Dissertation: Sustainable Urban Conservation: The historic centre of Larissa city

MA Architecture & Urbanism

Introdution

Sustainable Urban Conservation The historic center of Larissa city Vasiliki Iakovaki 19088978

Manchester School of Architecture

2019 - 2020 1

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

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Copyright Š 2020 Manchester, England United Kingdom All rights reserved.

Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University Copyright reserved by Vasiliki Iakovaki MA Architecture & Urbanism MMU ID: 19088978 UoM ID: 10611722

VASILIKI IAKOVAKI

Sustainable Urban Conservation The historic centre of Larissa city

Keywords urban conservation | sustainability | sustainable urban conservation | urban heritage | cultural identity

Manchester School of Architecture

Vasiliki Iakovaki 19088978

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Acknowledgements

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Introdution

This project is the result of an applied research developed during the 2019 – 2020 academic year at the Manchester School of Architecture for the program MA Architecture & Urbanism.

I would like to thank Manchester School of Architecture that gave me the opportunity to develop this project. During this time, I have enriched my knowledge about architecture and urbanism and I learned valuable things for my future career as an architect and urban designer.

To begin with, I would to express my acknowledgment to all of the tutors that supported this pro-

ject from the start. More specifically, I would like to acknowledge the enormously helpful advice and guidance of Al – Saffar Mazin in the preparation of this book, whose generous support and encouragement has been invaluable.

Additionally, I would like to thank my fellow students Andrea, Afrah, and Cyntia that shared a lunch break with me and supported me at stressful moments during this year.

Finally, I would like to thank my family and especially my brother Eleftherios that helped me to overcome various difficulties that I faced during this year.

Manchester School of Architecture

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Abstract

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VASILIKI IAKOVAKI

This research explores the urban transformation of Larissa city to explain the important connection between the historic center, Pineios River and the city center.

Then, the study presents the principles of urban conservation and sustainability as well as the common ground they share. This analysis contributes to the evaluation of the urban conservation projects that have been developed in the historic center of Larissa city.

Furthermore, the research analyses two precedents of historic cities, Malaga and Ecuador, to evaluate the methods of managing the existing urban fabric. Based on the literature, the research assess the physical and social conditions of Frourio Hill by using qualitative and quantitative methods. The outcome indicates that the historic center faces unique challenges for which sustainability techniques could provide new methods of regeneration. Finally, this research will propose a sustainable urban design framework for Frourio Hill and will introduce some guidance for future development that enhance the identity of the city.

Manchester School of Architecture

During the 20th century, historic districts have been a significant aspect of urban planning due to their cultural heritage and their distinctive urban fabric. Over the years, urban conservation has been a term that expanded to other fields for addressing the requirements of modern cities. In the last few decades, it was associated with sustainability for promoting human development and improving quality of life. The aim of the research is to examine how the implementation of a sustainable urban design into a historic area preserves the local heritage of a city. The two objectives of the study are to emphasize the need for urban planners, architects and local authorities to rethink their vision of historic areas and to examine the impact of sustainable design on a historic area. The research focuses on the historic center of Larisa city to establishe an argument about the management of historic cities and the importance of applying sustainable principles to conservation interventions.

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Contents Abstract Acknowledgements Introduction

1.1 Research Problem

1.2 Research Aims 1.3 Research Question 1.4 Research Methodology

5 7 12 14 14 14 15

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Reading The City Through Time

2.1 The profile of the city 18

2.2 Urban Transformation of Larissa city 20

2.2.1 The establishment and changes of the city until 20 1881

2.2.2 The formation and development of the city (1881 24 to 1940) 2.2.3 The formation and development of the post24 war city

2.3 The historic center of Frourio Hill 28

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Sustainable Urban Conservation

3.1 Urban Conservation 32

3.1.2 Urban conservation and sustainability 32 3.1.3 Identity and sustainability 33

3.1.4 The urban conservations of Frourio Hill 34

3.1.5 Sustainable urban development in Frourio Hill 38

3.2 Urban Heritage Conservation In Historic Cities 42 3.2.1 Malaga - Spain 44 3.2.2 Cuenca – Ecuador 46

3.2.3

Comparative analysis between Frourio Hill, Malaga and Cuenca 48 Case study: Frourio Hill

4.1 Site Analysis 52

4.1.1 Land of uses in Frourio Hill 52

4.1.2 Patterns of use 54

4.1.3 Circulation in Frourio Hill 56 4.1.4 Accessibility in Frourio Hill 56 4.1.5 Site analysis results 56

4.2 Observation/ Walking/ Serial Vision in Frourio Hill 58

4.2.1 Observation/ Walking/ Serial Vision Results 64 4.3 Questionnaire 66

4.3.1 How important is the historic center of the city? 66

4.3.2 How much the social and economic life of the city is

VASILIKI IAKOVAKI

affeced by the Frourio Hill area?

66

4.3.3 Do you believe that the commercial development of the Frourio Hill has downgraded the area?

68

4.3.4 How much have the urban renewals, over the last 30 years, pr served the historical identity of the area?

68

4.3.5 How important is the connection of the city center with the Frourio Hill area?

70

4.3.6 How much do you think the changes that have taken place in the last 5 years in order to promote sustainable development in the area, have preserved the urban heritage of Larissa?

72

4.3.7 What problems do you believe are found in the area?72

4.3.8 Could we consider the Frourio Hill as an area that can be transformed in order to respond to the contemporary needs of the city? What would you prefer to develop in the area?

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4.3.9 Do you feel attached to the Frourio hill?

74 4.4 Questionnaire Results 74

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Design Strategy

5.1 Sustainable Urban Conservation Framework 78 5.1.1 Accessibility and legibility 78

5.1.2 Mix of uses land development 80

5.1.3 Cultural Promotion 80 5.1.4 Environmental protection 80 5.1.5 Economic growth 81

Conclusion 88 Reference List 92 Bibliography 95List of figures 96 Appendices 98

Appendix 1: The English version of the questionnaire 98

Appendix 2: The Greek version of the questionnaire 100

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Introduction Research Problem|Research Aims|Research Question Research Methodology

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

INTRODUCTION

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

During the 20th century, urban conservation raised concerns among architects, urban planners, and municipal authorities. The term has multiple meanings that are always changing according to new theories and regulations. The meaning of urban conservation has expanded over the years to take into consideration socio – cultural, environmental and economic aspects. However, the main objective of urban conservation was to preserve the past, respond to the present and reassure continuity for the future.

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In the last few decades, urban conservation has been associated with sustainability. Although these two terms are different, they are sharing one same objective.

This objective is how urban conservation could be sustainable.

Theorists and researchers articulate that urban planning projects should focus on preserving the characteristic of historic cities and promoting economic development. Additionally, the theory that culture should be associated with the economic aspect of the city is widely spreading. This enabled to recognize urban conservation as tool of sustainable development.

In this context, this research emphasizes the need for urban planners, architects and local authorities to change how they think about historic areas. It establishes an argument about the management of historic cities and the importance of applying sustainable principles into conservation interventions.

A review in the literature about the relationship between identity and sustainability indicates the importance of local engagement.

The identity of the city is defined by the socio – economic habits of its citizens, which are the key for sustainable development. Urban conservation projects tend to only focus on architectural and urban analysis and neglect the intangible heritage. A research gap exists in the evaluation of intangible heritage and the association of it with sustainability.

Projects identified for this research are selected from Spain and Ecuador. These were selected based on their scale, contextual constraints, and the economic realities of their localities.

The analysis of these two areas showed that the approach that was followed was based on different theories. This contribute to the

Introdution

examination of urban conservation theories in the span of two decades. The analysis enabled to establish successful methods that could be applied in similar or different contexts.

provided information on how historic cities are managed and what should be the focus of future developments.

This research introduces the case study of historic center of Larissa city, Frourio Hill, in Greece for evaluating its sustainability.

A review of the historic background of the city has shown the important connection between Frourio Hill and the urban fabric.

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During the 20th and 21st century, Frourio Hill has been the main concern of municipal authorities and multiple proposals were developed about the site. The major conservation project in the area was started in 1990 and completed in 2006, which utterly transformed the site. The most recent project in the area focused on its sustainable development, which was controversial. A thorough analysis of the site contribute to the evaluation of the current state of the area. A thorough examination was made about the urban conservation interventions. The engagement of the local community provide an insight into the perspective of the citizens towards this area.

The overall analysis of the area,

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

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1.1 Research Problem

1.2 Research Aims

• Loss of historical identity • Poor management of historic cities • Poor Implementation of sustainable design into the historic center

The aim of this research is to:

Frourio hill is the historic center and it is located on the northern part of the city. In this area the Ancient Theatre, the church of Saint Achillios and the Bedesten (a covered market during Ottoman Empire) are located.

Frourio is an integral part of the city’s nightlife, especially in the summer months, as it is the highest point of the city.

However, the political and economic events of the 20th century resulted in the downgrading of the city’s central core and the loss of its historical memory. The excessive development of private interest to the detriment of the public interest deprived the Frourio area of the role of the historic center. Since then there are have been numerous urban interventions to this area in order to revive its lost historic identity.

• Emphasize the need of rethinking the vision of urban designers about historic areas • Examine the impact of sustainable design on a historic area

1.3 Research Question How the implementation of a sustainable urban design into a historic area preserves the local heritage of a city?

Introdution

1.4 Research Methodology

For observing the impact of sustainable urban conservation, this study focused on a specific area, the historic center of Larissa city. At first, the historic background of the city and the urban interventions that were developed in the area was researched. This method provided data that made it possible to identify the changes that occurred in the area and the impact they had in the city.

Following this, site analysis was conducted, which included diagrams and serial vision sketches. These methods helped establish the current situation of the site and identify problems. After the collection of these data, a questionnaire was prepared for citizens to respond to. This method was chosen for this research because it is a reliable and quick method to collect information from multiple respondents in an efficient way. The questionnaire focused on the social and economic impact that the area has in the city.

