Woody Landscape Plants by Vickie Bartman

WOODY LANDSCAPE PLANTS Deciduous Trees Preface: Angiosperms Plant Profiles ................................................... 1-52 Evergreen Trees Preface: Gymnoperms Plant Profiles ................................................. 53-65 Deciduous Shrubs Preface: Pruning Guidelines Pruning Calendar Plant Profiles ............................................... 66-120 Evergreen Shrubs Plant Profiles ............................................. 121-129 Roses Plant Profiles ............................................. 130-146 Rose Pruning ............................................. 147-150 Planting ............................................................. 151 Deadheading ..................................................... 152 Clematis Overview ........................................................... 153 Plant Profiles ............................................. 154-159 Pruning ..................................................... 160-161 Reference Materials Researched and compiled by Vickie Bartman 2010

RESEARCH SOURCES - WORKS CITED (in alphabetic order) Albion College, Michigan - Plant Image Database

http://www4.albion.edu/plants/

AlterVISTA - Flora of USA and Canada

http://luirig.altervista.org/floranam/index.htm

Bailey Nurseries

http://bailey.virtual-services.net/

BayScience Foundataion

http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/

California Polytechnic State University

http://selectree.calpoly.edu/

Clemson University-South Carolina

http://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/complete_list.html

eFloras.org

http://www.efloras.org

http://www.floridata.com/lists/contents.cfm

Floridata Plant Encyclopedia Forestry Images

http://www.forestryimages.org

Kemper Center for Home Gardening -PlantFinder http://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/Alpha.asp Latin and Greek Origins of Botanical Names

http://www.calflora.net/botanicalnames/index2.html

Martha Stewart Home & Garden

http://www.marthastewart.com/plants

New England Wild Flower Society: Woody Plants http://flora.newenglandwild.org:8080/sitemap North Carolina State University

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/

Ohio State University

http://plantfacts.osu.edu/plantlist/shrubs.html

Open Directory Project

http://www.dmoz.org/Science/Biology/Flora_and_Fauna/Plantae/

Oregon State University, Dept. of Horticulture

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/index.htm

PlantSystematics (images)

http://www.plantsystematics.org

J. Frank Schmidt & Son Co. Reference Guide

http://www.jfschmidt.com/rg/jfs_ref_guide_08.pdf

Texas A&M University - Herbarium

http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/biolherb/tamudata.htm

Tom Clothier - Hort.net

http://tomclothier.hort.net/

US Dept of Agriculture

http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch

Univ of British Columbia

http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org

University of Connecticut - Plant Database

http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/index.html

University of Florida

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/department_envhort-trees

UW-Green Bay, Cofrin Center for Biodiversity

http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/index.htm

University of Sevilla (Spain) - Vascular Plant Project

http://www.bioscripts.net/flora/index.php

UW-Stevens Point, R.W. Freckmann Herbarium

http://wisplants.uwsp.edu/VascularPlants.html

Virginia Tech, Dept. of Forest Resources

http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/biglist_frame.cfm

Wikimedia Commons (images)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page

Woody Plant Seed Manual, US Forestry Service

http://www.nsl.fs.fed.us/wpsm/Genera.htm

CONTENT INDEX A

Abies concolor.......................... 53 Acer x freemanii ......................... 1 Acer ginalla ................................. 2 Acer griseum .............................. 3 Acer pennsylvanicum ................. 4 Acer platanoides ......................... 5 Acer rubra .................................. 6 Acer saccharinum ..................... 7 Acer saccharum ........................ 8 Acer triflorum ............................ 9 Aesculus glabra ....................... 10 Aesculus hippocastanum ......... 11 Almond, Dwarf Flowering .....102 Alpine Currant ............................106 Amelanchier species ...... 12, 66 Amur Chokecherry ......................40 Arborvitae, American .................64 Arborvitae, Globe ......................128 Aronia melanocarpa ............ 67 Arrowwood ..................................117 Ash, Euorpean Mountain ..........49 Ash, Green .......................................30 Ash, White .......................................29 Azalea ............................................103

Basswood ........................................50 Beech, American ...........................27 Beech, European ...........................28 Berberis thunbergii .............. 68 Betula nigra ............................. 13 Betula papyrifera ..................... 14 Birch, Paper .....................................14 Birch, River ......................................13 Black Chokeberry .........................67 Black Walnut ...................................34 Boxwood .......................................121 Buddleja davidii ................... 69 Burning Bush .................................81 Butterfly Bush ................................69 Buxus microphylla ............. 121

Callery Pear ....................................41 Caragana arborescens ......... 70 Carpinus caroliniana ............... 15 Carya ovata ............................. 16 Catalpa ..............................................17 Catalpa speciosa ...................... 17 Cedar, Eastern Red ......................54 Celtis occidentalis .................... 18 Cercidiphyllum japonicum ....... 19 Cercis canadensis .................... 20 Chionanthus virginicus ............ 21

Clematis .......................................153 Clethra alnifolia ................... 71 Common Honeylocust ................32 Common Hackberry ....................18 Common Larch ..............................55 Common Ninebark ......................99 Cornus alba ......................... 72 Cornus alternifolia .................... 22 Cornus mas .............................. 23 Cornus racemosa ................. 73 Cornus sericea ..................... 74 Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’ . 75 Cotinus coggygria ................ 76 Cotoneaster apiculatus ........ 77 Cotoneaster, Cranberry ............... 7 Cotoneaster divaricatus ....... 78 Cotoneaster, Spreading .............78 Crategus ambigua .................... 24 Crategus crus-galli ................... 25 Crategus phaenopyrum ........... 26

Daphne .............................................79 Daphne x Burkwoodii ........... 79 Diervilla lonicera ................. 80 Dogwood, Corneliancherry ......23 Dogwood, Gray .............................73 Dogwood, Pagoda ........................22 Dogwood, Red Twig ....................74 Dogwood, Tatarian ......................72 Douglas-fir .....................................63

Eastern Redbud ............................20 Elderberry, American ...............108 Elderberry, Black .......................109 Elm ......................................................52 Euonymus alatus ................. 81 Euonymus fortunei ............... 82 European Cranberrybush ......119

Fagus grandifolia ...................... 27 Fagus sylvatica ......................... 28 Fir, Colorado ...................................53 Fir, White ..........................................53 Flowering Crab ..............................37 Forsythia ..........................................83 Forsythia species ................. 83 Fothergilla, Dwarf ........................84 Fothergilla gardenii ............. 84 Fraxinus americana .................. 29 Fraxinus pennsylvanica ............ 30

Ginkgo ..............................................31 Ginkgo biloba ............................ 31 Glenditsia triacanthos ............... 32 Gymnocladus dioicus ................ 33

Hamamelis virginiana .......... 85 Harry Lauder’s Walking Stick ..75 Hawthorn, Cockspur ...................25 Hawthorn, Russian ......................24 Hawthorn, Washington ..............26 Hemlock, Canadian .....................65 Hemlock, Dwarf Canadian .....129 Hibiscus syriacus ................. 86 Holly ..................................................91 Honeysuckle, Bush ......................80 Honeysuckle, Goldflame ...........95 Hophornbeam ................................38 Horse Chestnut .............................11 Hydrangea, Annabelle ................87 Hydrangea arborescens ....... 87 Hydrangea, Big Leaf ....................88 Hydrangea macrophylla ....... 88 Hydrangea, Panicled ...................89 Hydrangea paniculata ......... 89 Hypericum kallmianum ........ 90

Ilex x meserveae .................. 91 Ilex verticillata ..................... 92 Ironwood .........................................38

Japanese Kerria ............................93 Juglans nigra ............................ 34 Juneberry .................................12, 66 Juniper, Chinese ........................122 Juniper, Creeping ......................123 Juniperus chinensis ............ 122 Juniperus horizontalis ........ 123 Juniperus virginiana ............ 54

Katsura Tree ..................................19 Kentucky Coffeetree ...................33 Kerria japonica .................... 93 Korean Spicebush .....................116

CONTENT INDEX cont’d L

Larix species ......................... 55 Ligustrum species ................. 94 Lilac, Common ............................114 Lilac, Dwarf Korean ..................113 Linden, American .........................50 Linden, Little Leaf ........................51 Lonicera x heckrottii ............. 95

Magnolia x ........................... 96 Magnolia x soulangiana ......... 35 Magnolia stellata .................. 36 Magnolia ‘Butterflies’ .................96 Magnolia, Saucer ..........................35 Magnolia, Star ................................36 Malus species ........................ 37 Maple, Amur ..................................... 2 Maple, Freeman ............................... 1 Maple, Norway ................................. 5 Maple, Paperbark ........................... 3 Maple, Red ......................................... 6 Maple, Silver ..................................... 7 Maple, Snakebark ........................... 4 Maple, Sugar ..................................... 8 Maple, Three-Flower .................... 9 Microbiota decussata ......... 124 Mockorange ....................................98 Morus alba .......................... 97 Mulberry, Common White .........97 Musclewood ...................................15

Newport Plum ................................39

Oak, Bur, Mossycup .....................44 Oak, Pin ............................................45 Oak, Red ...........................................46 Oak, White .......................................42 Oak, Swamp White .......................43 Ohio Buckeye .................................10 Ostrya virginiana ................. 38

Philadelphus species ............ 98 Physocarpus opulifolius ....... 99 Picea abies ........................... 56 Picea glauca ........................ 57 Picea pungens ...................... 58 Pine, Austrian ................................59 Pine, Dwarf Mugo ......................125 Pine, Eastern White .....................61

Pine, Red ..........................................60 Pine, Scots .......................................62 Pinus mugo ......................... 125 Pinus nigra ........................... 59 Pinus resinosa ...................... 60 Pinus strobus ........................ 61 Pinus sylvestris ..................... 62 Potentilla .......................................100 Potentilla fruitcosa ............. 100 Privet .................................................94 Prunus x cistena ................ 101 Prunus cerasifera ................. 39 Prunus glandulosa ............. 102 Prunus maackii ..................... 40 Pseudotsuga menziesii .......... 63 Purpleleaf Sand Cherry ..........101 Pyrus calleryana ................... 41

Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus Quercus

Spruce, White .................................57 Stephanandra, Cutleaf ............112 Stephanandra incisa ........... 112 Sumac, Fragrant .........................104 Sumac, Staghorn ........................105 Summer Sweet ...............................71 Syringa meyeri .................. 113 Syringa vulgaris ................ 114

Tamarisk .......................................115 Tamarix ramosissima ........ 115 Taxus species ..........................127 Thuja occidentalis ........ 64, 128 Tilia americana .................... 50 Tilia cordata ........................ 51 Tsuga canadensis ............65, 129

alba ........................ 42 bicolor .................... 43 macrocarpa ............ 44 palustris ................. 45 rubra ...................... 46

Rhododendron ...........................126 Rhododendron, azalea ........ 103 Rhododendron, rhododendron 126 Rhus aromatica ................. 104 Rhus typhina ..................... 105 Ribes alpinum .................... 106 Rose of Sharon ..............................86 Roses ..............................................130

St. Johnswort .................................90 Salix alba ............................. 47 Salix babylonica ................... 47 Salix integra ...................... 107 Salix matsudana .................. 48 Sambucus canadensis ........ 108 Sambucus nigra ................. 109 Shagbark Hickory ........................16 Siberian Cypress .......................124 Siberian Peashrub ........................70 Smoke Bush ....................................76 Sorbus acuparia .................. 49 Spiraea x vanhouttei .......... 111 Spiraea japonica ................ 110 Spirea, Japanese ........................110 Spirea, Van Houtte ....................111 Spruce, Colorado ..........................58 Spruce, Norway .............................56

Ulmus species ........................... 52

Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum Viburnum

carlesii .............. 116 dentatum .......... 117 lantana ............. 118 opulus ............... 119

Wayfaringtree .............................118 Weigela ..........................................120 Weigela florida ................... 120 White Fringetree ...........................21 Willow, Corkscrew .......................48 Willow, Dappled .........................107 Willow, Weeping ...........................47 Willow, White ..................................47 Winterberry .....................................92 Wintercreeper ................................82 Witchhazel .......................................85

Yew ..................................................127

ANGIOSPERMS

(Greek; Angion, a vessel or a container; Spermos, seeds) The name means covered seed, referring to the fact that the seeds from these plants are formed inside containers called fruits. Angiosperms are the largest group of plants in the plant kingdom. They are known as the 'flowering' plants and consist of 250,000 species (88% of all plant species). The reproductive structures are - stamen and carpel present inside a flower. Pollination occurs by insects, birds, wind, water. The seeds of angiosperms contain either one or two cotyledons-a seed leaf; a food-storage structure. Because of this characteristic, angiosperms are subdivided into two major groups-the dicots (di-, "two"), and the monocots (mono-, "one"). Deciduous trees are angiosperms. Angiosperms usually have broad leaves that change color and die in the autumn. Angiosperms are sometimes referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x153;hardwoodâ&#x20AC;?.

Freeman Maple Acer x freemanii

fig-1

Freeman Maple Acer x freemanii

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Autumn Blaze', 'Jeffersred', 'Armstrong', 'Marmo' SIZE: 40-60', spread â&#x2030;¤ height

HABIT: oval, slightly pendulous branches GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8 FALL COLOR: Orange, Orange-Red, Red PROPOGATION: cuttings, tissue culture

LEAVES: Opposite, simple, 5-lobed, deep si-

nuses, sharply & irregularly toothed margin, dark green w/silvery undersides, red petioles

BUD: opposite, 1/16 - 1/8"l

Red to green; blunt w/several scales

BARK: smooth & silvery becoming darker and corkier with age

FLOWERS: monoecious, reddish FRUIT: samara: two-winged 'helicopters', 3/4-1"l, 1/4-1/2"w, approx. 60Â° spread

CULTURE: Full/Part Sun

Soil: very adaptable, drought tolerant; moist acidic soils better to prevent manganese chlorosis

Transplant: easily as a small specimen bare root or container grown, B&B in larger sizes

USE / VALUE: native; urban: shade, street and parking lot use; very versatile; attractive fall color

DISEASES / minimal problems; leaf scorch, leafhoppers, borers INSECTS: NOTES: A naturally occurring hybrid betwen silver maple (A. saccharinum) and red

maple (A. rubrum). Combines the adaptability and growth rate of the silver maple with the bright red fall color of the red maple. Younger trees prone to frost cracking on west side of trunk, protect with tree wrap.

Amur Maple

Acer ginnala

fig-2

(now A. tatariucum ssp. ginnala)

Amur Maple

Acer ginalla

(now A. tatariucum subsp. ginnala)

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Compactum' ('Bailey Compact'), 'Durand's Dwarf', 'Flame', 'Red Wing' SIZE: 15-20', equal spread

HABIT: typ. Multi-stemmed, Rounded crown

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-8

FALL COLOR: Scarlet red PROPOGATION: seed (stratified at 70째 for 2 mos., then at 41째 for 4 mos.,) soft wood cuttings in June

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 3-lobed, 1.5-3"l,

middle lobe much longer than 2 lateral lobes, doubly serrate, glossy dark green, light green underside

BUD: 1/8"l, imbricate

Smooth, reddish brown

BARK: smooth gray-brown, darker dtriations or furrows with age; often multi-stemmed

FLOWERS: monoecious; lightly fragrant yellowish flowers in mid-late spring (April, May)

FRUIT: samara (wings): 1"l, parallel, almost touch or overlap, red fruit in July

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: very adaptable, except for poorly drained areas Transplant: very easy to transplant

Pruning: to tailor shape to landscape requirements; withstands heavy pruning

USE / VALUE: attractive fall color, colorful fruit; specimen: as large shrub or small tree; can

be used in planters; its brilliant red fall color is amoung the most vibrant and consistent of any plant.

DISEASES / verticillium wilt: a vascular disease, branches die off INSECTS:

NOTES: this species has become invasive in some natural areas

Paperbark Maple Acer griseum

fig-3

Paperbark Maple Acer griseum

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Cinnamon Flake', GingerbreadTM

SIZE: 15-25', spread half to equal height

HABIT: upright, oval/round, low branching

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow, Bronze, Orange, or Brick Red

PROPOGATION: difficult, poor seed quality

LEAVES: opposite, trifoliate, 3-6"l, flat dark to

bluish green, middle leaflet has short stalk & coarsely toothed, side leaflets almost sessile, less toothed, underside pubescent

BUD: imbricate, brownish black, 1/8-1/4"l, shaply pointed, pubescent collar at base of bud

BARK: rich copper/cinnamon brown, at 2-3

years begins exfoliating and becomes more pronounced with age

FLOWERS: monoecious; few, greenish yellow FRUIT: samara, 1-1.5"l, pubescent, woody nutlet, wings btwn 60-90째 angle

CULTURE: Full Sun / Full Shade

Soil: best in humus-rich, well drained soil, can tolerate clay; pH adaptable

Transplant: B&B or as container grown in spring; medium depth root system

USE / VALUE: best suited as a specimen, in small grouping, or as an understory tree DISEASES / none serious; not tolerant of drought or environmental stresses INSECTS: NOTES: native from Central China, introduced in 1901.

Snakebark Maple, Striped or Moosewood Maple Acer pensylvanicum

fig-4

Snakebark Maple Acer pensylvanicum

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: A. capillipes, A. davidii, A. rufinerve and A. tegmentosum, 'Erythrocladium' SIZE: 18-35' short trunk, ascending arching branchHABIT: es, broad flat-topped or rounded crown

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-6

FALL COLOR: Clear Yellow to Golden PROPOGATION: Cuttings, air-layering, or seeds after cold pre-treatment of 30-90 days

LEAVES: simple, opposite, roundish to ovate, 3 shallow lobes that point forward, "goose foot", 5-8"l, bright green; margin: serrulate

BUD: glaborous, 1/3-1/2"l, blunt, 2 scales, valvate

BARK: thin, smooth, striations of white FLOWERS: yellow to yellow-green FRUIT: tight cluster, 1" tall CULTURE: Part Sun - Full Shade

Soil: best in well-drained, cool, moist, acidic soil

Transplant: has shallow, wide spreading root system

USE / VALUE: small tree or large multstemmed shrub; speciman or for naturalizing; in native environment is an understory plant

DISEASES / few problems; interveinal chlorsis if soil too alkaline: cooperous sulfate is INSECTS: temporary fix; canker susceptible under stress NOTES: Acer pensylvanicum, one of approx. 14 Acer species called Snakebark (most natives of Asia), is the only one native to North America. AKA: Striped or Moosewood Maple.

Dioecious: needs at least one male plant present for the fruit-bearing female plants to be pollinated.

Norway Maple Acer platanoides

fig-5

Norway Maple Acer platanoides

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Cleveland', 'Columnare', 'Crimson King', 'Deborah', 'Drummondii', 'Emerald Lustre', 'Emerald Queen', 'Globosm', 'Royal Red', 'Schwedleri', 'Superform' SIZE: 40-50' HABIT: Rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 5-lobed, largest leaf of the Maples, 4-7", remotely dentate

BUD: Terminal: 1/4-3/8"l, Round, plump

scales; Lustruous green-red; Petiole removal produces milky sap

BARK: gray-black, gets ridges/furrows as ages

FLOWERS: monoecious; perfect, yellow, very floriferous

FRUIT: samara, 1.5-2"l, widest wings of Maples, 180째 angle

CULTURE: Full Sun to Shade

Soil: extremely adaptable Transplant: easy

USE / VALUE: Durability has led to far greater use that its limited ornamental value would justify; a landscaper's reflex action for use in an urban or difficult site. Produces a dense shade, growing plants beneath it is difficult due to shallow root system.

DISEASES / leaf scorch if sun is hot/intense; verticillium wilt, anthracnose, tar spot in late INSECTS: summer/fall (leaf disfiguration and defoliation) NOTES: Considered invasive and was banned from sale in New Hampshire.

Red Maple Acer rubrum

fig-6

Red Maple Acer rubrum

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Armstrong', 'Autumn Flame', 'Bowhall', 'Columnare', 'Franksred', 'Northwood', 'October Glory', 'Red Sunset'

SIZE: 40-60' HABIT: young: pyramidal; mature: rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Brilliant Red PROPOGATION: seed or softwood cuttings; cultivars by stem cuttings or tissue culture

LEAVES: Opposite, simple, 2-4"l &w,

3- to 5-lobed, emerge as red turns medium to dark green above, graygreen underside

BUD: Terminal: 1/16-1/8"l

Rounded bud scales, green-red

BARK: young: smooth, soft gray, as ages becomes darker gray-brown w/ ridges

FLOWERS: monoecious; spherical buds in dense

clusters appearing before leaves; small red-orange flowers, showy

FRUIT: samara, 3/4-1"l 1/4-1/2"w narrow < 60째 angle, reddish brown, maturing May to June

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers a moist, acidic soil, otherwise adaptable and tolerant Transplant: balled & burlapped; easy to transplant and establish

USE / VALUE: attractive fall color, one of the first trees to color: brilliant red; full sun for best color; used for shade in lawns, parks, camppuses, good street tree

DISEASES / venous/manganese chlorsis if pH too high (alkaline); tar spot, verticillium wilt, INSECTS: leaf hoppers NOTES: twigs produce an odor when broken; confused with Acer saccharinum (Silver Maple), A. rubrum doesn't have "droop and swoop" branch tips, A. saccharinum does and old bark not as shaggy or silvery as A. saccharinum

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum

fig-7

Silver Maple

Acer saccharinum FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Beebe', 'Lacinatum', 'Silver Cloud', 'Silver Queen', 'Skinneri' SIZE: 50-70'h x 100-120' spread HABIT: upright, oval-rounded, pendulous branches turn up at the ends GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-9 FALL COLOR: Green-Yellow-Brown combination

PROPOGATION: seed germinates immediately, cuttings in November

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 5-lobed, deep

sinuses, 3-6" l x w, coarsely toothed margin, bright green topside, silvery undersides; young: slight pubescense

BUD: 1/8 - 3/16"l

Flattened, reddish brown; 2 outer scales form a "V"

BARK: silvery-gray or gray-brown, becomes

ridged, furrowed and can scale and peal as it ages showing orangish inner bark

FLOWERS: monoecious; greenish yellow buds borne in dense clusters, small dull reddish-orange blossoms

FRUIT: samara: large up to 2.3"l, 80-90째 angle

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: tolerant and adaptable; achieves maximum size in very moist soils Transplant: easy either bare root or B&B

USE / VALUE: river bottom native, tolerates wet sites; useful in large open areas or on sterile soil, but NOT in residential landscape due to its rapid growth rate, large size, weak wood and aggressive surface root system. At best a yellow fall color.

DISEASES / anthracnose, foliare fungal-tar spot (leaf edges w/brown blotches; cosmetic INSECTS: only, remove leaves to minimize infection spread), Galls (pimples on leaves caused by insects)

NOTES: Fastest growing of American maple species, thus, weak wooded and easily af-

fected by storm damage; vigorous root system causes sidewalks to buckle and drain tiles/sewer pipes to clog. Stems, when broken, produce a strong odor.

Sugar Maple Acer saccharum

fig-8

Sugar Maple Acer saccharum

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Bonfire', 'Green Mountain', 'Legacy', 'Monumentale'; 'Barrett Cole', 'Newton Sentry', 'Steeple' and 'Adirzam'; 'Globosum', 'Shawnee', 'Natchez' SIZE: 60-75', variable spread

HABIT: upright, oval

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: radiant combo of Yellows, Oranges, Reds PROPOGATION: seeds (stratified), cuttings in early June, cultivars bud grafted on seedling understocks

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 3-6' l x w, 3- to

5-lobed, 2 basal lobes are smaller, not as deeply sinused as Silver Maple, dark green with lighter green underside

BUD: Terminal: 3/16 - 1/4"l & sharp

pointed; cone shaped; gray brown

BARK: Young: smooth, gray-brown, with age becomes deeply furrowed

FLOWERS: monoecious; perfect, small green-

ish-yellow, appears before leaves in April, persists for 3-4 weeks

FRUIT: samara, 1-1.75", horse-shoe shaped CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: well-drained, moderately moist, fertile, slightly acidic; susceptible to salt Transplant: balled & burlapped (B&B)

USE / VALUE: native; adaptable; intolerant of crowded/polluted urban conditions; excellent

shade tree for lawns, park, golf courses Casts a heavy shade: difficult to grow other plants beneath it, reduces turf vigor.

DISEASES / leaf scorch (if drought), verticillium wilt; not tolerant of high heat, pollution, INSECTS: compacted soil NOTES: Wisconsin State Tree; #1 for syrup production (although syrup obtainable from

any Maple), typ. 40 gallons sap boils down to 1 gallon syrup; sugar maple charcoal used to filter/mellow Jack Daniels Whiskey. Sap from broken petiole is clear, not milky like A. platanoides.

Three-Flower Maple Acer triflorum

fig-9

Three-Flower Maple Acer triflorum

FAMILY: ACERACEAE CULTIVARS: related to Paper Bark Maple

SIZE: 15-25', similar spread

HABIT: rounded to oval, dense crown

GROWTH RATE: Slow

ZONE: 5-7**

FALL COLOR: Yellows to Red

PROPOGATION: difficult; poor seed quality; cuttings from semi- to mature trees in June

LEAVES: opposite, trifoiate, leaflets ovate-

lanceolate, dark green, 2-3"l, 1"w, irregularly serrate,

BUD: brownish-black, 1/8-1/4"l, scales tipped w/white pubescence

young: weakly exfoliating; mature:

BARK: ash-brown to golden amber, loose, and vertically fissured; exfoliation not as pronounced as Paper Bark

FLOWERS: monoecious; clusters of 3 (hence its name), yellow-green in late Apriearly May

FRUIT: samara, 1-1.25"l, 3/8-5/8"w, angle of 120째, nutlets very pubescent

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: requires neutral to acidic; otherwise adaptable; intolerant of soil com paction and excessive wetness Transplant: B&B or from container, moderately easy; root system shallow

USE / VALUE: small specimen, focal tree in border planting, small street tree; very attractive bark

DISEASES / none serious INSECTS: NOTES: **hardy in zones 3 & 4 if on a protected site; becoming more common in nursery trade, but remains underused

Plant explorer Ernest H. Wilson discovered the three-flower maple during his trip to the Korean peninsula in October 1917; introduced 1923.

