Micro Apartments - Capstone Research Book

micro apartments

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1

01 - 08

introduction // project objectives

2

09 - 20

historiography

3a

21 - 34

case study 1: the panoramic

3b

35 - 46

case study 2: the avenir

3c

47 - 58

case study 3: carmel place

3d

59 - 68

case study 4: one santa fe

4

69 - 76

qualitative & technical criteria

5

77 - 88

topical explorations

6

89 - 100

7

101 - 116

program development & documentation

8

117 - 124

building analysis, code, regulations, & standards

9

125 - 128

final project research summary

10

129 - 144

bibliography

existing site, context, climate & zoning

[F.1]

1

1

INTRODUCTION In the 20th century alone, the world’s population grew from 1.65 billion to 6 billion. To put that in perspective, the world’s population has doubled from 1970 to today1. The rising population is a major concern, especially for popular cities, where many people want to live.

Major cities in the United States can learn from what is already happening in cities like Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Delhi. These cities were not designed for the rising population and are running out of time to design places for people to live and thrive. People are forced to live in unrealistically minuscule places with their families while still paying a fortune due to poor urban planning by the city as well as the country.

Shanghai is dealing with a permanent resident population of 23.8 million people, which could easily grow to 30 million by the year 2030 due to rapid urbanization. This means there are around 40,000 people per square kilometer in their downtown Huangpu district2. The city council has made efforts to turn surrounding suburbs into cities to move the population, but each each attempt has been unsuccessful.

The micro-housing movement is beginning to sweep the country as a solution to the rising population.

Despite rising population and lack of living space in other cities around the world, homes in the United States have 2

[Fig.2]

grown in the past forty years. On average, homes grew from 1,780 square feet in 1978 to 2,662 square feet in 2013, despite decreasing family size. The idea of houses as symbols of material wealth and prestige contributed to this almost doubling in size3. Fortunately, experts are beginning to recognize the micro-housing movement as a solution to overcrowding. The Tiny House Movement is an architectural 3

and social movement advocating for simple living in small homes. A tiny house is any residential structure under that falls at around 500 square feet. People are looking towards these homes to provide an easier life for them, alleviating both the financial strain of owning a large home and the constant upkeep one requires. In 2007/2008, the financial crisis attracted more attention to these homes as it offered a solution that

[Fig. 3]

is more affordable and ecologically friendly4. These homes also provide aid in the aftermath of natural disasters. In 2005, tiny houses provided a solution to people misplaced during Hurricane Katrina because they were cheaper and faster to build. This was a successful implementation of tiny houses. For all of these reasons, tiny homes should be researched and developed in large cities in the coming years.

GENERAL DESIGN GOALS The goal of this project is to create a micro apartment complex community that feels like home to every user. Micro apartments are obviously small, but a good design can make them the ideal place to live. This will be done through accurate measures of architecture, furniture, and material selection along with a cohesive space plan.

4

RESEARCH GOALS/METHODS Data will be from the world population census to find out more about overpopulation. Other research will examine the history of small housing all over the world and how it has been implemented. Micro apartment complexes in the United States will serve as case studies. As many of these complexes are in the process of being built, it will be challenging to examine them fully. However, this presents an opportunity to follow the construction process. This will allow for analysis of the materials that are used and what sustainable design measures were taken.

One advisor for this capstone is currently in the construction process for a micro apartment project in New Jersey. He will be consulted as a first-person source of the challenges and design decisions involved in creating a micro apartment.

[Fig. 4]

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SUSTAINABILITY OBJECTIVES In the future, designers should only create environmentally sustainable spaces. For an apartment complex, solar panels on the roof would help generate energy and heat water for the the building.

Automatic dimmers on lights in the hallways and public areas help to save

electricity. Despite the impossibility of on-site parking, it is still important to encourage the use of bicycles for their lack of carbon footprint. To emphasize this idea, easily accessible bike storage will be available for each resident5.

ROLE OF THE DESIGNER An interior designer’s ability to successfully design small spaces that feel larger than they are, is essential to the success of this project type. This is especially true because our surroundings directly impact our overall health. The designer must know the right techniques for selecting the architecture, materials, and furniture. To make it not appear claustrophobic, it is paramount to have vast windows for natural lighting, tall ceilings, storage to eliminate clutter, reflective surfaces, and multi-use furniture6.

CLIENT AND USERS The client of this building would be the city of Philadelphia. They need this building in order to compete with the amount people moving into their city.

They must forge ahead and meet the rising demand by adding 38,000 more apartments into the city by the year 20307. The users of this building would be recent college graduates who do not

[Fig. 5]

6

want to move back home and lose their freedom after receiving their diploma. It is most important for them to have an affordable apartment in the city with only the necessities. Their needs will affect the types of amenities provided, the amount of storage necessary, and the furniture and decorations that go into giving the space an upbeat and modern aesthetic.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS Since this apartment is aimed towards recent graduates who can not afford to

7

live in unnecessarily large apartments on their own, the socio-economic conditions of this micro apartment complex will be geared more towards the middle class.

The prices will be kept as low as possible to ensure they can afford an apartment while paying back their student loans.

DEMOGRAPHICS These apartments will be designed for young adults straight out of college who are ready to start their professional careers in the city. After speaking with the

property manager at the Avenir in Philadelphia, it was apparent that there is a big difference in what the various generations want in their apartment complex. The younger generation wants a fully loaded fitness room, media room, and large lounge space for hanging out. The older generation prefers a swimming pool and a library. The project will take millennial preferences into account, boosting its success.

-Mies van der Rohe

[Fig. 6]

8

2

HISTORIOGRAPHY Shelter, along with food and clothing are necessary for the survival of the human race. Shelter has always provided a place to rest, to be shielded from the weather, and offered a sanctuary from wild animals and pesky insects. The common shelter has evolved in the thousands of years of human history. It has progressed from using tree branches and other temporary supplies found in nature to creating massive permanent structures made of steel and concrete.

EARLY SHELTERS The first man-made shelters were built during the stone age. They were made out of stones, tree branches, and other natural materials in the region1.

Eventually as these dwellings developed, more materials were added to increase comfort, such as animal hides, stone

slabs, and bones to add stability2.

Ancient civilizations around the year 3100 BC created their own construction materials such as sun dried bricks3.

These helped to create simple, sturdy homes for peasants and grand palaces for the elites4. This process was then refined by the Assyrians who, through experimentation, discovered that baking the bricks made them more durable and water resistant5. Eventually, the Greeks refined flat roofs, making them slanted to allow snow and water to slide off. They also created public buildings such as temples6. In due time, the Romans improved upon Greek designs and invented central heating.

Commonly, their houses were built around a center courtyard or atrium7.

In the aftermath of the fall of the Roman

10

[Fig. 2]

Empire around 400 AD, their improvements in architecture and construction were lost for several hundred years. However, the Germans and Scandinavians who conquered them manufactured their own homes, made out of timber framework.

The space between the logs was filled with clay for increased stability8. They became an “increased appreciation of aesthetics and design as well as the 11

emancipation of other art forms, leading to widespread cultural reforms9� during the Early Modern Period. This period is characterized by building with glass.

NORTH AMERICA While these methods of construction were popular in Europe at this time, there were other ways. The Inuit people of Northern Canada invented igloos, which are dome shaped houses

[Fig. 3]

made out of snow and blocks of ice.

These abodes provided warmth to the inhabitants because snow and ice act as insulators, with the domed roof giving the home wind resistance10. Other peoples in North America constructed the Wigwam.

Similar to the igloo, this structure has a dome shaped single room made of wooden arched poles and a covering made from grass, brush, bark, reeds, hides, or cloth11.

These were easy to make with commonly found materials. Since these were not transportable, other peoples created teepees, lighter, smaller, and more compact homes convenient for nomadic lifestyles.

0 AD - 1800s Apartments and communal living spaces have been around since the Roman Empire. Evidence for this is found in Ostia Antica, an ancient village right outside 12

[Fig. 4]

13

Rome, where insulas were very popular.

These were apartments with a ground floor that served as a shop, while the upstairs was a living space. This apartment concept is still used today.

In Ostia Antica, these apartments could be up to 6 or 7 stories tall. Since the highest apartments were at the most risk in the event of a fire, they were often cheapest to rent12. During the Middle Ages in Edinburgh, Scotland,

the wealthy people of the city built tenements, an apartment rented by a tenant, upwards rather than outwards in order for them to still have the safety within their city walls13. Jumping several centuries ahead to the 18th century, luxe apartments were gaining popularity in large European cities like Paris. In these Parisian apartments, higher floors meant cheaper rents for tenants because of the financial means of the tenant

[Fig. 5]

14

and size of each successive story decreased the higher the user would go up14. Apartments came to the United States in the first half of the 19th century.

It was during this time that the wealthier people in New York City moved North to avoid the thousands of immigrants arriving to the city seeking a better life15.

Due to this influx of people to the city, the population doubled in each decade between 1800 and 1880. To keep up with the rapidly increasing population, single dwellings were divided into many smaller apartments16. In the rush to create more

15

housing, these apartments lacked proper ventilation and were often cramped and poorly lit17. Eventually, apartments became desirable living spaces. As demand increased, more complexes were designed.

Now, apartment dwellers come from the entire range of socioeconomic classes.

MODERN DAY Today, buildings are composed of steel, concrete, and glass, constructed as permanent structures. They range in size from incredibly small to towers that are hundreds or even thousands of feet tall. Buildings have become a

large part of our society, as researchers have found that “Americans spend an average of 93% of their lives indoors18.�

RISING POPULATION There are now increasingly more factors to designing and building for people.

Now, a designer must take into account building codes and sustainability issues to create buildings that will benefit the future tenants’ growth. As overpopulation and population control become major issues, these factors are of even more importance. Designs have always been made to accommodate the populations

present problems, the future of residential homes will have to adapt in the same way.

A, van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist, predicted in 1679 that the world could only hold 13.4 billion people19. The world is rapidly approaching this estimate, with a present population of 7.5 billion, estimated to reach 10 billion by 205020.

This is not an outrageous estimate, as the world population has tripled in the almost fifty years since 1970. The United States is next in line to reach a population of 1 billion people. With this is in mind, policy makers and designers must learn

[Fig. 6]

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from China and India and take measures in supply and implement healthy and safe living conditions for American citizens for the rapidly growing population.

“In considering whether the planet is full, the number of people on the planet is not the only or even most critical variable.

It is how we live that matters. It is not a question of how many people there are but how our individual consumption and production impacts the planet21.”

It is better to design now before there are impossible time constraints for creating small micro-housing options to combat overpopulation. When it comes to small living, designs must be perfect.

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BUILDING CODES However, there is a limit to how small these apartments can be and still sustain the overall health of the user.

An apartment/house cannot be smaller than 88 square feet, according to the International Residential Code (IRC).

This is a “comprehensive, stand-alone residential code that creates minimum regulations for one and two family dwellings of three stories or less. It brings together all building, plumbing mechanical, fuel, gas, energy and electrical provisions.

for one and two family residences22.”

This means that it must contain at least one habitable room with a floor area that is no less than 70 square feet with a bathroom that is 18 square feet23. The minimum ceiling height is 7 feet, except in bathrooms and laundry rooms where at least 6 feet and 8 inches is required24.

Building codes date back to around 1750 BC when, Hammurabi25, ruled Babylon.

He created a set of rules that was carved on a black stone which is known as the Code of Hammurabi. For today, this was a very primitive code, but enacted strict standards26. Rule number 229 states “If a builder build a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built fall in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death27.” This early code served as one of the first regulations on buildings in the world. In early America, Thomas Jefferson created building regulations, stating that all houses must be built of brick or stone, no higher than 40 feet in the city and no lower than 35 feet on the avenues28. The codes and regulations today are stated in the International Building Code (IBC). This is “an essential tool to preserve public health and safety

[Fig. 7]

18

that provides safeguards from hazards associated with the built environment.

It addresses design and installation of innovative materials that meet or exceed public health and safety goals29.” As shown, building codes have evolved from very simple rules to the complex codes today.

TECHNOLOGY Why are well designed micro apartments an excellent solution for this problem?

For the obvious reason of putting more people into the same square footage area that can not physically be expanded (in ways better than Le

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Corbusier tried to do a few decades back).

“The density of large cities and the desire for an individualized home have created a style of space to which we have no become quite accustomed30.” Many people are moving into big cities, a desire that needs to be accommodated by city planners. The city of Philadelphia, for example, cannot expand out to a larger area, so it must work to find better uses for the space that already exists. To meet growing demand and create 38,000 apartments by 2030, micro apartments are the only logical solution.