This method was crucial because it engaged the locals and provided their perspective about this area.

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This research is based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In order to respond to the first objective an extensive research on literature about urban sustainability and urban conservation was completed.

For this study, the definition of these two theories was crucial because it provided a connection between them. It gave the opportunity to observe historic areas from a different perspective and obtain a more nuanced view about urban conservation. In addition, two precedents of historic cities were examined in this research. The first case was the city of Malaga due to its successful implementation of sustainability into its historic center. The second case was the city of Cuenca because the historic city is listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site and it was possible to evaluate the new approach of UNESCO about historic cities. The examination of these two cases was important because it provided data about the management of historic cities throughout the 20th and 21st century.

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Reading the city through time The profile of the city|Urban Transformation of Larissa city The historic center of Frourio Hill

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

2.1 The profile of the city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The city of Larissa is located in the center of Greece and it is the capital of the provenance of Thessaly. It is the largest city in terms of size and population of Central Greece with approximately 160.000 inhabitants. It is built on the two banks of the river Pineios and is located in the center of the eastern part of the Thessalian plain (Figure 1). Larissa is also located on the main road and railway axis of the country that connects the two major urban centers, Athens and Thessaloniki. The position of the city is consolidated as the most important economic and administrative center of the country (Figure 2) (Litrokapis and Manika, 2009).

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The economy of Larissa is one of the two pillars of Thessalian development. As Larissa is in the core of the Thessalian plain, its economy is based on agricultural production. Τhis fact, in combination with its position, creates a strong economic and social network between the city and the surrounding areas. This network was and still is, vital during the economic crisis of the country. It helped the city to maintain its status as an economic center of the country (Figure 3).

Larisa is a city with a rich historical, cultural and architectur-

al heritage. Frourio Hill forms the core from which the city began its inhabitation and its organic development and thus its archaeological and monumental wealth is great. Next to the Frourio Hill is located the First Ancient Theater, which is the most valuable monument in the city and a little further away is the Second Ancient Theater. Moreover, the Turkish domination of the city for so many years is still witnessed by the presence of many important monuments, such as mosques and Turkish baths. (Gota, 2013:41) The city of Larissa has grown rapidly and unorganized over the years. The opening of the regional axis, the construction of the University Hospital and the creation of working districts on the city limits have contributed to the diffusion of the city boundaries. This uneven expansion of the city have created the environmental problems of air pollution, noise and aesthetic degradation.

The negative effects of the expansion are best seen on the historic center. (The (Technical Chamber of Greece and Larisa Architectural Association, 1996), (Litrokapis and Manika, 2009), (Papadopoulou, 2006).

Reading the city through time

Larissa

Figure 1. Map of Provenance of Thessaly.

Source: Author, 2020

Figure 2. Map of Larissa city. Source: Author, 2020

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Figure 3. Economic network of Larissa city. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

2.2 Urban Transformation of Larissa city 2.2.1 The establishment and changes of the city until 1881

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The advantageous location of ancient Larissa next to Pineios River has been a place of continuous habitation since the prehistoric times. The first settlement dates back to the Neolithic period and was located near the ancient Acropolis. The city was founded during the Pelasgian period (7th century B.C.) by the son of Pelas-

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gos and began to flourish during the 8th century B.C. During this time, a strong fort was built in order to keep the city protected (Figure 4). The houses were constructed by materials such as wood, and straw and were scattered in small groups near pastures.

(Stathakopoulos, 1993:112)

Figure 4. Ancient Larissa. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larissa Architectural Association, 1996

Reading the city through time

Between the 2nd century B.C. and 4th century A.D the city was planned with the Ippodameio planning system and was divided into three basic centers: political - administrative, religious and commercial. In Frourio Hill, was located the temple of Athena Poliasw, the Theater, the Agora, the Temple of Apollo of Cerdo and a

smaller Theater (Figure 5). During the Byzantine period the city was structured around the Acropolis where the church of Saint Achilios was built (4th century A.D.).

In this period, the city acquires a typical Byzantine organization of its urban space, with a castle-country-enclosure (Tsigkaropoulou, 2015: 70).

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Figure 5. Larissa during the Hellenistic period. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larissa Architectural Association, 1996

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

In 1423 A.D., Larissa was under Ottoman rule, was renamed Yeni Sehir (New City) and it became the military center of the Turkish forces. During the Ottoman Empire, the city was undergoing enormous reconstruction, while the Byzantine buildings are being destroyed; dozens of mosques and public buildings are being erected. (Litrokapis and Manika, 2009:15). During the 15th century,

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the Bezesten market was built in the Fourio Hill area. The population was approximately 40.000 inhabitants. During this period, the Frourio Hill had lost its strategic significance, but it remained a place of religious value for both Christians and Turks (Stathakopoulos, 1993:113).

The Turks destroyed Larisa’s fort and the city remained unprotected

Figure 6. The administrative and commercial center of Larissa during the Ottoman Empire.

Source: Paliougkas, 1996

Reading the city through time

until the 19th century .However, in 1827, engineer Halil Bey built on the south and east sides of the city a fort (Figure 7). Regarding the city’s spatial organization, there were three areas of residence in the south, east and west, and two centers, the administrative and commercial. The administrative center was located in the area of today’s Central Square, while the commercial center was

located on the east and southeast sides of the fortress, known as Tranos Mahalas (Figure 6). According to the maps there is no clear hierarchy and distnction of the routes. The master plan did not folow a regular geometric pattern but It developped into a dense and unorganized shape (Figure 7) (Litrokapis and Manika, 2009:21 22).

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Figure 7. Master Plan of Larissa in 1880. Source: Paliougkas, 1996

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

2.2.2 The formation and development of the city, 1881 to 1940 In 1881, Larissa became part of Greece and faced a lot of economical, institutional and urban planning problems. The first urban plan of the city was developped in 1883 and remained unchanged until 1946.

The city was surrounded by a 4km long trench and it was not denesly built. Its streets were narrow, some of them were paved and the city’s connection with the inland was made through 5 gates. The majority of the buildings were one floor,built by wood wall (tsatma) and stone (Papadopoulou, 2006:5 – 7).

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

In 1887, the city’s market was developed throughout the area of the current Venizelos Street up to the bridge. This area along with the Central Square formed the core of the city center. After

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the Macedonian wars (1900-1910) and the liberation wars (1912-13) Its population had grown to around 30,000. In the 1920s, the deployment of thousands of refugees from Pontοs and Mikra Asia, played a signigicant role to the growth of the city’s population. By 1940 the city had developped within the perimeter of the fort, current street Ir. Polytechneiou. In the interwar period, the city was still defined by the river walls and the perimeter fortifications.

After World War II, people form isolated areas concentrated in the city which resulted in the city’s rapid expansion and the creation of new districts radially along the main highways which connecting it to its periphery (Stathakopoulos, 1993:113).

2.2.3 The formation and development of the post- war city 1950s - 1960s During the 1950s and the 1960s, the city suffered from devastating earthquakes where most of the buildings that were destroyed.

However, the reconstruction of the city did not followed a specfic plan. The city continued to expand, randomly and sporadically.

These expansions developed radially along the highways to Thessaloniki, Volos and Farsala. In fact, the city, until the 1970s,

developed into the perimeter of the fort (Current Street of Ir. Politechniou) (Tsigkaropoulou, 2015: 71 - 73) (Figure 8). During the mid – 1970s, 60% of the built area was an arbitrary structure, which was incorporated into the city plan in 1976 and in 1979.

(Stathakopoulos, 1993:114)

Reading the city through time

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Figure 8. Master Plan of Larissa in 1970. Source: Anastasiadis and Stathakopoulos, 1994

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

1970 to present day

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In the 1970s and 1980s, the first major urban planning efforts were made with the involvement of Local Government. The first Regulatory Plan for the city, delivered in 1978, laid down general principles for the proper functioning of the city. However, these plans were not followed for financial reasons and poor research. In 1986 and 1989, the Master Plan and the Master Plan of Extension and Revision were delivered. In 1985, the Municipality has proceeded with the construction of the first 1650m pavements in the center of the city, aiming at improving the environment. In 1988, a town planning survey which was called “Upgrading and rehabilitation of the Historic Center of the city and the wider area of the Pineios River� was delivered. The findings of the studies led to a series of interventions, which have been carried out over the last 20 years (Tsigkaropoulou, 2015: 73-74).

In the 1990s, the population increased to 113090. The Frourio Hill area was redeveloped after

the street market was removed and the pavements in the city center are expanded. In 1992, the processes for the revelation of the Ancient Theater began in Frourio Hill area. In the recent decades, the population extended to 170000 inhabitants and city expansions have continued. This lead to the division of Larissa in 23 districts.

In 2015, the urban renewal of the historic center of Larissa was developed. The proposal was aimed at the sustainable development and improvement of the quality of life of citizens and the integration of the historic center into the city fabric. (Tsigkaropoulou, 2015: 75) Overall, this urban analysis showed that the city does not have a specific plan and layout of its functions but it follows the guidelines of the older city fabric. It is clear that the city is defined by the relationship between Pineios River and the Frourio Hill (Figure 9).

Reading the city through time

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Figure 9. Urban transformation of Larissa city. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

2.3 The historic center of Frourio Hill

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The urban transformation of the city has shown that Frourio Hill had a significant importance for the social, economic and cultural context of the city throughout the years. It is clear that the city is defined by the relationship between Pineios River, city center and historic center. Τhe identity of the city is inextricably connected to the urban interventions that have taken place in this area. The modern city of Larissa strives to balance its identity as a historic city and an economic center without losing both identities.

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Frourio Hill is the key area where it is possible to observe the mutation of the whole city in the social, economic and cultural aspect (Figure 10). The elements that distinguish this area from other areas is its flexibility and its timelessness. It has been the center of social activities throughout centuries and it defined multiple generations of people. It is the main landmark of the city and it has strong connection with religion and traditions. There

have been significant changes in the area for reviving its historical identity.