Ohio Buckeye Aesculus glabra

fig-10

Ohio Buckeye Aesculus glabra

FAMILY: HIPPOCASTACEAE CULTIVARS: species form only

SIZE: 20-40'

HABIT: oval, rounded, symetrical

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Orange to Red

PROPOGATION: seed

LEAVES: opposite, palmately compound,

5 nearly elliptical, serrate leaflets 4-6"l, dark green above, light green below

BUD: Terminal: 2/3"l, ovoid;

brown, smooth, keeled scales, hairy on margins

BARK: ash-grey, scaly plates; branches droop as tree grows; stems have prominent brown leaf scars, and a prominent terminal bud that is non-resinous

FLOWERS: monoecious; yellowish-green flowers, upright spikes 4-6"l in May, fairly showy

FRUIT: 1-2" seed capsule, somewhate spiny

with 1-5 non-edible seeds (nuts) inside

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: requires rich soil, adequate moisture; tolerant and adaptable Transplant: rare in the trade

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; intolerant of urban conditions; suitable for naturalizing and in larger areas where the nuts will not create a litter problem

DISEASES / INSECTS:

leaf blotch will often disfigure foliage; leaf spot, leaf scorch, and powdery mildew

NOTES: State tree of Ohio. Indians named the fruit of the buckeye tree 'hetuck', mean-

ing the eye of a buck, which it resembles. The Indians powdered the seeds and dumped them into small pools. This would stun the fish and make them rise to the surface, where the Indians quickly collected them. It is also reported that a flour made from the seeds makes an excellent library paste which will repel roaches. Buckeye wood is now used extensively for making artificial limbs because it is light, easily worked, and resists splitting, it is of 10 little commercial importance. Its main modern use is for pulp.

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum

fig-11

Horse Chestnut

Aesculus hippocastanum FAMILY: HIPPOCASTACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Baumannii' Aesculus x carnea - Red Horsechestnut, Aesculus x carnea 'Briotii' SIZE: 50-75', 40' spread HABIT: upright oval

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: light brown to brown-yellow PROPOGATION: seed

LEAVES: opposite, palmately compound with 7

(sometimes 5) leaflets that fuse at their bases (no petiolules) -obovate leaflets (widest near the apex); acuminate (narrow tip); doubly serrate

BUD: Very large Terminal: 1/2 - 3/4"l,

Large scales; dark reddish brown, shiny, sticky resinous bud

BARK: fissured then becoming platy; eventually exposing a light orange interior bark

FLOWERS: monoecious; white with red and yellow

blotches at corolla base, erect inflorescence 12"l x 4"w

FRUIT: light brown spiny capsule -splitting in Sept.-Oct. to yield 1 or 2 - 1.25" dark brown nuts with a prominent white "buck eye"

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained

Transplant: low availability in B&B form

USE / VALUE: tolerates urban stress but will not look attractive due to leaf scorch, especially in hot, dry summers; specimen and shade tree for large properties like campuses

DISEASES / leaf blotch; Bleeding Canker: half of all Horse-chestnuts in Great Britain are now INSECTS: showing symptoms to some degree of this potentially lethal bacterial infection NOTES: Native to Europe. Seeds have been reported to be poisonous; deer are able to safely

digest. Seeds are called 'conkers'. Apparently name is derived from the observation that eating them cured horses of chest complaints. Seeds contain a soapy juice (alkaloid saponins) and were used in France and Switzerland for whitening hemp, flax, silk and wool: nuts dried, ground, added to soft water (rain or river), stirred well; water becomes frothy, turns milky white. Used in Bach flower remedies: when the buds are used it is referred to as "Chestnut Bud", and when the flowers are used it is referred to as "White Chestnut".

Juneberry, Serviceberry Amelanchier species

fig-12

Juneberry, Serviceberry Amelanchier species

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: About 25 species of deciduous shrubs or small trees: arborea, canadensis, laevis, alnifolia, x grandiflora SIZE: 15-25' HABIT: typ. multi-trunked, horizontal branching

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Orange to Red PROPOGATION: seed, rooted stem cuttings, grafting or micropropagation

LEAVES: alternate, simple, entire or sharply

serrate, 10 pairs of veins, margin has about 25 veins per side, veins stop short of teeth

BUD: Terminal & Laterals: 1/3 - 1/2"l; 5-7 BARK:

FLOWERS:

scaled, conical & sharply pointed; greenish yellow to reddish purple

Twigs glabrous, at first reddish brown but becoming dull gray the second season; light gray to tan, smooth, and with some forms darkly striated

monoecious; small, white, petals .5"l, in drooping clusters, 5 petals, 10-20 stamens, and 2-5 pistils

FRUIT: pendulous clusters, red turning Purpleblack, about .375" across, calyx reflexed; edible, sweet, juicy

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: adaptable to wide variety of soils; tolerates drought, but not wind (brittle branches), or poorly-drained or wet sites Transplant: B&B, container, slow to respond following transplant

USE / VALUE: fruits attract birds; specimen, focal point, foundation, entranceway, edge of

the border, naturalization, or wildlife attraction tree or shrub, or street tree if single-trunked

DISEASES / Fire blight (if high nitrogen or excessive pruning), powdery mildew INSECTS:

NOTES: The berries were one of the primary ingredients of pemmican, a portable meal

of dried meat, animal fat, and berries that was used on hunting trips and in the winter by Native Americans. The antioxidants in the berries helped to delay the spoilage of the meat. They also used the wood for arrows, spears, and crosspieces for canoes. -â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Thiessenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;: oval to round shape, to about 15 ft tall; flowers earlier than other cultivars and has the largest fruit.

River or Red Birch Betula nigra

fig-13

River Birch Betula nigra

FAMILY: BETULACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Heritage', 'Little King', Tecumseh Compactâ&#x201E;˘ SIZE: 40-70', 40' spread

HABIT: pyramidal turning oval, irregular crown

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow to Golden

PROPOGATION: seed, rooted stem cuttings

LEAVES: simple, alternate, ovate to diamondshaped, 1.5-3"l, 1-2"w, doubly serrated, glossy dark green above, silvery beneath

BUD: Small < 1/5"l, yellowish w/green banding; slightly pubescent

BARK: attractive, gray-brown to reddish-

brown, exfoliating bark on middleaged branches

FLOWERS: monoecious; inconspicuous female catkins; male catkins 2-3"l

FRUIT: 1.5"l cylindrical catkins, .5" thick, ripens in May or June

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: acid (pH 6.7 or less); tolerates wet conditions; prefers sandy but tolerates well-drained loam Transplant: B&B, easy; shallow root system

USE / VALUE: only semi-aquatic species of Betulaceae; excellent for erosion control use;

often sold in clump form of 3-5 trunks; specimen, focal point, or shade tree (casts a light to medium shade)

DISEASES / resistant to bronze birch borer; Chlorosis will develop on high pH soils (common INSECTS: in the Midwest); birch leaf miner; aphids, iron necrosis in heavy alkaline soils; short-lived under stressful conditions

NOTES: Introduced by Peter Collinson in 1736. Native to Eastern and Midwestern U.S.

Paper, White or Canoe Birch Betula papyrifera

fig-14

Paper, White or Canoe Birch Betula papyrifera

FAMILY: BETULACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Avalanche', 'Renaissance Reflections'

SIZE: 30-40', 30' spread

HABIT: loosely pyramidal to rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 2-6

FALL COLOR: Bright Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed

LEAVES:

simple, alternate, 0.5-4"l x up to 2"w, rounded or sometimes wedge shaped, deep green, glabrous above and pubescent on veins below, doubly serrate

BUD: imbricate, acute tipped

chalky to snow white, paper-like

BARK: bark, showy, peels easily; marked by many pores or "lenticels;" branch scars marked with inverted black V

FLOWERS: monoecious; male catkin: yellowish,

female catkin: greenish, late April or early May

FRUIT: the fruit on this plant is the largest of the birch (2"l x 0.25"w), brown

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: best in well-drained, acid, moist, sandy or silty loams; requires cool, moist root zone; doesn't tolerate deep shade and has difficulty reproducing on soils covered with a thick layer of dead leaves Transplant: B&B

USE / VALUE: as a specimen or in groupings DISEASES / becomes susceptible to bronze birch borer in hot, dry conditions; 'Renaissance INSECTS: Reflections' is relatively tolerant of hot, dry sites and has proven resistant to bronze birch borer; not heat tolerant

NOTES: The classic white-barked birch; will languish if not provided the proper cultural

conditions. Native to the boreal forests of North America. Wood: Hard, strong, tough, light in weight; brown tinged with red heartwood, nearly white sapwood; used for spools, toothpicks, toys, handles, paper pulp, flooring, firewood and interior finish. Years ago, birch bark was extensively used by northern Native Americans for canoes and wigwams and for making baskets, cups, bags and other useful utensils. 14

Musclewood, American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana

fig-15

Musclewood, American Hornbeam Carpinus caroliniana

FAMILY: BETULACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE: 20-30', equal spread

HABIT: rounded, spreading, crooked growth

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: variable: Yellow, Reds, Pink, Orange PROPOGATION: seed, slightly green, planted in August in rich, moist, loamy soil

LEAVES: simple, alternate, to 2.5"l, wedge-

shaped, pointed and serrated; 10-14 pairs of veins, dark green

BUD: Small, 1/16 - 1/4"l, 4 ranked scales; narrowly ovoid & pointed, reddish black, downy edges

BARK: smooth, gray, muscle-like (flexed arm); branching is irregular and horizontal

FLOWERS: monoecious; insignificant green catkins to 4"l, blooming in April-June

FRUIT: August-October; pairs of .33" ribbed nutlets attached to 3-lobed bracts; many together form loose hanging cluster

CULTURE: Full Sun to Deep Shade

Soil: prefers rich, moist slightly acidic, but very adaptable; tolerates wet; doesn't like compacted soils, won't tolerate drought, grade changes or land fill Transplant: difficult after 2nd year (spreading root system); B&B or container in spring

USE / VALUE: handsome specimen, especially in naturalized landscape; excellent understory tree,long lived; seed eaten by many species of bird, also important food of gray squirrels

DISEASES / none serious INSECTS:

NOTES: cultivated since 1812; known for its very hard wood, but little used because

such a small tree is rarely converted into sawed products, used for mallets, handles, golf clubs and fuel; also known as: Blue Beech, Ironwood, and Water Beech.

Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata

fig-16

Shagbark Hickory Carya ovata

FAMILY: JUGLANDACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE: 60-80'

HABIT: narrow, upright, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Warm Yellow to Golden-Brown

PROPOGATION: seed, root sprouts, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, pinnately compound, 5

elliptical leaflets to 6"l, deep yellowgreen,l-pointed and toothed

BUD: Terminal: 1/2 - 1"l, broadly ovate, blunt pinted, brown, 2 - 4 visible, pubescent scales

BARK: gray; when mature, exfoliates inl

strips (shaggy); branchlets rich redbrown

FLOWERS: monoecious; without petals, males

in pendulous catkins from leaf axils, females in terminal spikes

FRUIT: a drupe with edible nut enclosed in

thich green husk that splits into 4 valves. Nut: white and four-angled.

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers rich, well-drained loam; adaptable to clay

Transplant: difficult due to large, deep tap root; best results up to 2" diameter

USE / VALUE: significant food source for wildlife; best for naturalizing or in parks as limited ornamental value and litter problem (nuts)

DISEASES / hickory bark beetle, canker worm, gall aphid, cigar casebearer, borer, leaf INSECTS: spot, witches broom, powdery mildew, crown gall NOTES: cultivated since 1629. Second to Pecan, is the most popular of nut trees.

Will live up to 200 years. "Hickory" is derived from pawcohiccora, an Algonquin Indian word for the tree's oily nutmeat. Unsuitable to commercial or orchard production: unreliable bearers. Wood: heavy, hard, tough and has been employed for implements and tools that require strength. These include: axles, axe handles, ploughs, and skis. Carya: Greek "karya or kaura" (walnut -Juglans regia), ovata: ovate or egg-shaped (leaflets). 16

Catalpa

Catalpa speciosa

fig-17

Northern Catalpa Catalpa speciosa

FAMILY: BIGNONIACEAE CULTIVARS: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Pulverulentaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

SIZE: 40-60', 20-30' spread

HABIT: Pyramidal, rounded topMedium to

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings in summer, grafting

LEAVES: large, heart-shaped, 3-lobed,

8-12"l; simple, opposite, sometimes whorled; sunken leaf scars that resemble suction cups

BUD: Terminal: absent, 1/2" high, brown,

leaf scars whorled & rounded (3 scars per node)

BARK: ranges from scaly to ridged, to blocky plates. On young tree seedlings the bark is thin and easily damaged by impact, or rodents.

FLOWERS: monoecious; showy, numerous,

perfect, white, clusters of orchid-like blossoms in June

FRUIT: long, thin pendulous bean-pods, 1024"l, appear in late summer & often persist through winter

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, high pH soil but very adaptable; tolerates hot, dry conditions Transplant: B&B

USE / VALUE: interesting specimen in parks or other large areas; useful on dry sites; but: a

lot of litter: heavy load of flowers in spring, leaves in fall, a lot of large seedpods in winter; longevity: 60 years

DISEASES / powdery mildew, verticillum wilt, catalpa midge; most are usually minor and INSECTS: pose no serious threat, the exception is the catalpa sphinx caterpillar (Ceratomia catalpae), which can on occasion completely defoliate the tree.

NOTES: Is the last tree to grow leaves in the spring. The leaves generally do not color in autumn before

falling, instead, they either fall abruptly after the first hard freeze, or turn a slightly yellowbrown before dropping off. Wood: quite soft, does not rot easily, and has the lowest shrinkage/ expansion rate of any domestic (USA) hardwood. Used for furniture, interior trim and cabinetry; occasionally as a tonewood in guitars. Excellent for carving and boatbuilding. Name is derived from the Catawba Native American name "catawba" for these trees as their tribal totem, with the spelling Catalpa being due to a transcription error on the part of the describing botanist (Scopoli) making the first formal scientific description of the genus. AKA: Hardy Catalpa, Western Catalpa, Cigar Tree, Indian bean tree, Indian cigar and Catawba-Tree.

Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis

fig-18

Common Hackberry Celtis occidentalis

FAMILY: ULMACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Magnificaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (a hybrid of C. occidentalis and C. laevigata) SIZE: 40-60', equal spread

HABIT: Broad top, ascending then arching branches

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, budding

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 3-5"l, oblique

base, serrated leaf tip; medium green color, pale yellow-green leaf underside, rough texture

BUD: Terminal: absent; lateral: small,

1/4", appressed and strongly angled to one side, chestnut brown, downy

BARK: grayish, interesting warty texture; stems have a zigzag appearance w/lighter lenticils

FLOWERS: monoecious; emerge with leaves, April-May

FRUIT: pea-sized reddish drupe in fall; edible, sweet flavor like dates; persists

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers rich, moist soils but very adaptable and tolerant; withstands wide pH range, wind, heat and urban conditions Transplant: easily from B&B, container or bare root

USE / VALUE: naturalizing, large area, parks; as a screen to control wind erosion; as a street tree because of its ability to withstand drought and tolerate urban environment; also a bonsai species

DISEASES / leaf spot, powdery mildew, scale, nipple gall (disfigures leaves) and witches' INSECTS: brooms are common, though minor problems NOTES: Extremely adaptable, but tree can be injured by Dicamba herbicide used over its root

zone. Longevity: 150 to 200 years. Medicinally, the bark was decocted to serve as a gynecological aid that could induce abortion, regulate menstrual cycles, and treat venereal diseases. Bark decoctions were also taken for sore throats. Hackberry: The "hack" apparently is a corruption of the Scottish "hag" (witch), however the "Hagberry" in Britain is the name given to sour bird cherries. The application of that name to Celtis occidentalis was possibly a result of the early colonists confusion with regard to the small cherry-like appearance of its fruit (Peattie, 1953, 1966).

Katsura Tree

Cercidiphyllum japonicum

fig-19

Katsura Tree

Cercidiphyllum japonicum FAMILY: CERCIDIPHYLLACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aureum', Rotfuchs’; weeping: 'Amazing Grace', ‘Morioka Weeping’, 'Pendula', 'Tidal Wave'; dwarf: 'Heronswood Globe', 'Ruby' SIZE: 35-50', variable spread HABIT: usually multi-trunk, pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Apricot-Orange PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings, layering

LEAVES: simple, opposite or subopposite, or-

bicular to ovate, 2-4"l; purple-bronze in spring; summer: dark green above, blue-green below

BUD: small reddish opposite buds, appressed BARK: brown; smooth when young, shaggy in maturity

FLOWERS: female flowers: green fringed sepals and 3-5 red styles .25"l; male has 15-20 red stamens, .33"l

FRUIT: small dry capsules .50-.75" formed on pistillate trees in summer; thin winged seeds, persistant

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers rich, moist, slightly acidic; pH adaptable , tolerant of wind, not of drought; supplemental watering needed during hot dry periods Transplant: not easy; B&B, or in early spring when container grown

USE / VALUE: Multi-season interest; Fallen leaves in autumn emit a pleasant spicy, brown sugar odor aroma reminiscent of cotton candy. Specimen for parks, large lawns, golf courses, street tree

DISEASES / none serious; bark splitting and sun scald may occur; night frost in early INSECTS: spring can result in deformed young leaves

NOTES: Dioecious: needs at least one male plant present for the fruit-bearing female plants to be pollinated. Needs supplemental waterings during establishment.

Native of East Asia, Japan, China; introduced 1865; timber is straight grained, highly valued, used for general construction in Japan.

Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis

fig-20

Eastern Redbud Cercis canadensis

FAMILY: FABACEAE (now Caesalpiniaceae) CULTIVARS: ‘Alba’, 'Columbus', ‘Forest Pansy’, 'Pinkbud', 'Royal White', 'Rubye Atkinson', 'Silver Cloud', 'Withers Pink Charm'; weeping: ‘Covey’ SIZE: 20-30', 25-35' spread HABIT: ascending, spreading, rounded crown

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: layering; softwood cuttings in spring; seed (scarified, moist stratification for 8 weeks at 41°); bud grafted

LEAVES: alternate, simple,3-5" l&w, broadly

heart-shaped; 5-9 prominent veins; bright green tinged red and mature to lustrous green

BUD: stalked and in clusters BARK: reddish-brown to scaly dark brown, stems have a zigzag growth pattern

FLOWERS: monoecious; showy clusters of 4-8

bright purple/pink/red .5"l pea-like blooms in early May,

FRUIT: flattened legume pods, 2-4",, turn brown in October; persistent

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: performs best in rich moist soil; wide pH range; will not tolerate wet, drought or wind Transplant: easy when young, B&B or container grown

USE / VALUE: charming, versatile; especially useful in shade where most other flowering

trees languish; as single specimen or in groupings in shrub border; good understory tree, nice in naturalized settings, patio tree

DISEASES / stem canker, leaf spot, verticillum wilt; wood can be brittle with trees splitting INSECTS: at crotches; leaf rollers, treehoppers, scales, leafhoppers, aphids, and spider mites; tends to be short-lived, especially when exposed to chronic stresses

NOTES: 'Columbus' cultivar is the most hardy, should be used exclusively in zone 4;

Cercis: refers to a weaver's shuttle (Greek kerkis), apparently alluding to shape of the fruit; canadensis: of Canada. AKA: Judas tree. Native American tribe uses: the bark was made into a tea to treat whooping cough; taking cold infusions of the roots and inner bark treated fevers and congestion; an 20 infusion of the bark was used to treat vomiting and fever.

White Fringetree

Chionanthus virginicus

fig-21

White Fringetree

Chionanthus virginicus FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: none; Asian relative C. retusus SIZE: 12-20', tall & wide

HABIT: variable, broadly rounded, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: seed (needs double dormancy), by layering, grafting, or budding onto ash seedlings is sometimes practiced, but the species is almost impossible to root

LEAVES: opposite, simple, elliptical, 3-8"l,

1.5-3"w tapering at base, margin entire, coarsely textured, dark green

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: stem is square; smooth gray, be-

comes slightly ridges and rough at maturity

FLOWERS: Dioecious , white fringe-like, in

clusters 4-8"l, May (largest on male plants), from upper part of previous year's shoots

FRUIT: egg-shaped, Blue-black drupe, to

.5-.8" in clusters on female in late summer (Aug-Sept); persistant

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: performs best in rich moist acid soil; tolerates wide pH range, some wet conditions, wind and air pollution; will Not tolerate drought Transplant: difficulties possible; B&B in spring, container grown

Pruning: plants may die when more than a third of the annual growth is removed

USE / VALUE: adaptable; typ. multi-stemmed; fruits attract birds; needs little maintenance; specimen, naturalistic plantings, shrub border, in groupings, urban sites due to pollution tolerance

DISEASES / none serious INSECTS: NOTES: Southeastern and south central US, introduced 1736. AKA: Grancy Grey-beard,

Old-man's Beard, Flowering Ash, Grandfather-Graybeard. The bark is used as a tonic, diuretic, and astringent; it is also used to reduce fever. In Appalachia, a liquid of boiled root bark is applied to skin irritations. Propagation is difficult so plant is expensive or hard to locate in commerce; most plants are seed propagated so the plant sex is generally unknown for purchased plant. chionanthus: from chion, snow, anthos, flower (white flowers) 21 viginicus: of Virginia.

Pagoda Dogwood Cornus alternifolia

fig-22

Pagoda Dogwood Cornus alternifolia

FAMILY: CORNACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Argentea' or 'Variegata', â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Wstackmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Golden Shadows), SIZE: 15-25', 15-30'w

HABIT: sympodial, tiered branching

GROWTH RATE: Slow initially, Medium when established ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Yellowish-Purple

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: simple, opposite/alternate, ellip-

tic, 2-5"l, 1-2.5"w, unlobed, entire margins, "arcuate" venation, whorled near branch tips, med.-dk. green

BUD: Flower 1/4"l, reddish purple, smooth at base, pubescent at tip

BARK: young: smooth, reddish brown;

mature: gray brown, lightly ridged and furrowed

FLOWERS: monoecious; numerous fragrant, tiny white, 4-petaled, flat-topped clusters (cymes); blooms in May or June

FRUIT: green to red to blue-black when

ripe, on red pedicles in summer; don't persist

CULTURE: Part to Full Shade

Soil: requires moist root zone; intolerant of hot sunny sites Transplant:

USE / VALUE: multi-season interest; early attractive fall color; native; specimen, naturalistic areas: edges of woods, shaded waterways

DISEASES / twig blight, canker INSECTS: NOTES: Cornus alternifolia is the only species of Cornus in Wisconsin that has alter-

nate leaves and it is also the only naturally occurring species of Cornus that has the growth form of a tree--all the others (4) being clearly shrubs. Nearly horizontal branches, although alternate, tend to develop in groups of 3-5 very close together, followed by a relatively long section of trunk with no branches, followed by another aggregation of branches resulting in a conspicuous "layered" look. 22

Corneliancherry Dogwood Cornus mas

fig-23

Corneliancherry Dogwood Cornus mas

FAMILY: CORNACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurea', 'Elegant', 'Flava', 'Golden Glory', 'Pioneer', 'Redstone', 'Spring Glow', 'Spring Sun', 'Variegata' SIZE: 20-25', 15-20' spread

HABIT: rounded, low branching, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 2-4"l, .75-1.5"w, very short petioles, glossy dark green

BUD: small, in clusters BARK: showy, exfoliating, scaly mix of gray and tan

FLOWERS: monoecious; showy, small yellow

flowers in rounded clusters, Mar-Apr, viewed best against dark background

FRUIT: bright red, olive shaped, .5-1"l, .5"w, edible when becomes dark red/maroon

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers rich, well-drained; relatively adaptable including heavy clay Transplant: fairly easy, but slow to reestablish; spreads by suckers

Pruning: trim up at the base to make more tree-like, revealing bark

USE / VALUE: multi-season interest; considered small tree, large shrub; specimen, shrub

borders, hedges, screens, small grouping or groves; branching to the ground prevents turf growth, fruit can be messy staining sidewalks

DISEASES / very pest resistant INSECTS: NOTES: Severe winters may damage the flower buds, eliminating flowering and fruiting.

'Elegant', 'Pioneer' and 'Redstone' - C. mas is a edible food crop in many European areas, and its use as a culinary plant is increasing in this country. These three cultivars are notable for their heavy fruit set of fruit, which may be used for preserves, syrup, etc. Native to central and southern Europe and western Asia.