Micro apartments parallel the technology

industry, where everything is becoming smaller, more compact, and smarter. “These residences are true interior landscapes, linked to other compact elements of contemporary life- the laptop, the mobile phone, light meals, or the most sophisticated audio/visual system that tend to save time, motion, and usable space in the modern home31.� It is time for another housing change to accommodate what it happening in the current world and prepare for the challenges of the future.

Philadelphia

needs to add 38,000 apartments by the year 2030

[Fig. 8]

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3

CASE STUDY 1 The Panoramic, San Francisco

OVERVIEW The first case study visited is called the Panoramic and is a micro-apartment complex located in San Francisco, California. The Panoramic is one of the first of its kind in the United States. It was designed by Kwan Henmi architecture and planning, completed in 2015. The building used to be a one story furniture store and was transformed into an 11-story micro-apartment complex that is currently housing college students from two nearby universities. San Francisco is one of the most expensive cities to live in the United States so the budget to add ten extra stories to an existing building had a high budget.

The Panoramic Interest group is also in the process of adding more similar apartments throughout the city of San Francisco. They were the first micro

unit project to be approved by the San Francisco Planning Commission.

Micro apartments may be more common elsewhere such as Europe, but in the United States, they are just starting to become prominent, making the options to visit one very scarce. This apartment complex was built with the sole purpose to contain micro-apartments. However, the company came to an agreement with two close-by universities to lease them as dormitories for students.

This means the apartments are fairly plain and industrial, relying on the students to make them feel like home.

The building is located in the center of San Francisco in a younger demographic district called Mission. There are many 22

restaurants, bars, clubs, and schools that cater to the young people.

[Fig. 2]

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DESIGN CONCEPT & STYLE The Panoramic exterior is made out of metal and glass, which creates a sleek aesthetic. It is by far the nicest building on the corner. The inside reflects a modern, industrial feel with decorations to remind the user what city they’re in.

Of the 11 floors, there is a basement that is mainly used as storage for residents to put their bikes. They also do mock up room designs in the virtually free space to play with what kind of furniture they can put into these small spaces. The ground floor is where people enter and exit and acts as a common area for residents. The plan shows that there is a coffee shop and bar attached to this building. However, these must be accessed from the outside for security reasons and to encourage “outsiders” to be customers. In the lobby of the Panoramic, there is a reception desk, mail room, package room, lounge and table seating, a fireplace, and a grand piano. Towards the back, there are “quiet areas” for the residents to have meetings or do their homework. The next nine stories are the 160 apartment units, a

SITE MAP

[Fig. 3]

combination of 120 micro and 40 suites.

Each floor also has its own laundry room.

Not having laundry inside each apartment gives the apartments more space and encourages residents to interact in the common spaces with one another. The roof is another common area for all residents and employees to enjoy. It contains

outdoor seating that can be heated when the sun goes down and the city cools off, a 360 degree view of the city, gardens with sculptures, and a grill for cooking. Any type of outdoor access will automatically increase the value of a building because in a city, green outdoor areas arevery scarce and extremely desirable.

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WAYFINDING

[Fig. 4]

Way finding and circulation is fairly simple in this space. The top and bottom floors are the public areas, with the in between floors being the apartments.

The elevator is centrally located so the user either goes left or right to get to their rooms. Apartment room numbers are clearly labeled and lit up while the hallways are tall with efficient lighting.

The HVAC systems are visible to keep up with the industrial feel of the space.

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SUSTAINABILITY The Panoramic really kept sustainability in mind when designing their building.

It is a Greenpoint rated building, which means it “…is the most trusted independent green home certification program in California, providing proof that a home is healthy, comfortable, durable, and resource efficient1.” In doing so, the building has a vented rain screen system, a fully landscaped green roof, photovoltaic roof trellis’ that offset electrical consumption, and green interior finishes. The large windows in each apartment are able to be opened, allowing for some natural ventilation and natural light to flow into the space.

PLAN - PUBLIC V. PRIVATE [Fig. 5]

SECTION- PUBLIC V. PRIVATE

ROOM

FUNCTION

APPROX SQ.FT

QTY

ADJACENCIES

VISUAL/ ACOUSTICAL PRIVACY

NEEDS MET?

Reception

Check in/ concierge services

400

1

Entrance, Mail Room

Back office for receptionist privacy

Yes

Lounge(s)

Place for social interaction

8600

11

Apartments, Lobby

Fabric panels on walls, semi enclosed space

Yes

Mail Room

Place for residents to receive their mail and packages

160

1

Entrance, Lobby, Elevator

Study Room

Quiet space for residents to get work done

350

1

Lobby, Apartments

Soft finishes, acoustical panels, fully enclosed room

Yes

Laundry Room

Clean clothes

135

10

Apartments

Fully enclosed

Yes

Resident storage

Residents can store items that wont fit in apartments

2,500

N/A

Basment, Bike Storage

Enclosed

Yes

Bike Storage

Store bikes because no car parking

5,000

N/A

Resident storage, Basement

Enclosed

Yes

Roof top patio

Green space area with city views

9,000

1

Apartments

Not necessary

Yes

Coffee shop

Bring non-­‐residents to the building

N/A

1

Bar

Bring non-­‐residents to the building

N/A

1

Employee Offices

Offices for employees to work

1,200

6

Lobby, Entrance

Enclosed rooms

Yes

Apartments

Residencies

56,700

160

Laundry Room, Elevator, Lounge

Enclosed rooms

Yes

Neither, concrete floors Gets the & walls / directly in job done front of entrance

No access to apartments from inside coffee shop No access to Entrance, Lobby, apartments Street, Coffee shop from inside bar Entrance, Lobby, Street, Bar

Yes

Yes

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INTERIOR DESIGN This apartment complex has a very industrial and modern feel in order to keep up with the young clientele. The interior offers an exposed ceiling in the public areas and hallways on each floor.

This adds to the industrial look while also supplying higher ceilings to make the space appear larger. Although the space is relatively industrial, they managed to still keep in warm and inviting with some rich wood, warm colors, and quite literally, a fireplace in the middle of the lobby. They kept the materials very sustainable while also maintaining durability as some of the seating they used in the lobby can also be seen in many prisons and mental asylums.

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[Fig. 6]

As a micro apartment complex, there is some basic furniture, fixtures, and equipment that are fairly standard across the board. Natural lighting is an incredibly affective way to have a successful apartment unit, so large windows are a must, in combination high ceilings; at least nine feet as used in the Panoramic. Also in these tiny apartments, there are many built ins that come with each unit. These include kitchens with the appropriately sized appliances to fit

into the space, closets and entertainment centers. The Panoramic also has a very interesting peg board design that came in each unit that was on a wall and the user could hang things from it whether it be bags, shelves, or even foldable chairs in order to save space. Being more of a dorm style place of living, each unit also comes with its own bed and mattress.

The units are typically left fairly plain in regard to color. This allows the user to decorate and personalize it themselves to fit their personality and design aesthetic. Throughout the entire building, however, there are little hints of orange, similar in color to the Golden Gate Bridge, to remind the user that they are located in San Francisco. This is seen in the artwork that is displayed, as well as the seating on the rooftop patio.

There is plenty of natural light that flows into the lobby because of a fully transparent facade on two sides. There are floor to ceiling windows so the light can filter very deep into the space.

When there is not any sunlight, there is enough well designed artificial lighting that helps keep up with the illusion and illuminates the space successfully.

[Fig. 7]

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APARTMENT LAYOUT

APARTMENT DIAGRAMS

The apartments come in a few differnt sizes depending on the number of roommates. Each comes with a full kitchen, 1 bathroom, and a dining/ living area. This is considered a college “dorm” so the muliple person apartments are set up as so. The circulation is very straightforward and easy to naviagate through, especially for the micro units.

[Fig. 9]

2 BEDROOM - CIRCULATION [Fig. 10]

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[Fig. 8]

MICRO UNIT - CIRCULATION

[Fig. 11]

2 BEDROOM - FUNCTIONS [Fig. 12]

MICRO UNIT - FUNCTIONS

[Fig. 13]

30

POST OCCUPANCY SURVEY The students who live here really enjoy it.

The location is a main factor, considering how expensive and dense the San Francisco area is. They are very close to school, just a couple of blocks away, and are located right in the middle of a bustling city scene which is important for young adults. They enjoy the apartments and say the sizes are very nice and don’t make them feel claustrophobic even though they are considered to be micro. Some did prefer that single rooms be available.

The apartment has good security, excellent staff, and is very well maintained. They enjoy the little lounges located on each floor outside of the elevator to entertain friends. The students at the music college down the street often get together in these lounges and play music together.

Even though they are good musicians, other residents are glad the rooms have somewhat of a sound barrier.

The users also really enjoy having a rooftop patio that over looks the city.

It is a great place to entertain all of the people that won’t fit into their apartment.

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[Fig. 14]

[Fig. 15]

32

[Fig. 16]

33

EVALUATION This is overall a great building. It is very successful in being a dormitory for two nearby colleges, which is around the demographic I am looking towards designing for. However, I am not interested in designing in a dormitory fashion. This was not the original use of the building either. I really enjoyed the

materials employed and the industrial feel, but I worry that it may not feel enough like “home� for my users. Finding a happy medium between modern/ industrial and homey/residential will be ideal for a successful apartment complex with a young demographic.

[Fig. 17]

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3

CASE STUDY 2 The Avenir, Philadelphia

OVERVIEW The second case study visited is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This is a half regular/ half micro unit apartment complex and has set the tone for future micro-apartment development in this historic city. The Avenir is located right by city hall and is in a historic building that was completely gutted and redesigned by Floss Barber, an interiors firm. This 149,000 square foot project was completed in July of 2015 and is owned privately by the Alterra Property Group, Scully Co. Nothing could be changed on the exterior because of historic preservation reasons, but the inside had been completely transformed into a beautifully modern residence.

This is a very deluxe apartment building in Center City so the budget for it was steep, however, they were not able to

they were not able to afford to add a rooftop patio which in total would cost 12 million dollars. This is due to it being a historic building and the structure would have to be greatly reinforced. The Avenir is one of the most recognizably known “micro apartments” in the United States has become an example for future construction.

Unlike the Panoramic in San Francisco, anyone can rent these apartments although the demographic is typically people in their mid-20’s to mid 30’s.

The average income for each individual is between $75,000-$100,000 and they are most commonly grad students, doctors, or lawyers. Many of them chose to live in Philadelphia because it is conveniently located between 36

SITE MAP

[Fig. 2]

two major cities; Washington DC and New York City. One user said it is faster for him to commute daily on the Amtrak train from Philadelphia to New York City than it would be for him to drive his car through NYC’s traffic to get to work. Also, living in Philadelphia is significantly cheaper than the cities to the 37

north and south. This building is located right in the center of the city is accessible to all means of public transportations, restaurants, night life, and shops.

DESIGN CONCEPT & STYLE The exterior of this building has remained unchanged since it has been renovated to

be a residential apartment building. The reason being, this building is located in the city center and has some historical value and the exterior must remain cohesive with its surroundings. The designer was, however, able to add a glass vestibule to enter the building in addition to floor to ceiling windows so passersby could look inside at the warm and welcoming interior of the lobby and reception area. The exterior and interior of the lobby relate to each other through color and materials, using a warm creme colored stone.

LAYOUT This 17 story apartment complex has amenities on the bottom and top floor, with multiple sized apartment units on the floors in between. The ground floor has the lobby and reception areas and three elevators for residents to use.

Towards the back is where the mail and package room is located, and then also the mechanical room and fire staircase.

The top floor contains all of the public spaces for the residents. Stepping off the elevator, there are immediately 2 study rooms, a conference room, and media room. There is a much larger space that contains a lounge, computer

[Fig. 3]

38

space, kitchen, and overall entertaining space. The residents can rent these spaces out if they want to have a lot of guests over that otherwise would not fit in their own apartments. The Avenir also offers events such as wine parties or movie showings.

Towards the end of the hall is the fitness room which has top of the line equipment.

The apartment units vary in sizes with flats ranging from 314-329 square feet, 1 bedroom apartments from 522-627 square feet and then the larger 2 bedroom apartments with either 1 or 2 bathrooms.

[Fig. 4]

PLAN - PUBLIC V. PRIVATE [Fig. 5]

WAYFINDING Way finding is a little problematic in this building. Trying to find one’s way back to the elevators can be a bit disorienting.

When stepping out of a unit, it often takes a moment to figure out if the elevators are left or right down the hallway. Other than finding the elevator, everything else is quite easy to find. The rooms are clearly marked with lit up signs which is vital when there is no way to add natural light into the hallways, as the apartments take up the exterior sides.