Despite the numerous urban interventions, there are still problems in the area, with the preservation of cultural heritage as the main one. The excessive development of private interest in Frourio Hill has deprived its role as a historic area. The removal of the street market, has led to the abandonment of buildings and the desolation of the area. The open spaces that vehicles occupy the street market left behind. However, the municipality is seeking to change the direction of the region’s approach and aims to tackle climate change of the area.

As such, it is important to analyze the existing urban interventions in the area and point out the changes that they have made.

It is particularly important to evaluate the sustainability of these approaches by focusing on the most recent urban renewal, which aimed to implement a sustainable design in the area.

Figure 10 1. Commercial area 2. Ancient Theater 3. Square 4.Abandoned buildings 5. Abandoned Buildings 6. Commercial area (Restaurants Bars) 7. Square next to Saint Achilios Church

8. Sustainable development infrastructure 9. Ancient ruins of the first metropolitan church 10. Residents on top of restaurants in commercial area

Reading the city through time

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Figure 10. Area of case study. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation Urban conservation | Urban Heritage Conservation in historic cities

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

3.1 Urban conservation The term urban conservation has been a matter of concern among architects, urban planners, and environmentalist over the last few decades. The practice of urban conservation references a number of key words whose meaning has redefined over the years. As Rodwell states the words preservation, restoration, reconstruction and conservation have been used interchangeably which caused confusion about what is conservation and what is its purpose (2007:7). According to UNESCO and the Historic Urban Landscape Approach urban conservation does not focus on the preservation of single buildings but it takes into consideration the overall urban fabric(Bandarin et al., 2015). Elnokagly and Elseragy considered urban conservation a term with a broad meaning “that can be classified under three categories: socio-physical, sociocul-

tural and environmental concerns” (2013:32). Albrecht expanded the term even more the term and states that urban conservation should mange “issues related to the rehabilitation of ecosystems that have deteriorated” (n.d.:2).

Urban conservation, as Al – Saffar points out, should “promote the historical physical environment and ensure its continuity as an attractive place to live” (2017:65). According to the Historic Urban Landscape Approach, policies should focus on preserving the cultural heritage of a city if their objective is to improve the living conditions of the citizens. Therefore, for a city to grow a solid economy it is important to have a strong cultural identity, which is the key for human development (Bandarin et al., 2015:318–319).

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

3.1.2 Urban conservation and sustainability

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In the last few years, urban conservation has been associated with sustainable development. According to (Sandholz, 2017) urban heritage plays a significant role in sustainable urban planning for two main reasons. The first reason, which is an older approach, is that in order the city to expand has to deal with the existing urban fabric something that could lead to the replacement of the historic area. The second reason and a newer approach has more substance as it recognizes the social and economic value

of the old urban fabric. Despite the outcome and the reason, urban conservation is an essential component in the design process.

As the newer approach became more popular, new regulations were established in all countries in order to preserve the urban heritage. However, as (Al-Saffar, 2017) states preserving traditional fabric and enhancing the character of a place are not the main concern of urban conservation nowadays, but how would urban conservation be sustainable. It is

Sustainable Urban Conservation

quality of the public spaces of heritage areas in order to create favorable conditions to attract new users and investors. The new approaches should not focus only on the monument as itself but to the development of the surrounding area. In order to achieve sustainability there should be balance between private development and conservation. However, achieving this balance will be a challenge among the investors and the authorities.

As the concerns raise among this new approach the Historic Urban Landscape Approach (2015) supports it by stating that the cultural aspect is the key of the determinant quality of life while the economic aspect is required for development. It is important to understand that cultural aspect is connecting with the economic aspect of a city. In order a city to evolve and developed needs its heritage to inspire the future generations to create. ‘Culture shapes people and people make places’ (Bandarin et al., 2015:201)

3.1.3 Identity and sustainability The identity of a city is a complex layer that has been shaped by the past and it is continuing to shape in the present. The city defined by its built fabric, by its geographical environment, by its history, by the traditions of its inhabitants and by the habits of the local communities. ‘All of

these things define the character of the city and the essence of a place’(Shinbira, 2012:225). Sense of place is the ability to recognize different places and different identities of a place. Individuals attached themselves to the urban fabric and they identify themselves through specific locations.

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important the new regulations to take into consideration the social and economic aspect of a city in order to create sustainable environment. Rojas (2014) suggests that the new goal is to preserve the socio-cultural values embodied in urban heritage areas by turning them into well-functioning spaces of the city where buildings and public places retain their characteristic heritage value as a result of being used and maintained to satisfy contemporary needs of a wide variety of social actors.

In order urban conservation to be sustainable, the upcoming developments in historic areas should promote economic development without downgrading the historic value. ‘The objective is to turn urban heritage into an asset for the development of the city.(Rojas, 2014:201)’ The historic areas should respond to the contemporary needs of the cities and adapt to the circumstances without losing its value.

According to (Rojas, 2014)the focus of urban planning analyses and interventions is to improve the infrastructure, accessibility, and

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

They interact with the place and the place interacts with them.

This relationship between inhabitants and the city fabric gives meaning to the places and defines the identity of the city. ‘This is why old and historical places have more sense of place than newer places.’(Shinbira, 2012:225).

As the city, constantly, evolves in order to understand in depth, its character an ide tity the local community should be engaged.

According to the Historic Urban Lan scape a thorough research into the socio – economic life of the inhabitants, among the other assessments, will establish a basis to define the character of a city.

Through this approach, the urban conservation projects do not only focus on preserving the historic cities but also improving the living conditions of the inhabitants. This approach implements sustainability by thinking the future generations. However, the research also should focus on the traditions of the inhabitants, the intangible heritage, in order to be conclusive. Conducting research on the habits of the locals will provide info mation on a micro level of the area and will accompany the architectural and urban analysis. This field has not been examined fully and there is a missunderstanding about tangible and intangible heritage.

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

3.1.4 The urban conservations of Frourio Hill

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During the second half of the 20th century, all municipal authorities turned their attention into conserving and reforming Frourio Hill. Excavations to unveil the ancient theater in the area have begun after the expropriation of properties. In 1953, the new clock was erected - which was a characteristic point of the city. In 1964, the Heron with the Statue of Liberty was constructed which is located until today behind Bezesten. During 1970s, the school that was built in the area in 1932 was demolished, forming a green space. The open street market was removed which left behind open spaces that later formed the square of Lamproulis. In 1977, the excavations to reveal the ancient theater officially begun (Tsiaras,

2018:125).

In the 1980s, following the proposal for the ‘Upgrading and Rehabilitation of the Historic Center of the City and the Greater Pinios River’, the pedestalization of the area begun and completed in 1998 (Tsiaras, 2018:125). During this period, after the demolition of the existing buildings in the area and the clock, the ancient theater revealed. Τhe revelation took place in three phases (1990, 1997 and 1999) because there were complications with the expropriation of properties (Tziafalias, 1993:3). In 2006, the streets of Papanastasiou, Venizelou and Ifestou were paved which completed the pedestrian network of Frourio Hill (Figure 11). At the same time, the square M. Mayor A. Lam-

Sustainable Urban Conservation

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Figure 11. Τhe revelation of ancient theater. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

brouli was completed. The square was designed in order to preserve the ancient monument of Bezesten and the ancient ruins that found in the area (Tsiaras, 2018:127).

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However, there have been proposals throughout the years that they have not been developed. In 1996, the Architectural Association of Larissa after a thorough examination of the area proposed a solution in order to enhance the cultural heritage of the city.

Their purpose was to determine the objectives of the proposal and not to develop it. The aim was not to preserve the area as an archaeological site but to revive it as an important part of the city (The Technical Chamber of Greece, Larissa’s Architectural Association, 1996).

The interesting issue about this proposal was the creation of an axis that connects the square of the area with the church of St. Achilios (Figure 12). This axis creates a path that connects all the important sites of the area.

Another important aspect of the proposal was the implementation of cultural activities in the area, as the street cinema where the current car parking is locat-

ed. Unfortunately, these aspects of the proposal were not developed in the future proposals, but other suggestions were taken into consideration. It is important to declare that this proposal focused on sustainability even though this term was not popular during this time in Greece. The municipality of Larissa did not overlook this research and the upcoming projects in the area based their developments on the aims of this research (The Technical Chamber of Greece, Larissa’s Architectural Association, 1996).

Overall, at the second half of the 20th century Frourio Hill has been the main concern of the authorities. The research showed that during the 1980s and 1990s, the area has been through great transformations that affected the entire city. These regenerations marked a new era for the city. The research in 1996 introduced a new term sustainability that lead to radical changes in the city. The urban fabric transformed from a congested environment to an open area friendly to its citizens.

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Figure 12. Plan of the proposal in 1996. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larissa Architectural Association, 1996

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

3.1.5 Sustainable urban development in Frourio Hill

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

In 2012, the study of sustainable development in Frourio Hill was conducted by the municipal authorities and submitted for inclusion in the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change’s “Bioclimatic Upgrades of Public Open Space” program. The aim of the proposal was the improvement of the microclimate of the area and the unification of the archaeological sites of the historic city center.

More specifically, the intervention involved the construction of pedestrian paths that surround the ancient theater and the regeneration of the existing squares in the area (Figure 13). The new pedestrian streets create a sustainable path which connects areas of particular economic and social interest (Gota, 2013:65).

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In order to improve the microclimate of the area the asphalt was removed and special “cold” materials were used for the construction of the new pedestrian paths. It was proposed to install an extended shade system with metal supports and cloth to protect passers-by, in the pedestrian paths

that receive extensive sunlight (Figure 14 & 15). The project also suggested underground fans, which channel the generated cool air through racks beneath the sidewalk benches. Photovoltaic panels were proposed for creating an autonomous system that stores electricity in batteries and power the entire system. Finally, the creation of small waterfalls between the stairs leading from the Alcazar Bridge to the church of St. Achilios was proposed (Matsaka, 2012: 109 – 115).

