native peoples-Indian, Inuit, and Metis. After -a century of physical isolation, the presence of Canada’s original inhabitants has begun to make itself felt as they claim attention for their chronic impoverishment and alienation. Survey after survey show the same results: three-quarters of the native peoples in Canada earn less than $3,000 per year; over one-third are totally dependent on welfare; the infant mortality rate is more than twice the national average; life expectancy is 36 years, among the lowest in the world. The position of ‘official Canada,’ as stated in their White Paper onIndian Policyin 1969, is that these problems will be ameliorated as soon as the isolation of native peoples-an isolation springing from the special status awarded them under treaties and the Indian Act-is ended. Once this occurs, states the White Paper, native peoples will enjoy “full social, economic and political participation in Canadian life.”

Poverty a legacy of European expansion Rather than their poverty and neglect coming from their special status and their isolation however, the problems native peoples face today are a continuing legacy coming from four centuries of intensive European colonial expansion. The Hudson’s Bay Company, incorporated under a royal charter in 1670, was an invaluable partner in this expansion. Granted the sole commercial and proprietary monopoly over Rupert’s Land-an area which amounted to almost one and a half million square miles or just under one-third of present-day Canada-the Hudson’s Bay Company provided England with over one-quarter of her total fur imports for almost two hundred years. Simultaneous with this extraction of raw resources, the colonial empire became a ready market to which the home country could export manufactured goods. What impact did the logic of this international trade have on the indigenous populations of Canada? Before the finr traders arrived, Indians and Inuit lived in self-sufficient comunities, largely typified by principles of egalitarianism, reciprocity, and communal ownership. Bands and villages were often linked by broad trading systems, but even within this larger context goods circulated through networks of personal dependency and mutually beneficial ttade. continued on pg. 18, . 1 I , \ -1

friday,

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imperialism -I Continued

from

page 17

Initially, the trade of furs for iron utensils also seemed mutually beneficial. But this early trade had totally unexpected consequences for the native peoples, as over time a process was established which led to the gradual deterioration of traditional society and economic self-sufficiency. With the introduction of the gun, the dependency of Indian and Inuit alike on the Hudson’s Bay Company trading posts began to increase, as company personnel systematically withheld ammunition ifnative peoples did not bring furs to the posts to trade. When they did come to the posts, mark-ups of 200-300% were commo’n, though there are recorded cases of mark-ups of 2,000%. Through their trading methods, the company gradually broke down the former independence of native peoples, as this independence stood in the way of the accumulation of merchant capital. Indians and Inuit became locked into a credit system designed to keep them in perpetual debt to the company. As areas became over-trapped, they became even more dependent on company trading posts. By 1830, all major fur-bearing animals and large meat animals east of the Rocky Mountains were virtually depleted. All through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, thousands of people died of mass starvation. Tens of thousands more died of smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, and the common cold-diseases whit h came with the European and which were unheard of before among aboriginal peoples. At the same time, $50,000,000 profit left Canada by 1857 via the Hudson’s Bay Company’s trade in furs alone! Under a Deed of Surrender in 1869, the company sold its trade monopoly to the new government of Canada. In return, the company was allowed to retain lands around its trading posts, and two sections of every township settled within the fertile belt from the Red River to the Rocky Mountains. This amounted to seven million acres.

A land department was created which administered the sale of the seven million acres of land acquired under the Deed of Surrender, a wholesale department became a new distributor of merchandise, and a chain of retail stores slowly grew up across Canada which now serve over 250 communities. In 1974, the revenue from retail sales alone amounted to $780,854,000 or three-quarters of the company’s grofits . Most important for its impact on native peoples were the small stores which grew up at the old trading posts in the North, and whicheventually became the new channel through which the company continued its control of the local economy.

50%, while whole.

it is only 6% among

The company

Canadians

as a

store

These communities, however, are invaluable for Hudson’s Bay’s retail stores, and merchandise sales represent 95% of the company’s business transacted in the North today. With few exceptions, the local company stores are the only stores. Such is the situation in Shamattawa, northern Manitoba, where the company trading post is the only place where Indians and Inuit can sell furs and buy what they need from the outside world. This virtual monopoly means that the company

The treaty period With Confederation came the treaty period. From 1871 to 1921, vast land areas from Ontario to northeastem,British Columbia were opened up for settlement and commercial penetration as Indian land was ceded to the Canadian government. The Indian was in no position to bargain. Decimated by disease, robbed of their economic selfsufficiency, and threatened with the inevitable occupation of their lands by settlers, many Indians entered into treaty with the government. In return for giving up their land rights, the Indians got certain reserve lands. Today\, every treaty Indian gets $5.00 _ per year. After the signing of the treaties, not-only did a profitable business in furs still continue for the Hudson’s Bay Company, but other avenues opened UP*

Today, there are more than 225 Northern Stores extending from Newfoundland to Whitehorse (Yukon Territory), and north of Lake Superior. The majority are located in remote communities inhabited mainly - by- Indians and Inuit. Most northern native communities are located on reserve lands, and tend to be small and isolated. There are few opportunities for employment on reserves: there is little or no -farmland, the areas are too small to live by the traditional pursuits of hunting and trapping, and they are unattractive to industry because of their remoteness and small populations. As a result, unemployment among native peoples is

Creeand huit renounceland claims in return for hunting rights and dollars QUEBEC (CP)-Two years of intensive negotiations between the Cree and Inuit of James Bay and two levels of government ended with the signing of a historic agreement. Under the settlement, the native peoples of northern Quebec will receive $225 million over the next 20 years and exclusive fishing, hunting and trapping rights in about 60,000 square miles of territory. In return the Cree and Inuit agreed to renounce their land claims in northern Quebec, including a halt of legal proceedings aimed at stopping the $12-billion James Bay power project. The agreement is subject to ratification by about 10,000 Cree and Inuit. Federal and provincial legislation will be drafted within two years to put government obligations into effect. Without a deadline looming, last-minute negotiations and approval by the Quebec cabinet paved the way for the signing. Premier Robert Bourassa said the settlement provided “unprecendented guarantees” to protect the culture and economy of the native peoples. Judd Buchanan, federal Indian affairs minister, called the agreement an important event and “the first modern agreement with native peoples.” Cree spokeman Billy Diamond said his people will now be able to participate in the decision-making of their future. Charlie Watt, president of the Northern Quebec Inuit Association, said the negotiations leading to the signing were “an attempt to come to terms with the realities that confront us.” ‘ ‘We are an adaptable people and now we must make the greatest change in our his tory ,” he told a large audience of natives, government officials and observers. At least three Inuit communities challenged Mr. Watt’s power of attorney to sign for them but he said in an interview he is confident the majority of Inuit will confirm the agreement. While the accord appeared to end a three-year legal battle to halt the James Bay project, the Indians of Quebec Association said it would try to reverse the agreement. Chief Max Gros-Louis said last week he is upset because non-Cree Indians in northern Quebec will lose their traditional rights under the agreement even though they did not take part in the negotiations. However, neither government spokesmen nor Cree and Inuit representatives appeared concerned during the signing ceremony involving 26 participants. - Ten’Cree chiefs, 11 Inuit representatives, two government officials and the heads of three provincial Crown corporations signed the 200,000-word document. Under the agreement, the Cree and Inuit will receive $225 million over the next 20 years, $150 million in cash and $75 million in Quebec government bonds. The federal portion is $32.7 million. The 6,500 Crees are guaranteed exclusive rights to 2,158 square miles of land and a monopoly of hunting, fishing and trapping on another 25,130 square miles. About 4,000 Inuit, on the other hand, are to receive exclusive rights to 3,250 square miles and sole fishing, hunting and trapping rights on 35.000 square miles. .

can set the prices for the goods it sells, with no check from a competing outlet. As a result, many items cost double what they do in the south. In 197211973, there were recorded prices of $1.19 for one quart of fresh milk, $1.55 for one pound of flour, $2.00 for one pound of hamburger, $1.60 for one dozen eggs, and $2.25 for one gallon of gasoline. This means that native peoples, among the lowest income earners in Canada with one-half their total number on welfare, pay the highest prices for the goods they buy. And the goods they buy come mainly fi-om the Hudson’s Bay Company. Along with retail, the company stores are the buying agencies for northern fur, and the p’rice the company pays for these furs is low. The average Indian or Inuit trapper earns only about $500 per year, an amount equivalent to the mark-up on one single coat sold in the large southern company stores. The company buys cheap and sells dear. Thus, in 1974, the Hudson’s Bay Company could boast profits of $22,304,000 from the sale of fur alone. High prices and low income lead to debt. In the every customer’s name and company stores, number is on file. Credit is almost always given, but as in the past, this only makes the individual more dependent on the company. “Perpetual debt binds us firmly to the store,” says George Manuel, President of the National Indian Brotherhood, ‘ ‘and having no money we have to rely on the Bay manager to further credit to buy traps to hunt and food to eat.” In addition to being a retail store and fur buyer, the Hudson’s Bay Company is often the local post of’ fice. There are numerous reports from Indians and Inuit that local company managers will often burn mail such as catalogues from competing stores down south rather than deliver it. But more important than this, welf&e checks go through the company post office. While addressing a teach-in at the University of Manitoba in 1970, Dr. Howard Adams, past President of the Saskatchewan Metis Association, said: ‘ ‘My brothers and sisters get their welfare checks through the mail, and. . . the Hudson’s Bay manager often simply gets them to sign their welfare checks right there at the post office, and they’re never allowed to take it out, and then simply will shop for the remaining of their goods at high prices in the store. They’re not even allowed to go and shop at the co-op store? The company’s concern with the accumulation of capital over all other concerns is also seen in decisions of whether or not to maintain a store in a particular community. “The Other Side of the Ledger,” an NFB film depicting the Indian, view of the Hudson’s Bay Company, tells the story of Churchill, Manitoba. Originally a settlement of Chipewyan people, when free traders entered the area in the 1930’s, the company moved its trading post from Churchill to Little

december

5, 1975

Duck Lake, some Chipewyans with doned its post in L was no longer pi-4 back to Churchill. A similar patt Northwest Territ many company po small populations of realizing a prc requires each store taining the losses district as a whole

Control c Economic con decision-making c the Hudson’s Bay “Hudson’s B; Adams, “are the 1 our communities, q sector in each of a power and domin; This power is ba of skilled jobs ii meteorological s’ met harries, trader! held primarily by Native peoples : lon employment. resulted in a caste. who run the majo dians and Inuit. Against this re Manager of Reg Company-make$ any of these co storekeeper. We’ ments and the wa In the past two tempted to break pany has over thei early 1%0’s, Indi; own cooperatives Territories, and 1 were marketing ca soapstone carving on the market do1 Before the cc Hudson’s Bay Co Inuit carvings, as 1 The company b because of the prc: when they sold tt tailers. The Inuit what the carving ( In some of the se there was a time carvings from suc( the people to trap I profitable pelts. With the coope by-pass the Hud! tended to be cone arts,afewofthec own retail stores, petition with the ( As a result, in c( cooperatives, the crease the prices prices on goods. rather than the rt tives are still relat Bay Company. First through it through its role a Company continr economies of not-t This control haz relatively recent other activities. F Land to the govel over substantial s exploiting. Today, the corn loration and prc Canada and the AI one of many multi such activities, it i exis tence-polluti As large-scale 1 develop, tradition destroyed. Georg most succinctly w: off what the rifle ecological balance poisoning the wat Because of th economies by the tensification of res of ‘official Canadz of Canada’s native become more mili Concerning the Adams best exprc says: We have been c been colonizec control of (the

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vest, bringing the e company abanin 1956 because it ipewyaas moved e on welfare. throughout the ince the 1960’s, osing down as the N little possibility’ ie company now it rather than susthe profits of the

5, 1975

the chevron only way we’ll ever get out of it is through a national liberation movement. Therefore, I say in the three-hundredth year under the festivities and propaganda that’s going out, that we should be radicalizing and revolution&e our brothers and sisters so that we will move and mobilize to take over the stores and the Company. Take them over? Of course it means we will have to seize them. We don’t expect the Hudson’s Bay Company to give them to us. That’s for sure. But they are our property. Wepaidfor it, many times over. And I think it’s time that we simply made it our property in a physical sense.

mmunity imunity implies ‘inhabitants. And ) exception. ’ says Howard ecision-making in )mall white-power #, which holds the that the hundreds teachers, radioative assistants, lit agents-are all

South Africa in Namibia

;ed in lower ec heIunities, this has 3 between whites, Lnd powerless InZook-Divisional br Hudson’s Bay : “our position in w is simply the bvide the requirenunity.” : peoples have attdson’s Bay Comthe late 1950’s and :gan forming their tic, the Northwest :c. At first, these nuit art, especially P49 havC been sold ere formed, the sole purchaser of s and handicrafts. 1 in this enterprisefrom the mark-up ns to southern reIly paid 25-30% of for on the market. as Port Harrison, pany only bought so as to encourage ring them the more utists were able to Ipany . Though inL the marketing of ve developed their g into direct com:re there are viable Jeen forced to inand decrease the be the exception nd most cooperat-vis the Hudson’s erchant, and now :he Hudson’s Bay in control of t’he ies. her tightened by a .he company into any sold Rupert’s ned mineral rights d which it is now j in petroleum expughout northern Lecompany is only *ations involved in :w threat to Indian mining operations fishing areas are ilights this threat ldustry is finishing [estruction of the aste the land and jund.” control of local Company, the insm, and the refusal hese issues, many ad no choice but to nands . 3ompany , Howard militancy when he ztives. We have still under the Company. The

wholesale dealer in karakul fur. The sale of karakul fur earns the London auction houses $1,125,000 each year in commissions alone. Karakul fur is used in the production of luxury fur coats, costing corn $875 to $2,ooO per coat on the European market, though several retail outlets in Toronto have quoted prices of $2,200 to $4,500 per coat! Yet the average cash wage tif the 20,000 Africans who work on the large white-owned karakul farms as shepherds is as low as $4.50 (and never higher than $17.50) per month, and the system of labour recruitment used has been described by one exiled Anglican Bishop as “worse than slavery.” One Namibian farmhand, who earns $9.00 per month, says “I work myself to death, but the white man does not care if I die. All he wants is my labour. And if I die, then it is no matter.” High profits for the company and low wages for the worker. A familiar pattern. But to understand more fully the involvement of the Hudson’s Bay Company in Namibia, we must first understand the history of the country.

II The same imperatives that brought the Hudson’s Bay Company to Canada in the mid-seventeenth century brought it to Namibia in the twentieth-the search for raw resources. - The production of karakul fur is the second largest agricultural activity in Namibia, which along with cattle-raising accounts for 20% of the country’s gross domestic product. Today, Namibia produces more than one-half of the world’s supply of karakul, mainly for export. Nearly all karakul furs are marketed abroad by a few large auction houses. The Hudson’s Bay Company, one of two such outlets in England, is today the world’s largest

South Africa has been the administrative authority for Namibia since World War I. In violation of first the League of Nations Mandate, and later the United-Nations Charter obligation, South Africa has consistently refused to grant the Namibian people independence. In 1966, the U.N. General Assembly terminated the mandate of South Africa over Namibia and placed the territory under the direct responsibility of the United Nations. But still South Africa refused to give up its de facto control of the country. This led to a Security Council resolution in 1969 which called upon South Africa to withdraw fi-om Namibia-immediately, ruling as illegal its continued occupation of the territory. This resolution also called upon member states of the U.N . to refrain from any kind of relationship with the South African regime which.would imply the recognition of its presence in Namibia. The International Court of Justice, in 197 1, underscored the Security Council’s ruling by stating that all nations had an obligation to abstain from entering into any economic or political relationship with South Africa concerning Namibia. With minor changes, all of South Africa’s apartheid policies are imposed upon the people of Namibia. The economy is built on the systematic exploitation of the indigenous African peoples. Economic development is geared to the needs of the white population, and the black population -restricted to the- marginal areas of the country

-are used as a source of cheap labour for the white-controlled economy. Today, Namibia’s 760,000 blacks (85% of the total population) live on the poorest one-third of the land in native reserves. These ‘homelands’-as the white regime calls them-are located on the desert fringes, where the sandy soil can sustain only limited agriculture. This leaves 90,000 whites in full control of that two-thirds of the country which includes not only all the fertile farmland, but all mines, mineral deposits, ports, offshore fishing, urban areas, and transport facilities. It is in this larger context that the involvement of Hudson’s Bay Company in Namibia must be 9xamined. Not only does its presence violate key United Nations resolutions, but its investment helps insure the contirdation of the exploitation of the Namibian people. The karakul industry is thus one example of the partnership of overseas interests with South African off&& and businessmen in the oppression of the Namibian people. Before white settlement began in Namibia, the country was inhabited primarily by pastoral peoples who kept immense herds of cattle and sheep numbering into the hundreds of thousands. They lived in all the habitable grazing areas of central and southern Namibia. Cattle and sheep were important in their traditional society both in terms of social status and ritual, and in providing the mainstay of their economic self-sufficiency. With the arrival of German colonization in the late nineteenth century, a policy was introduced which encouraged white settlement on lands owned-by Africans. As in North America with furs, the settlers gradually lured the indigenous peoples into trading relationships the consequences of which were not immediately apparent. As the settlers began to acquire cattle and sheep in exchange for trinkets, a watch, a rifle, they began to fence the natives in. Backing up their claims with armed attacks against the Africans, the settlers imposed an ironhanded rule on the Herero and Nama pastorialists who lived in the fertile central and southern areas. When African herders resisted this take-over of their lands and livelihood, the Germans savagely retaliated. The Herero and Nama resistance of 1904-1907 cost the lives of 80,000 Africans, or nearly one-half the indigenous population of the entire country. Afterwards, most of the Herero and Nama land, cattle, and sheep were distributed as ‘compensation’ to the fewer than 3,000 white farmers then in Namibia. With the discovery of diamonds in 1908, white settlement began to increase. Through using forced African labour both on the farms and in the mines, the white community continued to prosper at the expense of the black. When Namibia became a Mandated Territory under South African administration, rather than returning the land to the original owners South Afi-ica encouraged increased white settlement in the territory* Today, most of the 6,000 white farmers now in Namibia are Afiikaaners (descendants of South African Boers who settled in Namibia after World War I), with smaller numbers of German farmers and English-speaking South Africans. They form the agricultural bourgeoisie who, along with foreign companies such as the Hudson’s Bay, are the main beneficiaries of the exploitation of 20,000 African farm labourers.