Russian Hawthorn Crataegus ambigua

fig-24

Russian Hawthorn Crataegus ambigua

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE: 15-25', equal spread

HABIT: Rounded, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 5-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green

PROPOGATION: seed, stem cuttings, T-budding,

LEAVES: alternate, simple, oval, 4-7 lobes,

deep sinuses, serrated margins, fine texture; medium green

BUD: true terminal buds that are usually dark, shiny red and round

BARK: golden yellow to dark brown, exfoliating; few but very sharp .5" thorns; limbs are gnarly/twisted

FLOWERS: monoecious; profusion of white clusters, May, blooms last 10-14 days; less of a foul scent compared to other Hawthorns

FRUIT: .25" bright red haws (pomes) in August, increasing yields as tree matures; nonpersistant; fruit is edible: mild flavor of tart pear; seed is poisonous if ingested

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable, tolerates drought, compacted clay soil urban pollution; not tolerant of wet sites Transplant: bare root

Pruning: trim up at the base to make more tree-like, revealing bark

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; fine textured, dissected foliage and few thorns; attracts wildlife; control of soil erosion; very xeric once established; specimen, screen; longevity: 50-150 years; can be pleached, suitable for bonsai

DISEASES / resistant to cedar hawthorn rust; Susceptible to Aphids, Beetle Borers, Scales INSECTS: and Spider Mites, Fire Blight, Oak Root Rot, Powdery Mildew, Root Rot and Rust. Winter protect trunk until matured to 4" diameter.

NOTES: Native to sourthern Russia. Their musky appleblossom scent only lasts about a

week & is mainly detectiable late afternoon. Before days of artificial fragrances, hawthorn perfumes from Paris were highly regarded, & in Arabic erotic poetry it is said to be the scent of a woman's arousal. Spring buds provided one of the more unusual traditional uses as a tobacco substitute. The "haw" in Hawthorn is an old English word for hedgerow, so Hawthorn means "Thorny Hedge." 24 Crataegus: Greek "kratos" (strength - for the wood)

Cockspur Hawthorn Crategus crus-galli

fig-25

Cockspur Hawthorn Crategus crus-galli

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: var. inermis (may be the same as 'Cruzam' (Crusader速)) SIZE: 20-30', equal spread

HABIT: rounded, spreading crown

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Bronze-Red to Maroon

PROPOGATION: Seeds, cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, obovate, 1-4"l,

sharp, serrated margins, glossy dark green above and below

BUD: sessile, rounded, reddish brown buds

BARK: grayish-brown, 1.5-3" thorns along stems, horizontal branching,

FLOWERS: monoecious; malodorous, white

.6" blossom diam., inflorescences: 2-3"w in late May, for 1-2 weeks.

FRUIT: small pone, clustered, green turn-

ing turning to brick red when ripe; persists throough late fall

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained; soil tolerant, pH adaptable Transplant: in Spring

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; attracts wildlife; multi-season interest; branches are arranged in a pleasing layered habit and bear large (up to 3") thorns creating a picturesque winter silhouette; specimen, screen border

DISEASES / resistant to cedar-hawthorn rust; many pest problems similar to apple trees , INSECTS: fireblight, aphids, scales, powdery mildew NOTES: 'Inermis', thornless variety, attractive silver bark, flowers earlier, therefore

fruits mature earlier and are less persistent; appears to be relatively diseaseresistant. Crataegus: Greek cratos for "strength" because of the hardness of the wood; crus, resembling a leg, galli, chicken; resembling a chicken leg, a reference to the thorns which may bring to mind the spur on a chicken's leg, hence Cockspur Hawthorn; inermis means unarmed, i.e., without thorns. 25

Washington Hawthorn Crataegus phaenopyrum

fig-26

Washington Hawthorn Crataegus phaenopyrum

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Winter King', 'Fastigiata', 'Princeton Sentry', 'Vaughn' SIZE: 25-30', equal spread

HABIT: broadly oval to rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Orange-Scarlet

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: simple, alternate , 3-5 lobes, 1-3"l, emerge reddish, mature to dark green, serrated margins

BUD: sessile, rounded, reddish brown buds

BARK: grayish-brown, 1-3" thorns along stems, mature bark is 'apple-like'

FLOWERS: monoecious; .5" white flowers, clustered, June (later than other hawthorns) for 7-10 days

FRUIT: .25" bright, glossy orange-red

pome, matures Sept-Oct, persistant

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, fertile Transplant:

Pruning: tolerant

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; multi-season interest; upright habit makes it more versatile

that many other hawthorns; Protect from wind; specimen, screen border, prune into hedge

DISEASES / resistant to cedar-hawthorn rust INSECTS:

NOTES: Many people rate this the best North American Hawthorn. Tree was grown on

a large scale by a Georgetown nuseryman, became popular around Washington D.C. in the late 1700's and apparently took on the name of the city. phaenopyrum: Greek, from phaeno, visible; pyrum, apparently meaning having an appearance of pear (pyrus), possibly referring to their similar flowers.

American Beech Fagus grandifolia

fig-27

American Beech Fagus grandifolia

FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE: 50-70', up tp 120' spread

HABIT: oval

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Golden Bronze, Copper

PROPOGATION: seed, stratified 3-5 mos.

LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptic, tapering

tips, wide serration, 2.5-4.5"l, glossy green above, light green below; young tress hold their leaves into the winter

BUD: BIG, .75-1"l, slender & conical w/

sharp pointed tip, shiny brown, two rows of overlapping scales

BARK: attractive, smooth silver-gray, wrinkled appearance

FLOWERS: monoecious; minute; male: greenish-

yellow ball-like onl stalks, female: reddish-brown, 2-flowered clusters on short stalk, April

FRUIT: edible, sharply angled, 3-sided pyramid shaped nut, borrne in pairs within softspined, four-lobed reddish-brown husk

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers rich, well-drained, moist soil, pH neutral to acid; intolerant of heavy compacted soils, excessively wet soils; difficult to grow turf under it because of its shallow wide root system; tends to sucker Transplant: during dormant season, B&B

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; shade-tolerant; best used in rich natural areas due to its relatively narrow range of adaptability; naturalized areas, large open spaces, lawn tree, parks, golf courses

DISEASES / Beech Bark disease becoming major killer of Beeches in NE U.S. Beech blight INSECTS: aphids

NOTES: AKA: Beechnut. Because its wood is heavy, hard, tough and strong: until the advent of the

modern chainsaw, during lumbering beech trees were often left uncut to grow. As a result, many areas today still have extensive groves of old beeches that would not otherwise occur. Today, the wood is harvested for uses such as flooring, containers, furniture, handles and woodenware. Beech nuts were one of the primary foods of the now-extinct passenger pigeon, and the clearing of beech and oak forests are pointed to as one of the major factors that may have contributed to the bird's extinction. Fagus: Latin. from Greek "phagein" (to eat - edible nuts), grandifolia: Latin grandis, large, and folium, leaf.

European Beech Fagus sylvatica

fig-28

European Beech Fagus sylvatica

FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Asplenifolia', ‘Dawyck Purple’, ‘Fasti-

giata’, 'Purpurea Tricolor', 'Red Obelisk', 'Riversii', 'Roseo-Marginata', 'Tricolor', weeping: 'Milonensis', 'Pendula',

SIZE: 50-60'. 35-45' spread

HABIT: densely pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Warm Golden-Brown to Bronze

PROPOGATION: seed, stratified 3-5 mos., or grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, wavy margin,

2-4"l, fern-like appearance; glossy dark green; dead leaves persist on tree through winter

BUD: BIG, .75-1"l, slender & conical w/

sharp pointed tip, shiny brown, two rows of overlapping scales

BARK: attractive, smooth, gray; trunk and

branches muscular; branching close to ground; stems: olive-brown

FLOWERS: monoecious; may not flower until 30-

80 yrs old; monoecious; minute; male: greenish-yellow ball-like onl stalks, female: reddish-brown, 2-flowered clusters on short stalk, April

FRUIT: 2 triangluar nuts, borrne in pairs

within soft-spined, four-lobed reddishbrown husk

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: requires adequate moisture; intolerant of wet, high pH or heavily compacted soils, or change of grade or soil cultivatin when established; doesn't grow well in extreme heat Transplant: easy when young, during dormant season, B&B; root system shallow and extensive; tends to sucker

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; more adaptable than American Beech; specimen, parks, public areas,

naturalized areas, lawns, golf courses, headge w/heavy pruning; spectacular skeletal structure in winter; its dense shade and shallow root system deter turf growth beneath

DISEASES / some scale, powdery mildew, aphids, canker, beech bark disease and, in recent INSECTS: years, two-line chestnut borer NOTES: native to Central and southern Europe, introduced 1840. Becomes more magnificent

with age ( like most women/beechs ). AKA: Green or Common Beech. 'Riversii' has purple-colored foliage throughout the summer; 'Roseo-marginata' has purple leaves that are variegated with a rosy-pink edge. Wood widely used for timber; beechnuts used for stock food in Europe; oil can be extracted from the nuts and made into a substance like margarine (as was done in Germany on a large scale 28 during both World Wars). sylvatica: of the woods

White Ash

Fraxinus americana

fig-29

White Ash

Fraxinus americana FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: ‘Autumn Applause’, 'Autumn Blaze', 'Greenspire', 'Jefnor', ‘Junginger’ (Autumn Purple), 'Skycole' SIZE: 50-80', equal spread

HABIT: oval, becoming rounded, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Combination of Oranges & Purples

PROPOGATION: seed, bud grafting

LEAVES: opposite, pinnately compound w/lan-

ceolate leaflets (2-6"l), leaves: 8-12"l, dark green above, lighter below (giving it its name)

BUD: Terminal: 1/4"l, broader thanl, kiel

shaped, scurfy, rusty brown, partly encircled by leaf scar: Cheshire cat grin

BARK: thick, dark gray w/uniform, diamondshaped ridge and furrow pattern

FLOWERS: Dioecious; inconspicuous, green,

purple, black; not ornamental, appear before the leaves, April

FRUIT: females: 1-seeded samara 1-2"l with

a flattened, thin wing (reminiscent of a canoe paddle), sometimes considered unattractive and messy

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, deep, fertile; quite adaptable; tolerates heavy wet soils and urban conditions Transplant: easy, establishes quickly, roots are shallow, wide-spreading; B&B

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; attractive fall color; naturalizing, parks, campuses, lawn,

street, difficult growing areas; male plants preferred to eliminate litter issue

DISEASES / Emerald Ash Borer, an insect introduced from China, has devastated Ash popINSECTS: ulations throughout the Eastern/Midwest/Central U.S. and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Ash dieback, ash borers, flower galls

NOTES: It is no longer recommended to plant this species in the upper Midwest due to its susceptibility to the emerald ash borer.

Some cultivars are seedless: eg. 'Junginger'. Wood: also called "poor man's oak", valued for its hardness, straight-grain, elasticity. used for baseball bats, tool handles, furniture, flooring, canoe paddles, solidbody electric guitars. AKA: Biltmore Ash, Cane Ash. Juice made from the leaves gives topical relief to mosquito bite swelling and itching. Fraxinus: Latin, ash; americana: of America

Green Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica

fig-30

Green Ash

Fraxinus pennsylvanica FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Bergeson', 'Cardan', 'Cimmzam', 'Johnson', 'Marshall's Seedless', 'Oconee', 'Patmore'. 'Rugby', 'Summit', 'Urbanite' SIZE: 50-60', 45' spread

HABIT: oval, upright

GROWTH RATE: Fast to Medium ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow, Golden, Bronzy

PROPOGATION: seed, bud grafting

LEAVES: opposite, pinnately compound w/7

lanceolate leaflets (2-5"l), leaves: 8-12"l, margin crenate-serrate (mix of blunt and sharp teeth); bright green above/below

BUD: Smaller than White Ash, scurfy dark rusty brown, leaf scar below bud: shield shaped

BARK: brown to dark gray w/uniform,

diamond-shaped ridge and furrow pattern

FLOWERS: Dioecious; inconspicuous, greenish; not ornamental, April

FRUIT: females: 1-seeded samara 1-2.5"l with a flattened, thin wing (reminiscent of a canoe paddle), sometimes considered unattractive and messy

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, deep, fertile; quite adaptable; tolerates heavy wet soils and urban conditions Transplant: easy, establishes quickly, roots are shallow, wide-spreading; B&B

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; attractive fall color; naturalizing, parks, campuses, lawn,

street, difficult growing areas; widely used for windbreaks in the plains and prairie states, male plants preferred to eliminate litter issue

NOTES: AKA: Red Ash — At one time Fraxinus pennsylvanica was known as the Red Ash and

F. p. var. laceolata was called the Green Ash. In his Manual of the Trees of North America (1949), C. S. Sargent points out that in the east the glabrous leaves and glabrous branchlets of the Green Ash “appear distinct from the Red Ash”. But more westward there is a slight pubescence on the leaves and branchlets, making it impossible to distinguish between the two. He states that the fall color of Red Ash foliage is “yellow or rusty brown”, others call it yellowish-brown. Most authorities now lump these two types of ash into a single species, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, with a the common name of Green Ash (Dirr, 1998). pennsylvanica, meaning from Pennsylvania

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba

fig-31

Ginkgo

Ginkgo biloba FAMILY: GINKGOACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Autumn Gold', ‘JFS-UGA2’ Golden Colonnade, 'Jade Butterfly', ‘Magyar’, ‘The President’, ‘Princeton Sentry’, 'Saratoga', 'Shangri-la', 'Variegata' SIZE: 50-80', 30' spread

HABIT: upright, pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Vivid Yellow PROPOGATION: seed (collect in fall, stratify), cuttings in early summer; grafting, clonal regeneration via basal chichi (tuber-like callus growths on the lower trunk)

LEAVES: alternate, simple, fan-shaped, leath-

BUD: BARK:

ery, 2-3"l, on spurs in clusters of 3-5,parallel margins, notched at apex with forking parallel veination, bright medium green found on spurs (short shoots) that develop on second-year growth, Imbricate, mounded, brownish gray to brown, ridged

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male: 1" catkin-like pol-

FRUIT:

len cones, late March; female: green pods, 2-6 iin a cluster, in April before leafout drupe-like seed with a fleshy outer layer (contains butanoic acid) smelling of rancid butter; flower and bear seed at 30-40 years

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers deep sandy soils, well watered, well drained; pH adaptable Transplant: slow to recover, deep rooted; container grown

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; very tolerant: air pollution, salt, heat; veryl lived: trees at Asain temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old; specimen, park, street, shade tree; only male clones are recommended for landscape use, as females bear large numbers of fruit that emit a foul odor when decaying;

DISEASES / resistant to disease, insect-resistant wood INSECTS: NOTES:

AKA: Kew-tree, Maidenhair-tree: refers to the similarity of leaves tothose of the maidenhair fern. the tree currently occurs in the wild only in the northwest of Zhejiang province in the Tianmu Shan mountain reserve in eastern China. Engelbert Kaempfer, the first Westerner to see the species in 1690. Considered a living fossil; geologic records indicate that ginkgos have grown on Earth for 150 million years. Old individuals are also capable of producing aerial roots (chi chi) on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. The roasted seeds are used for food by the Chinese, but the fleshy layer can cause dermatitis/blistering. Ginkgo: from the Chinese yin-kuo, silver apricot. biloba: two lobed, leaves sometimes incised or divided.

Common Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos

fig-32

Common Honeylocust Gleditsia triacanthos

FAMILY: FABACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Imperial', 'Skyline', 'Sunburst'

var. inermis (thornless): 'Christie', 'Harve', 'Impcole', 'Moraine', 'Shademaster', 'Skycole', 'Speczam', 'Suncole', 'True Shade'

SIZE: 30-70', 35' spread

HABIT: broadly oval

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, bud grafting

LEAVES: alternate, pinnately or bipinnately

BUD: BARK:

compound, 6-8"l, pubescent rachis, leaflets paired, oblong, 1-1.5"l, glossy, bright green, late to leafout in Spring Terminal: absent, Laterals: typ. 5, small, sometimes hidden, Leaf scar looks like ET gray-brown, develops elongated, smooth, plate-like patches separated by furrows Branches: distinctive zigzag form with enlarged nodes (appear as spur shoots)

FLOWERS: Dioecious; fragrant, greenish-yellow, 2-5" clusters, May

FRUIT: females bear green flattened/twisted,

strap-like pods 7-18"l, 1"w, turn brown in fall; bean-like seeds, .5"l, sticky, sweet, and flavorful pulp separating the seeds

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: develops best on rich, moist bottomlands, or soil of limestone origin, pH neutral: adaptable, tolerates poor, dry soils; very tolerant: drought, high pH, salt Transplant: easily; B&B

USE / VALUE: very adaptable; attractive fall color;l lived; lawn, street, erosion control, for windDISEASES / INSECTS: NOTES:

breaks and shelterbelts; temper as a landscape selection where past overuse and urban monoculture evident pod gall midge (deforms leaves and dieback of small branches), bagworm, spider mites, mimosa webworm, cankers AKA: Honeyâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;shucks, Sweet Locust, Three-thorned-acacia, Thorn tree, Thorny Locust, Sweetbean.The common name "honey" is in reference to the edible sweet-tasting pulp of the fruits (between the seeds), which can be fermented to make beer. Wild plants usually have thorns, sometimes very large, branched thorns, but typical horticultural/landscape varieties are thornless. Thornless/seedless vars. occasionally produce fruit and/or thorns Unusual weather conditions seem to be the key factor in this. When thorns or seeds are produced in one season, the tree generally reverts back to its normal growth habit the following year. Gleditsia: after German botanist Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786), director of the Berlin Botanical Garden and friend of Linnaeus; triacanthos: 3-spined; inermis: unarmed (without spines)

Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus

fig-33

Kentucky Coffeetree Gymnocladus dioicus

FAMILY: FABACEAE CULTIVARS: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Espresso-JFSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (seedless) SIZE: 60-75', 45-50' spread

HABIT: open, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: seed (scarified in sulfuric acid 2-4 hours); cuttings of radical shoots in December-March

LEAVES: doubly-compound, up to 36"l and

BUD:

19"w; leaflets ovate and thin; stalks persist after leaves have fallen; pinktinted when unfolding, then bluegreen in summer

small, downy, almost entirely imbedded in twigs, and surrounded by a hairy ring of bark.

BARK: gray tinged with red, deeply fissured and roughened by small scales/ flaky; thick, knotty, branches

FLOWERS: Dioecious; greenish-white, fragrant 5-petaled symmetrical flowers in terminal panicles 8-12"l, 3-4"w on female trees; panicles 3-4"l on male tree; May

FRUIT: females bear red-brown, leathery 5-8" leguminose pods containing very hard 1" diameter flat seeds in sticky pulp, ripen in October, persists

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers deep, moist soil; adaptable to wide range of soil conditions including drought, limestone, wide pH range; tolerant of air pollution and some wind Transplant: B&B Pruning: either winter or early spring

USE / VALUE: bold architectural habit; tolerates severe cliimates and city conditions; excellent for parks, golf courses even though falling pods create litter

DISEASES / pest free; numbers are declining rapidly due to over harvesting INSECTS: NOTES: Native eastern and central US; introduced before 1748. Early settlers of Kentucky and Ten-

nessee roasted the seeds to make a coffee-like beverage, hence this tree's common name. Raw leaves and seeds are toxic. AKA: American coffee bean, American coffee berry, American mahogany, bean tree, chico du Canada, chicot, chicot tree, chiot, chiot tree, coffeebean, coffeebean-tree, coffeenut, coffeetree, dead tree, geweihbaum, Kentucky coffee-tree, Kentucky mahogany, mahogany, mahogany-bean, nettle-tree, nicker tree, nicker treet, stump tree Gymnocladus: from the Greek, gymnos, naked, and klados, branch, referring to its deciduous habit, devoid of foliage for nearly half the year, dioicus relates to dioecious, meaning there are male and female trees

Black Walnut Juglans nigra

fig-34

Black Walnut Juglans nigra

FAMILY: JUGLANDACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Laciniata' SIZE: 50-75', equal spread

HABIT: oval to rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: seed; cuttings possible but difficult; embryo and tissue culture

LEAVES: alternate, pinately compound, 1-2'l,

15-23 leaflets 3-5"l, terminal leaflet freqently missing, serrated margin, dark green, emits odor when crushed

BUD: downy, terminal, .33"l

BARK: dark brown to gray-black, deep narrow

furrows, diamond-shaped pattern, stout stems, bitter tasting (was chewed for medicinal purposes by native groups)

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: greenish catkins, 2" scaley, cone-like buds, female: up to 8-flowered spikes, April, not ornamental

FRUIT: spherical drupe in thick .5-2" husk; 2-

CULTURE:

to 4-celled corrugated, edible oily nuts with high nutritional value, in bony shell; starts fruit production at approx. 20 years; can create a litter issue Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained, rich; very tolerant; relatively drought resistant Transplant: difficult due to extensive taproot, B&B

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife (squirrels love the nuts); use for food, fruit, lawn tree, parks; will not tolerate heavy shade

DISEASES / 2 serious root rot diseases (treat with fungicide), cylindrockadium root rot , INSECTS: parasitic nematodes, mistletoe, fusarium canker, bacterial blight, white trunk rot, maggots in the husk, codling moth

NOTES:

Can be confused with Butternut (Juglans cinerea); difference: Black Walnut has a chambered pith and leaf scar lacking a bank of hairs above the top edge. Wood is treasured by craftsmen for furniture, cabinet work, gunstocks, and interior trim. Ground shells are used as an abrasive grit for industrial cleaning. 65% of the annual wild harvest comes from the state of Missouri. Extracts from husk used as a natural dye, dark ink or wood stain. Tree can be tapped for syrup. Roots, nut husks and leaves secrete a compound, Juglone, a repiratory inhibitor, which stunts or kills other plants within reach of its roots. Horses are susceptible to laminitis from exposure to black walnut wood in bedding. Juglans: from the Latin Jovi glans, from jovis, of Jupiter, and glans, acorn or nut; nigra: dark brown or black bark

Saucer Magnolia

Magnolia x soulangiana

fig-35

Saucer Magnolia

Magnolia x soulangiana FAMILY: MAGNOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Alba Superba', 'Alexandrina', 'Brozzonii', 'Coates', 'Lennei', 'Lennei Alba', 'Lilliputian', 'Rustica Rubra', 'Speciosa', 'Verbanica' SIZE: 20-30'

HABIT: rounded to irregular

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Brown

PROPOGATION: seed (stratify); cuttings in summer LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptical with sharply-pointed tip, margin entire; 3-7"l, half as wide, emerge as reddish-bronze turning dark green above, pubescent below BUD: distinct difference between flower bud and vegetative bud; flower: large, dense short silver hairs on bud (furry)

BARK: smooth, silver-gray; attractive FLOWERS: monoecious; appear before leaves,

solitary, perfect, showy, fragrant, 3-4"l, 5-7"dia. pink-white cup-like blossoms, typ. 9 petals, April; blossoms close at night; flowers at young age 3-5 years; heavy bloomers

FRUIT: 4"l, cylindrical cluster, asymmetric

with knobby surface; seed emerge reddish-orange from slits, Septemer

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, fertile, with high organic matter; requires a neutral to acid soil

Transplant: B&B that has been root pruned and hand-lifted (fleshy root system)

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; specimen, patio tree; effective in groupings where space allows DISEASES / The most susceptible magnolia to flower damage by harsh winters and spring INSECTS: frosts; Magnolia scale, sooty mold NOTES: Hybrid of Magnolia heptapeta x Magnolia quinquepeta.

Magnolia: after Pierre Magnolia (1638-1715), Professor of Botany and Director of Montpellier Botanic Gardens, France; soulangiana: after Etienne Soulange-Bodin, Director of France's Royal Inst. Hort., who raised the original seedling. Locate carefully to avoid harsh, damaging winds and warm microclimates which stimulate the flowers to open prematurely. A dark background will accentuate the flower display, example: evergreens or brick wall.

Star Magnolia Magnolia stellata

fig-36

Star Magnolia Magnolia stellata

FAMILY: MAGNOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Centennial', 'Rosea', 'Royal Star', 'Waterlily' SIZE: 15-20', 10-15' spread

HABIT: multi-stemmed, oval, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Bronze-Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed (stratify); root cuttings in late fall

LEAVES: alternate, simple, entire, ellip-

tic, 2-4"l, 1-2"w, smaller/denser than other Magnolias; emerge with bronze cast and turn med.-dk. green

BUD: flower buds covered with veryl hairs BARK: smooth, silvery gray, ornamental;

young twigs: smooth, shiny chestnut brown

FLOWERS: monoecious; fragrant, showy, 3-4"

dia., white to pink-tinged, 12-18 strap-like petals 1.5-2"l per flower; in early April before leafout; flowers at young age 2-3 years

FRUIT: 2"l, cylindrical cluster, asymmetric

with knobby surface; seed emerge reddish-orange from slits, Septemer

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: best in moist, peaty, organic, requires neutral to acid soil; will develop chlorosis in high pH soils Transplant: thick, fleshy roots which are found fairly close to the surface and do not like disturbance; B&B hand-lifted Pruning: suckers are common

USE / VALUE: Very Fragrant; small tree/large shrub; specimen, patio, small spaces; the flowers of 'Royal Star' contain twice as many petals (25-30) as the species.