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Within each of the apartment units, the user has a panel on a wall in the living space where they can control the air

SECTION - PUBLIC V. PRIVATE

ROOM

FUNCTION

APPROX SQ.FT

QTY

ADJACENCIES

VISUAL/ ACOUSTICAL PRIVACY

NEEDS MET?

Reception

Check in/ concierge services

350

1

Entrance, Mail Room Elevators

Not seen from street

Yes

Lounge

Place for social interaction, kitchen, computers

2,000

1

Apartments, Elevator other amenities

Soft finishes, acoustical wall fabrics, enclosed

Yes

Mail Room

Place for residents to receive their mail and packages

160

1

Entrance, Lobby, Elevator

Visual privacy yes Acoustics no

Yes

350

1

Other amenities

Soft finishes, acoustical panels, fully enclosed room

Yes

Large room with

Conference seating and tables to Room compose meetings

Fitness Room

Place to workout, take virtual fitness classes

1,500

1

Other amenities

Soft floors, fake skylights

Yes

Resident storage

Residents can store items that wont fit in apartments

2,500

1

Basment, Bike Storage

Enclosed

Yes

Bike Storage

Store bikes because no car parking

1,000

1

Resident storage, Basement

Enclosed

Yes

Library

Quiet space to read, few books available

80

1

Other Amenities

Soft finishes, enclosed

Yes

Fire Control Center

Control room for all rooms in complex

N/A

1

Entrance, Lobby,

No access to residents

Yes

Quiet Spaces

Small private rooms available for rent

40

3

Other amenities

Small and enclosed

Yes

400

1

Lounge

Soft finishes, surround sound, enclosed

Yes

1,500

3

Apartments, Elevator

Enclosed rooms, back of floor plan

Yes

56,700

160

Elevator, fire stairs

Enclosed rooms

Yes

Media Room Employee Offices Apartments

Larger area for residents to host movie nights Offices for employees to work Residencies

40

conditioning and heating for their home. This is necessary because of the location; Philadelphia experiences all four seasons so it is vital that residents have control. Sustainability wise, the Avenir has motion light sensors to turn the artificial lighting in the hallways and amenities off when not in use. They also have operable windows in each apartment unit so residents can choose to turn off their air conditioning or heating and opt for more sustainable, fresh air.

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[Fig. 6]

INTERIOR DESIGN Within each apartment unit, light and reflective materials are a must. White walls, ceilings, and kitchen counters help to reflect the sunlight that come from the windows to make the space feel more open and airy. The sea foam green kitchen backsplash adds color to the space and the materiality is glossy as well as reflective which helps to bounce back light. The white quartz countertop does the same. To add some warmth into an otherwise plain white space, warm brown woods are used on the floor throughout the unit. The tiles in the bathroom shower are a reflective white tile which helps add light into the space

which has no means of natural lighting.

The hallway contrasts the apartment units completely. The flooring is covered in multi colored carpet and some walls are featured with a coat of paint to match the colors found on the floor. Because of this and lack of natural light, the hallways are very dark and not too welcoming.

FURNITURE The furniture implemented in this apartment complex have a residential feel.

The materials are soft fabrics, throw pillows, and hanging light fixtures. Although cozy, the manager said that the couches have to be scrubbed daily in order to keep them looking pristine. The apartment units do not come with any furniture, however, they do have a wall of built ins for storage and a place for the residents television. The kitchen is also supplied with the latest stainless steel appliances.

COLOR In regards to color, the lobby of the building is very warm and inviting. The walls and floors are covered in beige stone while the reception desk is a warm walnut with some stainless steel decorative elements to keep the space looking modern. The furniture in the lobby are muted tones of burnt

[Fig. 7]

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oranges, teal blues, and dark greys. In the apartments, they are all monochromatic with white walls, ceilings, tiles etc. This is meant for the resident to add their own personal aesthetic to the space.

APARTMENT LAYOUT The apartments at the Avenir come in a variety of sizes, but the most popular are thei micro units. All units come standard with a full kitchen with stainless steel appliances, wood floors, large windows on the outer wall, bathroom with sliding doors and a full shower. Unlike the Panoramic, each of these units come with their own washer and dryer. Circulation within all of these apartments are very straight forward and easy to naviagte.

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LIGHTING In a micro apartment complex, one of the most important things is lighting.

This is because it is vital not to have the space appear smaller than it already is.

To do this, supplying as much natural lighting as possible is ideal. This is why apartments are typically laid out so they are against the exterior walls so they can have windows, with circulation happening in hallways in the middle of the building. In this building particularly,

APARTMENT DIAGRAMS [Fig. 8]

MICRO UNIT - CIRCULATION [Fig. 9]

MICRO UNIT - FUNCTION

the hallways are fairly dim. In the fitness room, it is against code to add skylights in this historical building so the contractors made “artificial skylights� which happen to have the same effect as if they were real.

POST OCCUPANCY SURVEY The main aspect of this building that the residents seemed to love was the location.

[Fig. 10]

1 BEDROOM - CIRCULATION [Fig. 11]

1 BEDROOM -FUNCTION

[Fig. 12]

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It is right in the center of the city so public transportation is quick and easy. Also, as stated before, Philadelphia is centrally located between the two major cities of New York City and Washington DC and many residents commute to these.

The micro apartments in this particular complex are very high in demand and the POST OCCUPANCY SURVEY Overall, this building is very successful in being the “model� for many future micro apartment complexes. Even though it is not strictly a building for micro units, those are the units that sell the most quickly for them. There are a few interior design issues noted during my visit there.

One of the major things inside of the apartments is that while designing the kitchen, they forgot to add drawers. Since these kitchen plans are just duplicated throughout this building and a few other Scully Co. apartment buildings, this is a huge mistake that went unnoticed until it was too late. Another design problem is the colors and patterns. The carpet tiles are very random and some have been noticeably replaced with a completely different brand and makes the overall value of the building seem to decrease.

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I think more mature colors could have been implemented in the media room and lounge area besides the colors that were chosen; green and pink. Other than that, the apartment is very successful in what it is trying to do and who they are doing it for.

[Fig. 13]

[Fig. 14]

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3

CASE STUDY 3 Carmel Place, Manhattan

OVERVIEW Located in Kips Bay Manhattan, Carmel Place is strictly a micro-unit apartment complex and one of the first of its kind in the United States. It was designed by nArchitects as an entry for a competition held by the New York City Mayor, Mayor Bloomberg, in response to developing a new housing model that would help with a problem that NYC faces; the growing small-household population. This led to the nine story, 35,000 square foot micro apartment creation constructed in 2013 and completed in 20161.

“With more people living alone, the architects believe there is a large market for micro apartments2.”

CONSTRUCTION Not only was this the first micro apartment to appear in New York City,

is also the first to be built and constructed in a prefabricated and modular way. The building is comprised of 65 individually constructed and self-supporting modules with a steel frame3. These were prefabricated in the Brooklyn Navy Yard while the foundation and ground floor were constructed on site. This allowed a reduction in on site construction noise and any neighborhood disruption4.

Once completed, all of these units were transported to the building site, stacked together, and then were ready for the finishing touches of adding appliances and interior finishes5. The building is comprised of four “mini towers” and was designed to be a repeatable systematic design that can be adapted to different sites, ranges of heights and floor ratios, and placed at any location6.

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SITE MAP

[Fig. 2]

DESIGN CONCEPT & STYLE The interior and exterior are both contemporary and modern both in their aesthetic and build. The exterior is composed of brick with each tower painted a different shade of gray. The eightfoot-tall glass windows that locate each apartment also populate the faรงade, adding to the contemporary feel. The interior 49

plays off of the exterior and contains lighter and darker shades of grey. These cool tones are warmed up in the lobby by having a caramel wood veneer on the walls on the hallway. Being a narrow and elongated space, light from the entrance travels throughout and reflects off the light tile floors and white gypsum ceiling.

LAYOUT The building consists of nine floors. The basement consists of a den, resident storage, bike storage, and laundry.

The first floor is used as a reception area, lounge, and fitness room. Floors two through seven consists of the micro apartments. Each floor has eight apartments, three elevators, and one staircase. The eighth floor has a community room with a pantry. Then, there is a rooftop terrace with city views and green space7. Wayfinding is very simple in this apartment complex because of its small size. The elevators are centrally located so once the user is on their correct floor, it is not a far walk to and from their apartment.

SUSTAINABILITY This is a LEED certified building that reached the silver level. The building is composed using sustainable materials and construction methods. It also utilizes sustainable materials and has a green roof on the ninth floor. Each apartment also comes with operable windows so the resident does not have to constantly have their air conditioning or heat running. These large windows also act as a way for

[Fig. 3]

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APARTMENTS

AMENITIES

CIRCULATION

[Fig. 4]

SECTION

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[Fig. 5]

APARTMENT CIRCULATION [Fig. 6]

APARTMENT LAYOUT LIVING SPACE

KITCHEN/DINING

BATHROOM

52

daylight to penetrate deep into the space, acting as a sustainable alternative to artificial lighting during the day.

INTERIOR DESIGN The materials used in this apartment are light an airy—two very important aspects when designing for small spaces.

The ultimate goal for the interiors was to “achieve a sense of spaciousness, comfort and efficiency8�. In order to do this, it

was important to make everything larger except for the size of the floor space.

As a result, the ceilings are 9 feet and 8 inches high, while the windows are 8 feet tall, taking up most of the far wall9.

In a small space, it is important to have multi-purpose furniture. Most of the furniture comes with the apartment because it had to be specially made to appropriately fit this space. The space has a murphy bed, which is a couch

[Fig. 7]

53

which is a couch during the day and then folds down into a bed. The desk converts into a dining room table for a maximum of five guests. The kitchen has small appliances but the appropriate amount for a single person living there. It has a mini fridge, two burner stove, dishwasher, kitchen sink, and plenty of ample storage area. The bathroom has a vanity and walk in shower with storage in the ceiling, as the ceiling in the bathroom is lower than the main living

space. The color scheme is light neutrals.

The apartment units are mostly white, with a light wood floor to bring warmth and a colored and reflective kitchen backsplash to bounce back light into the space.

EVALUATION This apartment complex was implemented, constructed, and properly used in a way that it meets all of it’s goals. It has successfully created a micro apartment complex for

[Fig. 8]

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[Fig. 9]

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ROOM

FUNCTION

APPROX SQ.FT

QTY

ADJACENCIES

VISUAL/ ACOUSTICAL PRIVACY

NEEDS MET?

Reception

Check in/ concierge services

400

1

Entrance, Mail Room

Back office for receptionist privacy

Yes

Foyer

Acts as vestibule

40

1

Lobby, Reception

Enclosed area

Yes

Lobby

Check in/ concierge services

600

1

Elevator, fitness room package room

Open

Yes

Fitness Room

Place for residents to exercise

1741

1

Lobby, Elevators

Large windows

Yes

Package Room

Place for residents to receive their mail and packages

160

1

Entrance, Lobby, Elevator

Den/ Study Room

Quiet space for residents to get work done

324

1

Lobby, Apartments

Soft finishes, acoustical panels, fully enclosed room

Yes

Laundry Room

Clean clothes

143

1

Apartments

Fully enclosed

Yes

Resident storage

Residents can store items that wont fit in apartments

278

N/A

Basment, Bike Storage

Enclosed

Yes

Bike Storage

Store bikes because no car parking

354

N/A

Resident storage, Basement

Enclosed

Yes

Retail

Bring non-­‐residents to the building

525

1

Entrance, Lobby, Street

No access to apartments from inside

Yes

Community Room

Space for residents to socialize

304

1

Greenspace

Enclosed

Yes

Rooftop Greenspace

Green space area with city views

1,331

1

Community Room

Open

Yes

675

1

Lobby

Outdoor, enclosed

Yes

16,500

55

Elevator

Enclosed rooms

Yes

Exterior Patio Access to greenspace Apartments

Residencies

Neither, concrete floors Gets the & walls / directly in job done front of entrance

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for small family households in New York City. It proves successful from its sustainable design, to the allocation of its apartments to veterans first and then open the rest to renters, of which they received over 60,000 applications for the 14 affordable apartments they had left10. The use of flexible furniture and large windows successfully makes the space seem like the ideal place for a single person living in the city. A common problem people often face when

living alone is loneliness, but this apartment addresses that issue by offering a variety of amenities and holding different events so the residents can get to know each other.

The use of smaller appliances in the kitchen definitely seems more appropriate than having unnecessary full sized appliances for one person. The designers stayed true to who they were designing for and why.