The karakul fur trade begins Karakul sheep were first introduced into Namibia in 1907, when they were bred on German-owned government farms. Originally bred from wild sheep in Centrd Asia, karakul require particular climatic and vegetation conditions to survive. The dry, semi-arid central and southern regions of Namibia provide one of the best areas in the world for raising karakul sheep. Because of an arid climate, each karakul needs from 17 to 20 acres to survive. There are more than 2,500 farms in southern Namibia alone. It is here where the largest flocks are found. For example, the farm Neue Haribis carries 13,000 sheep on over 180,000 acres. The karakul is a prolific breeder, and can produce three lambs per ewe every two years. This means money to the rancher, as it is the pelts of newborn lambs which are sought on the international market. From the mid-1920’s until the mid-1940’s, while production from the diamond and base metals mines virtually came to halt, the karakul fur industry was the largest single contributor to the territory’s total value of exports. It reached an all-time high in 1946, when karakul fur alone accounted for about four-fifths of Namibia’s overseas exports, and about one-half of its total exports (inclusive of exports to South Africa). By this time, karakul exports were worth over $14,000,000 per year to the country’s economy. It is because the production of this fur was once the major industry in Namibia that the sheep is called “Black Diamond.” ’

, --_

friday,

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imperialism’ . continued

from

page’ 23

of the land) provide the majority of the contract labourers for both the industrial and farming sectors. They first get a medical examination, and are classified (and paid) according to their level of physical fitness. Then they are given a contract and an identity document, which they must carry at all times. Their families are not permitted to come with them to their jobs, but must stay behind in the ‘homelands.’ It is common for a man to spend two-thirds to three-quarters of his married life away from his wife and children while he is working for the white man. It is illegal for African workers to form unions, and strikes are punishable by a fime up to $1,500 (annual per capita income for African-farm workers is $54 to $2 10; for African workers in other sectors it is only slightly higher; for whites it is $2,400) and up to three years’ imprisonment. Tjitendero of SWAP0 described this contract labour system in the following terms: “. . . you cannot break the contract, and if you do, that”s when the South African ‘so-called law’ comes in, in defense of the boss who has actually abused his labourer. So you are bound into’that . . . you don’t, under any circumstances, think of breaking that contract. If you do break it, you better disappear, and forever.” In addition to an oppressive system of labour recruitment, the working conditions for shepherds are a catalogue of unhappiness and tragedy: of long lonely periods spent only with sheep; of a below:subsistence diet consisting of coffee, mealimeal, and sometunes a slice of bread; of death from pneumonia because of exposure to cold with inadequate clothing. In return for this, says Tjitendero, the shepherd is responsible “for 2Oq or 250 head of sheep, and he makes sure that none of that 200 sheep is missing, because, given the illegality as well as the arbitrary rule which prevails in our country, he can be killed\, and there’s no accountability.”

5, 197E

States together import an average of 20% of the karakul ’ exported from Namibia. Though Canada also imports karakul which is producec elsewhere in the world besides Namibia, its total market ol Namibian karakul comes solely through the Hudson’s Bay fur sales in London. .In September 1972, the first of a continuing series oj pickets and demonstrations began to be held at Hudson’s Bay Company’s Beaver Hall in the City of London to pro test the sale of karakul fur. Fur buyers were inpbImed that the karakul trade was a slave trade, and that by participating in it they were violating U.N.-resolutions on Namibia. These pickets continue to be held today, and are now met by guards with dogs, and police who are preventing the demonstrators from entering the auction houses.

Given the oppressive work conditions Namibians are forced to endure, it is all the more noteworthy that on December 1971, more than 13,500 Ovambo workers went on strike, and returned to Ovamboland in the far north of the country. Though the white regime claims that the revised contract labour system which resulted from this strike is more moderate, in fact the changes are primarily in terminology (e.g.,, replacing ‘masters’ and ‘slaves’ with ‘employers’ and ‘employees’). The same restrictions on movement, enforced separation from families, inadequate wages, and miserable accommodation still pertain. In fact, in February 1972, the South African government declared a State of Emergency in Ovamboland which is still in effect, resulting in deaths, jailings, and public floggings for hundreds of Namibians. Since the strike, the South West Africa Agricultural Union, representing Hudson’s Bay Company’s trading partners in Namibia, agreed to a uniform fixed wage for farm

Of course, there are still loose ends in our picture of the Hudson’s Bay Company. We do know that Canadian ownership of the company has increased to 5% from the mere 7% which existed at the time the head office was moved tc Winnipeg. Unfortunately much less is known about the location of the real centre of power within the company or the extent to which the Bay can now be considered a genuinely Canadian corporation. ’ We also know that the early pattern of resource extraction and export to the home country had been replaced by a more international and diversified operation. ‘Yet at this point we cannot pretend to know, with any precision, what light the case of the Hudson’s Bay Company sheds on the current debate concerning Canada’s position within the hierarchies of imperialism. Only more extensive investigation could be expected to help resolve such matters . The primary intention of this article has been a different one in any case. For our analysis has enabled us to confirm, with Vem Harper and Mosi Tjitendero, the importance of the parallel which exists between the Hudson’s Bay Company’s partnership in the systematic exploitation of human and natural resources in both Canada and Namibia. And we can also observe that the struggles represented by Harper and Tjitendero against the diverse systems from which the Bay draws its profits are powerful and on-going ones. Beyond this, one final point should be noted: that there are non-native Canadians who have begun actively to support the legitimate struggles of the native peoples of both Canada and Namibia. Some of them participated in the Native Peoples’ Caravan last September when it brought its demands to Ottawa. Many more condemned the actions of the RCMP when they attacked unarmed men, women and children on Parliament Hill. There is a group of concerned Canadians in British Col-

workers to ‘prevent competition.’ They also formed the Farmers’ Employers Association to handle the recruiting of African labour. One member of the Union said, “We will keep secret the proposed wage to be paid to Ovambo and Kavango farm workers. If we make the wages public there will be a fuss at the U.N. where everything we do is bad.” Thus the farmers are directly responsible for blocking even minor changes in the contract labour system, and the involvement of Hudson’s Bay Company serves to bolster this system even further. The export of raw karakul fur is presently worth over $7O,OOO,OOO per year to the farmers and foreign companies who market the skins at international auctions. The major markets for Namibian karakul pelts are West Germany, Denmark, Italy, and North America, where it is the biggest selling fur after mink. Canada and the United

umbia which is beginning to conduct intensive research into the activities of the Hudson’s Bay Company in both Canada and Namibia. And there are support groups such as the Toronto Committee for the Liberation of Southern Africa (TCLSAC) which work in support of the liberation movements in Southern Africa and oh issues which link the concerns of Canadians to those struggles. This is important political work, from whit h there is much to be learned. For the native peoples of Canada and Namibia have begun to underscore the world-wide pattern of resource imperiaiism perpetuated by multinational corporations such as the Hudson’s Bay Company. They have also begun to draw the parallels between their own respective struggles for liberation. Clearly many more Canadians must begin to draw the Further parallels with their own lives.

Fighting back

With the resumption of base metal mining and the continuing increase in the value of mining and diamonds since 1947, karakul is now in third place in terms of its export value. But to the white farmers, karakul has been an increasing source of wealth as both production and price per pelt has steadily risen over the years. At least one karakul rancher is estimated to have earned $270,000 in 1972. In 1938, the main marketing centre for Namibianproduced karakul shifted from Leipzig to London, and with this shift the Hudson’s Bay Company entered the picture. The company was formerly one of three auction houses representing three farmers’ cooperatives based in Namibia. Eastwood and Holt, Ltd. , (U.K.) still represents BoereSaamwerk Bpk. In May 1972, the Hudson’s Bay Company, representing the Farmer’s Co-operative Wool and Produce Union Ltd., and Anning, Chadwick and Kiver (U.K.) representing Afi-ican Karakul Auctions, merged to form a joint auction house called Hudson’s Bay and Annings Ltd. The new company is 5% ownedby Hudson’s Bay. The total volume of karakul skins exported from Namibia in 1974 was $5.5 million. Hudson’s Bay Company handled 60% of this amount at its karakul sorting warehouse (which it fully owns) in Windhoek before shipment to the London Auction centre. Though these karakul furs go mainly to London to be sold, many are subsequently returned to South Africa for processing, where Hudson’s Bay and Annings Ltd. also have a marketing agreement with a farmer’s cooperative union. Thus the company is directly tied in not only with the economy of Namibia, but with that of South Africa itself.

december

Exploitation of Africanlabow The farming sector in Namibia is the largest employer of labour, even more so than mining. Yet African wages for farm workers are about the lowest in the country, and the work conditions for shepherds among the most oppressive. One Namibian worker told the United Nations that 6‘the men looking after the sheep start at about 6 a.m. and finish at 7:30 p.m. Some farmers prefer to give the meat from the karakul lambs to their pigs and fowls rather than to their labourers . . a Sometimes the sheep and cattle have better shelter than the labourers.” Why, then, is there such a steady supply of labour towork on the farms? The reason is to be found in the relationship between the system of labour recruitment and the apartheid policy of creating separate native reserves. The majority of African workers in Namibia are recruited on twelve to eighteen month contracts. The contract labour system is designed to guarantee a massive flow of cheap labour from the northern native reserves to work on the white-controlled farms and in the white-owned mines in the central and southern areas of the country. As Africans are increasingly restricted to smaller and smaller areas-areas which are unable to sustain their present num,ber let alone a growing population-they are more and more forced to look elsewhere for some means of livelihood. It is this process which guarantees a steady supply of cheap labour for the white-controlled economy, while an iron framework of passes, permits, and regulations renders the work force powerless. The Ovambo people (who comprise almost one-half the total population of Namibia, and live on less than one-third i _. ..a‘... ,_ , . _.i. ..‘.%. : d ,. . !

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Trevor Briggs of the Warriors goes up for two as Warriors downed Acadia 82-70 in the finals of the Naismith Classic. Warriors outclassed the Axemen, shooting 6 7.5 per cent in the first half and 56.5 per cent overall as against 37.5 per J cent for Acadia. photo by harry strothard

Mexicano.

Warriors-. win the Naismith \(again) t Last Friday, the Warriors hosted the 8th Annual Naismith Classic which featured the national ranked Acadia Axemen and local teams such as Laurier and Guelph. Game one saw Acadia outclass Western 86-57. As previously reported Western is tall but was unable to compete with the finesse Acadia showed both defensively and offensively. Leading scorers for the Axemen were 6’6” Alvin Jessamy with 18, Ray Mapp with 16 and Eugene Saunders with 10. Western’s front line of Jim Hunter, Bob Clark and Dave Brown cashed in with 16, 12 and 12 respectively . Acadia then stayed long enough to see Guelph put a75-58 beating on Winnipeg. Fans were treated to an excellent matchup at the forward spot, with Paul Player of Winnipeg trying to stop Gryphons star Bob Sharpe. Sharpe won the match-up, outscoring Player 17-O and helping team mate Bob McKinnon to a 24 point effort. Wade Bilodeau with 20 and Bob- Magel with 14 were the top scorers for the Wesmen. Laurier squared off with York at

6:30 and both teams demonstrated an amazing ability to shoot the ball. The only difference was that in the first half Laurier managed to put it in the basket. The Hawks, led by a 21 point barrage of Chuck Chambliss, buried the Yeomen 52-38 at half time in what’ appeared to be a runaway. However, York turned things around and pulled to within 2 points of Laurier with 8 minutes left in the half. . Leading the charge were the Yeomen forwards who combined for 29 points in the second half. Hawk centre, Mark Chris tensen was their leader in the dying minutes, scoring 9 of Laurier’s final 17 points. In the end Laurier managed an 89-85 win, advancing them to the next round. The feature game saw the Warriors hammer the Lakehead Nor’Westers 109-73. Jamie Russell delighted the fans, scoring all of his 25 points in the fllrst half and then sat down in the second half and let the first year men go to work. Mike Visser picked up 16 of his 22 points in the second half and Ron Graham surprised everyone with

his 10 points and tremendous hustle. Trevor Briggs finished with 13 points and began to show his rebounding and shooting form of last year. The brightest spot for the Waterloo team was the play of Seymour Hadwen at the guard spot. In addition to scoring 10 points, he gave the Warrior attack a much needed boost with his ability to hit the open man. Captain Phil Schlote played his usual sound defensive game and continued to show an increasing ability to score from the outside and in tight to the basket. Saturday morning, found Western and Winnipeg competing for a berth in the consolation final against the winner of the Lakehead-York contest. Winnipeg played badly through the entire first half and for all but the final five minutes of the second and still beat Western 64-59. Western led 55-47 with 6 minutes remaining and then floundered as Winnipeg outscored them 17-4 to wrap up the game. Paul Player returned to some semblance of his old form scoring 14 points and Bob Magel hit 16 from the other forward spot. Donnie Sims was high for Western with 21, most of them in the first half. Lakehead led York all the way and won 87-74. The lacklustre contest saw plenty of offense and little defense. Jeff Watson led the Nor’westers with 23 points and Ed Sieberts was high for the Yeomen with 19. The first game of the championship round saw Acadia take on Guelph. Guelph was unable to handle the zone press used on and off by Acadia and an injury to Bob Sharpe in the first half pretty well determined the outcome of the game. Alvin, Jessamy had a field day, scoring 36 points and hauling down continued

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friday,

december

the chevron

5, 1675

In the long run Last Wednesday five members of the UW track team left for the , highly publicized 9.3 mile Berwick Marathon held on Nov. 27 ic conjunction with the U.S. Thanksgiiing Day. In spite of Steve Peet’s driving, they arrived on time. at Berwick, Pennsylvania. After an uneventful night, the team bedded down in the wedding to participate suite at the Berwick Hotel. The Five members of the UW track team traveiled to Pennsylvania in the Berwick Marathon. UW finished sixth out of 74 teams entered. race commenced at 2:OO pm the photo by nigel strothard next day and attracted approxi50th with 54: 10. Craig Speers, who mately 120 runners. Teams inTed McKeigan, placing 12th with ate too much chicken and was violcluded several American colleges 48:25. Both runners received trophies ently ill managed 77th place. and clubs, a team from Toronto and The local fans took very good a team Erom Puerto Rico. large enough to choke a horse. care of the boys, giving them turUW placed 6th as a team out of Stephen Peet, placing 3 lst, was the key dinners and tours of Boon’s next UW runner, in 50:06. 14 teams, with Mike Lannigan perDoug Ward, a favorite of the Farm. forming best for UW. He was 10th -‘keegan local fans, woke up in time to finish running 47:56. Next for U W was

photo by harry strothard

Classic.

naismith continued

from

page

L 26

17 rebounds as Acadia stretched a 42-28 lead at the half to an 89-61 final score. All of the other Acadia starters finished in double figures and eventually the benches for both teams finished the game. The final result was a little disappointing as there had been a general consensus of opinion that Guelph would play much better than they did. Waterloo met their cross-town rivals’the Laurier Golden Hawks at 1:30 Saturday afternoon and mgnufactured a 93-86. victory. The Warriors led’big at half time, 56-38 but let up in the second half allowing, Laurier to pull within 2, 77-75, with 6 minutes remaining. Clutch baskets by Phil Schlote and Jamie Russell eventually cemented the win for the Warriors but not before Laurier made a good game of it. Russell finished with 28, Trevor Briggs had 16, Phil Schlote with 15, Mike Visser with 13, and Seymour Hadwen ended up with 12 points. Laurier got a 34 point effort from Chuck Chambliss and a total of 63 out of 86 points from their 3 Americans but it wasn’t enough and the Warriors were set to meet Acadia in the final. The consolation fin51 saw Winnipeg take on Lakehead and Winnipeg managed to turn themselves around, beating the Nor’westers 87-58. Bob Magel led a much improved Wesmen attack with 31 points and 12 rebounds and expanded a 35-28 half-time lead into a runaway second half; The big improvement came from the Winnipeg backcourt who had previously looked very slow and unable to hit their forwards. Dan Kinasc.hhk was their leader with 12 assists most of them to Magel in the second half. Lakehead displayed a disappointing second half and shot a dismal 32 per cent from the floor. Following the Winnipeg win, the Warriors met Acadia for the championship and, after warming up to the music of K.C. and-the Sunshine Band, proceeded to manhandle the Axemen. The Warrior forwards, Phil Schlote, Trevor Briggs and Jamie Russell played outstanding defence, rebounded well and scored all but 8 of the Warriors 5 1 first half points. Alvin’Jessamy was held to 8 points first half by Phil Schlote and except for the good shooting of

Acadia centre Ed Shannon, Acadia would have been further behind than they were. Leading scorers for the Warriors were Trevor Briggs and Jamie Russell with 21 each and Phil Schlote and Mike Visser picking up 17 points apiece. Shannon had 24 and Jessamy had 20 in a losing cause. Special mention should be made of the tremendous board work of Mike Visser and Trevor Briggs during this game. Their effort clinched the win. Overall the Warriors showed an amazing improvement over the space, of a week. The insertion of Jamie Russell into the lineup has filled a gap in the centre and his scoring solidifies what promised to be an outstanding front line. Phil Schlote shows increasing potential as both a scorer and rebounder and Trevor Briggs is starting to hit his shots and rebound in the manner that made him an allstar last year. Mike Visser has scored well and is now starting to hit the open man and play strong defence on quicker and smaller opponents. The all-star selections for the tournament were Jamie Russell as MVP, Phil Schlote from UW, Bob Magel from Winnipeg, Chuck Chaml#iss from Laurier, and Alvin Jessamy from Acadia. This Friday, the Warriors journey to Sudbury and play in the Laurentian tournament. Other entries include the host Voyageurs, the Brandon Bobcats and the McMas ter squad.