DISEASES / realtively trouble-free; magnolia scale INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Japan, cultivated there for centuries; introduced No. America in

1860s. Blooms are susceptible to damage: spring frost and harsh winds; this species is finer textured and more shrub-like that other magnolias. Locate carefully to avoid harsh, damaging winds and warm microclimates which stimulate the flowers to open prematurely. A dark background will accentuate the flower display, example: evergreens or brickwall. stellata: star-like, the flowers

Flowering Crab Malus species

fig-37

Flowering Crab Malus species

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: numerous: 'Adams', 'Adirondak', 'Am-

berina', 'Anne E', Japanese. 'Liset', 'Mary Potter', 'Sargent', more: number of cultivars is unknown, may be near 900

SIZE: 10-30', often equal spread

HABIT: rounded, dense; some: spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Dependent on Cultivar

'Adams'

PROPOGATION: mainly by budding, also root grafting; by seed (soak 5-7 days, then moist, cold stratification, 30 day minimum); tissue culture

LEAVES: alternate, oval to elliptical, serrulate; 2-3"l, 1-2"w, light to dark green with reddish tinge on new growth; some cultivars: purple leaves

BUD: Ovoid, several imbricate scales, reddish brown w/hairs on undersides

BARK: shiny, gray-brown; scaley; branches

have spurs which produce flower/fruit

FLOWERS: monoecious; fragrant; color: cultivar

dependent; bloom in spring before leafout; typ. 1-1.5", 5 petals, held in clusters, borne on spur

'Liset'

FRUIT: Pome: red to yellow to green, size < 2" =crabapple, >2" =apple classification; held in clusters; often persistant

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable; best in well-drained acidic heavy loam, pH range: 5.0-7.5; tolerates drought and soil compaction; will not tolerate wet sites Transplant: B&B or bare root

Pruning: branching habits can create high maintenance; suckering/water sprouts

USE / VALUE: durable, highly useful ornamental trees, strikingly beautiful when in bloom;

attracts wildlife; colorful fruit; multi-season interest; specimen or mass plantings

DISEASES / Apple Scab; other potentials: fire blight, cedar apple rust, powdery mildew, INSECTS: canker, scale, borers, and aphids NOTES: The flowers, fruit and fall color are dependent on the species or cultivar.

See chart in reference section at back of notebook. It is of utmost importance when selecting a Crabapple that disease resistance (primarily to apple scab) and fruit quality (persistence, bright color and small size) be considered. Late-flowering cultivars of apple are less susceptible to fruit damage by late spring frosts. Alternate-year fruit production is typical. Root stock controls size, height and disease resistance. Malus: the Latin name for apple

American Hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostrya virginiana

fig-38

Hophornbeam, Ironwood Ostrya virginiana

FAMILY: BETULACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE: 25-40' HABIT: oval to rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Golden Yellow PROPOGATION: seed, (3 mos. warm followed by 3-5 mos. cold stratification best)

LEAVES: alternate, 2.5-4.5"l, 1.5-2"w; ovallanceolate, sharply toothed, doubly serrate, dark green above, paler and more pubescent below

BUD: 1/8 - 1/4"l, narrow ovate & pointed,

greenish brown, slightly gummy, strongly divergent, scales:litudinally striated

BARK: gray-brown, narrow plate-like strips, finely shredded and may peel away from trunk

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: cylinder-shaped

catkins, light red-brown, grouped in 3s, persists thru winter; female: slender elongated catkin, light green with red cast

FRUIT: pods, 1.5-2.5"l, in pendulous clus-

ters; nutlet, .33"l, green turns brown at maturity; produces at 25 years

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: adaptable; tolerates alkaline and dry sites; intolerant of salt Transplant: somewhat difficult; move when small, use container-grown when available

USE / VALUE: trouble-free, small tree good for naturalizing, use caution if used as a street tree due to salt use on roadways during winter

DISEASES / none seriuos; witches brooming possible, caused by fungus or insect INSECTS: NOTES: native to Eastern North America, introduced by Compton, Bishop of London. Common name due to its pods resembling fruit of the hop vine. AKA: American hornbeam, hardhack, leverwood Wood: very resilient; valued for making tool handles and fence posts. Ostrya: Greek for shell, a reference to the inflated husk of the fruit.

Newport Plum Prunus cerasifera

fig-39

Newport Plum

Prunus cerasifera 'Newport' FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Autopurpurea', 'Cripoizam', 'Frankthrees' (Mt. St. Helens), 'Krauter Vesuvius', 'Thundercloud' SIZE: 15-20', equal spread

HABIT: shrubby, twiggy, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast, relatively short-lived ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Purple

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, ovate to elliptic,

serrate margins, 1.5-2.5"l, pointed tip, pubescent midribs, reddish-purple, bright red tips; persists

BUD: small, sharp, pointy, glands at leaf

base used to differentiate cultivars;

BARK: shiny dark reddish brown, horizontal lenticils

FLOWERS: monoecious; perfect, showy, fra-

grant, profuse blooms, pink, up to 1"l, late April before leafout

FRUIT: 1" fleshy dark purple drupe w/pit, edible, fall

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, acidic; drought tolerant; doesn't like compacted soil Transplant: in Spring

Pruning: after flowering to keep trees vigorous and correct cross-branching

USE / VALUE: attracts birds; specimen, small shade tree, container, groupings DISEASES / all Prunus: short lived, 20 years: aphids, borers, scale, tent caterpillers; fungal: INSECTS: Black Knot, canker, leaf spot NOTES: Cherry Plum (prunus cerasifera = myrobalan plum, root stock) cultivar, result-

ing from a cross of P. 'Omaha' Ă&#x2014; P. cerasifera 'Pissardii, Introduced in 1923 by the University of Minnesota, named after Newport, MN. The best of the purple-leafed plums for the Midwest; widely used, one of the first trees to bloom in spring, performs well in tough climates. Mt. St. Helens is a sport of Newport, this cultivar grows faster and develops a dense head supported by a stronger, sturdier trunk. Prunus: from Latin prunum,the plum fruit; 39 cerasifera: from the Latin cerasus, cherry, and ferre, to bear

Amur Chokecherry Prunus maackii

fig-40

Amur Chokecherry Prunus maackii

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Amber Beauty'

SIZE: 30-40', 25-30' spread

HABIT: rounded crown, dense branching

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-6

FALL COLOR: Yellow PROPOGATION: seed, best results: softwood cuttings in June/July, grafting, budding

LEAVES: alternate, simple, ovate, fine serrated

margin; 3'l, dark green above, slightly paler and pubescent on the veins below; glands on petiole

BUD: brown, pointed BARK: shiny metalic-like golden brown to

cinnamon, exfoliating in thin strips, horizontal lenticils

FLOWERS: monoecious; fragrant, small, perfect,

white, 6-10 flowers on 2-3" irregular racemes coming from shoots of previous year; May

FRUIT: .25" drupe, ripens from dark red to black in August; usually eaten by birds before fully ripe

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained loam/sandy, neutral pH; tolerates wind, dry soils, intolerant of heat, drought, standing water; prefers cold climates, Transplant: easy; B&B

USE / VALUE: attractive exfoliating bark: winter interest; fruits attract wildlife; adaptable,

speciman, street tree, makes an outstanding container plant; best grown as a multi-stemmed tree to feature the ornamental bark; fruit, twigs, or foliage cause significant litter problems.

DISEASES / borers in warm climates; aphids, scale, leaf spot, verticillium wilt, girdling INSECTS: roots, frost cracking NOTES: Native of Korea, Manchuria. Named after Richard Karlovich Maack (1825-1886) who discovered it (1857), introduced into cultivation in 1878. Fruit used to make juice, jelly and jam. Longevity: 30 years. AKA: Manchurian Cherry.

Callery Pear

Pyrus calleryana

fig-41

Callery Pear

Pyrus calleryana FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aristocrat', 'Bradford', 'Autumn Blaze',

'Capital', 'Chanticleer', 'Cleveland Select', 'Glen's Form', 'Jaczam', 'Jilzam', 'Redspire', 'Whitehouse'

SIZE: 20-35', 20-25' spread

HABIT: pyramidal, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast to Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Orange-Red, Crimson Red

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, budding, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, ovate, usually serrate, sometimes lobed, leathery, onl petiole; glossy, dark green

BUD: Large, 1/2"l, ovoid & elongated,

wooly/extremely hairy, gray/brown

BARK: lightly furrowed, light brown to

grayish brown, develops horizontal lenticels with age; may have thorns

FLOWERS: monoecious; 5 petals, white, yellowish, green, or rose, in 3" clusters on lateral shoots (cymes), late April, slightly malodorous

FRUIT: small (1/2"), rounded brown pome,

covered in russet dots, persistent calyx, flesh embedded with grit (stone) cells

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable to many different soils, drainage levels, pH range; tolerates dry, hot conditions and urban pollution Transplant: easily during dormant season; B&B

Pruning: when young to prevent weak forks; to repair storm damage

USE / VALUE: attracts birds; specimen, screen, mass planting, shade, street or accent; excellent for small residential landscapes

DISEASES / some cultivars susceptible to fire blight (can form cankers); aphids, scale, borers; INSECTS: tree tends to split with age, because of tight crotch angles; limb breakage from

wind, snow, and ice; killed more often by storms and high winds than by sickness

NOTES: Native throughout China and Asia, first natualized in Maryland. 'Autumn Blaze' is a very hardy selection having a rounded crown and brilliant red fall color; the Best Callery Pear cultivar for Upper Midwest.levity: typ. less than 25 years. Pyrus: the Latin name for pear; calleryana: after Joseph M. M. Callery (18101862), a missionary.

White Oak Quercus alba

fig-42

White Oak Quercus alba

FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: SIZE: 50-60' common, equal spread

HABIT: rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Purple-Red PROPOGATION: seed (no dormancy); somewhat successful: grafting, budding, tissue culture

LEAVES: alternate, 4-8"l x 3-4"w, 5-9 round-

ed lobes, deep sinuses, margin entire, sglossy deep green above, white below

BUD: 1/8 - 1/4"l, broadly ovate, blunt, reddish brown, slightly hairy

BARK: light ashy gray, shallow fissures, FLOWERS:

flaky plates monoecious; male: pendulous yellow-green catkins, female: solitary blooms or in 2 to many-flowered spikes; May; messy

FRUIT: Nut (acorn): solitary or paired, short

stalked, .75-1"l, elongated; cap : bowllike w/bumpy scales, encloses 1/4 of nut; ripens 1st year, Sept

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers neutral to acid pH; tolerates many soil types, dry conditions; intolerant of soil ompaction Transplant: container grown when young, or becomes extremely difficult to move and establish, very sensitive to root disturbances; deep tap root Pruning: only when dormant; to prevent Oak Wilt

USE / VALUE: attractive fall color, attracts wildlife; becomes more magnificent with age; shade, park, campuses, golf courses

DISEASES / None normally serious; galls, scale, aphids, borers; many caterpillars, esp. gypsy moth; INSECTS: fall cankerworm; twig pruner, lace bugs, leaf miners; anthracnose, canker, leaf blister, powdery mildew, shoestring root rot, will develop Chlorosis on high pH soils; pruning during growing season can spread Oak Wilt

NOTES: Quercus is also the largest genus of trees native to the United States, claimed by CT,

IL, and MD as their official state tree; and is the US national tree.levity: up to 600+ years. Wood: rot resistant; signature wood for mission style furniture; wine and whiskey barrels, shipbuilding, cooperage, ag implements, interior home finishes. Woodworkers note: Ferrous metal hardware reacts with oak, causing corrosion and staining the wood. Brass or stainless steel fittings should be used instead Quercus: Latin for oak, possibly derived from the Celtic quer, "fine," and cuez, "tree"; alba, white

Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor

fig-43

Swamp White Oak Quercus bicolor

FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Asjes' (Rosehill), 'Long' (Regal Prince) SIZE: 50-60', equal spread

HABIT: narrow, rounded, open

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Medium ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Orange

PROPOGATION: seed only

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 4-8"l, 2-4"w; obo-

vate, widest above middle, very shallow lobes, wavy margins, shiny dark green above, whiteish-tomentose below

BUD: .125-.25"l, usually paired, broadly ovate, pubescent, light chestnut brown

BARK: dark brown, deeply furrowed,flat ridged, flaky, peeling bark on branches

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: 2-4"l yellow-

green catkins, female: green to red catkins; May; messy

FRUIT: Nut: 1"l, usually paired, long 2-4"

penduncle, covered 1/3-1/2 by cap; matures 1st year, falls in October

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, acidic soil; tolerates wind, poor drainage/wet, soil compaction, drough; intolerant of salt and air pollution Transplant: container grown, anytime; easier than Q. alba; root system average, tap root not well developed Pruning: only when dormant to prevent Oak Wilt

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; moderatelyl lived, may reach 300-350 years; specimen,

shade, lawn, park, for large area; becoming a more popular landscaping tree, partly due to its relative ease of transplanting.

DISEASES / borers oak slug, caterpillars, gypsy moth, antrhracnose, canker, powdery milINSECTS: dew; will develop Chlorosis on high pH soils; pruning during growing season can spread Oak Wilt

NOTES: Native of East and Central North America. Spends several years slowly developing

a substantial root system, then begins a moderately rapid growth rate. Wood is used for furniture, flooring, boat building. Wood: important for lumer production. bicolor: two-colored, a reference to the contrast between the upper and 43 lower leaf surfaces.

Bur Oak

Quercus macrocarpa

fig-44

Bur Oak, Mossycup Oak Quercus macrocarpa

FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Clemons' (Heritage) SIZE: 50-80', equal or greater spread HABIT: broadly oval, irregular, open

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 2-8

FALL COLOR: Dull Yellow to Yellow-Brown PROPOGATION: seed, no pretreatment required but stratify, moist, 30-60 days at 41째

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 6-12"l, 3-6"w,

obovate; 5-9 lobes, terminal lobe largest, tapers to narrow base; lustrous dark green above, gray-white, tomentose below

BUD: 1/4"l, clustered, conical-ovate, sharp pointed to blunt

BARK: gray-brown, deeply furrowed/

ridged; corky ridges on branches

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: slender yellow

catkins, female: very small, reddish, usually in clusters at junction of leaves and branchlets

FRUIT: Nut: .75-1.5"l, stalked, enclosed 2/3 or more by fringed cap; messy

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: tolerant of varying moisture and soil conditions, prefers rich bottomlands, alkaline, most often drier sites; well known for tolerance to fire Transplant: container grown; very difficult due to coarse root system; very sensitive to root disturbances Pruning: only when dormant; to prevent Oak Wilt

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; extremely adaptable, tolerates wet/dry conditions; develops tremendous size/spread and character with age; more tolerant of urban conditions than most oaks; excellent park tree, shade, street, for large area, xeriscaping

DISEASES / will develop Chlorosis on high pH soils; pruning during growing season can INSECTS: spread Oak Wilt; oak galls, anthracnose, canker, oak lace bug, oak mite: None a serious threat to its usually long life.

NOTES: Native to North America, introduced 1811.

Does not begin to flower or fruit until about 30 years old, but may produce fruit/flowers for 200-300 years; large seed crops every 2-3 years important to wildlife (white-tail deer, wood duck, turkeys, squirrels); wood used for boat decks, flooring, furniture; almost always marketed as "white oak". 44 macrocarpa: Greek "makros" (large) and "karpos" (seed)

Pin Oak

Quercus palustris

fig-45

Pin Oak

Quercus palustris FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Crownright', 'Pringreen' (Green/Emerald Pillar), 'Sovereign' SIZE: 50-70', 25-45' spread

HABIT: young: pyramidal; mature: oval

GROWTH RATE: Fast to Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Orange-Red-Bronze PROPOGATION: seed, grafting: but incompatibilites and graft failures prevalent

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 3-6"l x 2-4"w, 5-7 pointed lobes, deep cut, u-shaped sinuses; shiny dark gren, persist through winter on juvenile tissue

BUD: 1/8 - 1/4"l, conical to ovate, sharp pointed, chestnut brown

BARK: thin, smooth, gray brown; trunk: shallow ridges/furrows; stems greenish brown

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: pale yellow-

green catkins, female: flowered spikes; May, pollination by wind

FRUIT: Nut: 1/2"l &w, short stalked, shal-

low, saucer-like cap; Sept; matures 2nd year

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: requires acid soil with adequate moisture; tolerates wet sites, poor drainage, high clay content; intolerant of limstone / alkaline soils, shade, growing season flooding Transplant: easy compared to other Oaks due to shallow, fibrous root system Pruning: only when dormant to prevent Oak Wilt

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; specimen, shade, lawn, campuses, industrial parks; needs adequate room to develop, too large for many residential properties

DISEASES / will develop Iron Chlorosis on non-acid soils (foliage yellows); caterpillars; horned INSECTS: oak gall; similar to other Oaks; pruning during growing season can spread Oak Wilt

NOTES: Native: Eastern North America. The fastest growing Oak where soil pH permits its culture,

naturally a wetland tree. Unique branching pattern; lower branches pendulous, middle, branches horizontal, upper branches upright and spreading; dense, twiggy. Longevity: 90120 years. AKA: Swamp Spanish Oak. Wood marketed as 'red oak', weaker, inferior quality, many small knots; used in general construction, for firewood. "Pin Oak", named from historical use of wood for pins in wooden building construction (Harlow 1943). Susceptible to damage by fire and decay associated with fire wounds. palustris means "of swamps".

Red Oak

Quercus rubra

fig-46

Red Oak

Quercus rubra FAMILY: FAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurea', 'Splendens' (both not commonly available) SIZE: 60-75', 50' spread

HABIT: youth: pyramidal, mature: rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Red w/Yellow or Tan

PROPOGATION: seed

LEAVES: alternate, oblong, 5-10"l, 4-6"w, 7-11

sharp pointed lobes, thicker along midrib, smooth, shiny dark green above, yellow-green below w/tomentose veining

BUD: multiple terminal buds, 1/4 - 1/3"l, oval to ovate, sharp pointed, dark chestnut brown scales, some pubescence

BARK: dark reddish gray-brown, boad,

thing, rounded ridges appear to have shiny stripes down the center, scaly.

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: pale yellow-green catkins on leaf axils of previous year, 2-4"l, female: flowered spikes; May

FRUIT: Nut: .75-1"l, flat, thick, saucer-like

cap resembling a beret, borne singly or in pairs, matures 2nd year; messy

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, acidic, sandy-loam; tolerates urban pollution, intolerant of very high pH soils Transplant: easiest of the Oaks to transplant; negligible taproot Pruning: only when dormant to prevent Oak Wilt

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; transplantable and relatively fast growing; shade, lawn, campuses, golf courses, possible street tree where space is sufficient

DISEASES / catterpillars; will develop Chlorosis on non-acid soils; pruning during growing INSECTS: season can spread Oak Wilt NOTES: Native northeastern North America. AKA: Spanish Oak, Champion Oak.

Longevity: up to 500 years. Wood used for flooring, furniture, cabinets, paneling, timbers, agricultural implements, handles, caskets, boats, pallets, slack cooperage, and millwork, fuel and pulpwood. rubra: Latin, red

White Willow Salix alba

fig-47

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica

White Willow Salix alba

Weeping Willow Salix babylonica

FAMILY: SALICAEAE CULTIVARS: 'Babylon/Napoleon', 'Crispa/Annularis', 'Tristis' (Golden), x 'Prairie Cascade', 'Niobe', x sepulcralis, x chrysocama, x blanda (Wisconsin) SIZE: 75-100', equal spread

HABIT: wide, spreading,

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 2-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, stem cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, lanceolate, 3-6"l, .375-.5"w, fine serrated margins, short petioles, yellow-green above, silvery below

BUD: Terminal: absent, Laterals: .25"l, flattened & appressed, single bud scale, yellow-yellow/brown

BARK: branches: slender, smooth, pendulous,

olive green to yellow-brown; trunk: grayish brown, irregularly furrowed

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male/female: fuzzy, upright

catkins, 1"l, appear before or with leaves

FRUIT: 1"l cluster of valve-like capsules,

light brown, white cottony seed, May

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: tolerates wet sits

Transplant: B&B, containers

USE / VALUE: Very fast growing species good for poorly drained sites or along water features (ponds, rivers); able to achieve great scale (height, width); has propensity to drop twigs/ branches which exclude it from the formal landscape; Invasive roots; avoid planting near sewers and water lines

DISEASES / canker, brittle wood, Willow Anthracnose INSECTS: NOTES: Numerous (350-400) Willow species and related hybrids of weeping habit are all similar in cul-

ture, ornamental value and landscape use. Early Chinese cultivar selections include the original Weeping Willow Salix babylonica 'Pendula', in which the branches and twigs are strongly pendulous. However, most Weeping Willows outside China are hybrids between this cultivar, and either White Willow Salix alba (Salix Sepulcralis Group) or Crack Willow Salix fragilis (Salix Ă&#x2014; pendulina Wenderoth), which are better adapted to the more humid climates of most heavily populated regions of Europe and North America. The most widely grown Weeping Willow cultivar is Salix Sepulcralis Group 'Chrysocoma', with bright yellowish shoots. The active extract of the bark, called salicin, after the Latin name Salix, was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicylic acid, like aspirin, is a chemical derivative of salicin. Used for basketry, furniture. Salix: Latin, willow, also from the Celtic sel, near, and lis, water; alba: white babylonica derives from a misunderstanding by Linnaeus that it was the tree described in the Bible in Psalm 137, "By the rivers of Babylon, ... hung our harps upon the willows in the midst thereof ..."

Corkscrew Willow Salix matsudana

fig-48

Corkscrew Willow Salix matsudana

FAMILY: SALICAEAE CULTIVARS: 'Austree', 'Golden Curls', 'Navajo', 'Pendula', â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Scarcuzamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Scarlet Curles), 'Snake', 'Tortousa' Parent: Hankow Willow SIZE: 20-30', equal spread HABIT: rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: Alternate, simple, lanceolate, finely

serrated, 3-5" l, often twisted, shiny bright green above, nearly white beneath

BUD: appressed, pointed, gray-brown, single cap-like scale

BARK: smooth gray-brown, diamond-

shaped lenticels; becomes shallowly fissured and rough; tiwgs grow in spiral, twisting manner

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male/female: catkins,

1-1.5"l, pale yellow-green, fuzzy, early spring with the leaves

FRUIT: 1" cluster, small light brown capsules containing many small fuzzy seeds, late spring, somewhat persistent

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, along water sources; pH adaptable, tolerates salt Transplant: easy; B&B or containers

USE / VALUE: adaptable; twisted, knotted branches create a unique silhouette in the landscape and are popular in winter arrangements

DISEASES / canker, prone to storm damage; suckers INSECTS: NOTES: Native to China. AKA: Chinese Willow, Hankow Willow, Curly Willow, Dragon's

Claw, Globe Willow. Parent: Hankow Willow, seldom used but offers interesting cultivars. Cultivar 'Tortuosa' was introduced into North America in 1923 when Arnold Arboretum received a cutting from China; it was named the next year and entered commerce during the 1930s (Jacobson, 1996). 'Golden Curls': twisted branches, golden bark, leaves that are also contorted. Longevity: short tortuosa : Latin, means full of crooks or turns, Named in honour of 48 Sadahisa Matsudo, a Japanese botanist.