[Fig. 10]

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[Fig. 11]

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CASE STUDY 4 Los Angeles, California

OVERVIEW Located in Los Angeles, California, One Santa Fe is a large scale mixed used apartment complex that incorporates residential, retail, and commercial spaces in LA’s formerly industrial district, which is now considered the Arts District1. Designed by Michael Maltzan Architecture, this 510,000 square foot project that stretches over four acres of land was completed in 2015 with a sizable budget of $165 million2.

ARCHITECTURE The building’s long, linear form was used to mimic the railroads and other infrastructure located adjacent to it. Similar to insulas in Rome, this building contains retail and office spaces on the first floor, along with parking for residents on the next two levels, accessible by two circular ramps.

The southern end of the building shifts into a new direction and creates a communal courtyard between the two buildings. This building contains more apartments, specialty boutiques, restaurants, bars, coffee and ice-cream shops, along with a neighborhood market3. The architect explains his thinking for the design of the building as topographic in the way that the building slices it’s way through four acres of land. “The first layer of the building relates to the open, accessible ground plane that connects retail to infrastructure. Then a stratum or belt line of parking up to that of the rest of the neighborhood.” He then goes on to explain that they shops help to animate an otherwise completely lifeless street.

This building acts as a seam between the east and west sides of the city4.

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SITE MAP

[Fig. 2]

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SITE The site is industrial as it is located near a large railroad and surrounded by many other factories. This area began to establish an identity when the Southern California Institute of Architecture reopened in this Santa Fe Railroad freight depot.

An architecture museum then opened up just to the south of this school5. This

apartment complex contains everything the residents could require so there is not a need to travel far for necessities.

DESIGN CONCEPT & STYLE This entire six story project consists of 438 apartments that are a mixture of studios, one bedroom and two bedroom apartments

available to rent. Due to the buildings irregular plan and idiosyncratic formal and structural nodes within the building, many of these apartments come in a variety of square footages and unique plans. The exterior windows placements and sizes vary throughout each apartment6. Where the building crosses over the courtyard, two-story lofts are also available for rent. These lofts have some of the best views, with the city skyline to the west and river to the east. The architects strived to create a sense of community by combining residential with shared communal spaces7. Overlooking the central courtyard is where a majority of the apartment’s amenities are located, such as the fitness center, yoga and pilates studio, zero-edge saltwater pool, outdoor event area, and clubhouse8. The owners have made roughly 20 percent of these apartment units affordable, while the rest go for market rate9.

INTERIOR DESIGN A bulk of the exterior building is coated in a white classic stucco with vibrant pops of an orange-red color that is reminiscent of the historic brick buildings that surround the area10. The

[Fig. 3]

62

[Fig. 4]

[Fig. 5]

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facade contains many irregular windows that are complimented by aluminum shading devices. The structure has a concrete base that supports the timber framing everywhere except for the steel bridge11. The interior finishes consist of concrete floors with white walls. The finishes are kept minimal and clean so the user has every opportunity to make it their own. The kitchen cabinets are white with silver hardware with concrete

counters that mimic the floor. Much of the lighting for the apartments come from the large exterior windows. However, there is enough artificial lighting that successfully lights the space when there is no sun.

EVALUATION This apartment complex successfully created a community by having residential units, commercial spaces, retail, and community spaces. The variety of unit

[Fig. 6]

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APARTMENT LAYOUTS [Fig. 7]

[Fig. 10]

[Fig. 8]

[Fig. 11]

[Fig. 9]

[Fig. 12]

LIVING SPACE

65

KITCHEN/DINING

BATHROOM

[Fig. 13]

66

sizes ranging from 343 square feet to 1,416 square feet give prospective clients financial and spatial options when trying to decide on which apartment to lease. With rent being very high in the Los Angeles area, it is important to offer micro

apartment options for people who want to live alone and do not have a lot of materialistic items, which is optimal for the young demographic in LA. This community offers such a variety of options that it is an ideal place for just about anyone to live.

[Fig. 14]

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[Fig. 15]

[Fig. 16]

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4

QUALITATIVE & TECHNICAL CRITERIA INTRODUCTION The urban density number is constantly climbing as people continue to move into cities, and it is vital that designing for a large population in a restively small area. Urban density is defined as being “the number of people living in a city per square mile and is on the rise in cities across the United States1.”

Most cities have no more room to build outwards, and the ability to build upwards is quite limited, so it is critical to design spaces that are more appropriate for the rising urban population.

INTERIOR CONSIDERATIONS When it comes to designing a micro unit that is ideally under 350 square feet, the most important factors making sure there is a lot of availability to natural light, to have many reflective surfaces, and to

add multi-functionality to many of the interior furnishings and architecture.

The best way to utilize natural light is to have large windows and high ceilings.

The best combination would be having tall ceilings, at least 9’-0” and floor to ceiling windows that would really help to allow natural light to penetrate as deeply into the space as possible.

Reflective surfaces help to bounce and reflect light back into the space. The best places to incorporate reflective surfaces, for example, would be to have a glossy tile kitchen back splash and high gloss white walls2. Recently, there has been an increasingly large trend of multi-functional furniture pieces that would be very beneficial for micro units. These range from the classic space saving example of the murphy

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bed, which is a bed that can fold up and be compacted into the wall. These now commonly fold up to reveal a couch underneath so it is used as a day-tonight transitional piece. Most multifunctional furniture pieces transition depending on the time of day. Another example includes desks that can extend into dining tables for multiple people.

ERGONOMICS It is important that every space within the apartment fits with the standard dimensions of humans in order to create the most [Fig. 2]

71

comfortable living space for the residents.

All rooms in a residential space have specific requirements for what is comfortable for the user, such as cabinet and counter heights for the kitchen, the work triangle that connects the sink, fridge, and oven to be only a certain amount of liner feet from each other. There are also certain lengths a couch should be from a television set. The size of a window is also important and dictates how much light and how deep it penetrates into a room.

[Fig. 3]

[Fig. 4]

[Fig. 5]

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[Fig. 6]

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LIGHTING For any residential home or apartment complex, natural lighting is always the right choice in order to keep people calm, comfortable, and productive. This comes from tall windows and skylights.

However, in the spaces where natural sunlight can not reach, artificial light must come into play. In many apartments, the main rooms such as living and bedroom, do not come with ceiling lights and the resident is meant to supply their own hanging fixture or bring in lamps.

This works because there are so many different artificial lights to choose from based on their energy use and kelvin temperature and people find different types more comfortable than others.

SUSTAINABILITY Sustainable design is designing for the present person and the future. Apartment complexes are the perfect breeding ground for new sustainable practices because they are large enough buildings to fit commercially but also need to have a personable quality because it is also people’s’ homes. One way to reduce energy and resource consumption is to have rainwater collection tanks outside that collect water and reuse it throughout the

the building. In such an urban area however, there may or may not be enough space to have one of thee. Another way is to have solar panels on the roof that collect the suns solar rays and convert it into energy and electricity to be used throughout the building. Motion activated light sensors are another way apartment buildings can be sustainable. These are lights that turn on when they sense activity, such as someone walking down a hallway or entering a room, and turn off the save energy when there is no one in the spaces.

If possible, a rooftop garden is sustainable and residents can help tend to plants that they can then use for their own cooking.

ACOUSTIC CONTROL With apartments, it is adamant that a resident does not want to hear everything their neighbors below, above, or next to them are doing. It is important to have sound absorbing fabrics and materials as well as thick walls to prevent this. Many complexes have conference rooms and quiet study rooms for their residents as well so it is important to have good acoustic control in these types of spaces.

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VISUAL CONTROL/WAYFINDING This is not too important in apartment complexes. The most important visual control is knowing that the reception desk can clearly see the front door for any visitors or guests that cant seem to get in. It is also important to have the elevators and staircases easily accessible and seen from the lobby area. In multiple floors that are almost guaranteed to all look the same, way finding and signage are extremely

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important so residents know they are on the correct floor. Having graphically large numbers indicting the floor level the resident is on right when the elevator doors open could be useful so they know right away if they need to stay on the elevator or get off. Also, a problem found with a few case studies that were visited, was that residents did not always know which way to turn to get the elevator right when they left their apartment. It often took

[Fig. 7]

them a moment or two or another trip down the hallway to find it because the hallways look so similar. Some sort of signage in the hallways, such as an arrow indicating which way to go, would be useful.

SECURITY Many people are living within one building so good security is vital to the safety of the residents. The first level of security that apartments typically have is a code or swiping system at the front door so that the residents or employees can enter without delay. If it is a visitor, they can ring the front desk and the receptionist can assist them. The second level of security is at the elevators. Not all apartments have this, but many supply each resident with a key fob to their respective floor that they scan in the elevator that will take them there. This is most often used in larger high rise apartment complexes with dozens of floors. Finally, the third level of security is at the resident’s front doors, where they most commonly have either a key, code, or card that allows them access into their designated units. They are the only ones with access to their rooms, except for the apartment managers. All residents have key access to apartment amenities throughout the complex.

[Fig. 8]

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5

TOPICAL EXPLORATIONS HUMAN CENTERED DESIGN Interior design goes much deeper than just the structure, programmatic requirements, and square footages of a space. What many people who are not in the field do not know is that interior designers create atmospheres and feelings through interior architecture and furniture and material selections that make the user feel certain emotions.

The designer strives to create an experience while utilizing psychological and mathematical sciences and mix it with art. In regards to micro apartments, interior design can help create a sense of community within these individual units and bring people together so they do not experience loneliness or seclusion, especially in this primitive time of life for the young demographic.

Light and color will also be explored

and how it can make small spaces feel much larger and more spacious, an illusion designers are skilled at creating.

LIVING ALONE For most of these young people, it is their first time on their own because they are mostly right out of college.

They will not be surrounded by their college friends or family for the first time in their lives and really have to step out of their comfort zone in order to get back on their feet and get used to this new way of living. In a micro apartment complex, there are only single rooms designed for one person so this may very well be the first time the people in this young demographic are living without any roommates and are solely by themselves. This could 78

lead to many uncomfortable feelings such as seclusion and loneliness and can end up leading to many other negative feelings and not make this exciting experience one that is worth while. It is vital to create and friendly and community space so that the residents feel encouraged to meet new people and have new experiences. This apartment complex will become home to many people and it is important that it feels that way to each and every one of them.

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LOCATION For young individuals, the location of this apartment complex is important for getting them out of their apartments and into the world. A city is ideal, as the demographic is for young people right out of college who are ready to start their careers, which will most likely be within the city. Besides just being able to easily commute, it is important that they are surrounded by activities that interest them such as clubs, restaurants,

[Fig. 2]

and shopping. With these places easily in reach, they will be more encouraged to go out and meet people with similar interests.

INTERACTION A goal of this micro apartment unit will be to get the residents out of their apartments and interacting with the other users. It is very common for people to become recluse when living alone because they are too afraid to make friends with the other residents when there is not an opportunity of community space for them. In this micro apartment, it will be designed with a community aspect in mind with plenty of opportunities to meet everyone in the complex. This can be done by incorporating gathering spaces such as lounges and communal kitchens, as well as fitness centers. By offering these amenities, the apartment can offer events such as wine and cheese nights and fitness classes so people with common interests can meet each other and look forward to these events.

LIGHTING As stated in previous chapters, the need for natural lighting in small living spaces is extremely crucial to the well being of the resident. Having a space with

[Fig. 3]

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[Fig. 4]

81

Having a space with natural lighting is scientifically proven to increase a habitants productivity, maintain comfort, and provide visual and mental stimulation that is required to regulate a humans circadian rhythms, which is the biological process that regulates a persons pattern of alertness or sleepiness1. Having natural lighting as opposed to artificial lighting also has many environmental and cost saving benefits. “Electric lighting in buildings consumes more than 15 percent of all electricity generated in the United States, according to the U.S Department of Energy and the U.S Energy Information Administration.2� However, it is possible to have too much daylight. When this occurs, occupants who are exposed to spaces with a disproportionate amount of direct sunlight, the people tend to be unveiled to more excessive glare and thermal stress3. The extreme sunlight also tends to heat up buildings quickly and will require more energy trying to cool down the space. In these circumstances, it is important to provide shading systems so in case too much sunlight does occur, the user has the option to control how much they are exposed to it. As important

[Fig. 5]

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as it is to have daylight, humans also need to have softer lighting at night to keep up with natural exposures. At night, it is important for users to be able to dim the lights to prepare for sleep. The lights at this time should be warm toned to minimize melatonin suppression4.