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5, 1975

sci fi

DENVER (CPS-CUP)-It borders on science fiction. A student sits in front of a terminal and pushes buttons. ,There are no flashing lights, no whirring, whining noises, -no puffs of smoke. Just words which move silently across the TV screen. . “Hello. Welcome to the Strive Employment Agency. We ‘have an opening today for a torpist. This is a-choice job with lots of vacations for those who value their leisure time.” Students at several colleges this fall are plugging into a sophisticated computerized system that uses multiple-c hoice questions and fictional situations to provide career guidance. SIGI, the System of Interactive Guidance and Information, is a $1.5 million pet project of the Educational Testing Service (ETS), and is designed for students who have a fuzzy idea of what comes after college. Through SIGI, job-concerned students can get detailed information about 145 different occupations. Information in the system, SIG1 employees explain, is frequently updated and expanded using both regional and national data. Occupational training requirements are related to courses offered by a particular school. The SIG1 experience is simple according to ETS. First a student is given a series of ten occupational values such as importance of high income, prestige,- helping others, leisure time and job variety. Fictional job descriptions based on the occupational values appear on the screen and students weigh the importance of each one to themselves. ’ After ranking their occupational values, they are led through a number of steps that match real occupations to those values, compare information about careers and-rate chances of success in the fields. Finally students narrow their vocational prospects to one choice and figure out the necessary steps to prepare themselves for that job. In the pilot programs; the tab for this service has been picked up by the school. Each participaiini ’ school leases the computer system from ETS after purchasing its own computer. F&etags are based on school attendance and run between $9,000 and $13,000 a year. ETS reports no complaints with the sytem. “In the six months that we’ve used SIG1 about 1,000 students haved filed through here ,” said Bill Noffsinger, an official of Santa Fe Community College. “It has a built-in attraction. Students like to sit in front of a TV screen--especially one that talks back to them.”

Roos Bauer Daoust Jelinek CCM

december

In the last match between the UW “A” team and the Hamilton “A” team the result was a 5 and one half to one half point upset in favour of the UW team. The game by J. Zendrowski of the UW team was representative of the fine efforts by the UW team members.

Inverted

Hanham

Black: B. Hartman White: J. Zendrowski 1 P-K4 P-K4 N-QB3 ’ 2 N-KB3 N-KB3 3 B-K2 White’s third move is not often seen as it is rather conservative. White will play the Hanham variation of the Philidor Defence with a move in the hand. P-Q4 4 P-Q3 5 QN-Q2 P-KR3?! It is difficult to see much point in Black’s last move as it does little except to weaken the King-side Pawn position. Presumably Black wanted to be able to play . . .B-K3 without allowing the annoying N-N5 in reply. Modern Chess Openings gives the more logical continuation of 5 . . ., P-KN3; 6 P-B3, B-N2; 7 Q-B2, O-O; 8 N-Bl, P-N3; 9 N-N3,B-N2 which gives an even game. 6 O-O -B-K3 7 R-K1 B-B4?! Black threatens N-KNS with an attack on the KBP but W hite drives the Bishop back with gain of time. 8 N-N3! B-K2 More consistent would have been 8 . . ., B-N3 as the Bishop could have gone to K2 in one move. 9 PXP QXP Q-Q2 IO P-QB4 PXP 11 P-Q4! 12 KNXP o-o-o With both sides castled on opposite wings a fierce struggle is . imminent. 13 B-K3 P-QR3 as the text Probably 13 . . .K-Nl would have more circumspect move replaces one weakness with another since it creates a point of entry and weakens the QN3 square. 14 NXN QXN * N-N5 15 Q-B2 16 B-B3 NXB 17 RXB Q-N3 18 P-B5! Q-N4 19 Q-K4 White had another alternative in’;9 P-B6. 19 . . . R-Q5 Black has to do something about the menacing Queen and Bishop on the diagonal leading into his King’s lair. 20 P-QR4 + Q-Q2 21 Q-N4 B-N4 Black must console himself to losing the exchange for his rook cannot be moved without dire consequences. 22 R-K1 KR-Qj 23 P-B6 QXP 24 BXR QXR P-QR4 25 R-R3 Black sets a trap. If 26 QXRP?, then 26 . . ., QXQ!; 27 NXQ, B-Q7 wins a piece. 26 Q-B5- ’ Q-Q8 Obviously 27 RXQ?? is answered by 27 . . ., RXR mate! 27 QXP R-Q3 Too bad 27 . . ., BXN? does not win a piece on account of 28 Q-R8 ch! winning the Queen. 28 Q-R8ch K-Q2 29 N-BSch K-K2 30 QR-RI Q-Q5 White has weathered the Black counterattack and he has a winni ng advantage. 31 NXB PXN 32 Q-QB8 ’ Q-B3 , 33 P-KR4! . .. White opens an escape hatch for his King and prepares to seize the vital Queen Bishop file. His heavy pieces will then have a field day. 33 . . . BXP Black could have held out longer with 33 . . ., B-Q7. 34 QR-Bl BXPch Desperation R-Q7ch 35 KXB 36 K-K3 Q-Q5 To guard the Rook Black must leave his King to fend for himself. The result is a foregone conclusion. 37 RXBPch K-B3 38 Q-B8ch K-K5 39 Q-B4 mate A well earned

victory. -robert

inkol

iday, december

the chevron

5, 1975

Les OrdreS

Politics of repression There is one poignant, revealing scene in Les Ordres into which director Michel Brault packs a telling stateme& about repression and resistance. Clermont Boudreau, a trade union militant without any special political involvement or ideas who is among the hundreds of ordinary Quebecois picked up in the police sweeps of the War Measures Act, has reached the end of his patience. He vows not to swallow another mouthful of unsalted oatmeal, the prison’s constant diet. He will not eat until he gets decent food. It finally arrives. Clermont greedily rips open a bag of potato chips and a can of Coke. Filling his mouth, he begins to sob. There are few solo artists who can pull off a week’s gig at the C.C. Pub There is more than simple thanktd still emerge with their artistic integrity/sanity intact. The few that fulness in his breakdown. Clermont krne to mind are those old familiars Michael Lewis and Paul Languille. is overwhelmed by the depths to :wis somehow manages to keep the crowd at least a bit attentive, while which he has been-pushed by the anguille’s sheer vocal power simply overpowers his audience. In espolice terror he has suffered-to be rice you can’t do anything but listen. so moved by such a meagre gift. Not so with Bruce Miller. As a solo artist in the pub, he fares well only if e crowd is small. Unlike Lewis and Languille, he doesn’t possess any To believe Les Ordres, a Cannes film festival award winning feature, larismatic appeal. Part of the problem is no one knows who Bruce Miller I Briefly, he was born in San Francisco, started playing guitar at age 12, Clermont is not unique among the .me to-Canada, became friends with Valdy , began writing songs and 450 people arrested in the War rentually came to record an album for A&M entitled “Rude AwakenMeasures Act repression of Oc,, tober 1970. g Miller plays mostly his own compositions, which tend to be introspecLes Ordres focuses on four of le; he’s also a fine guitarist and fiddle player. Not the greatest mind you, those ordinary citizens, using the lt then again, if you want to see and hear what it is for a musician to pay victims’ own testimony as a foundation. 3 dues, take in Bruce Miller. hal mitchell One of the four wis so devastated by the harassment to which he was subjected-including death threats and mock exebutions-that he required psychiatric care after his release. Common to all four victims is their innocence. Brault plays to the audience’s outrage by portraying the daily lives of the victims, pointThe annual sale and exhibition of While primarily an exhibition, ing out their minimal-or even t work by the Fine Arts students there will be a number of works for non-existent-political practice. the University of -Waterloo will sale. “This provides an opportunBecause of their innocence, ar: somewhat changed in content ity to purchase an original and bmpared to the previous years. rest takes them by surprise. Why comparatively inexpensive work of wquld they be seized in a police “Menagerie” 1975, while conart, as well Bs to make a worthwhile dragnet which they have been told ining a sizeable representation of investment in a young artist’s is intended only to capture a handlkscreened and photographic work,” Mr. Joyes adds. ful of terrorists and to stifle an “apints, etchings, calligraphy, and K-W Art Gallery hours: Tues. prehended insurrection”? awings, is an effort to go beyond Sat. l-5 p.m.; Tues. -Fri. evenings e concrete boundaries of static 7-9p.m.;Sun. l-5p.m. Moreover, their innocence t towards conceptual energy proUniversity of Waterloo Art Galmakes them easy prey to the fascist lery hours: Mon. - Fri. 9 a.m. - 4 ‘tactics that are in everyday :ts, happenings, and events. use in “The need for this, perhaps, p.m.; Sundays 2 - 5 p.m. jails. brings from the search for wider For further information contact ! By harkening always to the vicodes of expression,” explains Marlene Bryan; at 885-4280. tims’ innocence Brault lays bare &mon Joyes, President of the Fine rts Guild and Co-ordinator of the Government Service? ,hibition. In an effort to become more Consider our bne year policy oriented Master idely oriented, ‘ ‘Menagerie’ ’ will of Public Administration. Preparation for city, : split between two galleries ; offregional, provincial and, federal public service. Lmpus, a juried exhibition of ints, etchings, and drawings will : shown in the Cycle Gallery: loted‘downstairs at the K-W Art allery, 43 Benton Street, KitchLer, and on-campus in the Art Galry , Modern Languages Building, here provisional pieces and the mainder of the prints, drawings, c. will be exhibited. Both shows will open Thursday ght, December 4th. (“The gure-A Sensual,Response” exbition also opens,upstairs in the -W Art Gallery the same night), td “Menagerie” closes Sunday, zcember 14th.

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the real aim of the War Measures Act-to terrorize the whole population of Quebec. This should make Les Ordres a superb political propaganda film. But if propagandais the aim of the film, only the government itself benefits from it. What is the effect of Brault’s emphasis on the trauma caused to four Quebecois by their imprisonment? Just this-repression1 by the state can succeed in breaking people’s spirit. In contrast to the impression of widespread capitulation to the terror encouraged by Les Ordres, the Quebecois reacted militantly against the invocation of open fascism by the Trudeau government. Despite media complicity with the terror, news quickly leaked out of jails, telling of high spirits and determination not to be cowed. In addition, Les Ordres directs our justified outrage at the War Measures Act against the prison guards and cops swaggering with their own sense of power. Granted, cops w&-en’! especially

respectful during the October Crisis-and seldom are, to ordinary people. But it wasn’t the cops who conceived of the repressive route to squelching the popular movement in Quebec. It was politicians, acting in the interest of one class in Canada-the monopoly capitalist class. Les Ordrk fails to place the overt repression during the October Crisis in its proper political context. It fails to identify the root source of the terror-the Trudeau government, and the class it represents. And, by eliciting only sympathy for the victims and anger withcops, it does not tell us how an ostensibly mild-mannered, ‘ ‘liberal’ ’ government could overnight be transformed into a fanged monster. Finally Les Ordres fails to tell us how to prevent that two-faced creature from unleashing another fullscale attack on the people of Canada and Quebec. -larry hannant, for the progressive culture club

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friday,

the chevron

december

5, 19

MOVIE

UW Grad .noiv Poet Cop own favourite oxymoron. Poet-Cop is the title of Jewinski’s newest book,- which has just been pub1975 lished by Simon and Schuster in what is apparently the largest first Oxymoron is a rhetorical term used by English majors to refer to edition yet of a Canadian poet’s an antithesis whit h brings together work. two contradictory terms. The title is not a contrived adverThese form a completely new tising gimmick. Jewinski really is impression, which is surprising and both a poet and a policeman, and emphatically right. Examples of the union of this avocation and vothis device cited in Thrall, Hibbard cation lends to all of his poems an and Holman’s Handbook to aspect of surprise which can be Literature are “cheerful pesboth delightful and disturbing. simist”, “wise fool”, “sad joy” The poet’s omniscient eye is and “eloquent silence’ ’ . here, but the situations it observes and transforms are authentic CabSince U of W graduate Hans Jewinski’s poetry reading here two bagetown, tough and unyielding in weeks ago, “poet cop” has re- . any attempt to sentimentalize or placed Shakespeare’s “mannish civilize them. women” (from Macbeth) as my Many of the poems are informed Hans Jewinski, Poet Cop, Pocket Books Simon & Schuster of Canada,

Salt of the” Earth “Salt of the Earth” a movie on a union’s struggle was shown recently to a human relations class of professor Marsha Forest and a social work class of professor Marlene Weber.

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The film “Salt of the Earth” is a dramatization of an actual strike’ which took place in a small mining town in New Mexico. The Mexican workers, existing in substandard housing and working in hazardous conditions, decide to unite and strike against their exploitive bosses. When the men are threatened with imprisonment if they resume picketting, the women, against their husbands’ wishes, take up the fight. Finally, the united families, aided by union men and women from neighbouring communities, bring the owner class to heel. The movie was released in 1953, but it only now being widely shown, due to its banning in the United States during the McCarthy era.

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Why it was banned is obvious: it is a pro-proletariat, pro-union film, presented in an age when the ruling bourgeoisie of America was attempting to smash the fledgling unions. Its message is clear: a united people can triumph over a repressive owner class. Solidarity of workers, unions, nationalities and families brings progress. The film laid bare many of the -manipulative activities of the bourgeoisie: the exploitation of “immigrant” labour; the division of the working class along nationalistic lines; and the subjugation of women and their position as the most exploited class in American society. An important character in the film, speaking about union and human struggles, stated, “You can’t go back.” After viewing such a courageous, well-acted, culturally important film, it will be difficult to go back to popcorn and the empty Hollywood epics in our theatres today. -fran

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by their author’s sense of his 01 impotence to ameliorate conditic in Toronto’s world of prostitul and drunks, downtown life a pointless death. He seems reduced to a wry a areness of the quirkiness of hum existence. He does, howevt humanize this existence. Sardor comment is absent in these repo’ from his beat. They are convey with a sense of human decen which is perhaps the man’s m(: appealing trait. Jewinski amusingly conveys 1 unusual relationship to his mater in Sweet Sixteen and Never Be Kicked.

in the telephone room while i have my back to hi to make us each a cup coffee he pulls out his book matches tosses together the notes l the table and sets them on fiie why? i ask abbie hoffman said ‘destroy the pig’s munications’ so i did

car

as i take him back to his ce he asks me about his phol call ‘excommunicated’ i say and go back to my table rewrite the poems he burned up The poet’s language is lacon and unstrained. Where hyperbc exists it is used to good effect, oftc in a sort of self-parody of the peel role. In When It’s Too Late, It’s TI Late, for instance, the line “whc would i ever again get the chance eat cabbagetown-fried-flamingo’ masterfully sums up the who riotous lunacy of the poem. Read if you want the context. Better yet, invest $1.95 in tl book and read them all. Should tlAmerican publisher’s gamble 1 proved worthwhile by the book sales, its success may convinc Canadian companies like Tl Coach House Press (which plays with the manuscript almost tv years before letting it go) that tht should not be so timid with a natil work. Poet Cop is an attractive pr duct and worthwhile book ( poetry which I would recommer to anyone interested in Keats l Kojak, which I assume includl almost everyone. -judi