European Mountain Ash Sorbus aucuparia

fig-49

European Mountain Ash Sorbus aucuparia

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Asplenifolia', 'Apricot ueen', 'Beissneri', 'Black

Hawk', 'Brilliant Pink', 'Cardinal', 'Carpet of Gold', 'Cole's Upright', 'Edulis', 'Fastigiata', 'Fructo Luteo', 'Kirsten Pink', 'Maidenblush', 'Michred' (Canadian Royal), 'Pendula', 'Rossica', 'Xanthocarpa/Brilliant Yellow'

SIZE: 20-40', 15-25' spread HABIT: youth: oval; mature: rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Orange-Reddish PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, pinnately com-

pound, 5-9"l; 9-15 leaflets, oblong, .75-2.5"l, serrate margin toward tips w/entire lower third; dark green above, frosty green below

BUD: Terminal: large, 1/2"l, wooly, red-

dish black; Laterals: smaller and less pubescent, has several scales; dark bankd beneast each leaf scar

BARK: smooth, silvery gray becoming pale gray-brown, develops horizontal lenticils and scaly patches with age

FLOWERS: monoecious; small, white, 5 petals;

in compound flat-topped clusters (corymbs), 3-5" dia.; malodorous; May

FRUIT: called rowan berries; small .25-.38",

attractive, bright deep orange pomelike; contain 2-8 seeds; late August; can be messy

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers cool, moist, well-drained acidic location to reduce threat from disease/insects; intolerant of high pH, hot-dry sites, compacted soils and urban pollution Transplant: B&B

USE / VALUE: attracts birds; specimen, lawn, street w/o sidewalk DISEASES / Hot summers of the Midwest stress and predispose this and other Mountain Ash INSECTS: species to a long list of diseases and insects which limit its life span; susceptible to borers, fire blight, cankers, rusts, frost cracks, aphids, sawflies, scales

NOTES: AKA: Rowan, Wiggen Tree. In U.K. used as an anti-witching device. Fruit used

to make a bitter jam or jelly as accompaniment to game and venison. Sorbus: from the Latin sorbum, the name Pliny used for the fruit of Sorbus domestica; aucuparia: from the Latin, aucupor, to go bird-catching, a reference to the use of the mucilaginous fruit by fowlers (bird catchers) in making birdline, which is any viscid, adhesive substance spread on a branch or twig, 49 upon which a bird may land and be caught

American Linden, Basswood Tilia americana

fig-50

American Linden, Basswood Tilia americana

FAMILY: TILEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'American Sentry', 'Boulevard', 'Continental Appeal', 'Frontyard', 'Legend', 'Lincoln', 'Redmond' SIZE: 60-80', 40-50' spread

HABIT: rounded, gum-drop shape

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow w/Brown cast PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings, bud grafting

LEAVES: alternate, heart shaped, uneven basal lobe, 4-8"l, pointed tip, serrate margin, dark green above, pale silvery green below, strong parallel venation

BUD: large, plump, 1/4 - 1/3"l, teardrop

shaped, 2 scaled, starst green, turns red; edible but very mucilaginous

BARK: young: smooth, silver gray; matures to gray-brown, distinctive long, narrow, flat-topped ridges, shallow furrows; fibrous

FLOWERS: monoecious; fragrant small creamy

white, loose drooping clusters (cymes); w/canoe-paddle appendage/wing; July

FRUIT: .2-.3" dia., pale yellow, dry, nut-like drupe with 1 seed, held in clusters topped by leafy bract-wing; covered w/gray-brown hairs; persists

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers deep, moist, fertile; tolerates difficult, dry, heavy soils, drought, urban pollution Transplant: easy; B&B

Pruning: to remove basal suckers (Stumps sprout prolifically; resulting in clumps of several trees)

USE / VALUE: attracts bees; seeds eaten by birds and squirrels; naturalizing, not a tree for

small or modest-sized landscape; shade, parks, golf courses; larval plant for red spotted purple and morning cloak butterflies

DISEASES / susceptible to damage from the Japanese beetle, gypsy moth, aphids, borers, INSECTS: beetles, leafminer and scales

NOTES: Least adaptable of the Lindens. AKA: Lime Tree, Whitewood, Bee-Tree. Flower

nectar makes choice honey, and the seeds, buds, and twigs are eaten by a variety of wildlife. Wood is used for wood carving, cooperage, excelsior, boxes, veneer, and pulpwood. The bark is used for rope, baskets, mats, and nets. Name "basswood" refers to "bass cloth" made from the tree's fibrous bark. tilia, Latin, lime, also apparently derived from the Greek ptilon, feather, a reference to the flower bract; americana of America 50

Little Leaf Linden Tilia cordata

fig-51

Little Leaf Linden Tilia cordata

FAMILY: TILEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Chancellor', 'Corinthian', 'Glenleven', 'Green Globe', 'Greenspire', 'Lico', 'Ronald' (Norlin), 'Shamrock', 'Summer Sprite' SIZE: 50-60', 30-35' spread

HABIT: broad, pyramidal to gum-drop

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings, bud grafting

LEAVES: alternate, ovate to cordate, 1.5-3.5"l, fine serrated margin, sharp tipped, glossy dark green above, paler below

BUD: large, plump, 1/4 - 1/3"l, teardrop

shaped, 2 scaled, starst green, turns red; edible but very mucilaginous

BARK: young: smooth, silver gray; matures to gray-brown, distinctive long, narrow, flat-topped ridges, shallow furrows; fibrous

FLOWERS: monoecious; fragrant small creamy white,

loose drooping clusters (cymes); w/canoepaddle appendage/wing; late June

FRUIT: .25" dia., pale yellow, dry, 4-ribbed

nut-like drupe with 1 seed, held in clusters topped by leafy bract-wing; covered w/gray-brown hairs; persists

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers deep, moist, fertile, well-drained; adaptable; tolerates difficult, dry, heavy soils, drought, urban pollution Transplant: easy; B&B

Pruning: to create hedge

USE / VALUE: Fragrant; attracts bees; seeds eaten by birds and squirrels; Used as a street tree for centuries, shade, lawn, planter boxes, as a large hedge, city malls

DISEASES / virtually disease free; foliage is a favorite of the Japanese beetle; aphids, sooty INSECTS: mold NOTES: Native to Europe. long time in cultivation. AKA: Small-leaved Lime

Linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy (linden flower tea), considered to be of value as an anti-inflammatory in a range of respiratory problems: colds, fever, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, cough and others. A valuable monofloral honey is produced by bees using the trees. The young leaves can be eaten as a salad vegetable. Notes for Tilia americana also apply. cordata: Latin, heart-shaped

Elm

Ulmus species

fig-52

Elm

Ulmus species FAMILY: ULMACEAE CULTIVARS: var. americana: 'Jefferson', 'New Har-

mony', 'Princeton', 'Valley Forge' hybrids: 'Accolade', 'Frontier', 'Homestead', 'New Horizon', 'Regal', many more

SIZE: 40-80', 40-60' spread

HABIT: vase, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow

American Elm

'Valley Forge'

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, doubly serrate

margins, pointed tip, 3-6"l, 1-3"w, rough surface, many paired veins, pubescent below, dark green

BUD: .25"l, ovate, reddish brown w/darker edged scales; leaf scar appears to look "cat-like"

'Accolade'

'New Horizon' 'Princeton'

BARK: dark gray with deep criss-crossing ridges; pubescent reddish stems

FLOWERS: monoecious; small, perfect, in

drooping clusters of 3-5, May before leafout; wind-pollinated

FRUIT: round, .5"dia. samara, papery, waferlike, notched at top, greenish yellow, May

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable to difficult soils, but require good drainage; tolerant of wide pH range, moisture, heat, wind Transplant: easy; fibrous root system

USE / VALUE: American Elm once formed magnificent catherdral-like ceilings along city streets; lawn, shade tree.

DISEASES / Dutch Elm disease (DED), first identified in Ohio approx. 1930; in 1960's a new, INSECTS: 3x more virulent, strain of DED killed most 'americana' species; most hybrids re-

sistant but not immune to Dutch Elm; Elm leaf beetle, Elm leaf minor, "elm yellow" (phloem necrosis), wetwood, cankers, leaf curl, leaf spot, powdery mildew, aphids.

NOTES: Hybrids resulted from programs directed toward development of elms resistant

to DED, but vary in how well their forms compare to benchmark of American Elm's gracefule vase shape; must pay attention to rootstock used in grafting. valued for its interlocking grain, wood used for wheels, chair seats, coffins, furniture, flooring, construction and mining timbers, agricultural implements, veneer for boxes, crates, baskets, pulp and paper products, and fuelwood. 52 Ulmus: Latin, elm.

GYMNOSPERMS

(Greek; Gymnos, no covering, naked; Spermos, seeds) In evolution, gymnosperms are more primitive than angiosperms. There are between 700 900 currently living species of Gymnosperms. The leaves are usually needle-like and stay green year round. They differ from angiosperms because they adapted to climate conditions. Needle-like leaves conserve water by slowing down evaporation, a very successful adaptation in temperate and cold climates. Often covered by resins for protection from predators, fire, etc. Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants that produce seeds in the open spaces of cones. Their seeds are 'naked' meaning they are not enclosed by the ovary and flower. In Gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are megasporangium and microsporangium. Gymnosperms rely on the airborne transport of their pollen, and most produce huge amounts of pollen. Evergreens are gymnosperms. There are four classes of Gymnosperms: conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes. They make up the oldest living tress, the most massive trees, and the tallest living trees. The Bristle Cone Pine, some of which are over 4,000 years old, are the oldest living plants. The Sequoia and Bal Cypress are the most massive of living plants. The Giant Redwood, which can reach over 300 feet tall, are the tallest plants known. Gymnosperms are sometimes referred to as â&#x20AC;&#x153;softwoodsâ&#x20AC;?.

microsporangium

megasporangium

White Fir

Abies concolor

fig-53

Colorado or White Fir Abies concolor

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Candicans', 'Compacta', 'Conica', 'Dwarf Globe', 'Gable's Weeping', 'Glenmore', 'Lowiana' (Low's Fir or Pacific Mountain Fir), 'Violacea' SIZE: 50-70', 20-30' spread

HABIT: narrow pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), cuttings late in season (March and treated with 100ppm IBA for 24 hours)

LEAVES:

needle; curves outwards and upwards on branches like a "rib cage", 2-3"l and 2 mm wide, flattened, blue-green above, pale blue bands beneath; blunt tip; when crushed produces strong lemon/citrus scent

BUD: resinous; circular leaf scars

BARK: ash gray and furrowed on old trucks; occasional resin blisters; new stems dark orange, becoming gray-green, slightly hairy

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: catkin-like, yellow-red FRUIT:

toned; female: inconspicuous; yellowgreen, about 1"l

upright cones; purplish bloom turns pale green; cylindrical to 4-5"l; female cones erect, two seeds to a scale, winged; shatter when mature; borne on the upper third of the tree

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: Best in deep, rich, moist, well-drained soil; Withstands heat, drought, and cold; Dislikes heavy clay and industrial pollution (suphur dioxide). Transplant: easy, seedlings best; container; shallow, wide, spreading root system

USE / VALUE: casts a dense shade; wide adaptability; blue-green color contrast when planted with other evergreens; as an ornamental specimen; often damaged by deer

DISEASES / none serious; fir engraver beetle, Douglas-fir tussock moth, many different INSECTS: bark beetles, mistletoe and heart rot fungi, Needle rusts NOTES: Introduced in 1872. Longevity: 300+ years. Wood: for all-purpose construction grade wood, plywood, poles, piling, crates, boxes, pulp. Abies: from the Latin abire, to rise, a reference to the great height that some species attain; concolor: uniform color, both needle surfaces

Eastern Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana

fig-54

Eastern Red Cedar Juniperus virginiana

FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Burkii', 'Canaertii', 'Emerald Sentinelâ&#x201E;˘', 'Glauca', 'Grey Owl',' Hillii, 'Hillspire', 'Manhattan Blue', 'Pendula, 'Taylor' SIZE: 40-50', 8-15' spread

HABIT: ovoid or columnar

GROWTH RATE: Slow to Moderate ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Bronze-Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: evergreen; two types of needles on

same tree: .0625"l scales, opposite, arranged in 4 ranks, closely pressed and overlapping, dark green, on mature branches; .25"l prickly awl-shaped, 3-sided needles, in whorls of 3, dark blue-green and more common on young trees and new shoots

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: stems 4-sided; twigs green for several

years, scale covered, later brown; trunk, red-brown, exfoliating in long, fibrous strips exposing ashy gray color

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male: small, yellow-brown, in large groups; female: light blue-green

FRUIT: .25" dia., berry-like cones, light green in spring, waxy dark blue at maturity, 1st year, fall, 1-2 seeds per cone

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable; tolerates poor soil, drought, salt; winter hardy Transplant: easy as seedling; roots deep, wide spreading

USE / VALUE: adaptable; attracts wildlife for food and cover; useful as a soil stabalizer, for difficult sites; as a wind-break, screen, groupings, mass plantings, foundation; commonly found along interstate highway medians

DISEASES / relatively free of serious insect and disearse problems; hosts cedar-apple gall, a INSECTS: fungus that forms galls on apples; thus, many trees have been felled to prevent transmission, a practice favoring "cider over cedar."

NOTES: Only juniper species east of the Mississippi River.This species is seldom used, but several valuable cultivars are available. Wood used for cedar-scented closets and chests, fenceposts, lumber, poles, boats, paneling, pencils, and cedarwood oil, a fragrant extract. The berries of Juniperus species are used to provide gin with its characteristic flavor. Cedar chests and lined closets prevent moth damage to wool clothing because the volatile cedar oil is a natural insecticide. Juniperus: Latin, "junio" (young) and "parere" (to produce)-evergreen.; virginiana: of Virginia

Common Larch Larix species

fig-55

Common Larch Larix species

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: European Larch 'larix decidua', Japanese Larch 'larix kaempferi' American Larch 'larix laricina' SIZE: 40-80', 20-30' spread

HABIT: pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Slow (European-fast) ZONE: 2-5

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, grafting

LEAVES: deciduous; soft, flat needles;

1-1.25"l, bright green, in whorled clusters on short spurs on older growth, or spiraling singly down new branches; shed in October

BUD: dark brown BARK: gray, smooth, becoming reddish

brown and scaly; branches whorled, horizontal or slightly ascending; short (spur) shoots prominent on twigs 2+ years

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: light yellow,

small, round, in clusters newr branch tips; female: yellow to red, numerous long curved scales, egg-shaped, .25-.75"l

FRUIT: upright, ruby-colored, ovoid, 1-1.5"l, in spring; persistent; bears viable seeds at 12-15 years: 2-3mm, winged

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, neutral to slightly-acidic, well-drained; tolerates wet sites, wind, urban pollution, low soil temperatures; dislikes shade, soil compaction Transplant: easy, when dormant

USE / VALUE: attractive fall color; specimen, screen, park tree; oftent trained as bonsai DISEASES / seed germination low: susceptible to fungi or bacteria; larch canker, larch sawINSECTS: fly, larch case-bearer, woolly larch aphid; develops Chlorosis on high pH soil NOTES: Larches are the only deciduous conifers besides the bald cypress species.

AKA: Tamarack, hackmatack (Amer.), the Algonquian Indian name for the plant. Longevity: 130-250 years. Native Americans of northern New England and Canada used roots of tamarack for stitching together birch-bark canoes; the turpenes in tamarack wood make it very durable when wet. Larix: ancient name; laricina: resembling larch

Norway Spruce Picea abies

fig-56

Norway Spruce Picea abies

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurea, 'Cranstonii', 'Cupressina', 'Doversi pendula, 'Fluke', 'Frohburg', 'Inversa', 'Little Gem', 'Nidif ormis' (Birds Nest) SIZE: 40-60', 25-30' spread

HABIT: conical; pendulous, upward sweeping branchs GROWTH RATE: Medium to Fast ZONE: 3-8 FALL COLOR: Evergreen PROPOGATION: seed

LEAVES: Needles; stiff, .5-1"l, 4-sided but

somewhat flattened, with a sharp pointed tip, shiny deep green, 2 to 3 lines on lower side; each needle borne on a raised, woody peg (sterigma); rolled between thumb and forefinger: needle will readily rotate

BUD: .25";. very loose, orange-brown scales (resembles a rose), pointed

BARK: twig: shiny orangish brown; trunk:

orange-brown, finely flaking, becoming gray-brown, scaly on old trees

FLOWERS: monoecious; males: yellow-brown in

large groups; females: upright, purple

FRUIT: largest cone among Spruces; hanging,

cylindrical, 4-6"l, stiff, thin scales that are irregularly toothed, chestnut brown, black seeds, maturing in fall

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: Prefers moderately moist, sandy, acid, well-drained soil, grows in average soil if it has sufficient moisture; reaches full size only on deep rich soils; prefers a cool climate; dislikes heat

USE / VALUE:

Transplant: Shallow root system

evergreen; too large of scale for most residential landscapes; Rapid growth coupled with inherent resistance to fungal diseases and insect infestation has made this species ideal for reforestation; frequently used for windbreaks as it can tolerate winds of up to 100 knots.

DISEASES / cytospora canker, rhizospharea needle cast, pineapple galls INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Europe. AKA: European Spruce. Numerous cultivars (over 150!) have originated from mutations in this species Spruce is less resinous than pine or fir, it is valued in millwork for lumber, barrel staves, boat siding and as pulpwood in the paper industry; wood grain is of an appropriate size, concentration and alignment so as to enhance the resonance of sound: used for piano sounding boards and in the crafting of violin bodies. Birds Nest: compact spreading cultivar that develops a depression in the center. Picea: Latin "pix" (pitch-producing) 56 from Greek "pissa" (pitch), abies: Latin, abire (to rise)

White Spruce Picea glauca

fig-57

White Spruce Picea glauca

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Densata', 'Coerulea', 'Conica', 'Echiniformis', 'Jean's Dilly', 'Pendula', 'Pixie', 'Rainbow's End' SIZE: 40-60', 10-20' spread

HABIT: narrow, conical

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-6

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: needles, stiff, .50-.75"l, square in cross

section, tips pointed, not sharp, pungent odor when chrushed (like cat urine), gray-green; borne on raised woody peg (sterigma); often crowed on upper side of twig; leaves petiole on stem when pulled off; persist 3-4 years

BUD: brown, scaly

BARK: thin, smooth, gray-brown, later:

flaky, scaly, exposing silvery color

FLOWERS: monoecious; males: reddish, turn

yellow with pollen; females: purple

FRUIT: cones, 1.5-2.5"l, cigar shaped, light

brown, rounded scales, entire margin, at end of branches; seed production: as early as 4yrs, in quantity by age 30; matures August

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: well-drained, acidic, sandy; tough, tolerates wind, heat, cold, drought, crowding, salt Transplant: large trees: easy; Slow initial root growth makes young seedlings and transplants particularly susceptible to frost heaving.

USE / VALUE: evergreen; adaptable; limited value in landscape due to an open habit and

whitish cast to the foliage; specimen, mass plantings, windbreak, screen, can be used as hedge; often used as Xmas tree

DISEASES / spruce budworm, eastern spruce gall adelgids, root rots, spruce bagworm, INSECTS: spruce beetle, red spiders, needle and bud rusts

NOTES: State tree of South Dakota. Longevity: 100-250 years common; up to 1000 years.

AKA: Canada spruce, skunk spruce, cat spruce, single spruce, western white spruce (var. albertiana, Canadian Rocky Mts.), Porsild spruce (var. porsildii, Alaska), Black Hills spruce (var. densata, South Dakota). Wood uses: pulpwood, framing material, general millwork, boxes and crates, pallets, piano sounding boards. Picea: Latin, pix (pitch-producing), from Greek, pissa (pitch); 57 glauca: Latin, glaucous (waxy covering that rubs off readily), the needles

Colorado Spruce Picea pungens

fig-58

Colorado Spruce Picea pungens

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: var. f. glauca (Blue), 'Baby Blueeyes', 'Fastigiata', 'Fat Albert', 'Globosa', 'Hoopsii', 'Montgomery' weeping: '[Glauca Prostrata', 'The Blues' SIZE: 30-60', 10-20' spread

HABIT: pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: cuttings, grafting LEAVES: needles; .75-1.25"l, stiff and very sharp (spine-like), displayed nearly straight out from twig, silvery blue to dark green, strong acidic taste; borne on a raised, woody peg (sterigma).

BUD: .25"l, dark orange-brown scales, noticeable reflexed, rounded tip

BARK: Gray to red-brown, young trees with

small, thin scales; older trees still scaly but with shallow vertical furrows; branches appear layered

FLOWERS: monoecious; males: emerge reddish

purple, ripen to yellow-brown, scattered throughout trees; females: purple, upright, in tops of the trees

FRUIT: cones, 2-4"l, slender cylindrical, pen-

dulous, light brown, flexible scales, diamond-shaped, pointed, wavy margins, black seeds, matures in the fall

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: Prefers rich, moist well-drained, but very adaptable. More drought tolerant than other spruces; poor heat tolerance Transplant: easily, container or B&B

USE / VALUE: evergreen; very adaptable; give alot of space to retain landscape value as this conifer attains large scale with age

DISEASES / cytospora canker, rhizospharea needle cast INSECTS: NOTES: The silvery-blue forms (Blue Spruce), Picea pungens var. glauca, are essentially

the only ones selected for the ornamentals nursery trade. The Knap Hill nursery in Surrey, England, raised the first ones from cuttings in 1877 (Jacobson, 1996). The blue spruce is the State Tree of Utah and Colorado. Longevity: 600 years. pungens: Latin, pungo, sharp pointed, to prick ; glauca: Latin, glaucous 58 (covered with a waxy bloom).

Austrian Pine Pinus nigra

fig-59

Austrian Pine Pinus nigra

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Arnond Sentinal, 'Aurea', 'Black Prince', 'Compacta', 'Hornibrookiana', 'Moseri', 'Nana, 'Obelisk', 'Oregon Green', 'Stanley Gold' SIZE: 30-60', 20-40' spread

HABIT: pyramidal becoming flat-topped

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: needles. 4-6"l, flexible, Two thick, stiff, dark green needles per fascicle; sharp point, persist up to 4-7 years

BUD: terminal, large, red-brownish with whitish fringes to scales, ovate to cylindrical, resinous; "candles" form in spring at active gowing tips

BARK: light gray to dark brown, developing graybrown ridges and dark brown furrows

FLOWERS: monoecious; males: cylindrical, yellow, in large clusters along twigs; females: oval, yellow to purple.

FRUIT: Cones, ovoid, 2-3"l, yellow-brown;

grouped 2-4, rounded scales, umbo is armed with a very short, minute prickle; .25"l winged dark gray seeds, wind dispersed; cones appear May, maturing in October; trees mature at 15-40 years, large seed crops every 2-5 years

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: Prefers moist, well-drained; adaptable, even to clay; tolerates heat, drought, urban pollution, salt; intolerant of shade; resistant to snow, ice damage Transplant: easy, container grown or B&B

USE / VALUE: evergreen; very adaptable; widespread use due to its adaptability has led to frequest disease and insect problems; specimen, street, parks, windbreaks

DISEASES / pine wilt, diplodia tip blight fungus (infects stressed trees over 30 years old), INSECTS: Dothistroma needle blight, red band needle blight, needlecasts, zimmerman pine tip moth, turpentine beetles, sawflies

NOTES: Full botanical name for Austrian Pine: Pinus nigra subsp. nigra var. nigra

(syn. Pinus nigra var. austriaca, Pinus nigra subsp. dalmatica). AKA: European Black Pine, Crimean Pine. Longevity: 400-500 years. Introduced shortly after the Revolutionary War. Wood used for general construction, fuel, and in paper 59 manufacture. pinus: Latin from Greek, pitus, pine; nigra: Latin, black

Red Pine

Pinus resinosa

fig-60

Red Pine

Pinus resinosa FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: SIZE: 50-80'

HABIT: oval

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-5

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green

PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: evergreen needles; 4-6"l, bundles

of 2, snap cleanly with bent, dark green; tufted, resembling a fox tail

BUD: narrow, ovoid orange-brown

BARK: young trees, red-brown or pink to

gray, flaky; eventually becoming plated, the plates have scaly surfaces with a reddish tinge

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: almost round,

light red, in large clusters at branch tips; femaleL a round, short cone, reddish brown

FRUIT: cones, ovoid, 1.5-2.5"l, shiny chestnut brown, umbo is not armed, maturing in early summer, brown seeds, falls 3rd year

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained; tolerates dry sandy sites, wind; intolerant of shade, drought Transplant: B&B

USE / VALUE: evergreen; very adaptable; possesses limited landscape value due to its loose,

open habit and yellow-green winter color; good for very dry sterile sites; windbreaks, erosion control

DISEASES / Armillaria shoestring root rot, Pine needle rust, needlecasts, Scleroderris canker, INSECTS: Sirococcus shoot blight, Sphaeropsis shoot blight and canker NOTES: Native to North America. State tree of Minnesota. Sometimes called "Norway" Pine for the

homeland of the men who logged it. Longevity: 400-500 years. Red Pine is self pruning; there tend not to be dead branches on the trees, and older trees may have very long lengths of branchless trunk below the canopy. Wood used for lumber, piling, poles, cabin logs, railroad ties, posts, mine timbers, pulpwood, and fuelwood. Red pine is known to have little genetic variation and is one of the most homogeneous pine species studied (Fowler and Lester 1970). Therefore, when a pest outbreak on red pine does occur, there is often little resistance to the attack. Attempts to introduce genetic variability into red pine by crossing it with other pines have led to the conclusion that strong genetic barriers, biochemical barriers, or both exist in red pine (Burchert 1979). pinus: Latin from Greek. pitus, pine; resinosa, Latin, very resinous

Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus

fig-61

Eastern White Pine Pinus strobus

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Alba', 'Fastigiata', 'Nana', 'Pendula', 'Sea Urchin', 'Tortulosa', 'Verkade's Broom' SIZE: 50-80', 20-40' spread

HABIT: conical

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: needles; 3-5"l, bundles of 5 slender,

BUD:

soft, flexible needles per fascicle; deciduous sheath, needles appear bluegreen because of 3 or more glaucous lines of stomata on undersides; persist 18 months long, ovoid, reddish brown

BARK: young trees, thin, smooth and gray-

green with some lighter splotty patches; later becoming thick, reddish brown to gray-brown with prominent finely scaly, rounded, long ridges and darker furrows

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: cylindrical, yellow, in

clusters near branch tips; female: light green, tinged in red, at ends of branches

FRUIT: cones, 4-7"l, cylindrical, often curved,

with thick, rounded scales, very resinous, borne on a long stalk,maturing in late summer of 2nd year

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: prefers fertile, moist, well-drained and cool, humid sites; intolerant of urban pollution, salts. (Decaying needles make the soil beneath the tree very acid, about pH 4.5, which suppresses the growth of other plant species.) Transplant: easy, wide spreading root system;

USE / VALUE: evergreen; attracts wildlife; grows to a very large scale developing wonderful

character with age; definitely not a plant for a small scale or urban landscape

DISEASES / susceptible to damage from air pollution (particularly ozone and sulfus dioxide); INSECTS: white pine weevil, white pine blister rust (eliminating alternate host plants of funNOTES:

gus: gooseberry and wild current, can reduce risk of infection),

The state tree of Maine and Michigan AKA: Ship-mast Pine, Soft Pine, Weymouth Pine. Known to the Haudenosaunee Native Americans as the Tree of Peace. Has the distinction of being the tallest tree in eastern North America. Longevity: 200-250 years. Needles contain five times the amount of Vitamin C (by weight) of lemons and make an excellent tisane. Tree's resin and sap also high in medicinal value. The cambium is edible. Used for lumber, furniture, doors, moldings, trim, siding, paneling, cabinets, matches, extracts, and Christmas trees. Had a pivotal role in the American revolution, and provided lumber for colonial expansion westward. pinus: Latin from Greek "pitus", pine strobus, Latin, incense-bearing, gum yielding, or Greek, for cone

Scots or Scotch Pine Pinus sylvestris

fig-62

Scots or Scotch Pine Pinus sylvestris

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Albyn', 'Glauca Nana', 'Globosa Virigis', 'Hillside Creeper', 'Nisbet's Gold' SIZE: 30-70', 20-35' spread HABIT: youth: pyramidal mature: rounded GROWTH RATE: Medium to Slow ZONE: 3-7 FALL COLOR: Evergreen PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: needles; 1.5-3"l, 2 stout, twisted

needles per fascicle, blue-green with distinct stomatal bands, persistant sheath; needle persistance: 2-4 years

BUD: large, orangish, narrowly ovoid

BARK: Orange to orange-brown, scaly,

peeling when young; later becoming irregular gray or red-brown ridges and furrows. Upper crowns always show orange peeling bark

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: cylindrical, yel-

low, in large clusters along twigs; female: oval, yellow-green to purple

FRUIT: cones, ovoid, 1 .5-2 .5"l, yellow-

brown, slightly stalked; solitary or in groups of 2 or 3; maturing in fall of 2nd year; black seeds

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, acidic; tolerates poor, dry soils Transplant: easy

USE / VALUE: evergreen; very adaptable; very durable pine with bluish foliage hue; speciman; good landscape form, picturesque with age

DISEASES / pinewood nematode /pine wilt (trees 10+ years old) INSECTS: NOTES: Only pine Native to Europe and Asia. The national tree of Scotland. The world's

most widespread conifer. The species has been used to develop a continuous tree-ring chronology extending from 5634 BC to the present (Helama et al. 2008). AKA: Rig Pine, Norway Pine, Mongolian Pine. One of the first pine species to be introduced to North America, and it has since has become naturalized in some parts of New England. Longevity: 150-300 years. Used for pulp and sawn timber products; source of rosin and turpentine; timber called red deal or yellow deal pinus: Latin from French "pin" and Greek "pitus", pine 62 sylvestris, Latin, growing in the woods, wild

Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii

fig-63

Douglas-fir

Pseudotsuga menziesii FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: P. M. var. glauca, 'Fastigiata', 'Graceful Grace', 'Vail' SIZE: 40-150', 12-40' spread

HABIT: pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-6

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: needles; single needles, no woody pegs or

suction cups, yellow-green to blue-green, .75-1.25"l, flatteneed, slightly rounded tips, green above no stomata, 2 whitish stomatal bands below; very fragrant: sweet, fruityresinous scent

BUD: long, oval-conical, sharp pointed, red-brown

BARK: thin, smooth, gray on young stems,

contains numerous resin blisters; becomes thickened, red-brown with ridges and deep furrows

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: oblong, red to yel-

low, near branch tips; female: reddish, with long bracts, occurring near branch tips

FRUIT: distinctive, 3-4 "l, pendant, rounded

scales w/ 3-lobed bracts extending beyond cone scales ("the two back feet and tail of a mouse"); light brown, contains 25-50 seeds; matures late summer 1st year.