By comparing this intervention with the previous ones, it is clear that this proposal approached the historic center not as a monument but as a tool that will improve the climate of the city. It introduced new thinking into the area and the city. However, the construction of the project had implications and was not based on the initial plans of the proposal.

By visiting the area, it was easy to identify which parts of the project were built according to

Figure 13. Section B - B’. Source: Matsaka, 2011

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Figure 14. Plan of intervention. Source: Matsaka, 2011

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Figure 15. Section A - A’. Source: Matsaka, 2011

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

the initial proposal. The pedestrian paths were the only aspect of the project that was constructed successfully. The materials that were used for the construction of the shading system were not the proposed ones and the infrastructure was completely different (Figure 16b). Unfortunately, the area is still not approachable during the summer months because the shading system does not im-

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prove the microclimate. The photovoltaic panels were established but they are not in use because the new lighting system was never built. The underground fans and the small waterfalls were never constructed. The proposed interventions were based on ease of maintenance, low cost and avoidance of vandalism. However, the outcome of the construction was the opposite. The wear and tear

Figure 16a. (Top) Initial Proposal. Source: Matsaka, 2011

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of the materials is obvious even though the construction was completed 3 years ago.

By observing the area, it is fair to state that the proposal added new problems the area. The area was already congested and the addition of this poor construction has aggravate the problem. However, there were some positive aspects by the development, as the

construction of the pedestrian paths. This network helped connect the important areas of the city.

The author observed that the area requires this innovative way of thinking to evolve, but it is important that the proposal is developed properly.

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Figure 16b. (Bottom) Existing situation. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

3.2 Urban Heritage Conservation in historic cities

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During the 20th century, urban conservation has raised concerns among architects and urban planners. These concerns have led to the development of multiple principles, theories, practices and tools for managing the historic cities. In the past century, historic areas faced significant transformations, which was mostly related to the spread of the principles of Modern movement, which was opposed to urban conservation.

The result of this theory was the destruction or removal of many historic cities. However, over these years, the practices of the modern movement were revised and new theories established that supported urban conservation. The new approaches recognize the importance of cultural heritage and the concept of preservation. Nowadays, historic cities are under protection rules that aim to preserve their historical character (Bandarin and Oers, 2012:Preface).

However, as the city constantly evolves, the historic areas are threaten to lose their cultur-

al identity. The transformation of the city and the focus of the practices of urban conservation only on one specific part of the city has isolated the historic area from the development process (Figure 17). Historic areas require new conservation principles that respond to the reality of the cities (Bandarin and Oers, 2012). As Al – Saffar states “policymakers, architects, and urban designers require creating a new approach that connects the architectural and cultural functions of heritage in the urban spaces”(2018:75).

UNESCO developed the Historic Urban Landscape Approach in 2011 with the aim to include these new aspects into urban conservation.

It was not designed to replace traditional approaches but to be used as tool for managing historic cities. The main objective of this approach “is to recognize and position the historic city as a resource for the future”(Bandarin and Oers, 2012:Preface).

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Figure 17. Archaeological Park of Neapolis, Syracuse, Sicily. A general air of abandonment and the lack of interpretation does little to integrate this area into the modern urban landscape. Source: (Bandarin et al., 2015)

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

3.2.1 Malaga - Spain The city of Malaga is located on the Costa de Sol of Mediterranean and it is one of the main economic centers of southern Spain. The historic center of the city contains archaeological remains and monuments that reflect the rich history of the city (Figure 18) (Ertan and Eğercioğlu, 2016:603).

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The city of Malaga grew at a significant pace between 1960 and 1980 and its population doubled (1960: 250,000 inhabitants, 1980: 503,000 inhabitants). The economy of the city depended mainly on tourism, which acted on two sides in the growth of the urban fabric. On one hand, it affected positively the economic life of its citizens, but on the other hand, it caused problems to the environment (Programmes for Improving the Urban Environment in Malaga (Spain), n.d.).

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During the expansion of the city, the urban fabric isolated the historic center. The limited public and private investment in the area affected the social and economic development of the area. The processes of marginalization also lead to physical deterioration of its streets and squares, but also the abandonment of its functional and symbolic capabilities as the central area of the city. However, in 1990, the growth of the city stabilized and the municipal authorities focused on improving the environment of the city (Programmes for Improving the Urban Environment in Malaga (Spain), n.d.).

In 1995, Inciativa Urbana Ar-

rabales – Carreteria program started upgrading Malaga’s historic center, developing parks, restoring damaged buildings and cultivating the town’s historic heritage (Ertan and Eğercioğlu, 2016:603). The program aimed to recover broken areas, clear congested areas and create open spaces. For improving the appearance of the historic center, a plan was created for refurbishing the facades of historic buildings and coloring them according to their architectural style (Figure 19).

Another important aspect of the project was the strengthening of the economy the area by promoting private investment. The project also focused on sustainability, by constructing a wastewater treatment plant in the Eastern area of the city and the sewage system upgraded. In order to improve the environment, five parks were constructed (Ertan and Eğercioğlu, 2016:603–605)(Programmes for Improving the Urban Environment in Malaga (Spain), n.d.).

This project was important because it took into consideration the social, economic and environmental factor without neglecting the current needs of the citizens. It promoted a sustainable city model that combined cultural and economic development by improving the quality of life of the citizens.

This approach enhance the engagement of the locals and promote activities that create a new framework of communication between the municipal authorities, the private investments and the citizens (Ertan and Eğercioğlu, 2016).

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Figure 18. Roman Theater of Malaga. The pedestrian path in front of the theater integrate the monument into the urban fabric.

Manchester School of Architecture

Figure 19.

Pedestalization of historic center in Malaga. Source:(Malaga-21.jpg (660Ă—495), n.d.)

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

3.2.2 Cuenca - Ecuador

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Cuenca is the capital city of city of the Azuay Province of Ecuador with population approximately 660.000 inhabitants. The center of the city is listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its many historical buildings (Figure 20). There have been multiple conservation projects in the historic center of the city, which focused on the protection of single heritage buildings since 1970s (Perez et al., 2017:165).

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In 2014, a research topic about the Historic Urban Landscape launched by the vlirCPM research project “Management and conservation of the World Heritage City” within the University of Cuenca in Ecuador and the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism; and the development of a Historic Urban Landscape research project was launched by the Prometheus Scholarship Program of the SENESCYT. These two researches lead to a development of a new project in the historic center of Cuenca (Perez et al., 2017:11).

The objective of the project was the application of the Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) approach in Cuenca. This approach was not focusing only on the conservation historic buildings of the area but it provided a holistic approach.

The project established a new way of thinking on managing historic cities by basing the future development of Cuenca on its cultural heritage values. This project

had three characteristics the new integrated approach, the collaboration of different disciplines and the engagement of the citizens (Perez et al., 2017:14-15).

As the project was consisted by different disciplines, such as geography and anthropology it was important to establish a methodology that unify all of these disciplines. The methodology was divided in 3 phases. The objective of the first phase, the analytical phase, was understand tin depth the characteristics that define the historic city (Figure 21).

The second phase, identification of landscape units, was based on the information of the first phase and revealed the need to work in units. The last phase, elaboration of landscape and valuation unit file, focused on collecting all the information and on identifying the cultural heritage values (Perez et al., 2017:16).

‘The result of this project was the identification of urban needs, landscape and cultural heritage; and the creation of a new idea and perception of the “Historic Urban Landscape” of the city of Cuenca’ (Perez et al., 2017:16). It provided new strategies that combined academic research and management bodies. It offered new ideas and tools for managing historic cities and established the importance of collaboration between different disciplines (Perez et al., 2017:166).

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Figure 20. The Panoramic view of San Francisco square shows the landscape of the historic center of Cuenca and its surroundings. Source: (Santa Ana de los RĂ­os de Cuenca (Ecuador) | LAC Geo, n.d.)

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Figure 21. Map of the historic center that shows the location of street vendors who sell food, clothing, newspapers and recently even people doing occasional juggling.(Phase I) Source: Perez et al., 2017

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

3.2.3 Comparative analysis between Frourio Hill, Malaga and Cuenca

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Larisa, Malaga and Cuenca have faced significant changes due to political and historic events that have affected their old urban fabric. Their cultural, economic and social context is different but they share one noteworthy aspect, the necessity to preserve their historic identity. The evaluation of the approaches towards the historic centers of Larissa, Malaga and Cuenca have shown that the main objective of each conservation was the preservation of the heritage through sustainability, even though the process was different.

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During the 20th century, Malaga and Larissa expanded which led to the marginalization of their historic centers. This process caused the deterioration of the historic environment and the loss of their cultural value. During the 1990s, initiatives were developed in these two cities for upgrading their historic centers .The urban conservations that developed aimed to rehabilitate the historic centers in both cities. Their design strategy focused on pedestrianizing the surrounding area of the monuments and promoting economic activity in the area. However, in Malaga the development also focusses on applying sustainable principles in the historic center. As the city faced problems with solid waters for years, the proposal aimed to provide solutions that protect the environment. In Larissa, the environmental aspect was not a concern until 2012 where a new proposal was developed in the historic center.

The objective of the proposal was the improvement of the microclimate of the environment. The design strategy consisted by low cost materials and infrastructures that

improve the thermal comfort (Figure 22) (Tsiaras, 2018),(Ertan and EÄ&#x;ercioÄ&#x;lu, 2016), (Tziafalias, 1993), (Programmes for Improving the Urban Environment in Malaga (Spain), n.d.), (Matsaka, 2012), (Gota, 2013).

As it is noticeable, Larisa and Malaga have developed in a similar context over the years. This provides the opportunity to implement in Larissa the successful aspects of the design strategy of Malaga.

The upcoming development in Frourio Hill could consisted by programs that strengthen its economy, protect the environment and upgrade the urban environment by refurbishing the facades of its buildings.