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Zoxy’s

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Roxy Music played in concert at assey Hall, November 20th. For people who have never ard of Roxy Music, they are a 3e hard to describe. Although re:iv ely unknown in North nerica, Roxy has been one of the 3 bands in England for about four heir music is not for the disco rer, or AM radio listeners . Their lsic and group identity comes )rn the bizarre mind of one In-Brian Ferry, the lead singer d composer (also occasional yboards). Brian Ferry uses Roxy lsic as his instrument the way a itarist uses his guitar. Without n there would not be a Roxy lsic. He sings mainly of tragic love afrs that have him dancing and iling around the stage like he had rsonally experienced everything was singing about. This concert tour is to promote : fifth Roxy Music 3um- “Siren”, which seems to their most commercial album, hough it still has the Ferry mysue that will keep Roxy fans ?PY* The concert was a vast imwement over last year’s; much oother, a large circular screen rt show and revolving coloured Its along with two girl back up gers, added a great deal of ;thetic value and the singers led the much needed vocal sup-t to Ferry’s rather limited voice :hough limited he is very flexible 1 it is part of Ferry’s attraction). starting with some of their new terial they moved into their untry Life songs (“The Thrill of Qll”, “Out of the Blue”, etc.), 3 some of Andrew McKay’s and 1 Manzerina’s work off each of ir solo albums was featured. To rnteract some of these lighter es they then did some of their re unusual numbers, “Bitter eet” and “For Your Pleasure”, t only the true Roxy fan can apciate. Then after the”girls had a ck change of dress, from army c uniforms that they were lred into to equally alluring ning dresses, the band went into “In Crowd”, a Ferry rendition ur old tune off his second solo Time, Another um, “Another ce ’ ’ . This was followed by irginia Plain, ’ ’ a medley of “Do e Strand” and “Editions of Ll “, and finally as an encore ‘s A Hard Rains a-gonna Fall”, yerry version of an old Dylan e off his first solo album “These )lish Things”. The crowd went zy-it was a great concert! Lick Willis was an improvement :r the departed John Wetton on s , Paul Thompson doing a good on drums, as well as Andrew Kay on woodwinds. Eddie nson was excellent on rboards and electric violin. The

only disappointment was Manzerina’s work on guitar. It was unimpressive and low key. Ferry was, of course, at his best crooning-‘ ‘ Well I’ve been up all night party time wasting it’s too much fun. Then I stepped back thinking of life’s intermeaning and my latest fling. It’s the same old story all love and glory it’s a pan-

tomime, if you’re looking for love in a looking-glass world it’s pretty hard to find.” This concert and new material proves that Roxy Music is going somewhere after there were some critics that said that after the last tour and album that they couldn’t go anywhere. -j im barclay

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Barry MacGregor-Narrator and Kathryn Root-Pianist

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St. W. 743-8991

Caramba! If anyone is into bluegrass you’ll be left speechless. I was. Ferg brought a copy of the “Earl Scruggs Revue-Anniversary Special” over to’ my place to hear a cut or two. It’s been here ever since. As soon as I heard the first song “my foot kept tapping along” and I was immediately returned to the Carlisle Bluegrass FestivaI of the summer, day of days. This album has to be the best I’ve ever heard from what I consider to be the best musicians around. I’m sure you’ll agree with me too. There are so many surprises in each song. Roger McGuinn (formerly of the Byrds) does a swimming song. I consider this to be the best on the album ( a difficult decision as you can well imagine). Right now Joan Baez is singing with Johnny Cash! “Gospel Ship” is just incredible for the list of musicians. Bonnie Bramlett of Delaney, Bonnie and Friends sings a chorus too. Oh, this is ecstasy! I haven’t heard this kind of music done so well in such a long time. Not since I loaned my bluegrass albums to a fellow banjo beginner. I’m trying desperately not to write a review on every song but I just can’t help it. The ‘ ‘Bleeker Street Rag” is so good! Alvin Lee does some excellent guitar work here, quite a drastic metamorphosis from Ten Years After. The beat of this song is so overpowering. The bass just keeps your foot going. What a piano solo ! What guitar work !. . . Pause. Now the Pointer Sisters are singing ‘ ‘Royal Majesty”. Amazing how religion is always there in this kind of music. “We’re all gonna have to love one another before we can visit his royal Majesty.” It’s just great. You know, it’s useless to go on describing this song after that song. All I can do is urge anyone who has ever had the faintest liking for Bluegrass, country, country-rock, or folk type music to get a copy of this album. It’s just too much. I thought Pure Prairie League couldn’t be outdone in this general

type of music. Now I’ve heard the Earl Scruggs Revue! Scruggs, as you probably know, was the banjo man who played with Lester Flatt way back when. Together they called themselves Flatt and Seruggs. Probably the most appreciated tune they ever played was the theme from the Beverly Hillbillies, “All Come back now, ya hear.” Now Earl has it together with his three sons Randy, Gary and Steve. They call themselves the Earl Scruggs Revue and with a little help from their friends they have put out one fine album. My only objection to this record is too much use of Johnny Cash. He just isn’t my favorite. Actually, I can’t stand him. I mean one or two words quietly sung in the background would be alright but not two full songs and lead vocals at that! Otherwise it’s a great album though. Wow! Joan Baez does an incredibly funny imitation of none other than Bob Dylan on the last song, “Passing Through”. Afterjust having seen both of them in Niagara Falls it is particularly funny. Still, Valdy does a much better job of this song. Love it though. The album ends too quickly and one feels compelled to repeat it time and time again. If you’re into names here’s the people who are listed as guest artists-Joan Baez, Michael Murphy, The New Riders of the Purple Sage, Ramblin Jack Elliott; Reggie Young, Larry Gatlin, Jim Keltner, Leonard Cohen, Roger McGuinn, Jim Messina, Alvin Lee, Mirabai, Bob Johnston, Tracy Nelson, Ioudon Wainwright III, Tim Wipperman, Doug Kershaw, David Briggs, Ron Cornelius, Bonnie Bramlett, Don Fogelburg, Buffy Sainte-Marie, Rusty Young, Don Nix, Billy Joel, Charlie Daniels , Kenneth Buttrey , Willie Hall, The Pointer Sisters, Leon Pendarvis and.. . Johnny Cash. Need more be said? (Rated at an unbeatable nine and three quarters out of ten,.) -pd. looth

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friday,

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Strike

action or “wanton vandalism”

Stopping the presses kat the Washington Post \ NEW YORK (LNS)-In one of the most militant job actions in recent years, nearly one hundred press operators for the Washington Post sabotaged and destroyed every piece of press machinery in the Post building, moments before going out on strike at 500 a.m. on October 1. Since then, over 1500 Post workers have been on strike over the newspaper’s refusal to bargain on key issues in a new contract. In the two weeks following the sabotage, the newspaper has continued a skeleton publication with strike breakers specially trained by the Post in preparation for the strike. The Post has also obtained a court injunction limiting the picketing by press operators, and has persuaded most of their reporters to cross the picket line. In addition, the newspaper is cooperating with U.S. attorney Earl Silbert in bringing felony charges against the saboteurs and has vowed never to rehire anybody who took part in the October 1 sabotage. These factors, coupled with strong antiunion statements by the Post management, and union charges that the Post is out to break the several unions involved, has led to what one observer described as “the most bitter newspaper strike in recent history.”

Workers Destroy the Presses In the months preceeding the October 1 contract expiration, the Washington Post indicated that it would take a “hard line” on work rules known as “manning clauses .” These concessions, which the union won after many years of struggle, require the company to pay a full shifts wages to printers who report for work, but who may have to be idle once the presses start running. In addition, under these rules if the press runs overtime, then everybody who works during those hours to dismantle the press run is paid overtime, although they may have been idle for a number of hours during the preceeding shift. The Post wants to eliminate these work rules and overtime by having printers work only 40 hours or less a week and by creating a pool of workers they could call on for overruns. One striking Post typesetter explained the situation to LNS as follows: “The Post wants to create a pool of a hundred or so people who won’t know from one week to the next whether there’ll be any work for them. The Post decided ‘This is going to be a business and we’re going to put the unions in their place.’ “They were saying all the way up until Octoberfirst, in essence ‘Ain’t nothing we”d like better than a strike.’ We knew they had people trained to take over thejobs and they proved they could do it in 1973. “I talked to one pressman after the (sabotage) incident and he said they expected to be locked out after they got off that night and not be allowed back in the building...that they’d be replaced by scab labour. “The pressman said, okay, you’ve said you’ll publish without us, and we’re saying we’ll do what we can to see that you don’t.’ The company broke off negotiations around midnight, but the unions decided to keep working the shift. “All of a sudden around 5 o’clock the fire alarms go off. We looked outside and then saw thepicketlines set up so we (typesetters) thought ah-ha, they (the Post) have set ~rp a smoke fire to get us out of the building so we wouldn’t come back in. There’s paper fires at the Post all the time, anyway. When we got outside, we heard that they’d done in the presses. ”

Each of the Post’s 72 press units was destroyed in the action. Giant ton and a half paper spools and trash cans were thrown into the running presses. Delicate parts were intentionally destroyed and press locking mechanisms turned on while the press was in full run, destroying gears and making unlocking the machinery next to impossible. “Everybody knows the machine they work on and knows exactly how to destroy it,” the typesetter continued. Damage was estimated in the millions, and an insurance investigator said, “I’ve never seen so much damage in my life.”

The Post described the sabotage as “wanton vandalism” but admitted-that it apand synpeared to be “preplanned chronized.” It would be impossible for those kinds of damage to be done in that short a time without a plan, without assigned tasks, and without people who knew precisely what they were doing,” a Post spokesperson said. “Anything that has happened the management must take full responsibility for,‘,’ said James Dugan, President of Local 6 of the International Printing and Graphic Communicators Union (IPGCU). ‘ ‘(The Post) has harassed and reprimanded the men. They want to change our hiring practices. They were stalling since December on a new contract. We had not even gotten to wages. The men were upset. . .” Meanwhile, the Washington Post is working with U .S . attorney Earl Silbert in bringing felony charges against the press operators. Silbert’s office indicated they might “grant immunity” to certain press operators, in order to force them to testify at a Grand Jury. Ironically, Silbert was the initial Watergate prosecutor who the Post charged with sabotaging the Watergate investigation that the Post is generally credited with uncovering.

Workers Locked Out, Replaced w Scabs Only hours after the October 1 incident, the Post confirmed the unions’ fears by “furloughing” (another word for lock-out) their printers, typesetters, and other press craft union members. Picket lines were established immediately and a major scuffle broke out when one person crossing the picket line punched a picketer. “It was mid-afternoon and these people with funny little suitcases show up,” recalled one person present on the picket line October 1 when the incident occurred. “One of the picketers yelled, ‘There’s a strikebreaker,’ and World War III started when the strikebreaker slugged a picketer. “The police started hauling people away and took one of the strikebreakers across the street when his suitcase fell apart and out popped a gun in a holster.” “At first he said ‘I ain’t never seen that before,’ but a few minutes later, we learned they were from a West Virginia security agency and hired to be ‘rent-a-cops’ during the strike. Right there they decided the action was too hot and decided to leave town. They told us the Post told them it might be a six month job.” The following day the post obtained a court injunction limiting the press operators to three picketers per entrance, but other craft unions have not been enjoined, and

have been picketing in the hundreds each day since the strike. The Post, after trying two- days to get union machinists to come in and repair the presses, “reluctantly” brought in non-union machinists on October 3. Also on October 3, .the Post resumed publication in 24-page editions, by flying the unwieldy plates for each page from the Post’s rooftop by helicopter to five non-union presses in the surrounding area. The Post refused to disclose the names of the cooperating presses in order to “protect (the presses) from the same kind of sabotage -destruction and violence which beset the Post.” It was later revealed,,however, that

one of the cooperating presses was the Win-Chester (Va.) Star, an ultra-conservative evening newspaper owned by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd. In an October 11 news conference, the Post management admitted that for two years they had been working on a “contingency plan” in preparation for the strike. The plan included training executive personnel and outsiders in various facets of press production, and the use of a recent technological device which enables the paper to be typeset and laid out by computers. Scores of non-union Post employees were trained at a special school established by 200 newspapers to create a pool of trained personnel to break strikes, the Post admitted. It has since been learned that the training center is the Newspaper Production Research Center, located in Oklahoma City. “Several years ago, the Post made a conscious decision that, if we were to have parity at the bargaining table, we were going to have to have the ability to publish (during a strike),” Mark Meagher, an executive vicepresident of the Post said. “Obviously this training was done secretly because we wanted to protect our people.” Meagher also indicated= that several other union newspapers may follow the Post strategy when their union contracts expire. As of October 13, the Post reported that four of the major presses were repaired and that they were able to print a 24-page edition

The Washington Post Company: in pursuit of profits The Washington Post Co., which also owns several operations not affected by the strike such as Newsweek Magazine, Sports Illustrated, Trenton Times, T.V. and radio stations in Washington DC and Florida and real estate in booming suburban Virginia, is the only media conglomerate listed on the Fortune 500. With profits of $28.1 million in 1974, the Post is the company’s most profitable holding. In 1974 the newspaper alone netted investors $10.7 million, or a 9 percent return, but down from a 15 per cent profit rate the year before. In an effort to bring profits up to what the Post management says is a “reasonable level,” the Post laid off 160 workers in its 760 person composing unit in 1974 and 1975, and 34 out of 230 press operators. In 1973, the Post began training Newspaper Guild members to do production work in the event of a strike but last year the Guild filed an unfair labour practice complaint with the National Labour Relations Board because the Post was preparing union employees to break another union’s strike. The Post has experienced 3 work stoppages in the past 2 years. In 1973, press operators barricaded themselves in the printing room for 3 days in a successful sit-down strike, after learning that the Post intended to continue publishing with non-union personnel. Union representatives say the Post’s charges of “labour inefficiency” is highly exaggerated because the Post pays only $30 in production labour costs per 100,000 pages published-about half the amount most other newspapers pay. The Washington Central Labour Council also charged that the “Newspaper pays far more for its newsprint than it does for its production employees. It buys 67 per cent of its newsprint from Bowater Mersey, a Canadian company of which the Post is half owner. The profits go into the corporate mill.” c

december

5, 19

using Post presses. However, one of t presses worth millions of dollars was declar completely unsalvageable.

Post

Reporters Break Strike

Perhaps the most bitter feelings in t strike are between the blue collar craft unit members and those white collar Newspal Guild memberswho decided to cross the p ketlines. About 500 Guild members, mosl secretaries, service personnel and low pz office personnel, are honoring the picks lines, but 300 other Guild members, mosl reporters and advertising personnel, ha, voted to cross the picket lines.

“The

situation

in the Guild is all foul told LNS. “On the one ha you have these liberal reporters and advert ing types, some of them making $550 a wee and on the other, you have the people w clean up after them. “The reporters consider these peal slobs and have said so openly at the Gu meetings. Some of these ‘slobs’ know mc than the reporters do. But anyway, it’s tense situation. Many of the Guild membc will support the farmworkers in Califorr but when it comes to their own union, another ballgame. ’ ’ “All of the big name reporters-c: Bernstein, Bqb Woodward, Sally Qui -are with the management on this one one source attending the Guild meetin said. “These people have told the prints that maybe they’d honor the picket lines they hadn’t destroyed the presses, but it w these same people two years ago who c tided to break the Guild’s own strike: “These people are making a good livi and identify both editorially and econor tally -with the paper. The lunchroc cafeteria workers making $100 a week do] concern them .”

UP9” one striker

Protracted

Strike Seen

Despite feverish efforts by the Fede: Mediation Service to bring the two sides 1 gether, the situation is described 1 everyone involved as “very tense” a “nowhere near real bargaining.” Both rnz agement and the unions have indicated tl they consider this a “show down strike.’ While the Post has proven they can put c a newspaper, although admittedly inferit the unions also have a couple of strong car and seem prepared for a long strike. 0 thing working against the Post is the positi’ taken by the Washington Star, Washingtor other daily newspaper. Traditionally in multi-newspaper tow] when a newspaper is struck, the otl newspapers lock. out their workers (if th aren’t already on strike) as part of an unwi ten code that rival papers will not take 2 vantage of a strike situation. The Washington Star however, has be losing money for years at the expense oft Post and has used the Post’s strike to expa and improve their paper. They also turned down a Post appeal publish at least part of the Post at S facilities. The Star’s refusal, however, w at least in part due to the fact that Star uni personnel vowed to shut down the Star if t Star cooperated. “For the first time in years the Star bigger and better than the Post,” one PC Guild member said. “Advertising in the S is way up and they’re for once making go money.” In addition, the Star, which is nc working overtime, has agreed to hire striki Post workers temporarily, thus allowi strikers to make good money while on strik

friday,

december

5, 1975

Technical !

The following piece on the division of labour as related to technical intelligence in a capitalist society was written for the periodical Telos by Andre Gore, who writes for the French newsmagazine Le Nouvel Observateur. This is the last part of Gorz’s article which was partially ruv a week ago.