CULTURE: Full Sun to Partial Shade

Soil: Prefers moist, neutral or slightly acidic, well-drained; tolerates shade Transplant: easy; shallow, spreading roots

USE / VALUE: evergreen; an exceptional tree when sited properly; performs badly on open windy sites; locate on protected site away from harsh winds; specimen, mass screenings

DISEASES / Douglas-fir tussock moth, spruce budworm, woolly conifer aphid INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Pacific Northwest where up to 300'+ heights achieved, more modest in Midwest. Two vari-

eties or Douglas-fir are recognized: coastal and inland. Longevity: 500-1000 years. Most important timber species in US, yields more timber than any other tree in North America. Used for construction materials, window frames, doors, paneling, Christmas trees. Comprises much of the old growth forests of the western United States. Also, it provides a large percentage of the wood harvested in the United States. Douglas-fir is considered the second tallest tree in North America, after redwood. pseudo, Greek, false, mistakable for tsuga, Japanese, hemlock spruce menziesii, Named for Archibald Menzies (1745-1842), 19th century Scottish botanist, physician and naturalist who collected in the PNW

American Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis

fig-64

American Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis

FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Filliformis', 'Golden Globe', 'Hetz Midget',

'Hetz Wintergreen', 'Holmstrup', 'Nigra', 'Pyramidalis', 'Rheingold', 'Smaragd', 'Sunkist', 'Techny', 'Woodwardii', 'Yellow Ribbon' - over 300 cultivars

SIZE: 3-40', 10-15' spread HABIT: tree/shrub, narrow-broad pyramidal GROWTH RATE: Medium to Slow ZONE: 3-7 FALL COLOR: evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, layering

LEAVES: scaly needles; flattened branchlets, each

scale-like, 2 mm long, abruptly pointed, those on the main axes conspicuously glandular, bright green above and pale green below, may become yellow-brown in winter

BUD: inconspicuous BARK: reddish brown, fissured into narrow

ridges covered with elogated scales; peels in narrow, longitudinal strips

FLOWERS: Male: catkins globose with 3 pairs of stamens

FRUIT: cones, slender, oblong, .35-.60"l, w/6-8 overlapping scales, light brown; seeds: reddish-brown, qty. 8/cone

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers a deep, well-drained; when established can withstand considerable heat and drought Transplant:

Pruning: shearing may be done from early spring to July.

USE / VALUE: evergreen; groupings, speciman; makes an outstanding screen/hedge as it

responds well to shearing, holds its foliage to the ground, and has a narrow spread; occasionally trained as bonsai

DISEASES / Favorite food of deer, thus susceptible to damage; susceptible to winter burn INSECTS: NOTES: AKA: Northern Whitecedar, Eastern Whitecedar or White Cedar, and Swamp Cedar Arborvitae will not require pruning in most landscape situations as they naturally develop a pleasing symmetrical habit. Name, arbor vitae, is derived from the tree of life motif - for the supposed medicinal properties of the sap, bark and twigs. Can be extremely lon lived, in excess of 1,000 years. thuja, Greek, juniper, trees with aromatic wood 64 occidentalis, of or from the West

Canadian Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

fig-65

Canadian Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Albospica', 'Beehive', 'Cole's Prostrate', 'Curly', 'Gentsch White', 'Jeddeloh', 'Little Joe', 'Sargenti Pendula' T. c. var. pendula SIZE: 30-80', 15-30' spread

HABIT: pyramidal, slightly pendulous branches

GROWTH RATE: Medium to Slow ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: -

LEAVES: flat, single needles, .5"l, tapering to a

dull point, primarily 2-ranked, shiny dark green above, 2 lines of white stomata below

BUD: opposite, very small (.05-.1"l), ovoid, pointed

BARK: youth: gray-brown, smooth, turn-

ing scaly; older trees: red-brown, wide ridges and furrows; when cut or broken, purple streaks are obvious

FLOWERS: monoecious; male: yellow, small, round; female: light green at branch tips

FRUIT: ovoid, rounded tip, light brown cone,

.50-.75"l, rounded, entire scales, maturing in early fall; cones persist

CULTURE: Full Sun, better in Partial to Full Shade

Soil: prefers cool. moist, well-drained, acidic, but appears adaptable to calcareous soils; avoid windy, dry, and wet sites; iintolerant of heat, salt, urban pollution, very wet or very dry soils Transplant:

Pruning: Shearing may be done from early spring to July

USE / VALUE: evergreen; attracts wildlife; excellent screen, protects from strong winds; will

languish if sited carelessly; can make a beautiful trimmed hedge if sited properly; useful for cool shade and northern slopes, small group plantings

DISEASES / hemlock woolly adlegid; wind exposure causes winter dieback INSECTS: NOTES: The state tree of Pennsylvania. Thrives in shade where other conifers would not easily grow. Used for light framing, roofing, sheathing, subflooring, boxes, crates, and pulpwood. Once used for structural timbers, as the wood has tremendous nail-holding ability. Hemlock bark was once harvested for tannins. Hemlocks can live in deep shade supression for as long as 400 years - dominant, healthy specimens can live as long as 800 years. tsuga, Japanese, Hemlock Spruce canadensis, of or from Canada and N. America

Juneberry

Amelanchier species

fig-66

Juneberry

Amelanchier species FAMILY: ROSCEAE CULTIVARS: A. alnifolia: 'Altaglow', 'Northline', 'Obelisk', 'Regent', 'Smoky'; A. canadensis 'Glennform'; A. lamarckii SIZE - h x w: 4-6' x 4-8' HABIT: erect, multi-stemmed

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-6

FALL COLOR: Yellow to Orange PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), root cuttings, layering

LEAVES: Alternate, simple, deciduous, oval, 1-2"l,

prominently penniveined; upper (distal) margin serrated while lower (basipetal) margin is entire; base rounded, petiole short; veins run out to teeth; green above and paler below

BUD: .50"l, with red, imbricate scales that are hairy along the margin

BARK: thin, light brown and tinged with

red; smooth or shallowly fissured

FLOWERS: monoecious, perfect, long (up to 1"),

fragrant white strap-like petals in short racemes, appearing in late spring to early summer

FRUIT: small, .25-.50" round, dark blue

pomes, ripen in early-mid summer; Fruit considered an emerging horticultural crop across the upper mid-west and Canadian prairies

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: adaptable, wide pH range; some short duration drought tolerance Transplant: bare root or container grown

Pruning: after bloom (flowers on previous season's wood)

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife; erosion control, screen, naturalization DISEASES / spider mite (if hot/dry conditions) INSECTS: NOTES:

Berries make wonderful pies and jams. An alternative name for serviceberry, shadbush, derives from folklore correlating the flowering of the species with the running of shad in rivers. Native Americans used Saskatoon serviceberry wood to make arrow shafts, spears, and digging sticks. They made a tea, used for treating colds, by boiling the branches. Many Amelanchier cultivars, are derived from A. x grandiflora and A. laevis (Dirr (1998). Amelanchier: the French name for A. ovalis. Serviceberry: "It is from the fruits that the Sarrvissberry takes its name, for the word is a transformation of the sorbus given by the Romans to a related kind of fruit. Sarviss is a good Shakespearean English form of the most classic Latin, whereas Serviceberry is meaningless as a name, or is at least a genteel corruption of an older and more scholarly form." (Peattie, 1966, p. 336).

Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa

fig-67

Black Chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Autumn Magic', 'Morton', var. elata, var. grandifolia SIZE - h x w: 4-6' x 3-4'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Apricot to Wine Red PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), division, softwoodcuttings (early summer)

LEAVES: alternate, simple, obovate, 1-4"l,

.75-2"w, crenate margins, blackish glands on the midrib above; glossy dark green above, lighter below

BUD: terminal and lateral, small, appressed, scaled

BARK: reddish-brown, smooth, conspicu-

ous lenticels, exfoliating into tight curls with a cross-check diamond pattern. Young branches: yellowbrown with silvery exfoliating scales

FLOWERS: whitish-pink, 5 petals, 10-20 per 2" cluster (corymbs), mid-May

FRUIT: .25" pome, glossy purplish-black,

in pendulous clusters, red pedicels, persistent calyx tips; edible, but bitter

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: low wet to sandy dry areas, very adaptable; tolerant of drought, salt, urban pollution, soil compaction Transplant: easily, bare root: spring or fall; select in fall to ensure getting fall color (plant can be mislabelled due to species confusion)

USE / VALUE: mass planting, border, parking lots; ideal along roadsides, highways DISEASES / few disease or pest problems; powdery mildew (if too much shade) INSECTS: NOTES: Not too common in standard nursery stock. Derives the name 'chokeberry' from the extremely astringent taste that birds supposedly won't tolerate, but it can be quite a pleasant flavor with sweeteners. Fruit is grown commercially in Europe and processed into juice. Aronia juice from fruit grown in the Masurian Lakeland region of Poland is now available in the US (Aronia Berry Juice Cocktail, Aronia Berry, Inc., San Francisco, CA). New research shows that Aronia melanocarpa has a high concentration of polyphenols and anthocyanins, stimulating circulation, protecting the urinary tract, and strengthening the heart. Aronia: from the Greek aria, a name for Whitebeam, Sorbus aria, the fruit of which resembles that of Aronia; melanocarpa: melano, black; carpa, fruit

Japanese Barberry Berberbis thunbergii

fig-68

Japanese Barberry Berberis thunbergii

FAMILY: BERBERIDACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurea', 'Bailgreen', 'Concord', 'Gentry',

'Golden Nugget™', 'Helmond Pillar', 'Kobold', 'Sunsation™', 'Variegata' var. atropurpurea: 'Crimson Pygmy', 'Golden Ring', 'Rose Glow', 'Royal Burgundy'

SIZE - h x w: 3-6' x 4-7' HABIT: very dense, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Reddish PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, spatulate or obovate, entire margin, .5-1"l, appear in clusters; bright green to purple above, paler below

BUD: insignificant; early May BARK: gray-brown, finely shredded; twigs: zig-zagged, thorns at each node, yellow inner bark

FLOWERS: pale yellow suffused with red, 6 petals, .33"l, in small clusters; April to May

FRUIT: .33" ovoid to cylindrical, shiny bright red, ripens in fall, persistant

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: very adaptable; salt, drought tolerant; intolerant of extremely moist conditions Transplant: easy

USE / VALUE: accent, foundation, hedge, mass planted in parks DISEASES / few problems; nibbled on by rabbits INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Japan. AKA: Thunberg's barberry.

var. atropurpurea turns red in fall. Berberis: from berberys, the Arabic name for the fruit

Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii

fig-69

Butterfly Bush Buddleja davidii

FAMILY: BUDDLEJACEAE (formerly: Loganiaceae) CULTIVARS: 'Black Knight', 'Nanho Blue', 'Pink Delight', 'Potter's Purple', 'Summer Rose', many more SIZE - h x w: 4-6' x 5-15'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, open

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 5-9

FALL COLOR: Green

PROPOGATION: seed, softwood & hardwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, lanceolate, 4-10"l, 1-3"w, finely serrated margin; graygreen above, lighter and tomentose below, short petiole

BUD: terminal cluster

BARK: 4-sided arching stems

FLOWERS: 4-10"l terminal cone-shaped spikes (cymes), fragrant, dense clusters of tubular-shaped flowers; purple, white, pink, or red, and usually with an orange throat; late June to frost

FRUIT: 2 valved capsule, numerous seeds CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: well drained; adaptable; drought tolerant; intolerant of extremely moist conditions

Transplant: easily Pruning: early spring to control growth and encourage large flowers which are borne on new growth. Remove spent clusters to sustain flowering

USE / VALUE: attracts wildlife, typ. butterflies and hummingbirds; foundation plant for butterfly garden, hedge, specimen, in borders, containers

DISEASES / few problems; can be susceptible to caterpillars, weevils, mullein moth, spider INSECTS: mites, fungal leaf spots and dieback NOTES: Native to China and Japan. AKA: Orange eye, Summer Lilac

B. davidii, grows like a weed; first introduced into Great Britain in the 1890's, and by the middle of the 20th century it had thoroughly naturalized the wastelands of southern England. A single flower cluster of 'Potter's Purple' was found to produce over 40,000 seeds. Now B. davidii is listed among the top 20 invasive weeds in England; also in New Zealand and Australia; classified as a noxious weed in Oregon and Washington.

Buddleja: after the Rev. Adam Buddle (1660-1715), an amateur English botanist and vicar of Farmbridge in Essex. Linnaeus spelled the genus as Buddleja, in his Species Plantarum, published in 1753, in which the genus was first described. davidii: after French missionary and naturalist Father Armand David, who discovered the species in 1869.

Siberian Peashrub Caragana arborescens

fig-70

Siberian Peashrub Caragana arborescens

FAMILY: FABACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Lorbergii’, ‘Nana’ ‘Pendula’, ‘Sutherland’, 'Walker’ [Caragana frutex: 'Globosa']

SIZE - h x w: 5-20 x 5-10' HABIT: multi-stemmed, erect GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-8 FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings (July-August), layering, grafting

LEAVES: alternate, pinnately compound,

3-5"l; 8-12 small (<2"l) entire, elliptical leaflets, notched tips, lacking a terminal leaflet; blue-green above, paler below

BUD: .25"l, gray-brown; older twigs develop spur shoots

BARK: green to gray-brown, smooth with

prominent lenticels, may be somewhat shiny

FLOWERS: Bright yellow, single or in clusters,

pea-like, .50-1"l; May-June (petals edible in salads, pea flavor)

FRUIT: slender, light brown pods, ≤ 2" l,

maturing from green to brown in late summer; curling after it splits to release 3-6 seeds; pods persist; edible seeds if cooked first (slightly bitter tasting)

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: Adaptable, very cold hardy; tolerant of poor soil, drought, alkalinity, salt, and strong winds. Plant is a nitrogen fixer. Transplant: extensive root system

Pruning: immediately after flowering to shape; flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: hedge, screen, wind break, erosion control; attracts bees, wild life habitat (songbirds). Can be grown on a "standard" (tree-like).

DISEASES / no serious diseases; borers and grasshoppers; rabbits in winter INSECTS: NOTES: Native from southern Russia to China, Manchuria and Himalayas.

The leaves yield an azure dye. The wood is used for woodturning. Caragana: the Mongolian name, karaghan, for C. arborescens; arborescens: tending to be woody, tree-like

Summer Sweet Clethra alnifollia

fig-71

Summer Sweet Clethra alnifolia

FAMILY: CLETHRACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Caleb', Ruby Spice', 'Hummingbird', 'September Beauty', 'Sixteen Candles' SIZE - h x w: 3-7' x 3-4'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, dense

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: simple, alternate, oblong to ovate,

2-4"l, 1-2"w, sharply serrate, usually entire toward base, glossy dark green above, paler below

BUD: terminal is much larger than the lat-

erals; loose scales; leaf scar with one bundle scar

BARK: Grayish, eventually separating into loose strips

FLOWERS: showy, white, fragrant (somewhat

cloying), perfect 5-petaled .33"l, in dense upright 3-6"l clusters (racemes); mid-summer for 4-6 weeks; opens from bottom-up

FRUIT: 3-valved capsule; persistent

CULTURE: Full - Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, acidic; adaptable; tolerates drought, wide pH range; grows naturally in wet, sandy soil in swamps and woods Transplant: often root suckers to form thickets Pruning: don't; sets flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: natural gardens, erosion control; attracts bees, butterflies, hummingbirds DISEASES / few problems; winter protect (rabbits) INSECTS: NOTES: Native to the tropics and subtropics of Asia and Central and South America, also

southeastern North America and Mexico. AKA: Sweet Pepperbush, Pink-spire, Anne Bidwell. The "Pepper" part of the name derives from the mature fruits, capsules which have a vague resemblance to peppercorns, however, with no element of spiciness. Clethra: from the Greek, klethra, alder; alnifolia, alder-leaved

Tatarian Dogwood Cornus alba

fig-72

Tatarian Dogwood Cornus alba

FAMILY: CORNACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Argenteo-margenata', 'Bailhalo', 'Bud's Yellow', 'Elegantissima', 'Ivory Halo', 'Gouchaultii' SIZE - h x w: 6-8' x 6-8'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, erect, arches as ages

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Greenish Purple PROPOGATION: seed, softwood & hardwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate, 2-4"l, usually

rounded at base, margin entire, acute tip; dark green and somewhat rugose (winkeled) above, waxy bloom (glaucous) below, veins curving and parallel to margin

BUD: terminal clusters appressed to stem, leaf scars encircle stems

BARK: smooth greenish-red in summer,

turns blood-red in fall and winter, prominent white lenticels; turns woody as ages

FLOWERS: perfect, small, yellowish white,

in 1-3" dia. flat-topped clusters (cymes); May

FRUIT: <.25" white drupe, unremarkable,

not persistant; seeds: ellipsoid and pointed at both ends; June

CULTURE: Part - Full Shade

Soil: adaptable, prefers moist, well-drained; tolerates wind, wet sites

Transplant: container or B&B; stoloniferous: suckers to form large colonies Pruning: yearly renewal; prune out part of the old wood each year, since winter color develops best on younger stems; take thickest, brownest each year

USE / VALUE: specimen, foundation, embankments, erosing control, border, massing, screen; attracts birds

DISEASES / leaf blight, oyster shell scale, crown and stem canker, borers; winter protect INSECTS: (rabbits) NOTES: Native to China and Korea. AKA: Swida alba, White Dogwood, Siberian Dogwood,

Red-Barked Dogwood. Possibly not a separate species from Cornus sericea. Plant doesn't have the most pleasant smell. cornus: the Latin name for dogwood. alba: white, the fruit.

Gray Dogwood Cornus racemosa

fig-73

Gray Dogwood Cornus racemosa

FAMILY: CORNACEAE CULTIVARS: The Counties of Ohioâ&#x201E;˘ series: 'Cuyzam', 'Geazam', 'Hurzam', 'Mahzam', 'Muszam', 'Ottzam', 'Slavinii' SIZE - h x w: 10-15' x 10-15' HABIT: multi-stemmed, upright

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Purple-Red PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, division

LEAVES: opposite, simple, elliptic to ovate,

entire with arcuate veins, 2-4"l, 1-2"w; dull gray-green above, lighter below

BUD: small, dark brown, valvate, hidden in leaf scar; scales sharp-pointed and appear to have frosted tips, narrow black band just below leaf scar

BARK: young: red-brown; mature: light

ashy gray, smooth; becoming broken into irregular blocks

FLOWERS: monoecious, small, creamy, numerous 2" dia. terminal panicles; June

FRUIT: .25" dull white drupe, in rounded

clusters on bright red pedicels, taken early by birds; pedicels persist

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: very adaptable; tolerates wet or dry sites Transplant: easy, best in spring; container or B&B; stoloniferous: suckers to form large colonies Pruning: periodic rejuvenation pruning to prevent legginess

USE / VALUE: naturalizing, border, hedge, difficult growing sites, erosion control, wildlife food and shelter

DISEASES / relatively problem free; leaf spot, scale INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Canada and US. AKA: Swida racemosa, Northern Swamp Dogwood. An

earlier name of the dogwood in English is the whipple-tree. A whippletree, made from 'dogwood' is an element of the traction of a horse-drawn cart, which links the drawpole of the cart to the harnesses of the horses in file. racemosa: refers to the type of inflorescence, having flowers in racemes

Red Twig Dogwood Cornus sericea

fig-74

Red Twig Dogwood Cornus sericea

FAMILY: CORNACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Alleman's Compact', 'Cardinal', 'Flaviramea', 'Isanti', 'Kelseyi', 'Silver and Gold', var. coloradensis

'Garden Glow'

SIZE - h x w: 7-9' x 6-10'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 2-7

FALL COLOR: Purple-Red

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, division

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate w/rounded

base and pointed tips, 2-5"l, 1-2.5"w; dark green above, blue-green below

BUD:

terminal, valvate, pubescent, narrow and tapering; flower buds more swollen

BARK: smooth greenish-red in summer,

turns blood-red in fall and winter, numerous lenticels; turns woody as ages

FLOWERS: monoecious; dull white, 1.5-2.5" dia. flat clusters; late May

FRUIT: white drupe, .33" dia. in clusters; in August (later than C. alba)

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: very adaptable; prefers moist, well-drained

Transplant: easily; stoloniferous: suckers to form large colonies

Pruning: yearly renewal; prune out part of the old wood each year, since winter color develops best on younger stems; take thickest, brownest each year

USE / VALUE: screen, border, mass plantings, groupings, erosion control, wildlife habitat DISEASES / leaf spot, twig blight, scale INSECTS:

NOTES: AKA: Amerian Dogwood, Redosier Dogwood, Red Willow. Difficult to separate from

C. alba using winter characteristics. Native Americans smoked the inner bark of redosier dogwood in tobacco mixtures used in the sacred pipe ceremony. Dreamcatchers, originating with the Potawotami, are made with the stems of the sacred redosier dogwood. Some tribes peeled twigs for use as toothbrushes for their whitening effect on teeth. redosier: this common name apparently is in reference to the resemblance of the reddish stems to those of some willows called osiers, used in basketry (ref. Salix purpurea). Thin redosier stems can be used in weavings and as basket rims. sericea: silky

Harry Lauder's Walking Stick Corylus avellana

fig-75

Harry Lauder's Walking Stick Corylus avellana 'Contorta'

FAMILY: BETULACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurea', 'Fusco-rubra', 'Pendula', 'Red Dragon', 'Red Majestic', 'Rote Zeller' SIZE - h x w: 6-10' x 6-10'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: grafting

LEAVES: alternate, simple, cordate, twisted;

2-4"l, 1-3"w, double serrated edge, pubescent, green

BUD: inconspicuous BARK: smooth, gray; curled, twisted and contorted branches

FLOWERS: monoecious; pendulous male cat-

kins, 2-3"l, yellowish-brown, in groups of 2-5; female catkins very small, red stigmas prominent; April

FRUIT: none produced CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained soils, tolerates drought, dry sites; pH preference is acidic to slightly alkaline (6.8-7.7) Transplant:

Pruning: yearly removal of vertical rootstock suckers

USE / VALUE: specimen, shrub border, container, above-ground planter DISEASES / diseases: none serious, leaf spot, blight, crown gall; pests: foliage and twig INSECTS: blight, green aphid, spider mite, leafhopper, Japanese beetles NOTES: AKA: Corkscrew Hazelnut. Discovered in 1863 in a hedgerow in England. Being a grafted

shrub, Harry Lauder's walking stick does require some special care. The rootstock is either Corylus colurna or often the American filbert, C. americana. There is a tendency for suckers to shoot up from the rootstock. You must prune off these suckers so that the plant does not revert to the characteristics of its rootstock. Corylus: from korylos, the Greek name of the plant; avellana: of Avella Vecchia, Italy. Common name refers to Sir Harry Lauder (1870-1950), a Scottish entertainer who sported a trademark crooked walking stick.