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING In spaces where there is no access to natural daylight, it is crucial to utilize

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the best artificial light that can mimic the benefits of natural lighting while also saving as much energy as possible. This can be done by choosing lighting levels on the kelvin scale that best represent productive daylight strategies. In regards to an apartment complex, these types of lights will be needed the most in the hallways, which for the most part will be mostly cut off from natural lighting, and in other areas where there may not be many options for windows

[Fig. 6]

such as amenity spaces. To save energy, motion sensors can be utilized. These are lights that are triggered by movement and turn on when they sense someone is in the room. After a delegated amount of time of stillness, the lights turn off and save significant amounts of energy.

COLOR: APARTMENT UNITS When choosing colors for an apartment complex, the most important factor to

consider first is the overall apartments demographic and that the wall colors should represent the type of residents that live in these apartment units. “Exterior colors are more defined and limited to geographic locations‌but interior walls should represent residents who live within them, the latest trends and company branding5.â€?

When it comes to multi-family residences, such as apartments, neutral color combinations are the most popular such as a

[Fig. 7]

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[Fig. 8]

85

a crisp, clean white paired with a modern grey6. This way, the users are left a blank canvas that they can use to express themselves in which ever way they want to. Some apartments have a “Feature Wall Program� which allows residents to choose accent colors for their own units which allows for individuality and expression between each space that would otherwise look the same, especially in micro apartment units7. It has been researched that the popular colors each year are often highly influenced by current economic conditions. As of now, bright and bold colors are popular because of an improving economy, but during the time of market crashed in 2008, the popular colors were dark and dull, such as greens, blacks, and browns. Not only does the economy affect what colors are popular at a time, but fashion, the environment, and design trends all influence it as well.

COLOR: AMENITIES When it comes to the amenity spaces in the apartment, it is important to utilize color psychology so the residents are getting the most out of these communal spaces. Orange makes a person feel energized, so this would be optimal

[Fig. 9]

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to use in the gym, especially when paired with green which evokes the feelings of nature and wellness. The lounge is a place to relax, so calm colors such as different shades of blues can help residents to unwind.

The laundry room needs to feel clean, so neutral colors would be beneficial in this area. All colors can evoke emotion within people and it is important when designing to pair these colors and emotions with what a designer wants a space to feel like.

URBAN > SUBURBAN For a majority of human history, humans were hunter gatherers and moved from

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place to place. They lived in large camps without the basic housing necessities people have today such as walls and doors.

Materialistic items had no value during this time so there was not a large need for big living quarters, just non-permanent dwellings with enough space for basic survival needs. Now in todays society, many are straying away from living with big or extended families and opting for something more simple. It is estimated that 28 percent of people live in single-person households, up from 13 percent when recorded in the 1960s8. In previous centuries and decades, it was important to live in

[Fig. 10]

[Fig. 11]

larger households because there was more work and chores that needed to be done, especially when it came to growing food and making clothes for that specific household.

Families used to have many children just to put them to work as they grew older. This is not the case now with new advanced technology and contemporary ways of living. Fairly recently in 2002, President Bush stated that the American Dream was all about owning a house in the suburbs with a white picket fence and a two-car garage9. Since the housing market crash of 2008 and onwards, the “American Dream” has completely changed in regards to to todays young adults. To them, the new American Dream is owning an apartment that overlooks the city and is a short walk

to their high paying job. This could also be because millennials are “settling down” at much later ages, a majority in their mid 30’s which is a decade later than what was typical in the past. A reason for this is because women are taking much more active roles in the work force and want to have very successful and stable jobs before they have a family, which is a complete contrast from the “stay at home mom” that was very prevalent in the United States before the 2000s. All of these reasons add up to the younger generation living alone and living in cities to be closer to their jobs and better themselves before having a family, if they ever even decide to have one. The American Dream has shifted and so has the way of life for millennials and everyone after that.

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6

EXISTING SITE, CONTEXT, CLIMATE & ZONING INTRODUCTION A majority of college graduates are in their early 20’s and ready to move on to the next steps in their professional careers. This typically means entering a new stage of life and living on their own.

A majority of college graduates careers lead them into the city, so Philadelphia is an ideal place to implement micro apartments. Micro apartments are small and generally do not offer parking, so public transportation is crucial, so the ideal location for this apartment complex in Philadelphia would be in Center City.

PHILADELPHIA, PA The building on the corner of 15th and Walnut is located in the Center City, Philadelphia. Once the capital of the United States between 1790 and 1800 while Washington D.C was

being built, Philadelphia boasts a long and vibrant history1. As of 2017, Philadelphia’s major industries consist of Bio-Science, Financial services, and a very large tourism industry2.

Roughly 1,550,000 live in the city of Philadelphia which makes it the second largest city on the East Coast and 5th most populous within the entirety of the United States, according to the most recent census of 20103. When it comes to demographics, 41% of the residents are white/Caucasian, 43.4% are black or African American, 12.3% are Latino or Hispanic, and 6.3% are Asian4. A third of the population is 25 years of age or younger, half of the population is between the ages of 25 and 64, while the rest are 65 and older5. As far as ancestry 90

groups are concerned, 13.6% are of Irish descent, 9.2% Italian, 8.1% German, 4.3% Polish, and 2.9% English6. Half of Philadelphia residents are employed, with 40% not in the labor force, and an 8.3% unemployment percentage7. On average, a family’s household annual income is roughly $37,000 and a quarter of people live below the poverty line8. Geographically speaking, Philadelphia is placed in a strategic location. Located almost exactly between New York City and Washington DC, many people choose to reside here

because rent is significantly cheaper and sometimes commutes by septa can be faster than inner city travel. Philadelphia also has two rivers, the Delaware and the Schuylkill river that divides a few districts. Philadelphia is also not too far away from the coast. Just outside of the city is an international airport that serves 30 million people annually9. The city also has many parks within the city such as Rittenhouse Square, Washington Square, Franklin Square, and Spruce Street Harbor Park located along the Delaware River.

[Fig. 2]

91

[Fig. 3]

92

[Fig. 4] [Fig. 5]

93

CLIMATE Philadelphia experiences a humid subtropical climate with year round rainfall, but mostly mild temperatures10.

The summers are most often hot and humid with frequent thunderstorms with an average monthly rainfall of 4.3 inches. The high in July typically around (all degrees referred to in Fahrenheit) 87 degrees with a low of 6911. The winters are relatively moderate with an average snowfall in January of 3 inches and

and temperatures with highs around 40 degrees and an average low of 26 degrees12. Overall, the average annual high temperature is 65 degrees, while the average annual low is 47 degrees. The average annual precipitation is 41.45 inches and the average annual snowfall is around 23 inches13.

ARCHITECTURE When the first settlers started to develop Philadelphia, they depended on Georgian and Federal architectural styles between 1720 and 183014. With Philadelphia being

founded by the Quakers, the city adopted a very traditional architectural style.

Eventually during the beginning of the 19th century, the introduction of the “row home� came into style and eventually transformed the urban plan of the city.

These historical row homes are still around and in use today. Row homes were designed because they could house a large number of people in a smaller space while still being economically efficient15.

On some of the commercial buildings, the decorative styles of Victorian Architecture

[Fig. 6]

94

Architecture is prevalent with the use of crown molding, towers, and porches16.

During the 20th century, skyscrapers were introduced using Modernism and International styles. The PSFS building that is located on Market street was actually the first international skyscraper to ever be built17. Now, the city of Philadelphiaw has a very eclectic mix of historic and modern architectural styles which makes it very unique.

RITTENHOUSE Being a large city, Philadelphia is broken up into many different districts and neighborhoods, 55 to be exact. Many people refer to the area that the 15th an Walnut Street building is in as Center City, but more specifically it is located in the neighborhood of Market East, very close to Rittenhouse Square East. This is also known as downtown Philadelphia and is just south of city hall, making it essentially

[Fig. 7]

95

the heart of the city. This neighborhood in itself is extremely commercialized and Walnut street is essentially a street filled with restaurants, shopping, and entertainment. It is not heavily residential, but with in increased interest in city living, perhaps soon it will have to become a mixture. Market East’s boundaries extend from Arch Street to Walnut Street and Broad Street to 6th Street.

Looking at the city from miles away, it is always easy to point out the middle of the city, with its distinctive feature being the skyscrapers. Philadelphia began building skyscrapers along Market Street as early as the 1900s which led to the eclectic mix of architectural styles in the city. Because of the central location and being heavily commercial, this is a wealthier part of the city. Approximately 93,000 people live in this area with a median income of $78,50018. Market East is largely a white neighborhood making up three quarters of it, with the other quarter consisting of black and Asian residents19.

WALNUT STREET Walnut Street could easily be one of the most recognizable and popular streets in the city of Philadelphia. Considered

[Fig. 8]

96

as Philadelphia’s premier shopping district, the street boasts being mostly commercial and having high end retail. This street is very close to Rittenhouse Square and Jefferson Hospital. Many of the buildings on this street are historical, but have been revamped by their retail renters to be more modern, whether it is completely redoing the inside or changing the façade.

Majority of the buildings on this street are on average, five stories tall, but there are a select few that are ten or more. The stores surrounding the building consists

of retailers Tiffany’s, LuLu Lemon, the Northface, and Urban Outfitters, while restaurants nearby are Morton’s Steakhouse, Chipotle, and a variety of coffee shops.

There are also many bars around this location and a public bus stop is located just across the street from this building.

Along with frequent buses that stop nearby and go all throughout the city, other means of transportation that are close are three train stations; Suburban Station, Jefferson Station, and 30th Street Station. There is also a sucbway that runs beneath the city.

[Fig. 9]

BUILDING HEIGHTS DIAGRAM

97

[Fig. 10]

98

SITE ZONING Zoning is closely related to urban design, but is a more indirect way of going about it20. A zoning map indicates what can be built at certain parts of the city whether they be residential, commercial, industrial etc.

More specifically, zoning is broken up into 1) Form based zoning, 2) Incentive zoning, and 3) Performance zoning21. Philadelphia is a very old city, at least in relation to the rest of the United States, and some of its original coding has become an obstacle for the way the new modern city wants [Fig. 11]

99

to be portrayed and somehow integrate the surrounding communities22. However, zoning is not utilized in all American cities, Houston, for example, is one of the largest American cities where citizens continue to refuse any efforts to implement the codes23.

SITE ANALYSIS The 15th and Walnut building is located on one of the busiest streets in center city. It is located on a corner block so even though that means that the building will have more access to natural sunlight,

ZONING DIAGRAM

it is also subject to more street noise.

Walnut street also has one way traffic which is important to note when public transportation is a concern for some. As for public transportation needs, there is a Septa bus stop located directly across the street from the building which will be ideal for the apartments residents.

There are also many bars, restaurants, and coffee shops located near by so the residents will always have another place

to go besides their apartment if need be.

The 15th and Walnut street building is one of the smallest buildings on the block so although it is on a street corner, it is difficult for the sun to penetrate through the buildings surrounding it which are any where from five to twenty stories tall. Having an all glass facade will help to make the best use of the sunlight that the building does receive, however, and will be perfect for micro apartments.

[Fig. 12]

SITE ANALYSIS DIAGRAM

100

7

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION When it comes to laying out a micro apartment complex, the first thing to keep in mind is public versus private spaces. Many apartment complexes are broken up with employee spaces on the first floor, amenities on the top or bottom floor, with all of the apartment units placed in between.

When amenities are on the top floor, there is more security for the residents.

Because these apartments are going to be small, most likely between 300350 square feet, there is not much room for entertaining or having family and friends over so having additional spaces throughout the complex that

residents can go to is important to make sure that the residents, although they live alone, will still have the opportunity to socialize and meet their neighbors.

The apartments need to have as much access to natural sunlight as possible so the apartments will be along the large glazing/window side of the building.

The windows are floor to ceiling so it will provide optimal daylight to make the apartments feel bigger. The amenities can be located in the middle and towards the other side of the building because they can still function well with artificial light. In those areas, skylights and light tunnels can also be optimized.

102

Quantitative Factors Room Names

Sq. Ft.

Vestibule

1

50

50

Lobby, Concierge

Lobby

1

350

350

Vestibule, Concierge

Conceirge

1

150

150

Lobby

Apartments

60

300

18,000

Laundry, Amenities

Mail Room

1

200

200

Package room, lobby

Package Room

1

200

200

Mail room, lobby

Employee Office

3

150

450

Lobby, other offices

Real Estate Office

1

150

150

Lobby, other offices

Building Mech. Rm.

1

100

100

Data Room, Lobby

Data/Server Room

1

60

60

Mech Room, Lobby

2

200

400

Apartments

Housekeeping Closet 103

Total Sq. Ft.