It may seem at first that the class analysis which we have outlined so far does not apply at all to the growing stratum of technical scientific personnel which, working in big engineering firms and in so-called scientific industries, is itself subjected to the capitalist division of’labour. In Italy, France, and Great Britain, we have witnessed in recent years mass rebellions and strikes by draftsmen, engineering and technical personnel of the computer industry, research workers in the laboratories and research institutes, project engineers in large firms of consultants, etc. In many- instances, mass rebellion was motivated by the technical and scientific workers’ frustration and humiliation at being submitted in their work to the same job evaluation, fragmentation and hierarchical regimentation as ordinary workers. Where intellectual workers no longer hold hierarchical authority over manual labour but are themselves producers of nonmaterial commodities such as information, projects, ‘patents, and innovations, they experience proletarianization of their labour and their alienation through e’xtraneous work processes and stupefying specialization. But we must be careful not to jump to hasty conclusions and not to miss the inherently ambiguous character of most intellectual workers’ rebellions. We cannot consider these right away as proof that intellectual workers join the struggle of the proletariat because they in fact tend to be proletarianized. Such a conclusion would be legitimate only if intellectual workers actually joined up with manual workers on a class basis and fought together with them for common goals. Though there are cases where this has happened, it is far from being the rule. In most instances, intellectual workers have not revolted as proletarians, but against being treated as proletarians. They have rebelled : -against the hierarchical division, fragmentation and meaninglessness of their work; and -against their proletarianization and the loss of all or part of their social privileges. antiThe anti-hierarchical and authoritarian dimension of their rebellion was, in most cases, inextricably linked with demands aiming-at recovering some of the privileges that were attached, in earlier times, to the intellectual workers’ middle class status. Hence the ambiguity of their protest movement, a movement that may be said to be anti-monopolist rather than anticapitalist, corporatist rather than proletarian. To make clear this ambiguity, we have to examine the kind of trainingmost technical workers are receiving, and their motivation in accepting such training. Post-secondary education, in almost all countries, is sharply divided into two branches: the more traditional liberal universities, on one hand, and the technical and engineer schools, on the other hand. The content and the methods of education differ significantly in these two branches. Whereas the teaching process in universities may be rather informal, it is quite strict and disciplinarian in technical and engineering schools. Whereas universities as a rule aim at conveying a certain knowledge and at training students to become intellectually selfreliant, technical and engineering schools aim at conveying both knowledge and practical skills, and at shaping the personality of the student so as to make him of her fit into the hierarchical and authoritarian order of \ the factory or the laboratory. University graduates are supposed to acquire and develop a critical intelligence that should enable them to work independently as free professionals, research scientists,

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intelligence and the division of labour private entrepreneurs or teachers; their degree does not prepare them for a definite job and, actually, may leave them jobless. Technicians and engineers, on the contrary, are trained for a job they have chosen and which they know will position them in a definite place in the social hierarchy and the division of labour. They have chosen this particular kind of training and this particular job for two reasons: their social origin leaves them little hope of becom’ng anything but salaried employees; they clo not have enough time and money to attempt an independent career and to run the risk of not finding a job as soon as they graduate; they are “upwardly mobile” and aim for a salaried position which will be “better” than that of an ordinary worker or employee, but which will hardly carry them to the “top”. They may therefore be described as being essentially lower middle class. Their hope of positioning themselves on an intermediate level between ton and bottom imnlies that they are prepared to serve unquestioningly

This attempt at socially upgrading the technical worker is not only a hangover from earlier times, when technicians were working as supervisors rather than as production workers: it is also motivated by capitalist management’s need to have costly and highly productive machines supervised and served-by reliable, trustworthy people who will feel loyal to the corporation and the system and not be inclined to take the technical power they yield into their own hands, or even to demand political and economic power for the working class. People who actually control the more or less automatic processes of vital production must to some extent be co-opted into the system’s privileged strata and made blind to their class position, lest the system’s smooth and safe functioning be jeopardized. The effectiveness of this strategy of cooptation is dependent, however, on the (subjective) reality of the privilege it can confer. No great difficulties may be encountered as long as the stratum of technical workers is only a minority. But when the proportion of skilled versus unskilled jobs becomes reversed, contradictions tend to explode. This situation has presently been reached in the U. S . and, potentially, in most of Wes tem Europe. Student and high school rebellions must be seen in this perspective. Most advanced capitalist societies are presently in a period of uneasy transition: schools must producing a proportion of keep failures-about two-thirds in Western Europe versus about one-third in the U.S.-so as to provide the necessary unskilled labour to the economy. But it is already clear to most that unskilled jobs are disappearing rapidly and that post-secondary education is becoming a prerequisite to finding any-however boring, narrowly specialized and repetitive-job. The arbitrariness of the schooling system’s inbuilt selectiveness is therefore becoming obvious: the schools reject a certain proportion of students not because it would be impossible to educate them-the contrary has become quite clear-but because, for the reasons indicated above, the system does not care to educate them: it must prevent them from acquiring skills and knowledge that would make them “unfit” for the low grade jobs. On the other hand, as the majority of jobs tend to require some post-secondary training, the link between such training and the privileges it conferred in the past can no longer be maintained. According to recent American statistics, the expected lifetime income of youngsters with one to three years of college is only 6.24% higher (i.e. $119,000 against $112,000) than that of youngsters who have a high school education. Hence the following explosive contradiction: post-secondary education remains selective, competitive and requires the kind of social attitudes that would be expected from upwardly mobile adolescents, but the jobs onto which junior college and technical education lead hold hardly any privilege -whether financial or social or intellectualover unskilled jobs: most trainees of technical school or of junior colleges are clearly destined to become the labourers of the technically advanced indusThe production of failures and school tries and to perform the so-called “postdropouts is as important to the reproduction industrial society’s” ungratifying and frusof hierarchical social relations as the productrating work. tion of school graduates: a set proportion of The choice confronting young technical adolescents must be persuaded by the imworkers is therefore quite obvious: either, personal process of schooling that they are having put up willingly with the regimentaincapable of becoming anything better than tion and selectiveness of a schooling system unskilled labour. They must be persuaded that promised them privileges and promothat their failure to learn is not the school’s tion, they rebel against their regimentation at failure to teach them but their own personal jobs that do not fulfil1 the system’s promises failure and social shortcoming. and frustrate their desire for respectability, Conversely, those who do well at school initiative and creativeness; or, they find out must be convinced that they are something 1 while still in training that the schooling like an elite, that they will rise above the system’s promises and values are a big swinworking class and that their success is due to dle anyhow, and they rebel against regimentheir hard work, self-denial, and ambition. tation at school first and against regimentaTechnical schools make sure that the suction at work later. cessful graduate will feel condescending toWhy indeed should they put up with the wards workers and submissive towards’ disciplinarian and authoritarian training those above him or her. methods since “learning” at school will secConsciously or not, such a selective ure them neither a “higher” social position schooling system aims at dividing the mannor gratifying work allowing for some disual and technical workers into two distinct play of initiative and creativity? Since good strata, persuading the latter that they really performance at school is irrelevant in both belong to the middle classes and are entitled respects, well then, fuck the school and fuck to some social and financial privileges. continued on page 35 industry needs. They are a hand-picked minority. . As you know, a very large proportion of young industrial workers dream of improving their qualifications and becoming tee hnicians and engineers. They dream of this to escape the dreadful embarassment and boredom of repetitive work. They could become well qualified if the education and programs were rendered attractive and pedagogically efficient. But the programs are devised in such a way as to discourage, repel, and eliminate between one-half and three-fourths of the youngsters who would have liked to learn. In Europe and, to a lesser degree, in the U.S., the highly selective character of high schools and technical and engineering schools is something deliberate: as long as manual and unskilled jobs in industry and the service sector represent a significant proportion of all available jobs, the schools must produce a sufficient proportion of failures for whom the “low level” jobs will remain the only choice. .*

the goals and purposes of the ruling class. And this is precisely what the technical and engineering schools prepare them to do. Technical training, in its essence, is indifferent to goals and purposes ; it specializes in paying attention to the ways and means to reach preset goals and purposes. It dispenses a typically subordinate culture: not one that deals with defining the so-called higher values of society and the meaning of things; but one that prides itself on being value-free and therefore capable of devising efficient means to enact any values others may set. The divorce between so-called higher culture-the humanities, the liberal arts -and technical skill and knowledge is an essential part of the social division of labour as embodied in technical education. Technical schools and institutions are thus instrumental in producing a particular type of individual. Or, to put it the other way around, those who will put up with regimentation, repressiveness, discipline and deliberately unattractive programs of technical schools are the kind of persons capitalist

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In recent decades technology has ceased to be developed most/y from spontaneity and viri tually at random. It is now “manufactured” in an organized, systematic manner. __ Th’e manufacturing is done in “factories of technology” which are known by other names. A new working c/ass of scientjsts, engineers and _technica/ assistants uses its productive capacity to generate-knowledge and convert it into a commercial commodity essential to the production’and marketing of goods and services demanded by all societies. The following ‘article by jorge-Si&a to and reprinted from the journal impact of Science on Society examines some of the ethicaJ and sociopolitical problems arising from the phenomenon.

requirements -of natural, arti’cal and commercial conditions. ’ Having thus defined the purpose, Edison achieved through the systematic application of the scientific discoveries which had been made by Ohm, Oersted, Laplace, Joule, _Faraday and others. Technology thus ceased to be handcrafted and became the object of (properly) so-’ called manufacturing, the result of which was launched on the market and thereby transformed into a commodity of commerce. _ Research-intmsive iddustry Since Edison to the present day, this, system of manufacturing technology at will through the systematic and premeditated use of the methods and findings of scientific research has been gaining ground and extending to all sectors of human activity, so that there -is now - a veritable explosion in the manufacturing of technology. This is reflected in the colossal budgets allocated for the purpose all over the world and by the introduction and use of such expressions as ‘science-based industries’ research-intensive industries, and so forth. The leap from the handcrafted production of technology to its manufacture-which is really what underlies the ‘Second Industrial Revolution’is based on the fact that, as _ Pierre Maurice puts it, . . . in respect of many technologies it is possible to define a ‘production function’ between each of them and the research and development (R & D) effort made, and this function theoretically makes it possible to organize the manufacture of these technologies in accordance with. a methodology similar to that used in the production of other commodi?ies of commerce, and thus to give rise to a veritable industry. It is this industrial process which enables the major corporations to produce and sell ever more technology (whether embodied in the products of the process or disembodied in patents, ‘know-how’ contracts, ‘designs and plans, technical assistance, and so on) and thereby to increase their penetration and domination of the world market. Owing to their efficiency in producing and marketing technology, they have gained a comparative advantage in international trading. In the manufacturing-process, items of scientific knowledge which are* free assets and only have use-value are transformed into items of technological knowledge which are not free., (since *someone appropriates them) and have ‘exchange value. To bring about this transformation, highly specialized labour is employed which must possess creativity, knowledge, mastery of scientific method-and a suitable blend of talent, intuition and experience enabling it to piece together and organize the items of knowledge-scientific and otherwise -which go to make up a technology. The manufacture of this teehnology is thus a social process, not merely because a great many people take part in it but above all because, in the sum of knowledge used, a large part comes from the stock that the whole of mankind has amassed throughout its history. L All technology is consequently a social asset, probably one of those most deservedly so called; and for this very reason its individual appropriation is a source of se+ ous problems.

The’ production and marketing of goods and services require the use of capital, labour, raw materials and technology or know-how’. This is why technology acts as a commodity of commerce in the production system. It is the subject of commercial transactions (being bought and sold, modified; copied, falsified, accumulated and stolen) and, acij cordingly, has a price. It thus tallies with the defiiition of a commodity of commerce. According- to J.K. Hunt and J. Schwartz, ‘A commodity of commerce is a utility object produced for exchange in an autonomous market. Its qualities derive from its twofold character. First, it is a useful object; second, when it comes on the market it acquires a definite social status as a value.’ LTechnology is a value comm-odity and it is increasing in demand. World trading in it amounts to several tens of thousands of millions of dollars a year and is constantly receiving fresh impetus from the need to have , more and better technology with which to face up to the sustained growth of world production. To meet such a vast demand, its manufacture can obviously no longer be left to . chance, to the eventuality that a gifted inventor may have ia brilliant idea or an indelligent operative may thinkof an important modification to the machine he is using; rather it must necessarily be organized so as to be the outcome of an effort that is specific, planned and directed towards the obtainment of a desired and pre-defined technology. It is-common knowledge that, throughout his history, man has produced technology in an unsystematic, spontaneous and almost amateur manner. The switch to systematic, but not yet professional, production probably began in the Lunar Society of Birmingham in about 1780 &d in Liebig’s chemical laboratory at Giess.e$i in- Germany around 1830 when science-not only its findings but, what was much more important its method-began to ,&applied intentionally to produce technol;: . ) ? by about % : e process won recognition @$%O,following the success achieved by the&&making industry in Germany in produc‘&+rtifXal colours, and was put-on-a pro, .f&sional. footing with Edison (1880), who .&$s probably’ the first ‘manufacturer’ of . &&nology , in the modem sense of the term, \ , ’ @@he whole ofhistory. ;;: $Iis -laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey &@&ed States of America), was organized s ,@roughly on a’workshop basis; only in this %!.@y was it possible-to obtain ‘ninety-nine @cent perspiration and one per cent inspi&ion for tk manufacture of electrical Where technology is made . te$hnology . I$rndreds Of inventions were made there Just as current commodities are produced (!$tich as the voltage regulator, several types in establishments commonly referred to as of dynamo, the electrical filament lamp, the factories, so is technology, although gener. ally this is not publicized since factories of &&watt-hou r meter, fuses, switches, circuit technology are not ordinarilyreferred to breakers, and insulating material for cables). These were then produced and marketed by thus but by designations such as ‘research anddevelopment laboratories’, ‘R & D, devarious companies. partments’, or ‘R &-D centres’. _ In each case Edison defined with the utmost precision the purpose aimed at, as can . These always contain the word ‘research’ and;engender confusion with regard to their be appreciated from the following entry in real function and nature. his notebook, written at the start of the proThe formal similarities between a ‘factory cess which was to lead him to the filament of technology’ and a ‘research laboratory’ lamp and to electric lighting: Electricity versus gas, for general lightare very great and are at the root of the ing. Purpose: to achieve with electricity an confusion. In the first place, the physical’ elements are almost indistinguishable: simiexact imitation of what is done by gas, to lar buildings in much the same settings, replace gas lighting by electric lightingi to improve lighting to the point of \satisfying all equipped with the same machines, instru\ _ --t.,

friday,

december

5, 197.5

ments, apparatus, and furniture and fittings. The likeness is even-greater and more significant in regard to personnel: scientists and technicians with similar backgrounds working under the direction of men and women of high professional and academic standing. Further points of similarity are working habits, allocation of tasks, allotment of space and time, grading of s taff, and-even the professional and ordinary language used by those working in both institutions. These are certainly not chance similarities but the direct consequence of the fact that the ‘factory’ organizes its production on the basis of the researeh work carried out by its who are scientists and techni‘operatives’, cians undoubtedly comparable to those working in a laboratory. It is not surprising then, that so many similarities should conceal an essential difference: while in the laboratory knowledge issought for its own sake, in the factory knowledge (whether developed by its own means or obtained from the universal ‘stock’) is processed to produce that commodity of commerce which is technology. For the laboratory the fundamental purpose is to find the truth; for the factory it is to obtain a product which will serve the requirements of the market: In the laboratory the objective is original creation; in the factory, on the other hand, it is to produce the answer to a given demand, which may or may not be original or may simply be an adaptation or copy of the result obtained by others. The knowledge produced in a laboratory has use value; when it is processed in a factory it acquires exchange value. In short, the difference between the two sides resides not in how or by what means the work is done (since in both cases the essential tool is the scientific method) but in why and for what purpose it is carried out. This fundamental difference in objectives has a direct effect on the ethical outlook of research- workers. Whereas the scientist in a laboratory observes two cardinal rules ‘thou shalt not plagiarize? and ‘thou shalt publish thy research findings’, his counterpart in a factory of technology finds it perfectly natural to appropriate the findings of others indiscriminately’ while carefully concealing his own. What is a sacrilege to the one. is anecessary , almost an indispensable, thabit to the -other. M&itude of factories The world certainly has plenty of factories of technology; for these include not only what are_‘referred to as the R & D laboratories of firms and multinational corporations, but also such institutions as the Battelle Memorial Institute of the United States., Fullmer Research of the United Kingdom, the -British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association of the United- Kingdom, IRSID of France, the Centro Elettrotecnico Sperimentale of Italy, the Central ‘Leather Research Institute of India, the Instituto de1 Mar of Peru, the Machine Tool Research- Institute of the U.S.S.R;, and. the hundreds of similar organizations currently in existencein all parts of the world. They also include the national atomic energy commissionsof the majority of countries (whose real purpose is to manufacture nuclear technology), space research commissions, and national research institutes concerned with agriculture; food, industry, etc. Most of these institutions, however, do not know that they are factories and see themselves as laboratories, a confusion of roles which is notably detrimental to their efficiency. Harvey Brooks has observed that ‘a paradox often met with in goveinment laboratories is the contrast between the high standard of scientific performance of the research workers and the poor results achieved by theqinstitution as a whole’. What usualiy happens is that these government laboratories (with such titles as national industrial research institute, housing research institute, etc.) are set up to fulfil the .

objectives of a factory of technology but are then organized along the lines of university laboratories. Consequently their scientists think they are working for a research laboratory-as a rule this is what the institution is actually called-and so take it that their duty is to produce good science, which is what they do, as Brooks points out. On the other hand, they do not manufacture technology, which is the real reason why the institution was set up, and it is therefore not surprising that such a body should fail in its essential purpose. All this is duei as has been rightly pointed out by J. Herbert Hollomon, to one of the most widespread inteflectualmyths of recent decades, namely the belief that technology is no other than applied science, and that it is therefore sufficient to produce the latter to obtain the former. If we defines technology as the sum of suitably organized knowledge necessary for the production and marketing of a commodity or a service, it is clear that the knowledge deriving from science is one of the inputs needed to produce technology, but not the only one, since technology also calls for empirical knowledge. Therefore, while science makes use exclusively of the scientific method, which is the only one acknowledged as legitimate, technology uses any method (even if it is not scientific) and its legitimacy is judged solely in relation to its success. Although in the case of manufactured technologies (as opposed to the practice in ,handcrafted technologies) ever greater use is made of the scientific method, this should not lead us to the widespread error of believing that it is a necessary and sufficient condition for their manufacture. As has been shown be Derek de Solla Price; 75per cent of innovations have sprung from market necessities and only the remainder from the availability of new scien- . tific knowledge. *-; - _ *The new pr’oletariat & its conflicts The scientists, technicians and assistants belonging to the factories of technology form a social group which should be called the new proletariat because, similarly td the traditional proletariat, they sell their working capacity to someone (the employer or the manager) who uses it to produce a comm-odity of commerce which he then negotiates on the market. They have ceased to be craftsmen and have become operatives but, as the process is a relatively recent one dating from less than a century ago, they have not yet fully reahzed this new situation. As was previously the case with clerical staff (‘white collars’) who for many decades refused to accept-and still do refuse in a good many countries-the idea that they were as proletarian as the workers (‘blue collars’), scientists (oughtthey perhaps to be called ‘white aprons’?) are still far from acknowledging that their relation ivith those who buy their knowledge and their talent to use them in the manufacture of technology does not differ essentially from that rnztained by workers and clerical staff with their respective employers. There are, of course, obvious outward differences, arising both from the well-known fact that labour is otherwise organized in a factory of technology (for instance, it has no assembly lines or mass production units) than in’ traditional factories-;- and from the need to maintain and promote individual creativity. * This is shown, for example, in particularly deferential treatment, in acceptance of reclusion in individual premises (the cubbyholes- assigned to research workers), and so I forth. It is precisely because the success of the factory depends to a large extent on the creativity of its operatives, and. this needs to be nurtured with care,. that particular -atten,tion is-paid to the architecture and equipment of the buildings used, which generally conform to high standards of comfort (air -_ continued on pg. 35