Smoke Bush

Cotinus coggygria

'Daydream'

'Royal Purple'

'Velvet Cloak'

fig-76

Smoke Bush

Cotinus coggygria FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Ancot', 'Daydream', 'Grace', 'Nadine', 'Nordine', 'Norcutt's Variety', 'Royal Purple', 'Velvet Cloak', 'Young Lady' SIZE - h x w: 10-15' x 15-25'

HABIT: multi- or single-stemmed, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow, Orange, Purple-Burgundy

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, oval, 1.5-3.5"l & w,

entire margins, leaf tip rounded or notched, veins parallel off midrib; long petioles, up to 1.5"l; blue green above with waxy sheen, paler below; several cultivars purple-burgundy foliage all summer

BUD: small, lateral; leaf scar not lobed

BARK: smooth, purple or brown vertical

stems, sparsely-branched; older: light gray, bark broken up into small, thin blocks

FLOWERS: Dioecious; small, yellow-green,

June; held in 6-8"l & w panicles; persistent pedicels and peduncles; wispy, 'smoky' pink plumy hairs give cloud-like appearance

FRUIT: light brown, small, ,125"l, kidneybean shaped drupe; ornamentally unimportant

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, moderately fertile loam, but very adaptable; tolerant of wide pH range, hot, dry, gravelly sites; short lived on rich sites; prone to root rot on damp sites Transplant: easily; may be slow to establish

Pruning: flowers on new growth; can be cut to ground in winter

USE / VALUE: can be trained as a small tree; specimen, shrub border, small groupings, difficult sites, for mid-late summer 'flowering' effect

DISEASES / relatively trouble free; Verticilllium wilt, rust, leaf spot; purple cultivars susceptible INSECTS: to mildew NOTES: Native to southern Europe, across central Asia/China. AKA: Smoketree, Venetian

sumac, European Smoketree, Fustet, Hungarian Fustic. Wood formerly used to make the yellow dye called young fustic.

Cranberry Cotoneaster Cotoneaster apiculatus

fig-77

Cranberry Cotoneaster Cotoneaster apiculatus

FAMILY: ROSAECEAE CULTIVARS: 'Blackburn', 'TomThumb'

SIZE - h x w: 18"-3' x 3-6'

HABIT: low, spreading, arching, mounding

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Bronzy Red to Purple

PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), softwood cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, ovate-lanceolate,

1-3"l x .75"w, wavy margin; shiny dark green above, paler and pubescent below

BUD: imbricate, appressed with loose exposed outer scales

BARK: stiff branching, herringbone pattern; thin, reddish stems; when broken emits a cherry smell; olive-brown to grayish older bark, lenticeled

FLOWERS: small, perfect, pink, clustered, borne profusely on spur shoots; early June

FRUIT: showy, small red pome, .25" dia.; ripens Sept, persistent

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well drained, loose; pH adaptable; salt tolerant

Transplant: from containers only because of sparse root system Pruning: don't

USE / VALUE: hedge, bank cover, erostion control, foundation, groundcover, groupings or mass plantings, edging within raised planter; attracts bees and birds

DISEASES / fireblight, leaf spot, spider mites, aphids, scale; rabbits in winter INSECTS: other: prone to invasion by weeds, which arise through the arching stems unless mulch is applied underneath

NOTES: Native to western China. Garbage and dead leaf collector (due to low branching).

Sometimes sold on a 1.5' to 5' tall "standard". Cotoneaster derives from cotone, an old Latin name for the quince, and the suffix -aster, 'resembling'; apiculatus (sometimes spelled apiculata) translates as "with a point," possibly referring to the apex of the leaf

Spreading Cotoneaster Cotoneaster divaricatus

fig-78

Spreading Cotoneaster Cotoneaster divaricatus

FAMILY: ROSAECEAE CULTIVARS: species form only

SIZE - h x w: 5-6' x 6-8'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, cascading, mounding

GROWTH RATE: Medium - Fast ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow, Red to Purple

PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), softwood cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptic, up to 1"l,

entire margins, without impressed veins; shiny dark green above, paler below with slight pubescence

BUD: very small, pink BARK: stiff branching, slightly downswept, herringbone pattern; distinctive horizontal lines at maturity; thin, purplish-brown pubescent stems; grayish older bark

FLOWERS: small, rose colored; late May FRUIT: showy, red, .33" dia. oval pome; Sept; does not persist

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: prefers well drained, loose; pH adaptable; tolerates drought, wind, salt Transplant: from containers only because of sparse root system Pruning: is prune tolerant, for shaping

USE / VALUE: hedge, bank cover, erostion control, entranceway, foundation, groundcover, groupings or mass plantings, espalier, screen; attracts bees and birds

DISEASES / trouble free; other: prone to invasion by weeds, which arise through the arching INSECTS: stems unless mulch is applied underneath NOTES: Native to western China. Garbage and dead leaf collector (due to low branching).

A once common cultivar, now hard to obtain: Cotoneaster lucidus - Hedge Cotoneaster - leaves twice as large but just as glossy, with an even more outstanding fall color mix; growth habit a little more upright, and fruits turn from red to purple-black at maturity. divaricatus translates as "with spreading branches", referring to the mature horizontal growth habit 78

Daphne

Daphne x Burkwoodii

fig-79

Daphne

Daphne x Burkwoodii FAMILY: THYMELAEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Arthur Burkwood', 'Briggs Moonlight', 'Carol Mackie', 'Silveredge', 'Somerset' SIZE - h x w: 2-3' x 3-5'

HABIT: rounded, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-6

FALL COLOR: semi-evergreen

'Briggs Moonlight'

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, semi-evergreen,

ob-lanceolate, .75-1"l, .5"w; dull, blue-green above, paler below; short internodes: crowed on ends of stems; Foliage Poisonous to mammals

BUD: pink, clustered at stem tips

'Carol Mackie'

BARK: smooth, light gray to tan FLOWERS: showy, pale pink to white, 4 petals,

tubular, clustered in umbels, individual flowers .5" dia., May, strongly fragrant; may reflower in early fall

FRUIT: small, red berries, late summer, Poisonous to mammals

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: REQUIRES: excellent drainage, low fertility, consistent moisture, pH neutral, BEST to plant in gravel; DEMANDS perfect soil drainage for success; can die suddenly and without prior indication Transplant: from containers; can be difficult to grow... period

USE / VALUE: specimen, foundation, shrub border, rock garden DISEASES / prone to root fungus INSECTS: NOTES: Of hybrd origin; a cross between D. caucasica and D. cneorum.

Bush Honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera

fig-80

Bush Honeysuckle Diervilla lonicera

FAMILY: CAPRIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE - h x w: 2-3' x 4-6'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Green, Red, Purple

PROPOGATION: softwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, lanceolate, 2-4"l,

1-3"w, sharply serrated margin, dark green above, slightly paler below; new growth emerges bronze

BUD: superposed, sessile with exposed scales

BARK: arching twigs; greenish-red turning

light brown, rounded stems, 4 puberulent ridges at node, striped bark

FLOWERS: pale yellow to reddish, tubular with spreading petals, .5" dia., borne in 2-3" cymes of 3-7 flowers; July through August

FRUIT: dry, brown, long-pointed, vase-

shaped elongated capsule; tips flair out into thin hairs

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: tolerant of most conditions Transplant: from containers

Pruning: suckers, blooms on new wood; prune in Spring

USE / VALUE: shrub border, foundation, mass or grouping, erosion control, embankments, parking lot

DISEASES / leaf spot, aphids INSECTS:

NOTES: Native of Eastern North America. AKA: Northern Bush-honeysuckle, Low bush honeysuckle, Dwarf bush honeysuckle, Yellow-flowered upright honeysuckle. Other species formerly included in Diervilla are now treated in the genus Weigela. The bush honeysuckles are commonly confused with the common wild honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), or the Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), both members of the closely related genus Lonicera. Diervilla: for N. Dierville, 17th century French surgeon lonicera: named for Adam Lonitzer (1528-1586), a German herbalist, physician and botanist who wrote a standard herbal text that was reprinted many times 80 between 1557 and 1783.

Burning Bush Euonymus alatus

fig-81

Burning Bush Euonymus alatus

FAMILY: CELASTRACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Apertus', 'Compactus', 'Chicago Fire', 'Grove Campactus', 'Kosho Mayune', 'Monstrosus', 'Odom', 'Pipzam', 'Rudy Haag', 'Select' SIZE - h x w: 15-20' x 15-20'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded, flat-topped

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Bright Red

PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), softwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, elliptic, 1-3"l, fine sharp serrated margin; dark green above, slightly paler below

BUD: inconspicuous clusters; imbricate, sharply pointed, reddish-brown, strongly divergent

BARK: twig: green in center, 4 long, brown corky 'wings' along stems

FLOWERS: small, perfect, yellow-green, .5" dia., not ornamentally significant; late May

FRUIT: .33"l capsule, red, found under foliage, splits open to reveal a bright orange-red aril; ripens in Sept, not showy

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: tolerant of many conditions, pH adaptable Transplant: easily from containers

Pruning: prune tolerant, shaping in Spring

USE / VALUE: specimen, shrub border, grouping or massing, foundation, hedge Note: more sun = more fall color; cooler fall = longer color

DISEASES / none serious, scale, aphids; rabbits in winter: if take plant to the ground it INSECTS: won't come back NOTES: Native to northeastern Asia. AKA: winged burning-bush, winged euonymus,

winged spindle-tree. This species has demonstrated an invasive tendency meaning it may escape from cultivation and naturalize in minimally managed areas in the northern U.S. Euonymus: from the Greek eu, "good," and onoma, "a name" alata: with appendaged wings or flanges, usually the stems or leaf petioles

Wintercreeper

Euonymus fortunei

fig-82

Wintercreeper

Euonymus fortunei FAMILY: CELASTRACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Emerald 'n Gold', 'Emerald Gaiety', 'Green Lane', 'Moonshadow', 'Sparkle 'n Gold', 'Sun Spot' SIZE - h x w: 4-5' x 2-3'

HABIT: muti-stemmed, low

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-8

'Emerald Gaiety'

FALL COLOR: variable, evergreen

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, elliptical, crenate

margins, 1-3"l, virtually no petiole; moderately shiny, medium green above -most with white, cream, gold, or yellow varigation, usually at the leaf margin, but sometimes extending into the leaf interior or down the midrib

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: medium green with a hint of corki-

'Sparkle 'n Gold'' 'Sun Spot''

ness, changing to tan with age

FLOWERS: cream-yellow or lime-colored, June, ornamentally insignificant

FRUIT: inconspicuous, dehiscent capsules that expose small orange seeds in Autumn

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained, pH adaptable; tolerates soil compaction, heat, drought, urban pollution

Transplant: from containers Pruning: rejuvenation shearing in early Spring for shaping, more vibrant variegated foliage

USE / VALUE: foundation, specimen, low hedge, edging, or group or mass planting DISEASES / scale, crown gall (both with age) INSECTS: NOTES: Native to China. Garbage and dead leaf collector (due to low branching).

Euonymus translates as "good name" (used ironically, since the genus once had a bad reputation for poisoning cattle). fortunei is named for Robert Fortune, a botanist who collected plants from 19th century China, including the famous Tea Plant (now classified as Camellia sinensis) that he introduced to India. 82

Forsythia

Forsythia species

fig-83

Forsythia

Forsythia species FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Arnold Dwarf', 'Bronxensis' , 'Courtaneur', 'Fiesta', 'Lynwood Gold', 'Meadowlark', 'Northern Gold*', 'Northern Sun*', 'Spectabilis', 'Spring Glory', 'Sunrise*'

SIZE - h x w: 4-12' x 4-12'

HABIT: upright, arching, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Bronze w/Purple tinged edges

PROPOGATION: cuttings, ground layering LEAVES: opposite, usually ovate-lanceolate, sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets, 1-4"l, .5-1"w, entire or serrate margin; medium to dark green above, lighter below

BUD: small, brown, cone-shaped

BARK: branches: 4 sided, gold-green, solid pith at nodes, chambered pith in internodes, vigorous shoots may have hollow internodal pith; covered with raised lenticels

FLOWERS: bright yellow, 1.25-1.5"l, four-lobed corolla, petals joined only at base, in clusters of 2-6; able to produce lactose**; appears before leaves, March-April, for 2-3 weeks

FRUIT: brown, dry capsule, .33"l, 2 cells with several winged seeds

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers loose well-drained, very adaptable; tolerates urban conditions

Transplant: easily transplanted and established Pruning: Needs grooming, prune after flowering by removing oldest stems to the ground; flowers on old wood; first-years branches won't have blooms

USE / VALUE: specimen, shrub borders, espalier, mass plantings, screening, hedge, erosion control; only a single season plant -disappears into the landscape when not in bloom

DISEASES / relatively free from pests and problems INSECTS: About 11 species, mostly native to eastern Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe. AKA: Golden NOTES:

Bell. One of the first shrubs to bloom in spring. More cold hardy Forsythia* (USDA Zone 3-4) have been developed from F. ovata, often crossed with F. europea. **Flower's production of Lactose is impressive and is very rarely established in other natural sources except milk. Forsythia intermedia is a hybrid between F suspensa and F. viridissima. Many cultivars have been selected from this cross including dwarf and compact forms. Two are commonly cultivated for ornament: Forsythia Ă&#x2014; intermedia is the more commonly grown, is smaller, has an upright habit, and produces strongly coloured flowers. Forsythia suspensa is a large to very large shrub, can be grown as a weeping shrub on banks, and has paler flowers. F. suspensa is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Chinese herbology. Forsythia: after William Forsyth (1737-1804), Scottish gardener and writer, director of the Chelsea Physic Garden in 1770, maker of the first rock garden in the UK and one of the founders of the Royal Horticultural Society; he became the superintendent of Royal Gardens, Kensington, Palace.

Dwarf Witchalder Fothergilla gardenii

fig-84

Dwarf Fothergilla Fothergilla gardenii

FAMILY: HAMAMELIDACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Blue Mist', 'Harold Epstein', 'Jane Platt', 'Mt. Airy' SIZE - h x w: 4-6' x 3-6'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, compact, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow to Scarlet

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, obovate, 1-3"l,

coarsely toothed, asymmetrical base, impressed (sunken) veins; bluegreen to dark green above, pale and tomemtose below

BUD: stalked, flower buds larger and eggshaped

BARK: twig: slender, zigzag, fuzzy brown;

becomes gray-brown speckled with lighter lenticels

FLOWERS: white, without petals; bottle brushspike flower heads, 1-2"l; stamens are the showy portions (white stamens and yellow anthers), .5-1"l; May, slight fragrance

FRUIT: green, woody capsule, .25"l, pointed tip, occuring in long clusters; ripens in fall

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: Adaptable, but best in cool, acid, well-drained, moist; highly adaptable to dry soils if placed in shade, and is also adaptable to neutral or slightly alkaline pH Transplant: from containers

Pruning: moderately suckering and can in time form small spreading colonies

USE / VALUE: multi-season interest; specimen, foundation, shrub border, groupings, naturalitistic areas

DISEASES / relatively free from pests and problems INSECTS: NOTES: Native to the Southeastern United States. Fothergilla: after John Fothergill (1712-

80), English physician and gardener with an interest in growing American plants; gardenii: after Dr. Alexander Garden (1739-91), a Scottish physician and botanist who lived in South Carolina, is credited with its discovery, and also for whom the Gardenia is named.

Witchhazel

Hamamelis virginiana

fig-85

Witchhazel

Hamamelis virginiana FAMILY: HAMAMELIDACEAE CULTIVARS: SIZE - h x w: 6-30' x 4-25'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow, showy

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings (difficult), grafted, layering

LEAVES: simple, alternate, obovate, coarsely

crenate, dentate, uneven base, 3-6"l; dark green above, paler below; new leaves emerge reddish-bronze

BUD: light brown vegetative buds (.33"l)

are stalked and naked (lacking scales: resemble a deer foot, they are actually a tiny folded leaf); flower buds are small, round and occur in tight clusters from short stalks

BARK: smooth gray to gray brown; twigs densely pubescent

FLOWERS: monoecious; Flowers in fall, bright

yellow, fragrant, spider-like with 4 narrow, crinkled petals, .5-.7"l; light, spicy fragrance; the last woody plant to flower, bloom time is Oct-Nov after leaves drop

FRUIT: dull orange oval capsule, .5"l,

pubescent, 4 sharp curved points, ripens when flowers of the current season are expanding; 2 shiny black seeds, .25"l, are expelled explosively from the capsules; takes 1 year to mature

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers a moist soil, avoid extremely dry situations; Somewhat tolerant of urban conditions Transplant: shallow roots; shelter from NW winds; 6 yrs old before flowers

USE / VALUE: an understory tree or large shrub; specimen, borders, naturalistic areas

DISEASES / relatively trouble-free; possibly horned gall on foliage caused by an eriopyid INSECTS: aphid NOTES:

Native to eastern and central US. American hazelnut (Corylus americana) has similar shaped leaves, but the teeth are smaller and more sharply pointed. Native Americans considered witchhazel an important medicinal plant: bark used to treat skin ulcers, sores, and tumors; boiled or steaming twigs to loosen and soothe sore muscles. Witchhazel tea was taken to stop internal bleeding and to treat dysentery, colds, and coughs. The modern witchhazel industry is centered in Connecticut, where the branches are harvested from the wild by cutting them off at ground level in the fall. The bushes resprout, cut again a few years later. The distilled oil, (one of the few herbal products approved by the U.S. FDA as an ingredient in nonprescription drugs), goes into extracts, lotions, and salves for pain relief, skin care, and hemorrhoid treatment. Hamamelis: from the Greek for pear-shaped fruit

Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus

fig-86

Rose of Sharon Hibiscus syriacus

FAMILY: MALVACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aphrodite', 'Ardens', 'Baillin', 'Blue Bird', 'Blushing Bride', 'Collie Mullins', 'Diana', 'Helene', 'Lucy', 'Minerva', 'Pink Giant', 'Red Heart', 'Tri-color', 'Woodbridge'

SIZE - h x w: 7-10' x 6-10' HABIT: multi-stemmed, upright, vase GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-9 FALL COLOR: Yellow-Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 2-3"l, ovate,

3-lobed, coarsely toothed, rounded teeth, 3 prominent veins; dark green above, paler below; late to leaf out in spring

BUD: indistinct; shelf-like projections mark the position of previous flowers and fruit

BARK: light gray

FLOWERS: large, showy blossoms; colors ranging

from white to red to purple; solitary, 5-petaled, 2-4" dia., single or double, short stalked; long blooming, July-Sept

FRUIT: 5-valved, ovate, pointed, brown capsule, .75"l & w, persistant

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers well-drained, supplemented; pH adaptable, does not tolerate extremly wet or dry; prefers hot weather

Transplant: easily Pruning: flowers on current season's growth; annual Spring pruning increases shoot vigor and results in larger flowers

USE / VALUE: vigorouse, durable; shrub border, screen, groupings, mass plantings, Do Not Use

as a specimen unless underplanted with facing plants (it gets leggy); standard forms may be used as small trees; does not have multi-season ornamental appeal

DISEASES / leaf spot, cankers, rust, aphids, spider mites; winter injury and twig dieback INSECTS: NOTES: Native to China, India. first introduced into North America before 1600. AKA: Shrub Althea Hibiscus: the Greek name for mallow

Wild Hydrangea

Hydrangea arborescens

fig-87

Annabelle Hydrangea Hydrangea arborescens

FAMILY: HYDRANGEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Annabelle', 'Bounty', 'Grandiflora', 'White Dome' SIZE - h x w: 3-6' x 3-6'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Pale Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

'Annabelle'

LEAVES: opposite, simple, elliptical, cordate

base, serrated margin, 2-8"l, 2-5"w; dull dark green above, paler below

BUD: imbricate, shiny, greenish-brown, 4-6 scales

wild hydrangea

BARK: orange-brown, turning gray as ages; exfoliating

FLOWERS: showy, large, white to pinkish, w/

sterile and fertile blossoms: Fertile blossoms are rather inconspicuous, in contrast to showy infertile flowers which are usually arranged on the outer ring of the 4-6" dia. flattopped clusters; June-Sept, panicles persist

FRUIT: dry capsule, light brown, persistent

CULTURE: Part - Full Shade

Soil: prefers acidic to neutral; adaptable to most conditions Transplant: easily from containers

Pruning: suckers; flowers on new wood

USE / VALUE: shrub border, mass planting; for shady areas DISEASES / blight, leaf spot, powdery mildew, aphids INSECTS: NOTES: Native to North America. AKA: Wild Hydrangea, Smooth or Snowhill Hydrangea. "Annabelle' most popular cultivar, clusters up to 12" dia. Hydrangea: from Greek hydor, water. and aggeion, vessel; a reference to the cup-shaped fruit.

Big Leaf or French Hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla

fig-88

Big Leaf Hydrangea Hydrangea macrophylla

FAMILY: HYDRANGEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'All Summer Beauty', 'Ayesha', 'Blue Wave',

'Blushing Bride', 'Endless Summer', 'Goldern Sunlight', 'Glowing Embers', 'Lemon Wave', 'Nikko Blue', 'Pia'

SIZE - h x w: 3-6' x 3-6'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, round to oval

GROWTH RATE: Medium - Fast ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Pale Yellow

PROPOGATION: cuttings, layering

'Endless Summer'

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate, 4-8"l, 3-6"w, serrated margins, stout petiole 1"l, raised veins: medium green above, paler below

BUD: imbricate, shiny, greenish-brown, 4-6 scales

BARK: tan, large leaf scars, some exfoliation

FLOWERS: showy, round ball shaped or lace-

capped; pink, white, blue, purple; â&#x2030;¤8" dia. corymbs; outer, larger flowers are sterile; color dependent on soil pH; July-August, panicles persistent

FRUIT: small dry capsule CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers loose, moist, well-drained, fertile; mulch the root zone; salt tolerant; does not tolerate hot, dry conditions; acid soil procedures blue flowers, alkaline produces pink Transplant: easily

Pruning: minimal, after flowering as sets new buds soon after blooming; suckers

USE / VALUE: specimen, shrub border, groupings, mass plantings, naturalizing, foundation DISEASES / leaf spot, powdery mildew; winter protect: flower buds are killed in hard winINSECTS: ters; insects: aphids, leaf tiers, rose chafers, red spiders, scales, mites NOTES: Native to Japan, Korea. AKA: French Hydrangea, Mopheads, Lacecap Hydrangea,

Hortensia. The "hortensias or mopheads" have sterile flowers in solid masses, which are often so heavy they cause the stem to bend. The "lacecaps" have a center of fertile, relatively non-showy flowers and an outer ring of showy, sterile flowers, which together form a pinwheel effect. Flowers on most hydrangeas are pH-sensitive, with dark purple or blue flowers in acidic soil 5-5.5 pH (apply aluminum sulfate or sulphur) , white or dull green in neutral soil, and 88 pink in alkaline soil â&#x2030;Ľ6 pH (add lime).

Panicled Hydrangea Hydrangea paniculata

fig-89

Panicled Hydrangea Hydrangea paniculata

FAMILY: HYDRANGEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Bulk', 'Burgundy Lace, 'Compact', 'Grandiflora', 'Limelight', 'Little Lamb', 'Pink Diamond', 'Tardiva', 'Unique' SIZE - h x w: 6-20' x 6-20'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, arching, fountain

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, layering

LEAVES: opposite or in whorls of 3's toward stalk tip, simple, elliptical, 3-6"l, 1.5-3"w, rounded or tapered at base, serrate margin; dark green above, paler below w/pubescence near veins

BUD: leaf scar shallowly V-shaped with a short conical bud sitting in the V

BARK: stems: stout, reddish brown; gray

brown, lenticels, sheds when mature

FLOWERS: showy, large panicles, conical or py-

ramidal, 6-10"l, 6"w, a few white-pink sterile flowers and numerous yellowwhite, fertile flowers, downy stalks; strong fragrance;July-Sept; white florets than turn pink and brown with age, florets persist

FRUIT: dry brown capsule

CULTURE: Full - Part Shade

Soil: best in rich, well-drained, moist; mulch root zone; tolerates salt, urban conditions; not tolerant of hot, dry conditions

USE / VALUE:

Transplant: easily Pruning: after blooming; blooms on new wood; To get the biggest flower clusters, reduce the number of stems by cutting the previous year's shoots back to within just a few buds of the main branches. If you don't, you'll have smaller, but more numerous flower clusters. shrub or pruned to a single leader to form a small tree and then called "tree hydrangea"; specimen, groupings, mass plantings, naturalizing

DISEASES / tough plant, winter protect young plants; leaf spot, powdery mildew; insects: INSECTS: aphids, leaf tiers, rose chafers. red spiders, scales, mites

NOTES: Native to Japan and China. Famous PeeGee AKA: 'Grandiflora'. Flower color does

not vary with soil pH. Has brightened American yards for almost 150 years; many landscapers think it's overused; Dirr suggests planting it in the neighbor's yard. paniculata: flowers in panicles (panicle: a branched indeterminate inflorescence [flower cluster] with flowers maturing from the bottom upwards)

St. Johnswort

Hypericum kalmianum

fig-90

St. Johnswort

Hypericum kalmianum FAMILY: CLUSIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Ames', 'Gemo'

SIZE - h x w: 24-36", equal spread

HABIT: multi-stemmed, dense, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Yellow Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: semi-evergreen, narrow, linear, in

pairs often curling backward, 1-2"l, 1.5"w, dotted with tiny glands; dark blue-green above, paler below

BUD: inconspicuous BARK: 4 sided branches, papery, peeling on larger stems when older

FLOWERS: showy bright yellow, 5 petals, .75-

1.25"l in 3-7 stalked cymes custered at twig ends, showy tuft of yellow stamens; blooms for 6 weeks, July-Aug

FRUIT: beaked, oval, brown, 3-5-valved capsule, .25-.5"l, persistent

CULTURE: Full Sun - Full Shade

Soil: prefers moist, rich, sandy loams but tolerates poor, rocky alkaline soils, salt, wind, soil compaction, wet sites and drought Transplant: from container Pruning: late fall to shape

USE / VALUE: nectar attracts wildlife, butterflies, bees, other polinators; specimen, border, foundation, mass plantings, rock garden, low hedge, wood margins, rocky slopes, naturalized areas, pond peripheries

DISEASES / no serious insect or disease problems. INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Great Lakes region, U.S. AKA: Kalm's St. Johnswort. Long used in herbalism: antide-

pressant properties for mild cases of depression; oily extract is strongly antibiotic and used to heal wounds, first-degree burns, BUT high dosages can cause photosensitivity and sometimes cause pregnancy abortion; can interfere with other medications taken. Hypericum: apparently from Greek, hyper, above, and eikon, a picture; it was hung above pictures to ward off evil spirits at the midsummer festival of Walpurgisnacht, which later became the feast of St. John. Genus name honors Peter Kalm, a student of Linnaeus, who reportedly discovered the species plant in the wild in North America in the mid-1700s.