Qty.

Adjacencies

***NOTES***

Privacy: (V)=Visual, (A)=Acoustics

Privacy V/A

Lighting

Acoustics: (A)=Absorb, (B)=Block, (C)=Cover

Furniture/ Equipment

Finishes

Acoustics A,B,C

Perception

A

Natural/ Artificial

N/A

N/A

A,B

Inviting

A

Natural/ Artificial

Lounge seating

Durable

A

Inviting

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Ergonomic chair

Durable

A

Inviting

A/V

Artificial

N/A

Nonslip

B

N/A

A/V

Artificial

Mailbox wall

N/A

B

Secure

A/V

Artificial

Package wall

N/A

B

Secure

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Task seating

Durable

A

N/A

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Task seating

Durable

A

N/A

A/V

Artificial

N/A

N/A

B

N/A

A/V

Artificial

N/A

N/A

B

N/A

V

Artificial

Sink

N/A

B

N/A

104

Room Names

Total Sq. Ft.

Qty.

Sq. Ft.

Janitors Closet

3

50

50

Lobby, Apartments

Storage - General

1

250

250

Offices, lobby

Fitness Gym

1

1000

1000

Other Amenities

Gym Bathroom

2

80

160

Gym

Rooftop Patio

1

2500

2500

N/A

Resident Lounge

1

1000

1000

Other Amenities

Public Restroom

1

80

80

Lounge, other amenities

Media Room

1

400

400

Other amenities

Laundry Room

1

300

300

Apartments

Conference Room

1

150

150

Other amenities

4

50

200

Other amenities

1

1000

1000

Resident storage

1

2500

2500

Bike storage

Study Rooms/Den Bike Storage Resident Storage

Adjacencies

Privacy V/A V V

Lighting

Artificial Artificial

Furniture/ Equipment

Finishes

Acoustics A,B,C

Perception

Slopsink

N/A

B

N/A

N/A

N/A

B

N/A

A,B

Energetic

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

A/V

Artificial

N/A

Nonslip

B

N/A

N/A

Natural

Patio furniture, plants

Durable

B

Relaxing

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Lounge seating, kitchen

Durable

A,B

Relaxing

N/A

Non-slip

B

N/A

Lounge seating, large screen

Durable

A,B

Relaxing

A/V

A/V

Artificial Artificial

Treadmill, weights, Durable, nonslip etc.

A/V

Artificial

Washer/Dryer/ Tables

Durable, non-slip

A,B

Clean

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Table, task chairs, TV

Durable

A,B

Productive

A/V

Natural/ Artificial

Table, task chairs, TV

Durable

A,B

V

Artificial

Bike racks, air pump

Durable

B

Secure

V

Artificial

Locked cages

N/A

B

Secure

Productive

Qualitative Factors Proxemics

Color

Indoor Air Qualiy

Electrical/Plumbing Needs

Vestibule

3

N/A

Good ventilation

Power outlet

Lobby

4

Vibrant

Good ventilation, plants

Power outlet, WiFi

Concierge

2

Neutral

N/A

Power outlet, WiFi, data for computer/phone

Apartments

1,2

Neutral

Good ventilation, low VOC paint

Mail Room

2,3

Vibrant

Non-VOC Paint

Package Room

2,3

Vibrant

Non-VOC Paint

Employee Office

1,2

Luxurious

Good ventilation, plants

Power outlet, WiFi, data for computer/phone

Real Estate Office

1,2

Luxurious

Good ventilation, plants

Power outlet, WiFi, data for computer/phone

Building Mech. Rm.

2

N/A

Good ventilation

WiFi, internet for data servers, power outlet, mech, HVAC

Data/Server Room

2

N/A

Good ventilation

WiFi for data servers, power outlets

2

N/A

Good ventilation

Power outlets, plumbing for slopsink

Room Names

Housekeeping Closet 107

Power outlets, WiFi, data for computers/ phones, plumbing WiFi, power outlets, connection for mail screen WiFi, power outlets, connection for package screen

***NOTES*** Proxemics: (1): Intimate (2): Personal (3): Social (4):Public

Thermal Comfort

Environmental Qualities

Ergonomics

Wayfinding

Shading devices

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Shading devices, adjust temp

Daylight system, green materials, LED lighting

Ergonomic lounge furniture

General room signage

N/A

N/A

ADA height reception desk

N/A

N/A

Operable windows, adjust temp

Daylight system, green materials, natural lighting

ADA heights, wide corridors

Apartment numbers

N/A

Daylight systems

Heights of mailboxes are ADA

Daylight systems

Heights of package box is ADA

N/A

N/A

Daylight system, green Shading devices, materials, LEDs, natural adjust temp light Daylight system, green Shading devices, materials, LEDs, natural adjust temp light

Height adjustable desks, ergonomic chairs Height adjustable desks, ergonomic chairs

Future Trends/ Growth

Ability to be renovated in future

General room Accomodate signage, additional mailboxes mailbox #’s General room Accomodate signage, additional packages mailbox #’s General room Space for additional employee growth signage General room Space for additional signage employee growth

N/A

N/A

N/A

General room signage

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

General room signage

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

General room signage

N/A

108

Proxemics

Color

Indoor Air Qualiy

Electrical/Plumbing Needs

Janitors Closet

2

N/A

Good ventilation

Power outlets, plumbing for slopsink

Storage

2

N/A

Good ventilation

Power outlet

Fitness Gym

4

Energetic

Good ventilation, non VOC paint

Power outlets, WiFi

3,4

Vibrant

Good ventilation

Power outlets, plumbing

Rooftop Patio

2,3,4

Earth Tones

Plants, outdoor air

Power outlets, WiFi

Resident Lounge

2,3,4

Eclectic

Good ventilation, non VOC paint, plants

Mail room, lobby

Public Restroom

3,4

Neutral

Good ventilation

Power outlets, plumbing

Media Room

2,3

Soft

Non-VOC paint

Power outlets, WiFi, data for computer

Laundry Room

2,3

Clean

Good ventilation, non VOC paint

Power outlets, WiFi

2,3,4

Calm

Good ventilation, non Power outlets, data for phones/computer, WiFi VOC paint, plants

1,2,3

Calm

Good ventilation, non Power outlets, data for VOC paint, plants phones/computer, WiFi

2,3

Vibrant

Non-VOC paint

Power outlets

2,3

N/A

Good ventilation, NonVOC paint

Power outlets

Room Names

Gym Bathroom

Conference Room Study Room/Den Bike Storage Resident Storage

Thermal Comfort

Environmental Qualities

Ergonomics

Wayfinding

Future Trends/ Growth

General room signage

N/A

N/A

General room signage

N/A

Daylight systems

Equipment available for ADA

General room signage

Space for new equipment

N/A

Dual-flush toilets

Toilet and sink at ADA height

General room signage

N/A

N/A

Green roof

Ramps for flooring level changes

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Shading devices, adjust temp

Shading devices, adjust temp

Green materials, natural light

Ergonomic loungers, General room adjustable computer signage desks

N/A N/A

Dual-flush toilets

Toilet and sink at ADA height

General room signage

Adjust temp

Green materials

Ergonomic lounge furniture

Space for the newest General room technology in media signage viewing

Adjust temp

Daylight systems

Washers and dryers at ADA height

General room signage

N/A

Shading devices, adjust temp

Daylight system, green materials, LEDs, natural light

Ergonomic chairs, adjustable table

General room signage

N/A

Shading devices, adjust temp

Green materials, daylighting system

Ergonomic chairs, adjustable table

General room signage

N/A

N/A

N/A

Adjustable height racks

General room signage

N/A

N/A

N/A

ADA height storage

General room signage

N/A

N/A

Public Restroom

[Fig. 2] Vestibule Lobby Concierge

Mail Room Package Room Employee Offices

ADJACENCY MATRIX:

Real Estate Office

Public Restroom Building Mechanical Room Mail Room Package Room

Data/Server Room Housekeeping Closet

Employee Offices Janitors Closet Real Estate Office Storage - General Building Mechanical Room Fitness Gym Data/Server Room Restroom - Gym Housekeeping Closet Storage - Gym Janitors Closet

Resident Lounge

Storage - General Restroom - Lounge Fitness Gym

Media Room

Restroom - Gym Laundry Room Storage - Gym

Conference Room

Resident Lounge Study Rooms/ Den Restroom - Lounge Bike Storge Media Room Laundry Room

Resident Storage Rooftop Patio / Greenspace

Conference Room Apartments Study Rooms/ Den Bike Storge Resident Storage Rooftop Patio / Greenspace Apartments

111

Immediate Adjacency Secondary Adjacency

FLOOR PLAN TEST FITS:

Bike Storage

Bike Storage

Resident Storage

Resident Storage

Vestibule/Concierge

Vestibule/Concierge

Lobby

Lobby

Mail/Package Room

Mail/Package Room

Offices

[Fig. 3]

TEST FIT - BASMENT

112

[Fig. 4]

[Fig. 5]

113

TEST FIT - FIRST FLOOR

TEST FIT - SECOND FLOOR

[Fig. 6]

[Fig. 7]

TEST FIT -THIRD FLOOR

TEST FIT - ROOF

114

BUBBLE DIAGRAM: [Fig. 8]

115

[Fig. 9]

116

8

BUILDING ANALYSIS, CODE, REGULATIONS & STANDARDS ADDRESS 1430 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102 EXISTING BUILDING ANALYSIS This 60,000 square foot building was designed by a Philadelphia-based architect, Bohlin Cywinski Jackson in 2012 and was completed in 2015. The building has 3 main floors that are 20 feet each, as well as a basement and roof top area. This building on the corner of Walnut and 15th street majorly contrasts the surrounding historic buildings because of its very modern interior and exterior. The 20 foot tall stories are made up of full height structurally glazed panels, the nations first truss-stiffened utilized glass curtain wall1. Surrounding glass partitions are steel mullions and beams. Distinctive high-performance

faรงade which has the ability to be shopfabricated and delivered to the site and is very fast and easy to install2.

The rooftop contains many sustainable elements such as a storm water management system. A portion of the roof is vegetated and absorbs rainwater and returns it back into the atmosphere through a process called transpiration3.

Because the city of Philadelphia is old and historic, their storm systems are not up to par with the amount of rain the city gets, so this building also utilizes a blue roof which has slopes and drain controls to keep and retain rain water and help slow its release4.

118

CODES & REGULATIONS The buildings location zoning ordinance is CMX-3 which allows it to be used as a mixed-use facility. It currently contains retail and restaurants, but the way the Philadelphia population is rising and how many apartments it needs to incorporate before the year 2030, it would be beneficial for the city to go over the code and allow it to be used as micro apartments for residents of the city. The maximum occupancy is SOLID V. VOID ANALYSIS: [Fig. 2]

119

995 people and requires at least two exits per floor where the fire exit enclosures have two-hour rated walls, while the rest of the corridors will be one-hour rated. The building will have sprinkler systems, fire extinguishers, and other fire suppression devices in every room and hallway, as well as smoke detectors, horns, and strobes for ADA accessibility and code. Other ADA compliances will include ADA restrooms, ramps, and elevators where necessary.

PROJECT DATA:

Project Name: Philadelphia Micro Apartments Address: 1430 Walnut Street, Philadelphia

PA 19102 Date of Completion: August 2015 Number of Stories: 3+ Basment Total Gross Sq. Ft.: 60,000

APPLICABLE BUILDING CODE INFORMATION

Zoning Ordinance: CMX-5 Center City Core

Commerical Mixed Use Fire Code: International Fire Code 2009 Building Code: International Building

Code 2012 Energy Code: International Energy

Conservation Code 2009

USER GROUP CLASSIFICATION Residential Group R-2

MEANS OF EGRESS

Sprinklered Dead-End Limit: 50’-0” Min. Corridor Width: Apartments- 36”

Other- 44” Number of Exits: 2 per floor Exit Access Travel Distance: Sprinklers- 250 ft.

No Sprinklers- 200 ft.