,iday, december

5, 1975

ontinued

pg. 34

from

onditioning, functional furniture, special ghting, etc.). It is also common knowledge that these ew proletarians receive higher salaries, lore generfus social benefits, and more enouraging ’ oral and material incentives lan do theTr aditional proletarians. Nevertheless the above-mentioned differrices., substantial as they are, should not bscure the basic fact that these operatives, rho produce a commodity of commerce in a Jcial way (being organized in a factory) and 91 their working capacity for a salary, play role in the productive system comparable ) that of the classical proletariat. Like the latter they, too, are exploited in lat someone (a private corporation or the tate) appropriates the surplus value generted by them in the course of the production recess. Some Marxists do not accept this and maintain that those who work in a factory of :chnology are not genuine proletarians but on-productive paid workers because, in leir opinion, they do not produce either smmodities of commerce or surplus value 1 a direct form. This attitude is based on Marx’s assertion, 5 indeed Adam Smith had done before, that distinction should be drawn between prouctive work and unproductive work, so lat, while every productive worker is a ‘age-earner, not every wage-earner is a roduc tive worker. This may still be true in Jnany cases, but it undoubtedly not so in respect of the manFacture of technology through the use to :ience, as is stated explicitly by Radovan ichta and his colleagues (here I paraphrase le French translation of the original Czech): le former division into ‘productive’ and Ion-productive’ spheres, into ‘productive’ Id ‘non-productive’ work seems now to.be lperficial and inadequate. Highest rate of exploitation In fact, Marx himself maintained that the ltellectual who works in an institution deallg with knowledge is a ‘productive worker’, lding nevertheless that since his contribuon is small (in quantity) it should be relrded as ‘paid work whichis not at the same me productive’ . Although such a quantitative distinction light have been applicable in those times, it isappeared when the production of techology ceased to be handcrafted and became manufacturing activity, so that not only are le scientists, technicians and assistants rho produce it genuine productive workers ut they are also, as can be shown the object F one of the highest rates of exploitation in le whole system. S’imilarly to what happened when raftsmen became workers, the transformaon of scikntists into manufacturing operaves is a process that is complex, often pain11and fraught with conflicts of every kind. There is the individual predicament of the erson who finds himself obliged to sacrifice is independence and freedom and to submit ) a discipline imposed from a quarter eyond his control. This conflict generally gives rise to a varity of psychological disturbances and leads ) serious personal and family crises. There then follow what we-may call typi31 class conflicts, namely those connected ith the obtention of higher salaries and bet:r working conditions; with the desirability

rechnical

the chevron

intelligence

and possiblility of unionizing-of setting up associations similar to the trade unions of workers and clerical staff, with the desirability of organizing or respecting strikes; with that of making commbq cause with the struggles engaged in by other trade unions; with that ofjoining political movements,>and so forth. Until recently such conflicts were almost non-existent, chiefly because the scientists maintained a splendid isolation which they jealously defended as essential but which in many cases was no more than a relic from the time when they were craftsmen. In the past few years, however, a significant change has taken place: hesitatingly to begin with, almost shyly one might say, but ever more openly, lmtil at present these class conflicts are an almost daily occurence in most countries. Even so, they are not the most important at this stage of the process of class struggle of the new proletariat. The lead is taken by ethical conflicts, which are generally very serious and arise in a variety of ways. First, there are those deriving from what we have earlier called the ‘confusion of roles’, which consists in a belief that science is being produced in the factory whereas what is in fact being produced is technology, and which leads to frustrations and failure made worse by the obligation to accept a change in the scientist’s basic standards of conduct (‘thou shalt plagiarize’ and ‘thou shalt conceal’ taking the place of ‘thou shalt not plagiarize’ and ‘thou shalt publish’). The net result is a kind of generalized disquiet which not only has an adverse effect on over-all efficiency but plunges the whole institution into a more or less permanent crisis. Second, acute ethical conflicts arise when the individual ponders the final purpose of the technology produced. Is it morally right to collaborate in the manufacture of technology for use in warfare, or technology designed to oppress peoples or to help spy on, persecute and torture revolutionaries, or simply to increase the consumption of classes or social groups already sick from over-consumption? This old predicament, which is none other than .that of the social responsibilty of the scientist, and which has already been exhaustively studied by a number of scholars, takes on a new dimension when it is examined from the standpoint of the manufacture of technology understood as a conscious, explicit, directed and ‘systematized process. The situation of a scientist who, in his search for truth, discovers a phenomenon or formulates a theory which is later applied --in the manufacture of hateful technologies is one thing; the situation of someone employed in a factory the purpose of which is the production of such technologies is quite another. Benign discovery, malign application Could Einstein, in 1905, have suspected that his discovery of the equivalence between mass and energy would at some time be one of the essential bases of the research and the development that led to the atomic bomb? Could Maxwell, in 1870, have imagined that his electromagnetic waves would be used in the manufacture of guidance systems for thermo-nuclear missiles? Or Lagrange, that his mathematical discoveries would make possible the calculation and

This is due chiefly to the fact that the problem is of a sociopolitical nature, so that action by individuals, though it may serve to arouse awareness, does not suffice to produce any radical change. The replacement of the individual production of technology by social production, and of the handcrafted by industrial methods, compels profound changes in the attitude of those who take part in the process. The appropriation of technology, which is effected by those who own the means of production (private firms) or by those who control them (governmental agencies) ensures that its final use shall be decided without &y reference to those who manufacture it. The latter are consequently as alienated from the process ‘as are ordinary workers and clerical staff from current production. The masters of technology manufacture and market it to satisfy their own needs, which may be increased profits or greater power, and do not therefore paymuch attention to the moral scruples of the scientists they employ.

production of explosives? Can we perhaps blame Faraday because the police forces of many countries torture political prisoners by means of electromagnetic devices? Could those who worked on mathematical logic fifty years ago have believed that their studies were going to make it possible to develop the vast computer nowadays used by security .agencies to spy and keep watch on hundreds of thousands of pebple? Is it possible to know today whether the findings of the most abstract research will not serve to kill, oppress or torture within a few decades? But the problem is entirely different when someone sells his working capacity to an organization whose specific purpose is to develop technologies which will make it possible to construct equipment and systems intended to kill, persecute, oppress or exploit. And it is not only these technologies which produce this kind of conflict; something very similar happens in the case of technologies that are used to increase the consumption of luxury objects or utterly superfluous goods. Does it make sense, worries the morally aware research worker, to expend human material resources on superfluous items when over half of mankind is hungry, sick and illiterate? Is it jlstifiable to employ talent, knowledge and creativity on something which will finally serve only to increase still further the vast inequalities that already exist? The reaction in respect of this kind of conflict is usually manifested in action by individuals-such as a change of work when possible-or by small groups exploring alternative lines (e.g. soft technology) or promoting protest in its most varied forms. So far, however, the success achieved has been meagre, and the factories of technology continue serenely with the development of their plans for production, experiencing no great difficulty in recruiting the personnel they need.

The end of ‘splendid isolation’ The most suitable response to this situation is political action, which should begin with the development of an awareness of the real nature of the problem so as to arrive at the understanding that when individual ethical conflicts have sociopolitical roots, they can be attacked only by means of collective action aimed at the causes and not at the effects. For the scientist working in a factory of technology, the ‘splendid isolation’ of the past must end, because the mode of production ‘which made it possible has been done away with once and for all. Whether he likes it or not, the scientist must now accept the pglitical dimension of his action’ in order, from that standpoint, to face the responsibilities arising from his l work.

against the work organization and the hierarchical division of labour. They know that their technical skills, which will be obsolete within five years, anyhow, are no better than traditional man:ual skills and hold no hope of escape from working class boredom and oppression. The ground is therby laid for the political and ideological unification of technical and manual workers-of the “new” and the “old” working class -at least in the younger generations, and for a common onslaught against the capitalist division of labour and the capitalist relations of production. But this objective possibility for unification must still be made conscious by actions for the p,roper goals and.on the-proper ground. The goals must of necessity be those of “cultural revolution”: destroying the inequalities, hierarchizations and divisions between manual and intellectual work, between conception and execution; liberating the creative potentials of all workers which

the schools as well as the work organization stifle. The ground must be both and at the same time the factory where the work force is opptessed, intellectually mutilated and psychically destroyed, and the school where the “human material” is shaped so as to fit into the hierarchical factory system. The crisis of the reproduction of capitalist social relations and of the capitalist division of labour-i .e . , the crisis of the school -must reach down to a direct attack against the hierarchical division of labour in the factory; conversely, the attack must reach up to an attack against- the educational system, whichis the matrix of this division of laboflr. Education and production, learning and working were separated from the means of production and from culture and society overall. Therefore the reunification of education and production, of work and culture, is the only correct approach in a communist perspective.

Dntinued

from

pg. 33

e system and instead let’s do and learn ings that are enjoyable and hold some ininsic interest. In one word, the motivations that could cite youngsters to put up with the school Id with the jobs it-prep&es them for are )ing bankrupt; the pies&t crisis of and re)lt against the educational system and work *ganization is the consequence of this ban-uptcy . Only the last of these two attitudes holds al radical potentialities. It goes beyond the herent ambiguity of the first attitude, hich is a rebellion against both the alienaJn of work and the proletarianization of the chnical workers. When Serge Mallet and hers wrote about the “new working class” n years ago, they missed this ambiguity Id still drew a line (legitimately, at that ne) between the “old” working class, carg mainly about wages, and the “new” one,

caring mainly about “qualitative goals”. As technical or post-secondary education and the technicalization of work become the rule, the distinctiob between the “old” and “new” working class is becoming obsolete, at least with younger workers. To them, technical work no longer holds much, if any, privilege over traditional production work. They know or sense that the technical worker, whatever his or her skill, is the underdog and the proletarian of “technological society”. They have learned in schools, in their early teens, that the system channels towards technical disciplines, studies, and professions, those whom it condescendingly copsiders “unfit for anything better”. They rightly feel their teachers or professors to be the prefiguration-or the valets-of the bosses and cops who will exploit them and beat them down in the nea! titure; and their revolt against the stupidity of regimentation at school goes hand in hand with the revolt

friday,

the chevron

Human

sexuality

forum

“The con goes on” The following article by UW honours psychology graduate Robert Hal/man revolves around a pane/ discussion held as part of mental health week,-Oct. 2740~. 1. The discussion was held at the K-W Hospital, with pane/lists drawn from the hospita/, university, pastoral counselling service and community.

First they decided to come down off the stage. With mutterings of “more intimacy” and “getting closer to each other”, they hauled the chairs, the microphones and podium down to floor level. The moderator, for a recent panel discussion on Human Sexuality, coughed and agreed that “I guess that’s all that’s coming” and launched into his introductions. There was a psychology professor, a professional counsellor, a social worker and a clinical psychologist . They looked meaningfully at the dozen or so scattered people sitting in the big auditorium. Then they looked meaningfully at each other and began to hassle about whether they should use the microphones or not and wouldn’t it be nice if the small

gathering wouldn’t

moved in a little closer, then they have to use the bloody things.

The smartly

dutifully

moved

dressed

regular

forward

lecture

goers

along with a con-

cerned group of the uptight middle &.ss. They shuffled about playing an embarrassing game of musical chairs, got closer to the panelists while still managing to keep a fair

distance

from

each other.

This was, after all, to be a talk about sex

and by God they were not going to get themselves into any compromising position. Some weary soulswho had wandered in hoping for relevant insights quietly followed into the herd. A small foxhole of the alternate world dug in. Mental Health Week 1975 was shaping up to be a hard slog. Would the usual mountain of tired psychological thought be heaped up? Would the panellists demonstrate their customary incompetency in dealing with real issues? Was the confrontation from the foxhole inevitable? or might we be led to a new discernment of universalsexuality? Shufflings and buzzings ended abruptly. The con began.

Human Sexuality The psychology professor dropped a few generalities about human sexuality. He was an earnest man, imprisoned in his academia, and he told us how attitudes towards sexuality are deeply ingrained in the self. He tied genital sex to sexuality taking the

audience

along on an easy belief that sexual-

ity is indeed inherent. Psychometric testing shows that males score higher on such qual-

ities as aggressiveness, achievement, competitiveness than females who conversely score higher in the realms of docility, emotionality and creativity. It’s in the book, this simple masculinity/femininity scale. The foxhole erupted. It proves nothing about sexuality, they said, except that the high scorers in each category have learned their lessons well. Their socialization by. parents, educators, religionists and established institutions cybernetically proves exactly what parents, educators etc. want to know about their world. The social dog chases its own tail. Those socially inept persons who don’t score are conveniently swept into the experimental&s’ closet of error variance.

Mechanistic

man

The lady counsellor spoke next giving us a few thoughts as to how society deals with those poor variant buggers littering the social scene. She talked a lot about sexual dysfunction. Her knowledge of the plumbing was immense. Words about orgasms or their lack, frigidity, impotence, marital problems leading to adultery and divorce poured from her mouth. Only she and her confederates had the answers to these problems. The method of cure for the world’s sexual ills resided in the craft of big ‘c’ counselling. The notion that sexual or any other social dysfunction can be cured by social reconditioning is -a multi-headed dragon that is not easily slain. Textbook theory in psychology continues

to insist on looking at a human being as a machine. If one part, such as the sexual, is not functioning, it is assumed that mere adjustment of the offending part to conform with the normal running of all other similar machines will cure the sickness.

You have to believe there is a sickness in the first place to believe in the cure. To preserve its oracular nature, mechanistic psychology will not admit of uncertainty and a holistic life. In the mechanical theory, the sum of the parts simply adds up to an accepted total of what comprises the smooth operating human machine. The result of the addition is a robot. It finds itself in a one dimensional environment of such meaninglessness that it cannot produce one single unique response to inform itself of who or what it is. The supervisors of society find it easy to

keep the social computer running. If one of breaks down simply consult the repair manual, remove the dead circuitry from the robot, plug in a reconditioned unit and out pops the proper social response. Garbage in-garbage out. Koestler in his Ethics of Change particularly deplores these met hanis tic practices that “reduce the adventure of mankind to a garbage heap of dusty theorems.” Smell the decay.

reement amongst the more liberal minded robots that they will not talk about nor deal with this permissiveness unless it dumps itself on their doorstep. _ Horror stories like “My Son is a Homosexual” and “How to Rescue Your Lesbian Daughter” frighten hell out of people. Waves of shock disturb the atmosphere over co-ed dormitories, communes, group marriages and all the other expressions of -_ \ cultural freedom. The revolution is a-okay until it touches the socially repressed nerve ends of sex and sexuality. Sexuality is a fundamental but still only a part of three dimensional consciousness.

Problem of Professionalism As these thoughts bubbled up against the hail of words from the panel, there was a sudden silence. The clinical psychologist, sucking meaningfully on his pipe, acted out an elegant mime depicting his profound agreement with all that the panel had said about human sexuality. He gathered the silence around him, then slowly took the pipe out of his gob. The mind was about to take a severe hammering. He beg& with a parade of case histories.

the parts

Society of robots

med into a master computer, alienated from themselves, from other individuals and from their natural environment.

Getting in touch with yourself, in this sense, requires a professional mind engineer to fii the plumbing and wiring. In our hor-

so complicated as the human mind had better be left to a specialist. This massive abdication of personal responsibility allows the accepted cultural machinery to grind on, trampling upon all life with a blind, unthinking indifference to the

trail of destruction it leaves in its path. It eats human beings, animals, natural re-’ sources, spiritual values, anything that will satisfy

its appetite

for preserving

the social

metabolism. It pisses all over the planet laying waste the womb of our being. The war of the worlds, like all wars, turns out to be an intraspecies fight for survival between this Cyclops mentality and the cosmic consciousness of the holistic world.

Straddling these two- worlds, the Social Worker, God bless her, tottered on a thin wire and got all tangled up in the sexual revolution. She tried hard to show how far out she was but the foxes were on her.