The approach in Cuenca does not share similarities with the case of Larissa, but it is innovative and could be applied in future developments. The research in Cuenca was developed for understanding in depth the application of Historic Urban Landscape Approach in historic cities (Perez et al., 2017).

The main features of this approach could be applied in Frourio Hill.

The collaboration of different disciplines would enable to examine the area from different perspective and not only as a monument. The engagement of stakeholders would promote the economic activity in the area. Lastly, the identification of the tangible heritage would enhance the cultural identity (Figure 22).

Overall, this comparative analysis enable to examine the managing of historic cities with different urban contexts and identify the key issues of each urban conservation that could be apply in the historic center of Larissa city.

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Figure 22. Comparison Table. Source: Author, 2020

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04

Case study: Frourio Hill Site Analysis | Observation/ Walking/ Serial Vision Questionnaire

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

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4.1 Site Analysis

4.1.1 Land of uses in Frourio Hill

The first method that is applied in the area of interest is site analysis. This method will evaluate the connection between the area of interest and the city. It will help establish the uses of the area and identify the patterns of use of the inhabitants. This method will help marked the areas that have been change through the years. The previous data analysis in combination with site analysis will show how the developments affected not only the historical value but also the stance of the inhabitants towards the area

According to Figure 12, Frourio Hill is a multi – functional area.

The area is consisted of commercial stores, restaurants and residential buildings. Most of them are located on the west part of the hill and on its perimeter.

There are two main squares and multiple green spaces. Commercial stores and restaurants also occupy the block where the ancient theater is located. The ancient monuments are scattered around the hill and are connected through a complex pedestrian route. There is not a clear path between the archeological sites. There are two parking spaces and one of them is located next to the central square, even though the use of vehicles are restricted. The area is consists of multiple open spaces which can be used as areas for cultural activities in future developments. The path between the historic buildings could connect also the metropolitan church with the west part of the hill, for minimizing the excessive development of private interest in the area (Figure 22).

Case Study: Frourio Hill

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Figure 22. Diagram of uses. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.1.2 Patterns of use

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The diagrams of Figure 23 and Figure 24 was produced in order to understand the patterns of use of the inhabitants. The diagrams clarify which are the users and which are the areas they visited the most. This analysis showed that Frourio Hill is a popular destination among all the age groups. Young students from the age 20 – 30 are visiting the area during the whole week especially at night because it has multiple

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bars and restaurants. Families are visiting the area in the morning as well as elderly people in order to attend the church (Figure 23). The behavior of the citizens towards this area indicates that Frourio Hill is a place of entertainment and leisure. Therefore, for reviving the historic identity of the area, during the inactive hours, the open spaces can function as areas for cultural activities and events.

Figure 23. Diagram of patterns of use. Source: Author, 2020

Case Study: Frourio Hill

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Figure 24. Areas of concentration. Source: Author, 2020

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4.1.3 Circulation 4.1.4 Accessibility in Frourio in Frourio Hill Hill

4.1.5 Site analysis results

According to Figure 25, the area is mainly pedestrianized.

There are two main roads in the north and west side of the hill.

There are also routes that allow vehicles to enter the area through the main roads. Two of these routes are on the east side in order to facilitate access to the church.

The other road that is used by vehicles is on the west side of the hill and provides access to the car parking. As was mentioned before the historic center is the highest point of the city, therefore the access from certain locations is facilitate by stairs. There is not a certain path that can be followed by the pedestrians in order to reach the areas of interests.

More specifically, the north part of the hill can confuse the visitors, as there is not clear route to follow. (Figure 25). This pedestrian network can expand into the city center and Pineios River in order to create a cultural path that connects the historic center with the rest of the city.

By this analysis, it is clear nto understand the curent situation. This method helpec to establish a foundation to base the further analysis.

It produces questions that determines the next step of the evaluation of the area. It is clear that the area is not only a historic center but a mixed use area. This analysis showed that the area has potential not only as unit but as part of the city. Therefore, if the main issue is to revive the historic identity of the area though sustainable development, the proposal should not only focus on this specific area.

Larissa is a medium size city; therefore, the area of interest is easily accessible from each district.

Vehicles can reach the area by using the main roads that surround the city. However, it is convenient to reach the area by walking because a big part of the city center is pedestrianized. According to Figure 26, it takes almost the same amount of time to reach the area from certain locations both by car and by walking. That shows that the city can build a strong pedestrian network in order to connect the area of interest with at least the districts that are located approximately 20 – 40 minutes away.

Another key issue is that the use of the bicycle is limited in the city, but according to Figure 26, Frourio Hill can encourage a new connection with the city with a bicycle network.

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 25. Diagram of Circulation. Source: Author, 2020

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Figure 26. Accessibility in Frourio Hill. Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.2 Observation/ Walking/ Serial Vision in Frourio Hill

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The second method that is applied in the area of interest of this research is serial vision. This method is crucial for this research because it will help to analyze the area in depth. Serial vision provides a series of revelations that enable the observer to identify the problems that the area is dealing with. It, also, reveals information about the area that have not been identified by the data analysis.

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Figure 27. Serial

The path is a circle that starts at the corner of Venizelos Street and Filellinon Street passes through the commercial area to the square, and then goes through the park straight to the metropolitan church, turns around to Georgiadou Street towards to the Ancient Theatre and ends up at the same place that it started. (Figure 27)

Path. Source: Author, 2020

Case Study: Frourio Hill

At the point that the path starts there is no indication for the visitor that he is entering the historic center of the city. The visitor has to be an inhabitant of the city in order to understand that because there is no distinction between the surrounding elements of this area with the rest of the city. By this photo, it is clear that the visitor is passing through an area that vehicles are not allowed even though there are multiple motorcycles parked on the side. The pedestrian route is wide but tables of the restaurants occupy a part of it. The visitor cannot observe the surrounding area due to the commercial stores and the uncontrollable vegetation.

It is clear that the area is con-

gested and unorganized. (Figure 28 (1)) Once the victor enters the limits of the historic area, he has the choice to go straight forward or the turn left. If he turns left, he is facing a narrow path with abandoned buildings on his left hand and a tradition restaurant on his right hand. There is still no indication that this area is the historic center of the city. The view is limited due to the roofs of the buildings and the buildings themselves. The environment is not welcoming or interesting to explore. The abandoned buildings create an unpleasant and discouraging feeling. (Figure 28 (2))

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Figure 28. Entrance to Frourio Hill (1) - One of the paths that leads to the square (2).

Source: author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

At the end of the narrow part is located the square of Frourio Hill. Unlike the path, this area is wide with plenty of trees. The ancient ruins of the churches are enclosed and lower than the level of the square. The area does not have enough urban equipment for the size of it. However, the urban equipment that the area has is located in unacceptable places (in front of the ancient monuments).

The view behind the trees is limited due to the buildings (Figure 29 - (3)).

As the visitor continues the path,

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he ends up at the central square of Frourio Hill. At this moment, the visitor is at the top of the hill. This area is dominated by the ancient building of Bezesten.

Unfortunately, there is not a description of the ancient monuments and if someone is visiting the area for the first time, they cannot understand the historical importance of the monuments. In the front of Bezesten are multiple vehicles parked something that indicates that this place is neglected by the citizens (Figure 29 – (4)).

4 Figure 29. Between the ruins of ancient churches (3) - Square with view to Bezesten (4).

Source: Author, 2020

Case Study: Frourio Hill

At this point, the visitor can choose multiple paths to follow.

If he goes straight and passes through the parking, he will be face to face to a narrow path full of trees and greenery. This path has no lighting or indication to the destination that is leading.

It contrasts the wide and open square that the visitor has left behind. The path seems not safe to follow and especially during the night (Figure 30 –(5)).

As the visitor passes through the path, he ends up in an open space behind Bezesten. This area is wide with another historical monument.

This space has no urban equipment, which indicates that is used for ceremonies and events during national celebrations. This area of Frourio Hill radiates a monumental character that makes it approachable (Figure 30 – (6)).

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Figure 30. Path behind square (5) - Behind Bezesten (6). Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

As the visitor continues walking, he reaches the Metropolitan church of the city. The area is wide but it is occupied by multiple elements that makes it seem congested. The north face of the church is not clear due to the parked vehicles. The view is limited due to an infrastructure that it seems like a new addition in the area.

This new element is no well implemented in the area and it is positioned awkwardly next to the church (Figure 31 – (7)).

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At this point, the visitor is below the metropolitan church. It is clear that the infrastructure that is built next to the church is continuing until this point. It looks like it forms a path that surrounds the area. The pedestrian route is wide but the infrastructure limits the view. The high – rise buildings indicates that this part of the city is a commercial area. On the right, there is a monument in the shape of a horse; the area around the statue is well preserved (Figure 31 – (8)).

Figure 31. Metropolitan Church (7) - Below the Metropolitan Church (8). Source: Author, 2020

Case Study: Frourio Hill

By continuing the path that the infrastructure forms, the visitor is facing a usual pedestrian route of the city. The view is limited due to the multiple elements that are in the area. The citizens are using the infrastructure as a lane for walking even though the whole route is pedestrianized. The unmaintained buildings and the graffiti in the walls are dominating the area. There is only one single floor building squeezed between high – rise buildings that brings something from the past (Figure 32 - (9)).

As the visitor reaches the end of the path that, the infrastructure forms he comes across to the Ancient theatre. The ancient theatre is enclosed and below the surface of the route. The inhabitants use the enclosure as seats. The pedestrian route is wide but tables from the nearby coffee houses occupy it. The area around the ancient monument is congested. High – rise buildings, abandoned buildings, stores and restaurants limit the view from the ancient theatre to the city center (Figure 32 – (10)).

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Figure 32. Venizelos Street (9) - Near the Ancient Theater (10). Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.2.1 Observation/ Walking/ Serial Vision Results

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

At this point, the visitor has a clear view of the ancient theatre.