[Fig. 3]

120

SANITATION:

Male/Female % Split: 50/50 Wc Male: 1 per dwelling unit Wc Female: 1 per dwelling unit Lavatories Male: 1 per dwelling unit Lavatories Female: 1 per dwelling unit Bathtubs or Showers: 1 per dwelling unit Drinking Fountains: Not applicable Other: 1 kitchen sink per dwelling unit

1 automatic clothes washer/dryer

connection per 20 dwelling units

FIRE PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS: Fire Exit Enclosures: 2 hours Shafts and Elevator Hoistways: 2 hours Tenant Space Seperations: 2 hours Smoke Barriers: 30 minutes Incidental Use Areas: Laundry- 1 hour

Waste/Linen- 1 hour

EXERCISE ROOMS:

Gross Sq. Ft.: 1500 Sf/Occupant: 50 gross Number of Occupants: 20

KITCHENS, (Commercial): Gross Sq. Ft.: 350 Sf/Occupant: 200 gross Number of Occupants: 15

LIBRARY:

Gross Sq. Ft.: 100 Sf/Occupant: 50 net Number of Occupants: 2

RESIDENTIAL:

Gross Sq. Ft.: 300 Sf/Occupant: 200 gross Number of Occupants: 1

[Fig. 4]

SUNLIGHT ANALYSIS:

NORTH

121

SOUTH

[Fig. 5]

CIRCULATION ANALYSIS

[Fig. 6]

STRUCTURE ANALYSIS

[Fig. 7]

EXIT ROUTE ANALYSIS

122

[Fig. 8]

9'-0 1/4"

10'-0"

a 10'-0"

PL

a 9'-0 1/4"

PL

A

A 8'-0"

8'-0"

1 A303 37'-10"

A.5

38'-9"

A.5

51'-0"

A202 1

33'-0"

33'-0"

A202 2

37'-10"

80'-0"

80'-0"

39'-4" 1 A302

3

A202

B 8"

B

24'-0"

24'-0"

39'-4" 38'-4" 29'-0"

1 A301

39'-4"

C

C 5'-0"

5'-0"

39'-2"

PL

PL

3 A304

5'-0"

12'-0"

1

2

A201

A201

1 A304

2 A304

12'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

27'-6"

8'-10 3/4"

1'-0"

186'-4 3/4"

PL

1

2

1.5

3

4

5

6

PL

FIRST FLOOR 7

6.7

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

1 A101

[Fig. 9]

SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0"

PL

PL 9'-0 1/4"

10'-0"

a

UP

9'-0 1/4"

10'-0"

a

A 1 A303

8'-0"

8'-0"

A

A.5

A.5

A202 1

80'-0"

80'-0"

33'-0"

33'-0"

A202 2

1 A302 3

A202

61'-4"

B

24'-0"

24'-0"

B

1 A301

C 5'-0"

5'-0"

C

PL

PL

3 A304

5'-0"

PL

12'-0"

1

30'-0"

1 A304

2

30'-0"

3

30'-0"

4

30'-0"

5

186'-4 3/4"

123

2 A201

2 A304

12'-0"

1.5

1 A201

27'-6"

1'-0"

8'-10 3/4"

6

6.7

7

PL

SECOND FLOOR 1 A102

SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0"

[Fig. 10] A203 1

5'-1"

PL

a

PL

10'-0"

9'-0 1/4"

9'-0 1/4"

10'-0"

a

A

A 8'-0"

8'-0"

1 A303

A.5

A.5

A202 1

80'-0"

33'-0"

80'-0"

33'-0"

A202 2

1 A302 3

A202

24'-0"

B

24'-0"

B

1 A301

UP 5'-0"

C

5'-0"

C

PL

PL

3 A304 5'-0"

12'-0"

1

2

A201

A201

1 A304

2 A304

12'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

30'-0"

27'-6"

8'-10 3/4"

1'-0"

PL

PL 1

2

1.5

3

4

5

6

7

6.7

186'-4 3/4"

THIRD FLOOR 1 A103

[Fig. 11]

SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0"

A203

PL

J S

a H

10'-0"

J

5'-0 1/4"

J

9'-0 1/4"

11 3/4" 8"

1

PL 10'-0"

a

THIRD FLOOR PLAN

1 A303

TCF SHAFT

8'-0"

A 8'-0"

A SL

30'-0" +/-

A.5

VIF

40'-0"

A.5 T

3,a

A202 1

103'-0"

2'-6"

H

2

A203

3

A202

33'-0"

33'-0"

J

MS

J

A202 2

J

4,d

30'-0"

3,a

MS

MS

2'-0"

80'-0"

1 A302

80'-0"

4'-0"

J

B

B

24'-0"

24'-0"

40'-0"

J

1 A301

2'-4"

DN

H S

J

J

C 5'-0"

J

5'-0"

C

PL

PL

3 A304 5'-0"

PL

12'-0"

1

12'-0"

1.5

1

2

A201

A201

2 A304 30'-0"

2

1 A304

30'-0"

3

30'-0"

4

30'-0"

5

27'-6"

6

8'-10 3/4"

6.7

1'-0"

7

PL

186'-4 3/4"

1 A104

ROOF PLAN

SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0"

ROOF PLAN

124

9

RESEARCH SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS

Through in-depth research and analysis on the proposed project, it has been consistently recognized that the need for micro-apartment units in large cities is extremely necessary. Micro-apartments are a way in which recent graduates and other young adults can successfully and financially live on their own and not have to move back in with their parents after graduation, or live with a large amount of roommates just to be able to afford rent in a major city. In order for a micro-apartment to be successful, the design must be able to make the user feel as though they are not in a minuscule space, so utilizing natural lighting and functional furniture are the

key elements to a successful apartment.

Upon further research, it is important to make sure the user does not feel any type of seclusion when they are living by themselves and must provide amenities that will encourage the residents of the apartments to interact with one another. These can include lounges where residents can have a large enough space to invite friends over, media rooms to have movie nights, kitchens to offer cooking classes, and fitness centers. Based off of research from existing micro apartments throughout the United States, one thing that has been highly regarded as a way for residents to interact with each other 126

is not having their own washer/dryer combo. This allows for residents to have a reason to get out of their apartments and see other people, while also freeing up space within their apartments for more important uses. This proposed project will be specifically geared towards a younger demographic, ideally between their 20s and 30s, so it is important to design with their interests in mind. Luckily in the United States, there is becoming a “tiny house” and “minimalist” trend occurring and it is the perfect time to introduce micro apartments as a major solution to any overcrowding and expensive city problem. It has been researched that having too many materialistic items

and living in a large space does not lead to ultimate and overall feelings of happiness.

Another reason why this project will be geared towards young adults is because they have not yet accumulated a lot of “stuff ” and will be able to successfully move their lives into a micro unit and be able to better understand a more simple life. They can then carry these ideals with them for the rest of their lives and perhaps the world will then become a little bit less materialistic. As Linda Breen Pierce once said, “Simplicity involves unburdening your life, and living more lightly with fewer distractions that interfere with a high quality life, as defined uniquely by each individual1.”

[Fig. 2]

127

[Fig. 3]

128

10

SECTION 1: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. United, Nations. “6 billion.” 2016. doi:10.18411/d-2016-154.

2. Wenting, Zhou. “Shanghai Struggles with Growth.”

Shanghai struggles with growth|China|cn. July 11, 2013.

3.” What Is The Tiny House Movement?” The Tiny Life.

October 19, 2015.

4. Thorsby, Devon. “The Big Impact of Tiny Homes: How Little Houses Are Changing Real Estate.” USNews.

August 5, 2015.

5. Willett, Megan. “Here’s One Brilliant Interior Design Plan For NYC’s New ‘Micro Apartments’.” Business Insider. January 22, 2013.

6. Stratton, Susan. “Sustainability in apartment buildings: How do you quantify green?” Daily Journal of

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. Valerie Smith 2. http://lh5.ggpht.com/-SHMvo00Dmz8/USt8sigrUnI/ AAAAAAAAlgk/3pTX4V9EA9E/hong-kong-cubicledwellers-4%25255B5%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800 3. http://lh5.ggpht.com/-tcXPlse9_rc/USt8ZPXNxaI/ AAAAAAAAlgM/-FNWmsW48Xw/hong-kong-cubicledwellers-2%25255B9%25255D.jpg?imgmax=800 4. Valerie Smith 5. Valerie Smith 6. http://pytphilly.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ Philadelphia.jpg

Commerce. January 19, 2011.

7. Romero, Melissa. “Philly must add 38K apartments by 2030 to meet rising demand, study finds.” Curbed Philly.

July 18, 2017.

8. Becker, Joshua. “50 Minimalism Quotes... Through the Centuries.” Becoming Minimalist. May 29, 2015.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

130

SECTION 2: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. Lasky, Julie. “The Surprising Origins of the Tiny House Phenomenon.” Curbed. July 13, 2016.

2. “History and Evolution.” Shelter.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Jonnala, Uma K. “Though igloos are made of snow, it is warm inside. Why? - Times of India.” The Times of India. November 06, 2004.

12. “Wigwam.” Wigwam - New World Encyclopedia.

13. Bradley, Alice. “From ancient Rome to NYC: A Brief History of Apartments.” Realestate.com.au. July 11, 2016.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. “ROE Home | Report on the Environment.” EPA. 20. Gilbert, Geoffrey. World Population. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006. pg. 32 21. Becker, Rachel . “World Population Expected to Reach 9.7 Billion by 2050.” National Geographic. July 31, 2015.

22. Goldin, Ian. Is the planet full? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. pg. 2 23. “What is IRC?” What is IRC? | ENERGY STAR. 24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. “World’s First Known Building Code.”

Thompson Engineers, Inc. February 2, 2006.

131

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Thomas Jefferson: “Proclamation—Building Regulations in the District of Columbia,” March 11, 1801. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.

30. “IBC.” ICC. 31. Asensio, Paco, and Alejandro Bahamón. Small apartments. New York, NY: Harper Design International, HarperCollins, 2003. pg. 6 32. Ibid. pg. 6.

IMAGE CITATIONS 1. http://worldlandforms.com/landforms/wp-content/ uploads/2015/03/Cave.jpg 2. http://brewminate.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ RomanHouse03.png 3. Krock, Lexi. “How to Build An Igloo.” PBS. February 01, 2006. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/ igloo-101.html.

4. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/5/54/Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_ Curtis%2C_1903.jpg 5. https://www.triphistoric.com/images/original/OstiaAntica-969.jpg 6. http://wirednewyork.com/images/nycbw/025.jpg 7. https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/a3a83d230d80-4a92-b133-d125c7f98d35/8cb9c2ba-6888-4f1cb978-624641d55f1b.jpg 8. http://www.som.com/FILE/24836/30thstreetstation_1 575x900_som_12jpg.jpg

SECTION 3.1: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. GreenPoint Rated.

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132

SECTION 3.2: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

N/A

133

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://static1.squarespace.com/ static/570ed61bc2ea519da2f545a1/t/570e d93b1d07c0b5ca6aa3e2/1460590911862/ Cityscape+Philadelphia+sunset_Ultra+HD. jpg?format=2500w 2. Google Maps 3. Valerie Smith 4. Valerie Smith 5. Valerie Smith 6. Valerie Smith 7. Valerie Smith 8.http://avenirphilly.com/?floorplan=Flat++314+sq.+feet&index=0 9.http://avenirphilly.com/?floorplan=Flat++314+sq.+feet&index=0 10.http://avenirphilly.com/?floorplan=1+Bedroom++522+sq.+feet&index=0 11.http://avenirphilly.com/?floorplan=1+Bedroom++522+sq.+feet&index=0 12. Valerie Smith 13. Valerie Smith 14. Valerie Smith

SECTION 3.3: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. “Carmel Place.” NARCHITECTS. 2. “NArchitects complete New York’s first microapartment tower.” Dezeen. March 24, 2016.

3. “Carmel Place.” NARCHITECTS. 4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/lpoGzs37SOd Apn6v0rFSEmuIQng=/113x0:1934x1366/1200x900/ filters:focal(113x0:1934x1366)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/ uploads/chorus_image/image/53022639/chrysler_ building.0.0.jpg 2. Google Maps 3. https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/54ec/e5ae/ e58e/ce5d/cd00/001b/large_jpg/2.jpg?1424811430 4.https://www.world-architects.com/it/architecturenews/reviews/carmel-place-1 5. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/af/5a/8e/ af5a8ea6ee4fea8bd05bed28ab9bd9a5.gif 6. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/af/5a/8e/ af5a8ea6ee4fea8bd05bed28ab9bd9a5.gif 7. https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bNAE3veQCgYLEcIk8JgrzJxOE0=/0x600/cdn.vox-cdn.com/ uploads/chorus_asset/file/7147829/160901_11-4327_5DSR3419.0.jpg 8. https://pixel.nymag.com/imgs/fashion/ daily/2015/11/11/11-design-hunting-space-of-the-week335_E_27th_St.w1200.h630.jpg 9. http://www.crainsnewyork.com/apps/pbcsi.dll/ storyimage/CN/20151023/REAL_ESTATE/151029914/ AR/0/AR-151029914.jpg 10. https://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/ files/2016/03/NYCs-first-micro-apartments-are-almostready-to-open-kitchen.jpg 11. http://d2kcmk0r62r1qk.cloudfront.net/ imageSponsors/xlarge/2015_11_30_01_14_01_carmel_ place_rendering.jpg

134

SECTION 3.4: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. Fortmeyer, Russell. “One Santa Fe.” Architectural Record RSS. October 16, 2015.