Social image-makers Current liberation movements might appear to be based in an orientation to sex if we insist upon uniting sex and sexuality. But the individuals in these movements are more concerned with personal freedom from the constraints of stereotyping than in trying to standardize the bedrooms of the world. These are movements towards human liberation hence we see overlapping of ideas and persons in the Women’s and Gay movements for example. A woman can be both a woman and a lesbian while a male homosexual can rightly relate to his own sexuality and to the prejudices of society as they affect women. The black American and Amerindian minorities in their cause might easily appear in either or both of the above liberationist movements while still retaining their individual integrity as a whole person. To speak of a sexual revolution is to severely limit the concept of what is really happening. Our Social Worker is not up on her William Reich. The by-products of what might be called a cultural revolution are found in all areas of human effort. Current sexual permissiveness is only one of the visible expressions of human liberation. Social image-makers, because they have no choice, have agreed to permit an expanded consciousness in sexuality so long as it doesn’t tread too heavily over middle class sensibility. There seems to be collective ag-

5, 15

in de

Concept of freedom The panellists’ hollow concept of freed is of the “freedom to” variety. Without knowledge of Erich Fromme’s more encc passing notion of “freedom from” fount Escape from Freedom, the professionals 1 established themselves with the body of ( dimensional consciousness. In rare skirmishes along the edges of rt vance, they showed an awareness of reasons for guilt in sexuality. They agrt that early parental education suppres: natural interest in sex. Guilt is slowly bl up and given credence by later attitudes fr authority figures outside the home. A good education in sexual matters necessary, they said. Obviously. But for a good many peo who learn their fears and develop their h, gups early because of a complete lack ‘proper knowledge of self, it is not too late suggest alternatives. Why keep tinkering with the marriz machine? If the institution works for son that’s good. For others, it’s all bad. It diabolical to just treat so-called symptom: the hope of making marriage better. People who are trying to move forward! the clinic put it, are not looking for a mer go-round ride on the marriage, adultery, vorce, remarriage route. Moving does I necessarily mean moving forward. The good doctor admitted that adult6 brings people to the realization that son thing is wrong but is not in itself the m; issue. What is the main issue then? The in vidual? the marriage? early training?

Confrontation

The tools of the trade, the theories, pronouncements and psychological laws have proven themselves useless for human life on this planet. Yet the social supervisors continue to build a society of robots, program-

rendous technological age, when most people can just manage to plug in the toaster without fi-eaking out, it follows they are willing, even relieved, to believe that anything

december

competency of many professionals ing with the human psyche.

They ranged through all the ills of man the sexual animal. Tales of frustration and personal failure piled up on the dissecting table for clinical examination. Good news. A simple ‘cure exists for your sexual diseases. For thirty bucks an hour the plumber will get your marriage together, or your divorce or your celibacy or even your adultery. The counsellor lady agreed that adultery is not always the symptom of a bad relationship. “I agree,” said the Clinic. “By seeking extra-marital relationships a person may be attempting to solve a problem in their marriage relationship.” Brains began to crack. He rushed in with theclincher. “Maybe,” he said, settling back with his pipe, “maybe they are trying to move forward in some way expressing their emotional and physical needs. ” The lady counsellor, always ready with a sour note said: “But if a person has to ask if he or she should get involved‘ sexually with another partner, then perhaps they shouldn’t. It could be a symptom of a problem in their marital relationship and if this problem is solved, then they wouldn’t need an extra-marital relationship.” Brains halves fell away from each other. This exchange between giants is a symptom of an unsolvable problem in professionalism. Apart from the fact that adultery has no relevance whatsoever to a huge minority outside the social machine, the thinking is muddled and full of meaningless jargon. To free-thinking women and men, hetero-, homo-, or bisexual, the framework of traditional marriage has become a pretty ramshackle structure. Adultery is really not one of the great issues of our day in view of communal experiments in group and non-pairing relationships, in the light of a general mobility in all dual relationships between people, and when singles feel more free to weave relationships through their lives according to meaning and time and space. To be hung up on the consequential trivia of the traditional marriage scene is to admit of agreat lack of empathy for its alternatives. When so many people are ripe to explore new possibilities, a new consciousness, when there is a willingness to grope towards a satisfying self in a meaningful environment, this lack of knowledge is treasonable. In a practical sense it illustrates the in-

Again the panel were confronted. Why this vacuous discussion on marriage E adultery? Suppose we simply accept ti man is amoral. The human mind when lefi seek its own level will naturally cleanse its to perform the process of living in t clearest way. It seeks a path of least res tance. Loaded words like ‘adultery’ come frc institutional concepts of morality and p duce piles of guilt. They block the clear w to self discovery. We are all vestigial hermaphrodites. long as stone walls of morality stand b ween us and the fact of our moral innocer we will never have knowledge of that fat The guardians of social mores have spc centuries erecting these walls around kno ledge in the irrational belief that the things nature are a menace to mankind. Hence 1 professor could admit to the existence alternate life styles and even go so far as say that “you have to discover the life st: that is best for you and that suits your 01 personality”, then hurriedly qualify his nocence by adding that people who seek ternates are being influenced by our mode day ‘swinging sex’ syndrome. Nature+ natural enemy? As if to point his agreement with the PI fessor, a budding journalist in the rear w had been recording the proceedings jamm his finger on the off button. Metaphysics 1 just been put on hold. Mr. Average, 1 hordes of his predecessors, made it plain tl he was not ready to listen to a lot of gibber from outside the civilised world. Co munes? Group marriage? No marriage at 2 Homosexuality? Single? Mysticism? Nel by God. See how long it has taken for us climb down out of the tree. The echo of the stop button rings do3 through the ages. William Reich pointed ( in The Sexual Revolution, that mankind w, is now, and forever will be divided into t distinct camps: two worlds on one planet a each mutally exclusive and totally alien one another. Each one speaks gibberish the other, cutting across nation, race, ide ogy and religion. Instead of co municationronfrontation. Both sides are brutalized. The panellis representing professionalism, learn te. book techniques for helping people to ad; to the existing system. It is beyond th experience to help people examine the rot of the system and explore alternatives. The alternate world,represented by all t non-conforming varieties of people in counter culture, tries to live an open-em consciousness, constantly striving to cc municate but always tackling confrontatic It is beyond their imagining that one inI vidual should pay another for simple hum understanding. Knowledge is universal th say. It is not the exclusive treasure of a p’ fessional elite. No one group can have t; competency. We are all hermaphrodite Not just us. But the con goes on.. . .

iday, december

the chevron

5, 19%

:ocrial. iemom3cy In a lecture to management science stusnts on Nov. 26, allegedly on the subject of laranteed annual income, Max Saltsman, DP-MP (Waterloo North) delivered a scaling attack on workers and native peoples 1 Canada; promoted backward ideas on lucation and opposed immigration from .. tdla.

Sal&man unwittingly took advantage of le audience to expose the bankruptcy of 1cia.l democracy. Since there was no coherIt organisation or development to his talk, e want to list here the main points he made: Is it the aim of human life to engage in .oductive labour? According to Saltsman, 1. “Man never liked to work when necesties were available without working.” Unss people have “interesting work”, we ould prefer not to do any work. The laranteed annual income is based on the .emise that if faced with a choice, people ould choose work provided that the GA1 ‘forded a comparable income. “We can’t ake this assumption-why should people ork’ ’ , if they can earn a comparable in>me without doing any work, Saltsman kid. Of course, though our socialist titsman seems to have forgotten, it is a tsic socialist truth that the aim of human fe is to engage in productive labour. tltsman does not talk about the alienation at workers suffer from the product of their bour under the capitalist m&de of producIn but rather says that it is the nature of ork itself which is alienating quite inde:ndent of any social system. Further he nores the fact rthat the vast majority of

anadians choose to work in rotten condiIns for rotten wages rather than accept Imparable welfare payments. If there were fen a grain of truth in Saltsman’s malysis”, welfare rolls would be flooded ith freeloaders which even the most liberal timates expose as false. Who supports the GAP? The extreme *ght and left. With what is by now characristic simplicity, Saltsman came up with a bncocted ritionale for his concocted idea at the extreme left and right support GAL they want to free human jr the “left”-“ ings from the great historic weal of work”.

rr the right, it is a question of f?eeing sociy from bureaucracy. ’ Is ours a just society? Saltsman comred our society-with any that; has existed in e past and concluded that “for the fust ne in human history no one goes without od, shelter, clothing and security for old e” etc. When challenged Tom the audice on this point, especially with reference the conditions of life native people suffer,

smaller and smaller if “the middle group” between youth and retirement doesn’t want to work as hard, doesn’t want to be very This will yield serious social productive. problems. For Saltsman, the question of employment, retirement, length and degree of productivity and the presence of social problems are ail matters of individual conscience-how hard one wants to work, (if someone wants to work at all) how long one is prepared to work, etc. In other words, he blames the people rather than the,social system for all social problems-and all this in the name of socialism. 6. On what is wealth based? Wealth is no; based on labour, rather on other factors, predominantly technology. But we have “reached our limit of automation and mass production’ ’ (he should try telling this to postal workers !) and ‘ ‘unless there is some great technological breakthrough” the era of change is over. As technology has improved, trade unions have negotiated higher wages to cash in on the wealth produced by technology but now with production declining, workers can’t demand higher wages without inflating prices, Saitsman said. Translation: Technology is the source of all wealth, not labour and the land as Marx points out. Productivity is declining because people don’t want to work as hard but at the same time workers cause inflation by daring to demand higher wages. 7. Who gets to university? “Anyone who shows any talent, ability or discipline gets shunted into university”. For Sal&man, who calls himself a socialist, it is not a question of social class determining opportunities , rather it is question of demonstrated “talent, ability or discipline”. 8. Why was post secondary education expanded

in the past? As a consequence

Denison report which, Saltsman says, equated more education with more productivity, thereby giving use to more income for all. 4s a consequence of the Denison Report, government developed the view that everyone’s education should be upgraded, hence expanded facilities. So Saltsman raised the question of whether it is true that more Phd’s equals more productivity. “No, garbage men wouldn’t pick up garbage if they had a Phd”. He did not dare go further with this bit of idiocy. In the question period which followed his talk, no one said anything in support of his comments. Several people challenged him on his claim that people don’t want to work and that Canada is a paragon of industrial and social justice. To opposition, Sal&man offered ridicule or laughter and demonstrated no capacity to defend his views with convincing argument. Every nauseating word that spewed from his mouth was the anti-thesis of scientific socialism and clearly exposed the bankruptcy of social democracy. MarJene Webber and Marsha forest

Jtsman answered that “It might be their ative people’s) own fault that they die so lung. Native people on a per capita basis e more heavily subsidised than any other ction of the population”. On further prod?g from a member of the class ) Saltsman

needed that there might be some enforced onomic factors which produce premature -ath amongst workers from unhealthy Irking conditions but he reiterated that our ciety is very benevdlent and never allows y of this suffering amongst native people,

: eldbrly , etc. to occur in an obvious way. What is the balance of benefit in the .id”-manpower exchange between nada and India? If Canada’s %d”’ to lia is calculated against the return in ined immigrant manpower from India, iia loses, “It is a suicidal policy for our Intry to pursue” immigration from India, .tsman concluded, on the old familiar tune

the brain drain. Are people working

as long as they used ) “People don’t want to work as long.” lions negotiate for shorter working weeks. ‘eople can hardly wait to retire’“, get at “gardening, books and grand&I:n.” People are more selective about the ak they do. The work force will become

of the

the- tour is being borne for the most part by grad student groups at those institutions visited. On this campus, the Board of Dikectors of the Graduate Club voted in favour of giving Stanley $75. towards the cost of the toyr. Donald Brown - Graduate Club

President

We are sorry if this story is subject to misinterpretation. We agree with your own view that “the undecided” left the meeting undecided and felt that was how the paragraph would be interpreted. However according to notes of the meeting fWr. Stantey was quoted correctly. On the straw vote only one was taken and only one was mentioned in the article. 6FS chairperson John Shortall told the chevron the meeting was sponsored by the OFS. We are sorry for that mistake and for any ambiguity in the article. -lettitor

chevron btied

’

Doug Ward’s report of Walter Rodney’s speech on African liberation movements (chevron, Nov. 28) is a striking example of antidemocratic rate account

journalism and an inaccuof the meeting.

The report of Dr. Rodney’s essentially correct. But there is no mention

speech itself is made of the two

other major speakers

at the session. Perhaps it is no coincidence that such an omission occurred. Both speakers presented views in opposition to Dr. Rodney, and both were students at UW. They were mere students, of course, and Mr. Ward apparently did not hold much store in what they contributed. Nor was he impressed with the fact that they are Afi.ican students (which Dr. Rodney is not) and, presumably, familiar with conditions on their own continent.

The sponsors

of the meeting had sufficient

faith in them to inyite

them to reply

to Dr.

Rodney’s address. But Mr. Ward did not see fit to record their words. However, Mr. Ward’s article was biased for reasons other than his elitism. It should be noted that the speakers contradicted Dr. Rodney’s essential message about liberation

movements in Africa. Dr. Rodney asserted, under the cover of supporting one Angolan liberation movement’s fight with two others, that it is perfectly acceptable for one of the two world superpowers to impose themselves ori the Africans’ struggle and set up virtual client states there.

Both Rodney

of the students

speaking

after

Dr.

insisted on the independence of the liberation movements, Fd one condemned

the efforts of the two contending powers in the world-the U.S. and the USSR--to set

mdwided misquote

up spheres of influence in Africa. The objective result of a biased report

In your recent story “Teaching assistants told to unionize,” you incorrectly quote Andy Stanley as saying, “I haven’t seen so many undecided go against /me. ” In all fairness to Mr. Stanley I must point out that this misquote leaves the reader with the groundless impression that something happened which indicated that ‘the undecided’ were persuaded to endorse the antiunionization position. No such thing occurred. The undecided, as far as I could see, left the meeting undecided. There was only one straw vote. What Stanley actually claimed w=, “I haven’t seen many undecided go against me.” Another point: the Ontario Federation of Students did organize Stanley’s Ontario tour, but they did not sponsor it. The cost of

Where one superpower feels it can win out over its rival, it will press its case to the very end. These are the conditions that lead to war on a world scale. Larry Hannant

like Mr. Ward’s is to approve the designs of the USSR in Africa, to strengthen its contention witti the U.S. in Africa and in the world arena, and, ultimately, to increase the prosp&t of world war.

Dear Larry: Quickly: two points. One, aside from personal time cdmitments the words of the two African students did not find their way into the articles because-as you say-l, indeed, “did not hold much store in what they contributed.” What they said essentially was that “foreign” ideologies have no place in Africa and that Africans can devise somehow “indigenous” means to liberate themselves. Couched in black nationalism this is the message they communicated. They didn’t-as again you implied-deal

with the pros and cons of specific iiberatiora movements in Ang61a nor did they mention the global struggle between the two superpowers: the U.S. and U.S.S.R. They said Africans should opt for a social order neither socialist or capitalist but somehow take the best from both. Do you believe it is possible to construct a social order in Africa which is neither socialist or capitalist. Such a view would ignore the tenets of scientific socialism, particularly the Marxist concept of a “mode of production”. Clearly the argument put forward by these two gentlemen is the philosophy of the African petit bourgeois who like Malcolm X’s “house nigger” is content to eat left-overs. Secondly, your letter is interesting not for what it says but for what it doesn’t say. You take Rodney to task on not one single statement which. he made. Your aim is clearly to mystify the Angolan situation without any recourse to the history of the resistance of the Angolan peopleand to the social praxis and ideology which differentiate the three political movements. That these three groups have different interests and that FNLA and UNITA are following an opportunistic line by accepting Western aid in the hopes of setting up a neo-colonial “client” state you mechanically submerge, under the contradiction between the superpowers. -doug .ward c

and mblatied Dionyx McMichaei is to be congratulated on the verbatum account of Dr. Herbert Sousa’s presentation on the “Plight of Brazilian Indians”. Without a doubt the policies of the Brazilian government are deplorable and warrant the condemnation of all right-thinking Canadians. What is unfortunate, however, is that your reporter missed at least half the presentation (ignored might be more accurate) atid the key point of the whole evening. To provide contrast, or balance, to Tuesday evening’s event two Canadians, Roger Rolfe, OXFAM-Ontario, and Willie Joe, V.P. of the Yukon Native Brotherhood, discussed the problems of Canadian Indians. Certainly their presentation was less dramatic than Dr. Sousa’s, since no one in Canada has started to dynamite villages or machine-gun natives. On the other hand, their combined efforts were more than adequate to point out that the Canadian native is being exploited by a federal government that espouses a “just society” for all Canadians. Exploitation, I might add, that in many attendees’ minds, closely rivalled that of the B raziiian government. One can only wonder, after sitting through the slide shows and the discussions, how a reporter can be so one-sided in the presentation of the story. My own experience in northern research, and my experience in reading the chevron, do provide me with several interesting speculations that are worth exploring. For example: I have found that Canadians are very reluctant to recognize their own brand of colonialism which has imprisoned its native peoples on alien pieces of land, denied them representation, and has stripped them of their culture. Perhaps, the ‘ ‘liberal” left of the chevron staff is also susceptible to this common Canadian frailty. (And you seem to be socially aware in most issues, too.) As an alternative to the above, I .must suggest that perhaps your oversight was the fauii of the Yukon Indians. You see the Indians’ representative refused to buy the militant view of some of his questioners (CPC-ML members, I might add). ‘Instead, he defended the passive, negotiationoriented approach to land claims that his people have chosen to pursue. The approach is appropriate for the culture of the Yukon Indians, which have historically been pasmore

feedback

on page 38

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. ,

the hewon

friday,. december

5, I!