By the state of the archaeological monument it is clear that is not used for anything else rather than sightseeing. The area is maintained but the reveal of the complete ancient theater is not finished yet. The ancient theater is surrounded by poor constructions and abandoned buildings that create a less appealing environment (Figure 33 – (11)).

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The path of the visitor ends near the location that it started.

This area is considered part of the historic center. The area has some buildings from the early 20th century but it mainly consists of commercial stores. The pedestrian route is wide and fully equipped with greenery. It seems that there is a lack of bicycle parking because the users lock their bikes to the trees. The pedestrian route continues and at the end, there is another open space or square which forms a connection with the ancient theater (Figure 33 – (12)).

By following this path, the area has been analyzed in detail. This method helped to identify problematic areas and issues that the upcoming developments should focus on. It worth mention that the infrastructure that was identified was part of the sustainable development in the area. The infrastructure is not well implemented in the scene. The excessive use of material limits the view and confuses the visitor. The analysis showed that area is structured around the commercial life of the city even though it is consider the historic center. It is clear that, there have been efforts to implement the historic part in the city but the area is mainly commercial. Overall, the archaeological monuments are just part of the area and not the main areas of interest.

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Manchester School of Architecture

Figure 33. Ancient Theater (11) - End of the path (12).

Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.3 Questionnaire One of the methods of this research was a questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the four pillars of sustainable development, namely, the environmental, economic, social, and cultural pillars. The questions examined the attitude of the inhabitants of Larisa city towards the historical identity of Frourio Hill. The questionnaire also focused on the social and economic aspects of the area and the impact it has in the city as a whole. Finally, it explored the stance of the citizens on what they identify as a problem in the area and it recorded the

most wanted future developments.

The questionnaire was digitized and sent to the city’s residents, to the Technical Chamber of Larissa, and to the Association of Architects of Larissa. Closed-ended questions or questions with specified answers and questions with scaled-up answers (rating scale) were used. The basis of the numerical scale was from one to five with five as the most important. Thirty-six people responded between the ages of 20 to 60. An attempt was made to make the sample as random and representative as possible.

4.3.1 How important is the historic center of the city?(Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important)

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

The first question was general in order to understand the stance of the respondents towards the area of focus. The majority of respondents considered the historic center of the city to be particularly important with 41.7%. How-

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ever, a small amount of the respondents, almost 14% showed no interest for the importance of Frourio Hill. The results indicated that the historic center is an area with a major impact on the residents of the city (Figure 34).

4.3.2 How much the social and economic life of the city is affected by the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important)

The second question focused on the social and economic impact of the area to the whole city. According to Figure 29, 27.8% of all respondents stated that Frourio Hill has a significant impact on the socio – economic life of the city. A larger rate of 36.1% considered the historic center part of the social economic life of the city, but they did not consider it as the most crucial aspect.

The response of the inhabitants

showed that Frourio Hill could be the core for future economic developments in the city (Figure 35). A strategy could be created for providing subsidies to local shop owners to promote their businesses, to improve their signs and their costume services. This could attract tourism, create new job opportunities and eventually affect positively the economy of the city.

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 34. How important is the historic center of the city? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

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Figure 35. How much the social and economic life of the city is affected by the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.3.3 Do you believe that the commercial development of the Frourio Hill has downgraded the area?

Regarding the downgrading of the historic centre by the commercial development, the results revealed almost 60% of the respondents believe that Frourio Hill area has lost its historical importance due to the excessive development of private interest. The response indicated that future developments should focus on preserving the historic heritage of the area. A

plan could be created for refurbishing the facades of the existing commercial buildings in the area to their original architectural style. This could preserve the cultural heritage and promote economic activity in the area.

This strategy was applied in the city of Malaga that was analyzed it the previous chapter (Figure 36).

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

4.3.4 How much have the urban renewals, over the last 30 years, preserved the historical identity of the area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important)

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Since there have been numerous urban renewals, question four focused on the point of view of inhabitants towards these changes.

Only 11 respondents out of 36 believe that the urban regenerations preserve the historical identity of the area. However, 11 respondents stated that the changes did not enhance the historical heritage of Frourio Hill. The stance of inhabitants towards the urban

renewals emphasize the necessity of further developments in the area (Figure 37). A future development in the area could be the use of open spaces in the area for activities that enhance the intangible heritage of the city. This approach introduce a new thinking into the area because until now the focus of the interventions were the monuments.

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 36. Do you believe that the commercial development of the Frourio Hill has downgraded the area? Source: Author, 2020

Manchester School of Architecture

Figure 37. How much have the urban renewals, over the last 30 years, preserved the historical identity of the area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

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Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

4.3.5 How important is the connection of the city center with the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Do you believe that the Frourio Hill should be preserved as a separated part of the city? Do you considered that the historic area of the city should be connected with commercial district of the city?

Architecture & Urbanism 2019 - 2020

According to question 5, 6 and 7, the majority of respondents considered the connection of the Frourio Hill with the city center very important. This response indicated that Frourio Hill is a vital part of the city and that the inhabitants have a strong connection with this area. It is worth noting that future developments in

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the city should include the connection of city center with the historic centre (Figure 38, 39, 40). A future development could be a creation of a cultural path.

The pedestrian streets in the city center could extend and connect all the important monuments, squares and open spaces.

Figure 38. How important is the connection of the city center with the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 39. Do you believe that the Frourio Hill should be preserved as a separated part of the city? Source: Author, 2020

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Figure 40. Do you considered that the historic area of the city should be connected with commercial district of the city? Source: Author, 2020

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4.3.6 How much do you think the changes that have taken place in the last 5 years in order to promote sustainable development in the area, have preserved the urban heritage of Larissa?(Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Question eight was crucial because it focused on the perspective of the citizens towards the recent sustainable development in the area. It is clear that the majority of the respondents do not believe that the recent changes have helped the enhancement of urban heritage of the city. Almost 30% of the respondents believe that there were not a significance change in the area. However, 16 people state that the sustainable development had no effect at all on the preservation of the his-

toric center. The results showed that the implementation of sustainable development in the area was unsuccessful, according to the inhabitants (Figure 41). As was analyzed in the previous chapter, the initial proposal introduced an innovative thinking into the area.

A plan could be the reconstruction of the initial proposal by revising the area of intervention and include additional interventions that conclude the entire historic centre.

4.3.7 What problems do you believe are found in the area?

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(Rate them on the scale of 5, 5 most important)

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Question nine focused on identification of the problems in the area by the respondents. Almost half of the respondents did not consider the insufficient enhancement of historical identity of the area to be a major problem. However, 16 respondents believe that the excessive commercial development is a noticeable problem. According to the chart, the lack of urban equipment is not one of the major problems that the area faces.

Regarding the problem of vandalism in the area, the responses were

mixed: 16 respondents stated that vandalism is a major problem, but other 15 people did not consider it as a significant issue. However, it was clear that an important problem that the citizens identified in the area was the abandoned buildings. A future strategy could consist the renovation and reuse of the abandoned buildings as traditional stores. This could attract new businesses in the area and upgrade the aesthetic of the historic centre (Figure 42).

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 41. How much do you think the changes that have taken place in the last 5 years in order to promote sustainable development in the area, have preserved the urban heritage of Larisa? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

Vandalism

Abandoned buildings

Figure 42. What problems do you believe are found in the area? (Rate them on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020

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Inadequate enExcessive commer- Lack of urban hancement of his- cial development furniture torical identity

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4.3.8 Could we consider the Frourio Hill as an area that can be transformed in order to respond to the contemporary needs of the city? What would you prefer to develop in the area?(Rate them on a scale of 5, with 5 being the most important)

According to Figure 43 and 44, it is clear that the inhabitants of the city consider Frourio Hill as an area for future developments that relates to the growth of the city. Almost half of the respondents reply that the enhancement of the historical identity of the area should be a future development. Almost 30 respondents believe that sustainable development should be the key project that will revive the area. However, a significant number of respondents do not consider tourism development an aspect of focus. An unexpected result is the need for urban equipment. This contrasts with the responses from question 9, which suggested that lack of urban equipment was not consid-

ered a major problem. This difference may occurred because the other problems that were recorded in question nine were more important than this one. The results of these questions indicates that the historic center should be a multi – functional area that balance between the historical heritage and socio – economic life of the city (Figure 43 & 44). This balance could be achieved by the reuse of the ancient monument of Bezesten as the old Turkish market.

The building could be refurbished, but not to its original state, in order to be used as a commercial center. This will promote new economic activities in the area and will give a new meaning to a sight of attraction.

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4.3.9 Do you feel attached to the Frourio hill?

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The last question was personal because the research also focused on the connection of the area with the inhabitants of the city. It was clear that the citizens of Larissa have a special bond with

Frourio Hill area. The response of the inhabitants showed that the historic center is a place that defines the whole city metaphorically and practically (Figure 45).

4.4 Questionnaire Results The outcome of the questionnaire has provided an insight into the stance of the citizens of Larissa towards the historic city. This method showed that the urban conservations in the area the last 30 years have affected the opinion of people. The citizens value Frourio Hill and consider it as an integral part of the city. They attached themselves in this spe-

cific area and they identify themselves through it. They recognize the problems of the area and the need for further development. It is clear, by the questionnaire, that Frourio Hill has potentials to evolve in the social, economic and cultural aspect. The upcoming developments should take into consideration the needs of the residents of the city.

Case Study: Frourio Hill

Figure 43. Could we consider the Frourio Hill as an area that can be transformed in order to respond to the contemporary needs of the city? Source: Author, 2020

enhancement of historic identity

sustainable development

tourism development

urban furniture

no change

Figure 44. What would you prefer to develop in the area? (Rate them on a scale of 5, with 5 being the most important) Source: Author, 2020

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Figure 45. Do you feel attached to the Frourio hill? Source: Author, 2020

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Design Strategy Sustainable Urban Conservation Framework

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

5.1 Sustainable Urban Conservation Framework

The research has shown the city is defined by the relationship of Pineios River, Frourio Hill and City center. It is important future developments to focus on enhancing this relationship by preserving the historic identity of the city. This chapter will suggest solutions that the municipal authorities and the Architect Association of Larissa could take into consideration for creating a balance in urban conservation and sustainable development in Frourio Hill.