2. One Santa Fe | Michael Maltzan Architecture.

3. Ibid.

4. Fortmeyer, Russell. “One Santa Fe.” Architectural Record RSS. October 16, 2015.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

135

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. http://www.sothebysinstitute.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/10/los_angeles_banner.jpg 2. Google Maps 3. https://cheshirebeane.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/08/osfla_hero_cheshirebeane.jpg 4. http://cdn.archinect.net/images/1200x/0f/0fqlytaa1ta r281f.jpg 5. http://www.arch.iit.edu/img/af50edff377fe47c/06-6. jpg 6. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/g5-orionclients/g5-c-1t2d31r8-berkshire-communities/g5-cl54ztque3h-one-santa-fe/uploads/one_santa_fe_hero.jpg 7.http://image3.apartmentfinder.com/i2/vQONtG5CA808e_KeL3_zHaRVuS6aufMcdD0HI_l_FE/118/ one-santa-fe-residential-los-angeles-ca-floorplan.jpg 8.https://images1.apartments.com/i2/ vRvzfbVV2aIeFovxNnv9hAbhzq1fGtPV62sIlCkQIs/118/one-santa-fe-residential-los-angeles-cafloorplan.jpg 9.https://images1.apartments.com/i2/ hzxKUcazFzTjeSl3-MFACXWDY8PqDcQs1lua6Z5TkI/118/one-santa-fe-residential-losangeles-ca-floorplan.jpg 10. https://images1.apartments.com/i2/

SECTION 4: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. O’Shea, William. “Designing a Micro-Apartment.”

Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute.

2. Curry, Pat. “Guide to Paint Finishes (So You Won’t Waste Your Money).” Houselogic. July 14, 2016.

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://newatlas.com/the-commons-australiasustainable-apartment-building/34971/#gallery 2. Kitchen 3. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/97/75/ab/9775aba2df0 02d00ffa6be32787fdef2.jpg 4. https://static1.squarespace.com/ static/5494cd61e4b0bf0af361ab24/t/54e92adde4b003ce1 bd191ca/1424567030790/ 5. https://i.pinimg.com/736x/c9/40/17/ c94017156df5c6d2bb18a33e34a08fd2--apartmentinterior-home-interior.jpg 6 http://cocolapinedesign.com/ wp-content/uploads/2014/11/ SFD7627042073B74E91B3A6D3B3867E0253.jpgt 7. https://www.ambito.co/ab/2017/04/rooftop_garden_ design_philippines__image_of_rooftop_garden.jpg 8. https://i.pinimg.com/736x/3b/c0/ bd/3bc0bde09da2727c9f415ea7d423f946--hotel-signagewayfinding-signage.jpg

136

SECTION 5: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. Wymelenberg, Kevin Van Den. Archlighting.com.

March 19, 2014.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Blackwell, Tim. “Multifamily Color Trends: The Right Hue for You.” Property Management Insider. November 12, 2015.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Strauss, Ilana E. “The Hot New Millennial Housing Trend Is a Repeat of the Middle Ages.” The Atlantic.

September 26, 2016.

9. Frizell, Sam. “Americans Increasingly Want to Live in Cities, Not Suburbs.” Time. April 25, 2014.

137

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. http://static.skillshare.com/uploads/project/ eb40c16b8382f420f9b909c101c2f327/a4a0148f 2. http://alexsandalis.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ open-loft.jpg 3. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0252/5831/ files/loft-with-designer-furniture-ottoman. jpg?16522402324355217036 4. https://cdn.makespace.com/blog/wp-content/ uploads/2016/01/16134712/natural-light-ideas-diymood-lighting-small-apartment.jpeg 5. https://www.amli.com/blog/ wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ AMLIRiverNorthfeature-e1382637585271.jpg 6. https://i.pinimg.com/736x/01/db/ cb/01dbcba085116f8bd2b95df78ae0c876--nycapartment-loft-loft-nyc.jpg 7. https://www.libbieholmes.com/wp-content/ uploads/2012/10/Trifecta-Belmar-Apartments.jpg 8. http://invisionstudio.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/06/Modern-Apartment-Gym-ApartmentCommunities-Apartment-Photography-360-VirtualTours-For-Apartments-Apartment-Virtual-TourCompany-Apartment-360-Tours1.jpg 9. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/63/f3/09/63f309a2ab6f 85c3fc7044e1badb53ba.jpg 10. https://exurbantheory.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/ houses.jpg

SECTION 6: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. Klein, Christopher. “8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States.” History.com. July 16, 2015.

2. “Philadelphia, PA.” Forbes.

3. “Philadelphia Population 2017.” Philadelphia Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. “PHL Philadelphia International Airport.” About Us. 10. “Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Climate & Temperature.”

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Climate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Temperatures Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Weather Averages.

11. Data, US Climate. “Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall.” Climate Philadelphia Pennsylvania and Weather averages Philadelphia.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. “Different styles in Phila Architecture.” Philadelphia’s Architectural History. April 22, 2010.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. “Philadelphia, PA.” Forbes.

19. Ibid.

20. PlanPhilly.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid.

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://img1.etsystatic.com/068/0/6245917/il_ fullxfull.774417519_5ub5.jpg 2. http://www.visitphilly.com/m/mobile/nh1.jpg 3. http://www.thephillyphotoblog.com/wp-content/ uploads/2016/10/1-1.jpg 4. https://static01.nyt.com/newsgraphics/2015/07/08/ census-map/0e13706b21b2d3c74408a9adc4b6e011e8bd 540a/thumbnails/philadelphia.jpg 5. https://www.usclimatedata.com/images/climate-chart/ usde0043-climate-newark.gif 6. https://www.centercityrealestate.com/philadelphiareal-estate-blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/ritz.jpg 7. http://media.philly.com/images/445*296/1House2.jpg 8. https://media1.popsugar-assets.com/files/ thumbor/3Wr497RwkPVuqa-8mVkji-9UVe4/ fit-in/1024x1024/filters:format_auto-!!-:strip_icc-!!/2017/10/30/764/n/43374309/3683271db686aa6e_ PS17_0002_Travel_109/i/Meander-around-trendyRittenhouse-Square-neighborhood.jpg 9. Valerie Smith 10. http://media.philly.com/images/012016_1430_ walnut_1200.jpg 11. Valerie Smith 12. Valerie Smith

138

SECTION 7: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES N/A

139

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/photo/ rolls-of-building-blueprints-royalty-freeimage/172735443?esource=SEO_GIS_CDN_Redirect 2. Valerie Smith 3. Valerie Smith 4. Valerie Smith 5. Valerie Smith 6. Valerie Smith 7. Valerie Smith 8. Valerie Smith 9. https://bcj.com/projects/15th-and-walnut-streetbuilding

SECTION 8: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

1. “Projects.” BCJ | 15th and Walnut Street Building. https://bcj.com/projects/15th-and-walnut-streetbuilding.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://bcj.com/projects/15th-and-walnut-streetbuilding 2. Valerie Smith 3. https://bcj.com/projects/15th-and-walnut-streetbuilding 4. Valerie Smith 5. Valerie Smith 6. Valerie Smith 7. Valerie Smith 8. Valerie Smith 9. Valerie Smith 10. Valerie Smith 11. Valerie Smith

140

SECTION 9: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

N/A

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. Samantha Ringer 2. http://cdn.home-designing.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015/05/microloft.jpg 3. https://www.markhay.com.au/wp-content/uploads/ micro-apartment.jpg

SECTION 10: FOOTNOTES FOOTNOTES

N/A

141

IMAGE CITATIONS

1. https://unsplash.com/photos/wprOCzLIEYI

BIBLIOGRAPHY Asensio, Paco, and Alejandro Bahamón. Small apartments. New York, NY: Harper Design International,

HarperCollins, 2003. pg. 6 Becker, Joshua. “50 Minimalism Quotes... Through the Centuries.” Becoming Minimalist. May 29, 2015.

Becker, Rachel . “World Population Expected to Reach 9.7 Billion by 2050.” National Geographic. July 31, 2015.

Blackwell, Tim. “Multifamily Color Trends: The Right Hue for You.” Property Management Insider. November 12, 2015.

Bradley, Alice. “From ancient Rome to NYC: A Brief History of Apartments.” Realestate.com.au. July 11, 2016.

“Carmel Place.” NARCHITECTS. Curry, Pat. “Guide to Paint Finishes (So You Won’t Waste Your Money).” Houselogic. July 14, 2016.

Data, US Climate. “Temperature - Precipitation - Sunshine - Snowfall.” Climate Philadelphia - Pennsylvania and

Weather averages Philadelphia.

“Different styles in Phila Architecture.” Philadelphia’s Architectural History. April 22, 2010.

Fortmeyer, Russell. “One Santa Fe.” Architectural Record RSS. October 16, 2015.

Frizell, Sam. “Americans Increasingly Want to Live in Cities, Not Suburbs.” Time. April 25, 2014.

Gilbert, Geoffrey. World Population. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006. pg. 32 Goldin, Ian. Is the planet full? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. pg. 2 GreenPoint Rated.

“IBC.” ICC. Jonnala, Uma K. “Though igloos are made of snow, it is warm inside. Why? - Times of India.” The Times of India.

November 06, 2004.

Klein, Christopher. “8 Forgotten Capitals of the United States.” History.com. July 16, 2015.

Lasky, Julie. “The Surprising Origins of the Tiny House Phenomenon.” Curbed. July 13, 2016.

“NArchitects complete New York’s first micro-apartment tower.” Dezeen. March 24, 2016.

One Santa Fe | Michael Maltzan Architecture.

O’Shea, William. “Designing a Micro-Apartment.” Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute.

“Philadelphia, PA.” Forbes.

“Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Climate & Temperature.” Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Climate Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Temperatures Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Weather Averages.

“Philadelphia Population 2017.” Philadelphia Population 2017 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs).

“PHL Philadelphia International Airport.” About Us “Projects.” BCJ | 15th and Walnut Street Building.

“ROE Home | Report on the Environment.” EPA. Romero, Melissa. “Philly must add 38K apartments by 2030 to meet rising demand, study finds.” Curbed Philly. July

18, 2017.

142

BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONTINUED) Strauss, Ilana E. “The Hot New Millennial Housing Trend Is a Repeat of the Middle Ages.” The Atlantic. September 26, 2016.

Thomas Jefferson: “Proclamation—Building Regulations in the District of Columbia,” March 11, 1801. Online by

Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project.

Thorsby, Devon. “The Big Impact of Tiny Homes: How Little Houses Are Changing Real Estate.” USNews. August 5, 2015.

United, Nations. “6 billion.” 2016. doi:10.18411/d-2016-154.

Wenting, Zhou. “Shanghai Struggles with Growth.” Shanghai struggles with growth|China|chinadaily.com.cn. July 11, 2013.

“What is IRC?” What is IRC? | ENERGY STAR. “What Is The Tiny House Movement?” The Tiny Life. October 19, 2015.

Wenting, Zhou. “Shanghai Struggles with Growth.” Shanghai struggles with growth|China|chinadaily.com.cn. July 11, 2013.

“Wigwam.” Wigwam - New World Encyclopedia.

Willett, Megan. “Here’s One Brilliant Interior Design Plan For NYC’s New ‘Micro Apartments’.” Business Insider.

January 22, 2013.

“World’s First Known Building Code.” Thompson Engineers, Inc. February 2, 2006.

Wymelenberg, Kevin Van Den. Archlighting.com. March 19, 2014.

143

CAPSTONE COMMITTEE: Ellen Prantl-Bartlett

prantlbartlette@philau.edu (267)-309-3150

Donna Daley

daleyd@philau.edu (610)-416-4915

Lisa Phillips

phillipsl@philau.edu (215)-518-3535

CAPSTONE ADVISORS: Richard Garber - Gro Architects

email: richard@groarc.com location: New York City, NY current project: “Nest” micro apartments in New Jersey

John - Avenir Apartments

phone: (917)-797-8939 location: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania title: Property Manager

Christa Horrigan

email: horriganarch@aol.com location: Brooklyn, NY Horrigan O’Malley Architects

144

THANK YOU.

valerie smith capstone research fall 2017