I someone in the back hollered that Narve! from page 37 c nbw has about 530. St. Mary’s in Kitchener was an “asshole” I left in disgust. sive. Perhaps tlie reporter, the rest of the laid off’5 boiler-room operators last summer: This sort of behaviour seemed to me ic chevron staff, and the CPC-ML questioners The government spread propaganda remarkably inconsistent with a viewpc were’ignorant of this ctiltural feature of the there, too, that the people are creating a that advocated- relief from oppression, Yukon Inidans. ‘(Historically, most North crisis in health care. “People are just using these people claimed-to do. IX’ Wahlste Am&can Indians have chosen to react in a the system more than they used to, and suggestion that ohe should punch those w passive manner to white sqciety’s col; more, perhaps, than they really rieed to”, I would like to-make a few comments on whom one disagrees seemed also to be onial&m u@l physi&ly forced to fight for ranted Darcy McjKeough. the “chevron debate,” having just returned tolerant. I would -hope that people co their lives .) Of course, this passivity is out of . The present situation in university fmancfrom-it. learn to live with each other a little be1 character for chevron articles, and perhaps ing has alieady reached an impasse‘ Ian-During the scheduled two hours of debate than that. iri a fit of editorial cepsorship the Yukon president of York University, ‘\ and quest{ons; both sides were presented Dr. Narveson was called an-idealist z Indians’ portion of the story was deleted for - Macdonald, says that “of all the sectorsof our economy, with very l#.le harassme&. from the audibniof the members of the audience clain poiitical reasons. universities liave taken a merciless hammeyence. Nob, there were weak points 6 both he hated ideaiists. Well, I might ‘not be 1 In either case ,the shoddy journalism of the ineor the past four years.? speakers’ arguments, as is only reasonable ( keen oKthose who are sexist (yes, I’m chevron x$/or reporter -Michael is deJohn Evans, president of the University of when tryink to sup-prt all three statements one who wrote the letters-complaining abl plorable and inexcusable. Perhaps the Toronto, produced figures indicating Onthat were given. The questions of intelligsexism) but I don’t think the apprsgriate v biased reporting suggested by several of tario has-dropped from 6th (in 1973) to 9th (in ence and suppression of research can be ar- of dealing with them is to engage-in a sha your detractors is a fact. If not, this article 1975) among the-provinces in funding per gued on two quite different planes. ins match, or attempt to punch them 4 has done little to bolste+your image. full-time-equivalent student. His French deWithout assessing the arguments given by (probably impossible, in any case!). Wh; Harry Harker \ partment is teaching eight per cent more stueither side, I would like to say that I was can do is try to educate them and others az dents with 14 per cent less staff. His History The chevron reporter neither missed nor igshocked at the way the members of the audiwhy this philosophy is unsound. I c nored that portion of the presentation to which department teaches 25 per cent more: stuence behaved in the “question period” after boycott their products. I can set you refer. Neither did the “liberal left” nor the dents with 12 per cent less staff. The Botany the debate. Members of the audience ig- counter-organizations. However, I don’t ! %PC-ML” censor it. In fact, thetwo parts of the department turned away 30 per cent of those nored the,chair and shouted their opinions that I have the right to impose my philosol: presentation were covered in separate articles wishing to register, since they had no money out, often simultaneously. The abuse was on the world, any more than those I disag of which, due to space constraints, only one for needed repairs. directed at Dr. Narveson. After shouting ac- with should. was run. The decision to run the articledealing In support of its at&k on post-secondary cusations, few even listened to his -reIf/tie can’t learn to* love ‘one anoth .with Sousa’s talk was largely due to the f&t institutions, the Henderson report spreads sponses, -as was clear from the further that the plight of the Canadian native peoples couldn’t we at least leati to live with e; \ propaganda to Create divisions between peo-_was disc&M in an earlier article by the same shouts. other? ple. It promotes, a split between students and reporter (chevron, nov. 14, p.5); Since you are When it degenerated to the point where Judi IWMull faculty by demanding either a 65 per cent apparently interested in the struggles of &rive peoples and consider yourself vemed in the increase in tuition’or a 25 per cent decrease politics of the chevron we assume you read the in full-time teaching staff (a rcducti”on of article and, since yoqxlid not respond, agreed 3950 instructors). It tries t&split the working with it. Which leaves us to w?der why you people from the universities by saying “for suddenly “deplore”our “shoddyjournalism”? ‘mal educational achievements” are only lettitor which should not be “paper credentials” used by employers, tid that the benefits of post-secondary education,. which accrue only to “certain individuals”, “may be essentially personal rather then shared I by . socMember: Canadian university press (CUP). The chevron is typeset by-member: - -Maxwell Henderson’s “Special Program iety as a whole”. the workers union of dumont press graph& (CNTU) and published by the federal Review”,’ callirig for cutbacl& in education, Last Saturday I sP;oke with mathematiof students incorporated, university of waterldo. Content is the sole responsibilit] health and social welfare services, is sigcians from several universities about these the chevron editorial staff. Off ices are located in the campus centre; (519) 885-l 61 nificant b two respects. cutbacks. The chairman from Laurentian or university local 2331. Riding on the back of existing red&ions told how they were crea$ng splits between and spending freezes, it calls for massive French-speaking and English-speaking ad. Last chevron this ttiti, so enjoy it. it’ll have tq last you until january‘Q the great chevron deb cutbacks, &backs which will produce ministrative staff, between departments, major dislocations in this and in all other and between _junior and senior faculty in came off with- more of a whimpeir than a bati as the debators failed 6meet heada on many of issues: wahlsten citing various authorities to support his contention that no scientific basis post-secondary institutions. those departments. He stressed the urgenf hereditary dmnces in intelligence has been demonstraqed and doing on to claim that o -Secondly, it launches an all-out propneed to stand together, to fight cutbacks. difference can never be demonstrated to be solely genetic since environmental factors can rw~ aganda campaign to place the blame for the An industrial analogy and an industrial re- be made equal; narveson contending that whether or not genetkally-c#termined differencea sponse are appropriate. The government orpresent crisis on .the users of educational intelligence have yet been demonstrate& it is possible that they may pt be so long as not ders layoffs -and a speedup (increased services. _. differences can be shown to result from environmental f+ors. the audiice appeared to student-teacher ratios).- We will resist by divided.between,those who understood naweson’s argument and either accept& or rejecti The seriousness of these proposals is un&i @s merits and those who p&erred to reject it out of hand either because they did n& cars forming unions tid negotiating our -dederlined by the Ontario government’s recent listen to it or because they regarded it as “mere philosophizing” and therefore ptegumal mands. T& time to fight is now. cutbacks in another iarea of public services, unconnected with “resrlity”. chevrics of the week: stephen peet, dionyx mcmichael, Chris jon~ Students, faculty and administration must namely the hospitals. shane roberts, georg@ eisler, david anjo, denis andre, george lomaga, Steve mcmullan, ha unite, to keep this university strong, to keep Toronto General Hospital has been strothard, libby wanen, bob inkol, mkhael gordon, sylvia hauck, diane ritza, henry hess, II the system of public education aliue. forced to eliminate 100 beds, 69 jobs, and has docherty and john morris. merry exams and a happy new term. hh is laid off 33 workers. Toronto Western HospiHenry, Crap0 tal which had 753 service workers in 1972 co&ued

abusive audience

. .

massive. cutbacks

~ - India Cave Restaurant

Summer Term ’ i i WI0 meals

Meals included ’ $405.00 ’ Double Single. $490.00 $525.00-Large Single

20 Young St., Kitchener S&lay Special Chicken Cuti with Rice II $2.25 HOURS

.$175.00 $250.00 $280.00 >

TUES-SAT 5-10 p.m. SUN 4:30-9:00 p.1m. CLOSED C-A -1-eMON.

Summer School &lnte&ession $18&00 $215.00 ~$235.00 . *Fees subject Directors

Double. $ 70.00 . Single $lOO.ooLarge Single,c $115.00* to change I

without

prior

,notice /

by Boar&of .

Worship

With

REF‘ORMED PRESBmERlAN -CHURCH *

Meeting at Central Park’ Centre Old Library % Duke & Argyle Sts. Preston IO:30 AM Pastor D. Vance

day, december

5, 1975

tt-ie chevroq

Chistmas ; no& and #ierg / ‘\

je following brief look’at the origins and ?ve/opment of Christmastime customs is by levron staffer, Henry Hess.

connected with the fairies, and served as the : guardians and representatives of the dead. It was the custom to lay out food and drink-for them on this night that they might have sustenance on their journey. The food also served to propitiate the ancestral spirits immanent in the fire that burned on the hearth. The spirits returned to their old homes on the eve of the new year

_middle of the third century set the date, “by on March .28, the anprivate revelation,” niversary of the creation of the sun which he believed to typify the Sun of Righteous ss. Polycarp; through very similar reaso 7 ing, had fixed the date of birth on a Sunday when the process of creation began, and the date of‘ baptism on a Wednesday, analogous to the creation of the sun. Such grounds led certain Latins around the middle of the fourth century to transfer the birthday from Janbary 6 to December 25, which was then the Mithraic feast of natalis invicti solis, the birthday of the unconquered sun. Syrians and Armenians who clung to January 6 accused the Romans of sun worship and idolatry. In a sermon which he preached at Antioch near the end of the fourth century, Chrysostom declared that the feast of December 25 was known in, the west “from, Thrace as far as Cadiz” from the beginning. It certainly originated in the west, abut it quickly spread eastward. Honorius, emperor in the west at the beginning of the fiithcenturywrote to his brother in Byzantium telling him of the new feast in Rome and how it was kept separately from the /feast of January 6, and it was quickly adopted by the Byzantines. It was communicated by Proclus, patriarch of Con-

The decoration of homes and churches was similarly foreign in origin. Romans had long been accustomed to ornament their homes and temples with boughs and flowers for the Saturnalia. The druids gathered mistletoe with great ceremony and hung it in their homes. The Saxons used holly, ivy and bay.’ The custom of decorating a Christmas tree is traced‘back to Boniface, the English missionary to Germany in the eighth century, who used an ornamented fir tree in honour of the Christ child to replace the Germanic custom of sacrificing to Odin under his sacred, oak. There are persistent accounts that it’ was Martin Luther himself who introduced the customs of lighting a tree with candles. *Not’ long after its inception, music became a marked feature of the Christmas season. The first chants, litanies and hymns were in Latin and too theological for popular use, but under the influence of Francis of Assisi in the thirteenth century the use of carols written in the vernacular became popular. These carols still treated religious topics, but in a sense which was familiar and festive, more in keeping with the developing nature of the festival. From Italy, the carols passed to Franc!e, Germany and England, changing slightly in character but always retaining their simplicity, fervour and mirthfulness. Another custom introduced by Francis of Assisi in his effort to bring Christmas to the people was the use of the creche, a realistic tableau in miniature of the events of the nativity. This has become the heart of the celebration in Roman Catholic churches and is widely used by many others. ’ Even while the emphasis remained on the religious phase of Christmas, merrymaking came to have a share in its observance, and in some cases to /predominate. Mediaeval secular celebrations were never over in a day or two but commonly lasted from St. Thomas’ day (December 21) to Candlemas (February 2). Christmas became the great festival of the year in England and was observed from Christmas eve to-Twelfth day.Feudal lords held forth in their holly decked halls, extending hospitality to friends, tenants and household.. Wassailing, feasting,’ singing, dancing and masquerading while mummers presented pantomimes and masques all became part of the festivities. A lord of, misrule and his jester direct&the revels and-kept them uproarious. The outstanding *event was the Christmas feast itself, brought in state into the hall led by acompany of minstrels and the chief cook‘ carrying a boar’s head. The wild licentiousness of these celebrations came into disfavour under the Puritans, as they bore no semblance of the original meaning or vision of Christmas, and they were forbidden by order of parliament after -the Puritans came into -power. What then developed was once again a blend of the religious and the secular, a church ceremonial and a home festival, which-largely remains the distinguishing feature of Christmas .

In almost all peoples, whether savage or vilized, there seems to have been the ininct to set aside certain days for ceremonial Jservances accompanied by outward reicing. Man needs to lift himself above the >mmonplace and to escape from the leaden eight of monotony which oppresses him . rd so he concentrates on these special nes. This is the great -justification of all stivals: that they wake people up and reinlrce their religious sense and joy in life. It is difficult to be religious and impossible 1 be merry at every moment in life. The ast times provide the sunlit peaks which stify to the eternal radiance of life. This is leir pm/pose and value, they cheer and iden perspectives, and so they originated rd have been maintained. The first festival makers were probably’ ore concerned with material goods than . ith spiritual ideals. From time immemorial e sequence of the seasons has arrested the tention of mankind and aroused in him an tense emotional reaction. Nor is the reason r to seek. Everywhere and at all times the means of tbsistence have been the primary concern. rom -this fundamental requirement have brung recurrent seasonal festivals which,, r repetition, have assumed a variety of rms and acquired various meanings and r and offerings such as these ensured their stantinople, to Sahak of Armenia about the terpretations. Since food has always been benevolence. year 440 and Armenians now accepted the i essential need, it is in this context that the new feast and celebrated it for a number of imary functions of such observances have Tke Kalends . ) years before dropping it once again early in :en exercised. I / the eighth century. The festival of the Kalends was celebrated As man’s consciousness developed and As early as 400 an imperial rescript in ‘nearly everywhere, to the farthest limits of ;istential pressures became gradually less Rome included Christmas with Easter and vere, the subjective aspect of these feast . the Roman Empire. In every, case it was Epiphany as the three feasts upon which all accompanied by carousals’ and banquets. theatres must be closed, and when the The luxurious abundance was found not fathers of the church met in 440 to decideonly in the houses of the rich.but also those upon a date to celebrate the event, they of little wealth. The best food available was wisely chose the winter solstice, already ,procured and prepared for the table. firmly fixed in the minds of the people ‘as Everyone was subject to the impulse to spend. Those who had spent the whole year their most important festival. G if&g king The transition between paganism and piling up money ‘were suddenly made exChristianity was a gradualone, but became travagant. He who was accustomed to live One of the great traditions of Christmas apparent after the fall of Rome in 476. During poorly throughout the rest of the year on this eve, the giving of gifts, is reported to have the dark ages which were to follow, the been begun in the third century occasion enjoyed himself as much as his by St. church was- the one institution with the Nicholas. means would allow. He was an early bishcp who strength and wisdom to withstand the chaos. People were not only generous toward gained distinction in the councils of the During this time the church made great progthemselves but also toward their fellowchurch for his unexpected gifts, usually preress in extending the new faith. men. A stream of presents suddenly poured sented during the festivals at the end of the Their policy of change was clear. When forth on all sides, and highroad nd footpath year. He was first adopted by the Netherthe first missionaries were sent from Rome were covered with the process 4 ons of giftlands as the patronsaint of children, who left into the’ou tlying provinces in 60 1, Pope Greladen men and animals. Presents were given out shoes filled with hay for the horse that)he gory I instructed them “Let the shrines of was supposed to have ridden as he distrito friends, acquaintances and unknown bysidols by no means be destroyed but let the buted ,his gifts. Although tanders alike. The entire populace of the the practice of empire appeareb to. be seized by a momenidols which arein them be destroyed. Let gift-giving undoubtedly owes much to the tary philanthropic irrationality. ‘water be consecrated and sprinkled in these roots of the festival in the Roman Kalends, it It was believed that the Kalends was the temples; let .aItars be erected . ...so that the. is St. Nicholas who has been immortalized fairest time of the year. It banished all that *- people, not seeing their temples destroyed, as Santa Claus, the giver of Christmas gifts. was connected with toil and allowed men may displace error, and recognize and reto give themselves up to utidisturbed enjoyvere the true God. . .And because they were wont to sacrifice even& devils, some celebment. The young were freed from schoolfor ration should be given in exchange for I this period i and the slaves too were as far as ~ys came increasingly into prominence. this . . . they should celebrate a religious’feast he main obiect became the quickening of possible allowed to breathe the air of freeand worship God in their feastin& so that :votion by contemplation of the mysteries dom. still keeping outward pleasures, they may faith rather than the sublimation of the Christmas more- readily receive spiritual joys. ” . udships or invocation of aid through Christmas, the festival of the birth .of For several centuries following its adopechanistic’ritual. The perception of the festion, Christmas was solely a church anniver/a.ls was altered-although the method 05 Christ, was not among the earliest festivals of the Christian church. The exact year of sary observed by religious services. As it pservance remained substantially the I the birth of Christ is not known, being placed spread among the peoples of other lands, me. variously between the twenty-eighth and. however, many of the practices of the winter 1 Modranecht solstice celebrations became blended with forty-seco,nd years of the reign of Augustus. In Britain, December 25 was a festival Nor can the month or day be fixed with any those of-the church. Because of the liberal ruling of Gregory I and the obedience of his ng before the conversion to Christianity. ’ certainty. Before the fifth century’ there-was missionaries this blending was accepted and he ancient Celtic peoples of Britain began no general agreement among church leaders encouraged by the church. as-to whether it should fall upon January 6, e year on this day and called the night ’ I Christmas soon became both religious and 1’ ‘eceding it modranecht, or “the night of March 25 or December 25.. secular in its celebration, at some times reothers”. It was on this night that the The birth of Christ seems often to have , verent and at others gay. Gut of the pagan -been equated with pagan festivals celebrati wcae, the three Sisters, came forth and accent upon light came the custom of lights ing the birth of the sun. The anonymous avelled the land. L author of a Latin tract which appeared in the and open fiies as .kz-v-~.~.W* symbols of-~-*.*.‘*~.*%-.*P-*L‘* the celebrationi~,~,b.r.~.a.,~r.,*.2;.9.,~~;=,t,~,~.~r,r,~*,,;t~,1,‘.,,,~,.,.,;,-i ;i,,.*~*~*;r& /J I _ L

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