This strategy proposes mild interventions in the area that will integrate efficiently into the urban fabric. Even though, the interventions are located in the historic area, they will affect the whole

city in the social, economic and cultural aspect. The objective of the strategy is to transform the historic center into a sustainable space by preserving its traditional form that reflects the city heritage identity. It is important to integrate the area into the structures and functions of the city as well as to expand the public space of the city. I am going to apply five sustainable urban planning principles.

• Accessibility and legibility • Mix of uses land development • Environmental protection and resource recycling • Economic growth • Cultural promotion

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5.1.1 Accessibility and legibility

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For encouraging accessibility, an axis that connects the Metropolitan church with the central square improve the circulation and create a clear path between the areas of interest. The pedestrian paths of Frourio Hill could be extend to Pineios River and the city center for creating a cultural path that connects all the important areas, open spaces, monuments and cultural centers. This path will minimize the use of cars and promote the use of bicycles and walking.

For encouraging legibility, visual markers, signs and floor wayfinding will added to Venizelos St., which passes in front of the Ancient Theater and to Filellinon St., which is the commercial street.

These actions will create a network that enhance the identity of the city and improve the quality of life (Figure 46).

Design Strategy

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Figure 46. New connections. Source: Author, 2020

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5.1.2 Mix of uses land development The open spaces in Frourio Hill could be used for introducing new activities in the area More specifically, the area behind the central square, which is a parking space, could be used as an open street cinema. The space behind the ancient theater could be utilized for seasonal festivals that promote the local culture. The park next to the Metropolitan

Church could be redesigned as a playground, because Frourio Hill is an area that multiple families visit during the weekends.

The abandoned buildings could be used as exhibition areas, cultural centers or stores that sell traditional products. This approach will enhance the intangible heritage of the city.

5.1.3 Cultural Promotion The historical buildings in the area could be restored in order to preserve the historic identity. The ancient building of Bezesten could be reused as the old Turkish market. The facades of old historic buildings Venizelou St., Filellinon Str. and Mitropolitou Arseniou St. could be restored and

colored according to its architectural style, a method that was applied in the historic center of Malaga. The Ancient Theater could regain its old glory by hosting performances. These interventions will revive the area and enhance the cultural identity of the historic center (Figure 47).

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5.1.4 Environmental protection

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As the area receives excessive sunlight during the summer months, it is vital to use it as an alternate source of energy. Solar panels could be installed into open spaces that receive sunlight and regenerate with electricity the lighting fixtures of the historic center. For improving the microclimate in the area, as it is inapproachable during the summer months, deciduous trees will be plant.

A bird species, collared doves, is existing in the area for centuries. For protecting the biodiversity, bird sanctuaries could be built in the paths of the historic center. This infrastructure could attract more bird species in the area and encourage further similar developments. This approach addresses an issue that has been neglected and preserves he ecosystem (Figure 48).

Design Strategy

5.1.5 Economic growth The previous steps with additional support from the government could promote economic development in the area. The restoration of Bezesten could attract new business in Frourio Hill and promote economic activity in the area. The government could provide subsidies to the local shop owners to promote their businesses, to improve their signs and their customer services. The municipal authorities should create fairs and activities that promote a relationship between the stakeholders of the area with new businesspersons.

These steps will attract tourism create new job opportunities and help improve the economy of the city (Figure 49).

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Figure 47. Before (left) – After (Right) Restoration of facades. Source: Author, 2020

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Design Strategy

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Figure 48. Before (left) – After (right) Bird sanctuary. Source: Author, 2020

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Design Strategy

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Figure 49. Before (left) – After (Right) improve the facades of the commercial stores. Source: Author, 2020

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CONCLUSION

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The aim of the research is to examine how the implementation of a sustainable urban design into a historic area preserves the local heritage of a city. The two objectives of the study are to emphasize the the need for urban planners, architects and local authorities to rethink their vision of historic areas and to examine the impact of sustainable design on a historic area. The research focuses on the historic center of Larisa city for establishing an argument about the management of historic cities and the importance of application sustainable principles into conservation interventions.

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The findings of the dissertation confirm and support the current literature. The urban conservations that have been developed in Frourio Hill over the years confirm that historic areas adapt to new theories and respond to the requirements of modern city. In addition, the outcomes confirm that there is a need for application of sustainable principles into the historic cities.

The findings of the case study of Frourio Hill provide information about the current state of the area. The analysis indicated the

problems that the area faces, such as vandalism, abandoned buildings and lack of urban furniture, downgrade the historic value of the site. According to the findings of questionnaire, the area has a significant impact on the social, economic and cultural context of the city. The citizens have shown an interest on the economic aspect of the area rather than its historic character. They identify that the area needs further development, which will improve the aesthetic of the site.

The implementation of a smart sustainable framework in the historical environment of the case study area deals with a great challenge with two aspects. The main concern is the integration of new infrastructures and technologies without affecting negatively the environment and the layers of the historic urban fabric. The secondary concern is to address the problems that area is facing and engage the local community. Therefore, the strategy proposes a number of mild interventions such as infrastructures, pedestrian networks, alternative energy sources that address these challenges. The capability of these interventions will determine the function of the historic urban fabric and the

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ability to respond to future developments.

However, the study is limited due to the small sample of respondents of the questionnaire and its general questions. The questionnaire does not address specific issues that apply to certain groups, such as stakeholders, the architectural association and municipal authorities. Despite the limitations, the research provides an insight into the management of historic cities in Greece and the impact of urban conservations and sustainable developments into the historic center of Larissa city.

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If the debates is to be more forward, the government should fund programs that promote economic activity in historic areas by preserving the cultural identity. The municipal authorities should engage the stakeholders of historic cities by creating plans that protect local businesses and promote relationships with new investors.

Lastly, the architecture association should apply sustainable indicators in upcoming research in the area for proposing an inclusive intervention.

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08

Bibliography Reference List | Bibliography | List of Figures | Appendices

Sustainable Urban Conservation: the historic centre of Larisa city

Reference List Albrecht, H. (n.d.) ‘URBAN CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN CANADA’ p. 50.

Al-Saffar, M. (2017) ‘Urban heritage and conservation in the historic centre of Baghdad.’ International Journal of Heritage Architecture: Studies, Repairs and Maintence, 2(1) pp. 23–36.

Al-Saffar, M. (2018) ‘TOWARD AN INTEGRATED SMART SUSTAINABLE URBANISM FRAMEWORK IN THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF BAGHDAD. (OLD RUSAFA AS A CASE STUDY)’ p. 576.

Anastasiadis, A., Stathakopoulos, P. (1994) Πολεοδομική επέμβαση στο κέντρο της Λάρισας. Εξυγίανση – Αναβάθμιση (Urban Planning and design in the centre of Larissa). Unknown place of publication: The Technical Chamber of Greece. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2020] http://library.tee.gr/digital/techr/1994/techr_1994_a_14_1_205.pdf Bandarin, F. and Oers, R. van (2012) The historic urban landscape: managing heritage in an urban century. Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.

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Bandarin, F., Oers, R. van and Bandarin, F. (eds) (2015) Reconnecting the city: the historic urban landscape approach and the future of urban heritage. Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Inc.

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Elnokaly, A. and Elseragy, A. (2013) ‘Sustainable Heritage Development: Learning from Urban Conservation of Heritage Projects in Non Western Contexts.’ European Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(1).

Ertan, T. and Eğercioğlu, Y. (2016) ‘Historic City Center Urban Regeneration: Case of Malaga and Kemeraltı, Izmir.’ Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, June, pp. 601–607.

Gota, V. (2013) Πόλη και παραποτάμια ανάπτυξη. Η περίπτωση της Λάρισας.

(City and riverside development. The case study of Larisa). Postgraduate. University of Thessaly.

Litrokapis, J., Manika, S. (2009) Βιώσιμος αστικός σχεδιασμός στην πόλη της Λάρισας, Ασκήσεις επί χάρτου. (Sustainable Urban Design in the City of Larisa, Map Exercises). Postgraduate. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2020] http://ikee.lib.auth. gr/record/130601/files/LITROKAPIS_TMXA_DE2009.pdf

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Matsaka, A. (2012) Η εξέλιξη του λόφου του Φρουρίου στη Λάρισα. (The urban transformation of Frourio Hill in Larisa city). Postgraduate. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. [Online] [Accessed on 21th February 2020] https://www.greekarchitects.gr/site_parts/doc_files/50.12.2012.07.pdf Paliougkas, T. (1996) Η Λάρισα κατά την Τουρκοκρατία (1423-1881) Τόμος Α. (Larisa during the Turkish occupation (1423-1881) Volume A). Larissa: Publications of the Municipality of Larisa.

Papadopoulou, A. (2006) Η πολεοδομική εξέλιξη της Λάρισας: 19ος αι. – σήμερα. (The urban transformation of Larisa: 19th c. – Today). Athens: Publisher details not available. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2020] http://library.tee.gr/digital/larlib/3561.pdf Perez, J., Astudillo, S., Singuencia, M., Forero, J., Auqillia, S. (2017) The application of the Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) in Cuenca – Ecuador. Translated by M. Siguencia and S. Moscoso, 2017. Perez, J. (ed.) Cuenca: The Netherlands Funds-in-Trust for World Heritage. Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism at University of Cuenca (FAUC).

Programmes for Improving the Urban Environment in Malaga (Spain) (n.d.).

[Online] [Accessed on 29th February 2020] http://habitat.aq.upm.es/ bpes/onu98/bp460.en.html Rodwell, D. (2007) Conservation and sustainability in historic cities.

1st ed, Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publ.

Sandholz, S. (2017) Urban Centres in Asia and Latin America. Cham: Springer International Publishing (The Urban Book Series).

Shinbira, I. A. (2012) ‘Conservation of the Urban Heritage to Conserve the Sense of Place, a Case Study Misurata City, Libya. ISSN, 1 p. 12.

Stathakopoulos, P. (1993) Πολεοδομικές επεμβάσεις πάνω σε ιστορικούς ιστούς. Το παράδειγμα της Λάρισας. (Design interventions in historical tissues. The example of Larisa). Hellenic ICOMOS. Νέες πόλεις πάνω σε παλιές. (New cities on old ones). Rhodes, 27th – 30th September 1993.

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Rojas, E. (2014) ‘Historic Cities and the Venice Charter: Contributions to the Sustainable Preservation of Urban Heritage.’ Change Over Time, 4(2) pp. 196–203.

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Rhodes: Eptalofos ABEE, pp. 111 – 128 [Online] [Accessed on 3rd January 2020] http://library.tee.gr/digital/rho/rho_m33/rho_m33_stathakopoulos.pdf The Technical Chamber of Greece, Larisa’s Architectural Association (1996). Σύνταξη και καταγραφή γενικών αρχών και στόχων της επικείμενης ανάπλασης του Φρούριου Λάρισας και της ευρύτερης περιοχής του. (Recording general principles and objectives of the forthcoming redevelopment of Frourio Hill in Larissa city and its surrounding area.). Larissa: The Technical Chamber of Greece, Central & Western Thessaly Department Tsiaras, M. (2018) Η αστική ανάπλαση σε περιόδους οικονομικής κρίσης. Ουτοπία ή ευκαιρία; Το παράδειγμα της πόλης της Λάρισας (Urban redevelopment during economic crisis. Utopia or opportunity? The example of the city of Larisa). Postgraduate. University of Thessaly. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2020] http://hdl.handle.net/11615/48382 Tsigkaropoulou, P. (2015) Μεσαίες πόλεις και περιβαλλοντικός αστικός σχεδιασμός: Παρεμβάσεις στην κεντρική περιοχή της πόλης της Λάρισας για τη βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη της. (Medium-sized cities and urban planning: Interventions in the central city of Larisa for sustainable development).

Postgraduate. University of Thessaly. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd January 2020] https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132824493.pdf

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Tziafalias, A, (no date). Αρχαίο Θέατρο Λάρισας. (Ancient Theatre of Larisa). [Online] [Accessed on 7th February 2020] https://www.larissa-dimos.gr/images/axiotheata/a-arxaio-teatro/tziafalias-a-arxaio-theatro.pdf

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Bibliography Cultural Organization of the Municipality of Larisa. (1985) Λάρισα: Παρελθόν και Μέλλον. (Larissa: Past and Future). Larisa, 26th – 28th April 1985. Larissa: Municipality of Larisa Gospodini, A. (2013) Πόλη και παραποτάμια ανάπτυξη. Η περίπτωση της Λάρισας. (The city and the riverside development. A case study of Larissa). Postgraduate. University of Thessaly.

Giovri, D., E. (2015) ‘Λάρισα – Η πορεία εξέλιξης σε μια βιώσιμη αειφόρο πόλη’. (Larissa - The evolution path to a viable sustainable city).

University of Thessaly. Proceedings of the 4th Panhellenic Conference on Town Planning, Planning and Regional Development. Volos 24th – 27th September, pp 1 – 8 [Online] [Accessed on 3rd January 2020] https://www. citybranding.gr/2015/10/blog-post_74.html Manousaki, F. (2010) Το περιβάλλον ως συνιστώσα του πολεοδομικού σχεδιασμού. Παρεμβάσεις για την βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη της πόλης της Λάρισας.

(The environment as a component of urban planning. Interventions for the sustainable development of the city of Larissa). Postgraduate. University of Thessaly. [Online] [Accessed on 5th January 2020] http://dx.doi. org/10.26253/heal.uth.568 Municipality of Larisa. (2015) Επιχειρησιακό Σχέδιο Δήμου Λαρισαίων 2015-2019. Α΄ Φάση Στρατηγικός Σχεδιασμός. (Business Plan of Larissa Municipality 2015-2019. Phase A Strategic Planning). Larisa: Municipality of Larisa

The Technical Chamber of Greece, Central & Western Thessaly Department (2001). Αποκάλυψη του αρχαίου θεάτρου Λάρισας (Unveiling of the ancient theater of Larisa). Larissa: The Technical Chamber of Greece, Central & Western Thessaly Department.

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Municipality of Larisa. (2015) Επιχειρησιακό Σχέδιο Δήμου Λαρισαίων 2015-2019. Β΄ Φάση Επιχειρησιακός Σχεδιασμός. (Business Plan of Larissa Municipality 2015-2019. Phase B Business Planning.). Larisa: Municipality of Larisa

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LIST OF FIGURES

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Figure 1. Map of Provenance of Thessaly. Source: Author, 2020 19 Figure 2. Map of Larisa city. Source: Author, 2020 19 Figure 3. Economic network of Larissa city. Source: Author, 2020 19 Figure 4.Ancient Larisa. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larisa Architectural Association, 1996 20 Figure 5. Larisa during the Hellenistic period. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larisa Architectural Association, 1996 21 Figure 6. The administrative and commercial center of Larisa 22 Figure 7. Master Plan of Larisa in 1880. Source: Paliougkas, 1996 23 Figure 8. Master Plan of Larisa in 1970. Source: Anastasiadis and Stathakopoulos, 1994 25 Figure 9. Urban transformation of Larisa city. Source: Author, 2020 27 Figure 10. Area of case study. Source: Author, 2020 29 Figure 11. Τhe revelation of ancient theater. Source: author, 2020 35 Figure 12. Plan of the proposal in 1996. Source: The Technical Chamber of Greece and Larisa Architectural Association, 1996 37 Figure 13. Section B - B’. Source: Matsaka, 2011 38 Figure 14. Plan of intervention. Source: Matsaka, 2011 39 Figure 15. Section A - A’. Source: Matsaka, 2011 39 Figure 16a. Initial Proposal. Source: Matsaka, 2011 40 Figure 16b. Existing situation. Source: Author, 2020 41 Figure 17. Archaeological Park of Neapolis, Syracuse, Sicily. A general air of abandonment and the lack of interpretation does little to integrate this area into the modern urban landscape. Source: (Bandarin et al., 2015) 43 Figure 18. Pedestalization of historic center in Malaga. Source:(Malaga-21.jpg (660×495), n.d.)

45 Figure 19. Roman Theater of Malaga. The pedestrian path in front of the theater integrate the monument into the urban fabric.

45 Figure 20. The Panoramic view of San Francisco square shows the landscape of the historic center of Cuenca and its surroundings. Source: (Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca (Ecuador) | LAC Geo, n.d.)

47 Figure 21. Map of the historic center that shows the location of street vendors who sell food, clothing, newspapers and recently even people doing occasional juggling.(Phase I) Source: Perez et al., 2017 47 Figure 22. Comparison Table. Source: Author, 2020 49 Figure 22. Diagram of uses. Source: Author, 2020 53 Figure 23. Diagram of patterns of use. Source: Author, 2020 54 Figure 24. Areas of concentration. Source: Author, 2020 55 Figure 25.Diagram of Circulation. Source: Author, 2020 57 Figure 26. Accessibility in Frourio Hill. Source: Author, 2020 57 Figure 27. Serial Vision Path. Source: Author, 2020 58 Figure 28. Entrance to Frourio Hill (1) - One of the paths that leads to the square (2). Source: author, 2020 59 Figure 29. Between the ruins of ancient churches (3) - Square with view to Bezesten (4). Source: Author, 2020 60

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Figure 30. Path behind square (5) - Behind Bezesten (6). Source: Author, 2020 61 Figure 31. Metropolitan Church (7) - Below the Metropolitan Church (8.

Source: Author, 2020 62 Figure 32. Venizelos Street (9) - Near the Ancient Theater (10). Source: Author, 2020 63 Figure 33. Ancient Theater (11) - End of the path (12). Source: Author, 2020 65 Figure 34. How important is the historic center of the city? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: author, 2020 67 Figure 35. How much the social and economic life of the city is affected by the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: author, 2020 67 Figure 36. Do you believe that the commercial development of the Frourio Hill has downgraded the area? Source: author, 2020 69 Figure 37. How much have the urban renewals, over the last 30 years, preserved the historical identity of the area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020 69 Figure 38. How important is the connection of the city center with the Frourio Hill area? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: author, 2020 70 Figure 39. Do you believe that the Frourio Hill should be preserved as a separated part of the city? Source: Author, 2020 71 Figure 40. Do you considered that the historic area of the city should be connected with commercial district of the city? Source: Author, 2020 71 Figure 41. How much do you think the changes that have taken place in the last 5 years in order to promote sustainable development in the area, have preserved the urban heritage of Larisa? (Rate on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: Author, 2020 73 Figure 42. What problems do you believe are found in the area? (Rate them on the scale of 5, 5 most important) Source: author, 2020 73 Figure 43. Could we consider the Frourio Hill as an area that can be transformed in order to respond to the contemporary needs of the city?

Source: author, 2020 75 Figure 44. What would you prefer to develop in the area? (Rate them on a scale of 5, with 5 being the most important) Source: author, 2020 75 Figure 45. Do you feel attached to the Frourio hill? Source: author, 2020 75 Figure 46. New connections. Source: Author, 2020 79 Figure 47. Before (left) – After (Right) Restoration of facades. Source: Author, 2020 82 Figure 48. Before (left) – After (right) Bird sanctuary. Source: Author, 2020 84 Figure 49. Before (left) – After (Right) improve the facades of the commercial stores. Source: Author, 2020 86

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Appendices

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Appendix 1: The English version of the questionnaire

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Appendix 2: The Greek version of the questionnaire

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