Holly

Ilex x meserveae

fig-91

Holly

Ilex x meserveae FAMILY: AQUIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Blue Angel', 'Blue Boy', 'Blue Duet', 'Blue

Girl', 'Blue Maid', 'Blue Prince', 'Blue Princess', Blue Stallion', 'Gretchen', 'Honey Maid'

SIZE - h x w: 8-10' HABIT: dense, pyramidal or rounded GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-8 FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: exclusively by cuttings LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptical, spiny margin, 1.5-2.25"l, 1-1.5"w, emerges as bronzed light green, maturing to shiny very dark green or blue-green

BUD: flower buds set by mid-July on the cur-

rent season's growth; male plants have about twice as many "knobs" on each immature floral bud in each leaf axil as the female plants do (where each "knob" will become an individual flower in the overall inflorescence)

BARK: purplish new stems; brown on oldest wood; hidden by foliage

FLOWERS: Dioecious; white to pink-white, small,

numerous; male plants more showy; May; females: have a small green ovule (or pre-fruit) in the center of its white petals, males: yellowish stamens (pollen-bearing structures) in the center of its white petals

FRUIT: only on female plants; showy bright red, shiny, .33" dia.; male polinator needed within 300 feet

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, slightly acidic, well-drained, but it is relatively adaptable; avoid windswept areas; do not plant in South or West facing sites Transplant: primarily in containers; also in B&B form Pruning: to remove straying branches

USE / VALUE: foundation, hedge, barrier, mass planting; fruits attract robins, bluebirds, catbirds, and mockingbirds

DISEASES / few disease or pest problems, but Winter leaf and stem burn; heat stress in INSECTS: hot, dry summers NOTES: Hardiest of the hollies. AKA: Meserve Hybrid Holly, Blue Holly. Plant one male plant for every three to five female plants, to ensure good pollination and fruit set on the female (berry-laden) plants. Use 'named pairs' as mismatch of blossom times by even one week will result in poor to non-existent pollination and little or no fruit set on female plants; if a male counterpart in a named pair is not available, use 'Blue Stallion' as the male pollinator. Ilex: from a similarity to the leaves of the evergreen oak native to the Meditteranean, Quercus ilex. Kathleen K. Meserve of St. James, New York, made crosses between the hardy species, I. rugosa, native to northern Japan, and I. aquifolium, the English Holly, which resulted in a series of plant introductions called "Blue Hollies"; many selection names beginning with "blue".

Winterberry Ilex verticillata

fig-92

Winterberry Ilex verticillata

FAMILY: AQUIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'After Glow', 'Aurantiaca', 'Cacapon', 'Jim Dandy', 'Red Sprite', 'Shaver', 'Shortcake', 'Southern Gentleman', 'Stoplight', 'Sunsplash', 'Winter Red' SIZE - h x w: 6-10' x 6-10'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, oval

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow Green, edges purple tinged

PROPOGATION: seed (tricky germination, 2-3 years), cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptical, 1.5-3"l,

.75-1.25"w, tip acute or acuminate, wedge-shaped base (cuneate), margin singly or doubly serrated; dark green above, usually pubescent below, at least on the veins

'Winter Red'

BUD: buds and leaf scars are small, one

vascular bundle scar, tiny, black thorn-like stipules may be present on either side of the leaf scar

BARK: dark gray to brown, smooth with some lenticels

FLOWERS: Dioecious; white, 5-7 petals, short

stalked, male flowers 3-10 per cluster, female flowers singly or 2-3 per cluster; June

FRUIT: only on female plants; globose,

bright red dupes in Oct, .25" dia., often in pairs, persistent

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, fertile, acidic; tolerates poorly-drained, but not drought Transplant: easily from containers or B&B

Pruning: suckers to form large clumps or thicket; flowers on new wood

USE / VALUE: shrub border, mass planting, naturalizing, useful in wet soils; serves as a popular source of food for deer, squirrels, and birds

DISEASES / chlorosis on high pH soils, leaf spot and powdery mildew, but they are rarely INSECTS: disfiguring NOTES: Native to North America. AKA: Winterberry Holly, Michigan Holly, Coralberry,

Christmas Berry, Black Alder. Often found at the edge of the woods or in swamps. Plant one male to every 10-20 female plants, within 50 feet, to ensure pollination and fruit set. Many are best pollinated by 'Jim Dandy'. If the leaves haven't fallen by the first hard frost, they turn black, hence the common name, "black alder." The cultivar, 'Winter Red' is frequently used in highway plantings.

Japanese Kerria Kerria japonica

fig-93

Japanese Kerria Kerria japonica

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Albiflora', 'Golden Guinea', 'Kin Kan', 'Picta', 'Pleniflora', 'Shannon, 'Superba' SIZE - h x w: 3-5', up to 10' spread HABIT: twiggy, overarching

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Green to Yellow

PROPOGATION: cuttings, division

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 1.5-4"l, 1-2"w,

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, double serrate; bright green

BUD: small, dark BARK: stems slender, zigzag pattern of

growth; smooth, shiny green, even in winter

'Plenifora'

FLOWERS: showy, bright yellow, 1.5" dia.,

5-petaled, borne singly; May; in sun flowers fade to a bleached color

FRUIT: rarely sets fruit; single seeded, fleshy, eventually dry (drupe)

CULTURE: Part - Full Shade

Soil: prefers well-drained, moist, loamy, humus rich

Transplant: from containers Pruning: suckers freely and can colonize areas; periodic rejuvenation by cutting plants to the ground and to remove dead shoots

USE / VALUE: shady locations, shrub border, foundation (against a wall for winter protection), facer plant, naturalizing; good, long lasting, cut flower if cut early in spring

DISEASES / leaf spot, twig blight; twig kill in severe winters down to the snow line limits INSECTS: flowering NOTES: Native to Japan, China. Imported to Europe in the 18th century. AKA: Japanese Rose. Most commonly seen is the carnation-type, double flowered form 'Pleniflora'. 'Picta' has variegated foliage. Kerria: after William Kerr (died 1814), a gardener at Kew, who collected in East Asia; japonica: of Japan

Privet

Ligustrum species

fig-94

Privet

Ligustrum species FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: l. amurense; l. obtusifolium; l. vulgare: 'Cheyenne', 'Densiflorum', 'Lodense', 'Pyramidale'; x ibolium; x vicaryi SIZE - h x w: up to 12' h&w

HABIT: multi-stemmed, twiggy

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Purplish (if deciduous) or Evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, lanceolate, 1-2.5"l, smooth margin; glossy dark green above, paler below

BUD: small, opposite; blunt scales BARK: twigs: pubescent; light brown, lenticels FLOWERS: small, white, 4 curled-back petals,

1-3"l, borne in panicles 5-8"l, slight to strong pungent odor; June

FRUIT: small .25"l, purple to black drupes,

borne in clusters; Sept, persists; some are mildly poisonous to humans

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: extremely adaptable to wide variety of conditions Transplant: easily

Pruning: after flowering, to shape

USE / VALUE: used extensively for privacy hedging; screen border, foundation DISEASES / anthracnose twig blight, canker, powdery mildew, sooty mold, leaf spot INSECTS: aphids, leaf miners, mites and whiteflies NOTES: Native to Europe, northern Africa, eastern and southeastern Asia, Australia. About 50 species of evergreen or deciduous shrubs or small trees. Plant is poisonous to horses. Some cultivars are considered an invasive weed (CT). Banned from sale or cultivation in New Zealand due to the effects of its pollen on asthma sufferers. Pollen also known to cause eczema. Ligustrum: classical Latin name applied by Pliny the Elder (23â&#x20AC;&#x201C;79 BCE) 94 for the European species (L. vulgare). In Russian, "privet" means "hello".

Goldflame Honeysuckle Lonicera x heckrottii

fig-95

Goldflame Honeysuckle Lonicera x heckrottii

FAMILY: CAPRIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE - h x w: 10-15' x 3-6'

HABIT: Vining, trailing, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellowish

PROPOGATION: leaf and stem cuttings, layering

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate, 1-2.5"l, .5-

1.5"w, entire margin, reddish stems; glossy blue-green above, silvery below; new leaves emerge burgundy, fused at base

BUD: small, distinctive cherry red color

BARK: twig: green to chocolate as matures; exfoliating

FLOWERS: showy, fragrant, rose-pink with

yellow-orange interior, 2"l tubular shape, two-lipped tips, in whorls of 5-10 in terminal clusters; June-frost

FRUIT: inedible red berries, sterile does not set seed; Autumn

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: best in slightly acidic, organically rich, well-drained; pH adaptable; drought tolerant; will not tolerate standing water; mulch the root zone Transplant: from container

Pruning: flowers on new wood; to control size or create dense shrub

USE / VALUE: attracts birds, butterflies; as a twining vine or pruned back to form a dense

shrub; as a vine: on trellises, espaliers, arbors, pergolas, fences, stone walls, near porch or patio where fragrance can be enjoyed; as shrub: foundation or border; can grow in a container; possible ground-cover; resistant to deer; not reliably hardy: winter protect

DISEASES / none serious; leaf spot, needs good air circulation to minimize potential powINSECTS: dery mildew NOTES: A cross between L. sempervirens and L. americana.

AKA: Everblooming Honeysuckle. Lonicera: after Adam Lonitzer (1528-86), a German naturalist and author of a popular herbal.

Magnolia "Butterflies"

Magnolia x m. cuminata & m. denudata

fig-96

Magnolia 'Butterflies'

Magnolia x m. cuminata & m. denudata FAMILY: MAGNOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: -

SIZE - h x w: 8-20' x 10-15'

HABIT: upright, pyramidal

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 5-8

FALL COLOR: Gray Brown

PROPOGATION: cuttings, grafting, layering, bud

LEAVES: alternate, simple, oblong-elliptic,

4-8"l, entire margin, cuspidate tips; do not emerge until tepals have fallen; deep green

BUD: large, yellow, erect, tapered BARK: smooth, gray, low branching, usually not multi-stemmed

FLOWERS: deep canary yellow, 10-16 tepals,

semi-double, 2.5-4.75"l, 3-5" dia., light lemon oil fragrance, appear before the leaves; heat reportedly will lighten the color; flowers at a very young age, often 1 or 2 years after grafting; late May

FRUIT: as rarely pollinated by insect, fruit is

rarely produced; when appearing are small, reddish-green cucumber-like pods; orange seeds

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained, very fertile, acidic to neutral pH; doesn't tolerate wet feet Transplant: from container, best in spring Pruning: minimal for shape; after bloom; buds on old wood

USE / VALUE:

tree, possible hedge; susceptible to late-season frosts; site to shelter from wind

DISEASES / Bacterial leaf spot, spot anthracnose, canker, dieback, butt rot, powdery milINSECTS: dew, anthracnose, fungal spots, weevils, snails, magnolia scale; insects: thrips, planthoppers

NOTES: Originated by Phil Savage, Blooming Hills, Michigan from a cross of M. acuminata, Cucumber Tree, 'Fertile Myrtle' (seed parent) Ă&#x2014; M. denudata, Yulan Magnolia/Lily Tree, 'Sawada's Cream' (pollen parent); introduced in 1988, patented in 1991. Magnolia: after Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), Professor of Botany and Director of Montpellier Botanic Gardens, France. 96

Common White Mulberry Morus alba

fig-97

Common White Mulberry Morus alba

FAMILY: MORACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Chaparral', 'Pendula' (weeping),

'Unryu' (contorted) 'Kingens', 'Stiblingii', 'Urbana' (fruitless)

SIZE - h x w: 10-15' x 6-15'

HABIT: dense, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, tissue culture LEAVES:

BUD: BARK:

FLOWERS:

FRUIT:

CULTURE:

USE / VALUE: DISEASES / INSECTS: NOTES:

3 types of leaves: solid, 2-3 lobed, 4-5 lobed; alternate, simple, 2-6"l, irregular sinuses; rounded or cordate base, serrate or crenate margins; light green above, glabrous below except on veins

'Pendula'

reddish-brown, imbricate with fine hairs on scale tips; terminal bud absent; sunken oval leaf scar

young shoots: downy, yellowish-brown becoming glabrous, tan by autumn; white sap appears when stem is broken in warm conditions; bark sweet when chewed small, 1-2"l, fuzzy pussy-willow like, pale green, male and female in separate clusters (catkins), may be borne on the same or separate plants fleshy, edible 1"l drupe resembling raspberry; species in the wild is deep purple, but in many cultivated plants varies from white to pink; it is sweet but bland; seeds are widely dispersed by birds; ripens June-July

Full to Part Sun Soil: best in moist, well-drained, fertile; pH adaptable; tolerates drought, salt, urban conditions Transplant: easily, establishes readily Pruning: suckers; late fall/winter

fruits attract birds, squirrels and other wildlife, which has led to plant's being considered invasive in some states due to seed spread; fruits will badly stain sidewalks/parking lots; fruitless, weeping forms more useful than species bacterial blight, leaf spot, canker, powdery mildew, scale, witches' broom Native to northern China. AKA: Silkworm Mulberry, Russian Mulberry. Known as Tuta in Sanskrit; An etiological Babylonian story that was later incorporated into Greek and Roman mythology attributes the reddish purple color of the white mulberry (Morus alba) fruits to the tragic deaths of two forbidden lovers, Pyramus and Thisbe. The white mulberry is widely cultivated to feed the silkworms employed in the commercial production of silk. It is also notable for the rapid release of its pollen, which is launched at over half the speed of sound, making it the fastest known movement in the plant kingdom. Fruits are eaten, often dried or made into wine. In traditional Chinese medicine, the fruit is used to treat prematurely grey hair, to "tonify" the blood, and treat constipation and diabetes. The bark is used to treat cough, wheezing, edema, and to promote urination. It is also used to treat fever, headache, red dry and sore eyes, as well as cough. alba: white

Mockorange

Philadelphus species

fig-98

Mockorange

Philadelphus species FAMILY: HYDRANGEACEAE / SAXIFRAGACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurens', 'Buckley's Quill', ‘Manteau d’Hermine’, 'Miniature Snowflake', 'Nanus', 'Natchez', 'Snowbelle' SIZE - h x w: 10-12' x 10-12' HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellowish-Green PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

coronarius 'Aurens'

LEAVES: opposite, simple, oblong to ovate,

slightly serrated margins, 2-4"l, .5-1/5"w, widely spaced along stem; green above, lighter below

BUD: axillary buds may be exposed or

hidden within the base of the petiole; raised leaf scar, 3 bundle scars

BARK: thin and flaky, light brown, finely shredding in longitudinal strips

FLOWERS: white, solitary or in clusters, single

or double blossoms, usually strong sweet fragrance, 1" dia., 4 sepals, 4 petals, numerous stamens; 5- to 7-flowered clusters; blooms late May

FRUIT: small 4-valved capsule with many seeds; persistent

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained, high in organic matter Transplant: easily; readily establishes

Pruning: occasional rejuvenation; and for shaping

USE / VALUE: shrub borders, screens (in full sun with pruning); older single-flowered forms more fragrant than new hybrids

DISEASES / none particularly problematic; aphids, canker, leaf spot, leaf miners INSECTS: NOTES: First introduced to Europe along with lilacs by Ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in

1562. Some 60 species of, usually deciduous, shrubs with peeling bark. Philadelphus coronarius has been used as a parent in many hybrids with other Philadelphus species. Named "mock-orange" in reference to their flowers, which in wild species look somewhat similar to those of oranges and lemons (Citrus) at first glance, and smell of orange flowers and jasmine. This hollow-branched shrub was used by the Turks to make pipes. Philadelphus: Greek word meaning brotherly love; or after Ptolemy Philadelphus (ruled 285-246 BCE), a patron of the arts and sciences.

Common Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius

fig-99

Common Ninebark Physocarpus opulifolius

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Center Glow', 'Coppertina', 'Dart's Gold', 'Diablo', 'Luteus', 'Monlo', 'Nanus', 'Nugget', 'Seward', 'Snowfall' SIZE - h x w: 5-10' x 6-10' HABIT: multi-stemmed, dense, arching GROWTH RATE: Medium - Fast ZONE: 2-7 FALL COLOR: Yellow to Bronze PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, maple-like, 1-3"l

& w, usually 3-5 lobed, cordate base, palmately veined, crenate margin; medium green above, paler and glabrous below

BUD: many obvious loose scales, leaf scars raised with lines running downward angling the twigs

BARK: thin, tan-reddish bark, exfoliating in long irregular strips

FLOWERS: monoecious; perfect, small, white or

pinkish, .25-.5" dia., about 30 purplish stamens, in 3-4" hemispherical clusters; blooms in June

FRUIT: small pointed inflated follicles, .25"l, borne in hemispherical clusters, reddish-brown; ripens Sept-Oct

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: very adaptable; pH adaptable; tolerates dry sites, drought Transplant: easily, readily establishes

Pruning: benefits from renewal pruning

USE / VALUE: considered tough; shrub border, massing or grouping, screen DISEASES / powdery mildew; few pest problems INSECTS: NOTES: Native to eastern North America. AKA: Eastern Ninebark. Common name

comes from the extreme peeling of bark; it is said the plant has nine layers of bark. Others say 'nein' (German) = no bark. Physocarpus: from the Greek physa, bladder, and karpon, a fruit, a reference to the small, bladder-like fruit. opulifolius: opulus, a type of maple; folius, refers to leaves

Potentilla

Potentilla fruticosa

fig-100

Potentilla

Potentilla fruticosa FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Abbotswood', 'Absaraka', 'Coronation

Triumph', 'Fargo', 'Gold Drop', 'Goldfinger', 'Jackmannii', 'Katherine Dykes', 'McKay's White', 'Pink Beauty', 'Snowbird', 'UMan', 'Yellow Gem'

SIZE - h x w: 1-4' x 2-4'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, dense, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 2-6

FALL COLOR: Yellow-Brown

PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings, tissue culture

LEAVES: alternate, simple, small 1-2"l, divided into 5 or 7 (occasionally 3 or 9) pinnately compound leaflets, linearoblong, entire margins, pubescent; medium blue-green to dark green above, silvery-silky beneath

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: young: pubescent, becoming

smooth; older: brown, shedding

FLOWERS: Dioecious or bi-sexual; butter-cup shaped, 5 petaled, solitary or in groups; bright yellow, white, pink, orange, red cultivars, 1-1.5" dia.; blooms June-frost

FRUIT: clusters of very small egg-shaped, hard brown nutlets; persistent

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: very adaptable; does well in extremely cold temperatures

Transplant: easily Pruning: often left unpruned; can shear to promote rebloom; tolerates heavy pruning for rejeuvenating or renewal

USE / VALUE: tough plant; shrub borders, foundation, facer plant, mass plantings

DISEASES / aphids, spider mites INSECTS: NOTES: Native to the cool temperate to subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere,

often growing at high altitudes in mountains. Species is also occasionally known as Tundra-rose and Widdy. AKA: Shrubby or Bush Cinquefoil, Dasiphora fruticosa/ floribunda, Pentaphylloides fruticosa/floribunda. Over 130 cultivars have been named. Introduced into cultivation in the 18th century, but many of the modern cultivars, particularly those with orange or red flowers, derive from collections by Reginald Farrer in western China in the early 20th century. Potentilla: from the Latin potens, powerful, a reference to alleged medicinal properties of the plant; fruticosa: shrubby; Cinquefoil, from Latin, quinque, 100 five, and folium, leaf.

Purpleleaf Sand Cherry Prunus x cistena

Prunus pumila Prunus x cistena is a hybrid shrub (P. pumila x P. cerasifera 'Atropurpurea') that was introduced in 1910 by Dr. N. E. Hansen at South Dakota State University. fig-101

Purpleleaf Sand Cherry Prunus x cistena

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Big Cis', 'Minnesota Red or Purpleleaf'

SIZE - h x w: 7-10' x 5-7'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, oval, arching

GROWTH RATE: Medium-Fast ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Maroon, Bronzy-Green if shaded

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptical, finely

serrated margins, 2"l, dual glands at the top of young petioles; thick, leathery, glossy reddish-purple above, pale below

BUD: small, pink BARK: red-brown, becoming dark gray with age, stems and branches lenticeled

FLOWERS: white-pink, fragrant, solitary, 5 petals, .5" dia. blooms on old wood in late April after leafout

FRUIT: small, black-purple round drupe,

sparse to rare, seldom noticed; July

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained in full sun; adaptable to adverse conditions; tolerates urban conditions, poor soils, drought, heat Transplant: easily from bare root, container or B&B, best in Spring, mulch liberally; rapid establishment Pruning: after flowering; tolerates heavy shearing to retain dense foliage, otherwise will become semi-pendulous with age, leading to an open center

USE / VALUE: specimen, shrub border, foundation, screen, groupings, hedge, patio plant, landscape accent

DISEASES / leaf spot, canker, aphids, borers, Japanese Beetles; watch for oozing sap; frost INSECTS: cracks (leading to cambial necrosis and wood rotting) NOTES: The parents of this hybrid are native to Western Asia and Caucasia (Prunus cerasifera

'Atropurpurea' [also known as 'Pissardii']) and the Northeastern United States (Prunus pumila). AKA: Redleaf Sandcherry, Cistena Cherry, Cistens Plum. Longevity: 10-15 years. Prunus, Latin, plum; cistena translates from the Sioux word for "baby", 101 referring to the dwarf growth habit.

Dwarf Flowering Almond Prunus glandulosa

fig-102

Dwarf Flowering Almond Prunus glandulosa

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Albo', Alba Plena', 'Lawrence', 'Rosea Plena' SIZE - h x w: 4-5' x 3-4'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, open, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Medium-Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Dull Yellow

PROPOGATION: softwood cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, oblong-lanceo-

late, crenate, finely serrated margins; stipules at base of petiole with gland-lined serrations; pubescent midrib, 1-3.5"l, 1"w; light green

'Rosea Plena'

BUD: small, plump; late frost can damage buds

BARK: slender, wiry stems; dull brown

FLOWERS: showy, fragrant, 0.5" single, or

1-1.2" double, white or pink cherrylike blossoms profusely cover entire length of the stems beginning second year, appears before leafout; April

FRUIT: rare, very small .125" dia. round drupe, dark purple-red

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: adaptable to wide range of conditions; tolerates wind, drought, Not wet

Transplant: from containers Pruning: tolerates severe pruning to promote flowering; remove root suckers unless naturalization is desired

USE / VALUE: single season interest; specimen, shrub borders, hedge, grouping, mass planting, container or patio plant, naturalizing

DISEASES / Fireblight can be a significant problem, leaf spot, die back, leaf curl, powdery INSECTS: mildew, root rot and honey fungus. Potential insect problems: cankers, borers,

Japanese beetles, aphids, scale, leafhoppers, tent caterpillars, spider mites; mice

NOTES: Native to China, Japan. Introduced 1835. Robert Fortune, a Scottish botanist and

traveller best know for introducing tea plant from China to India introduced Prunus glandulosa 'Alba Plena', 1843 and Prunus glandulosa 'Rosea Plena', 1846. AKA: Chinese Bush Berry, Pink Flowering Almond, Almond Cherry. Longevity: 10 years. 102 Prunus, Latin, plum; glandulosa: glandular.

Rhododendron ssp. Azalea

fig-103

Rhododendron - Azalea

subgenus Pentanthera (deciduous), subgenus Tsutsusi (evergreen) FAMILY: ERICACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aglo', Lights series: 'Candy', 'Golden',

SIZE - h x w: HABIT: GROWTH RATE: ZONE: FALL COLOR: PROPOGATION:

'Lemon', 'Lilac', 'Mandarin', 'Northern', 'Orchid', 'Rosy', 'White', 'Millenium', 'Northern Starburst', 'PJM', 'PJM Compact', "PJM Elite', 'Weston's Parade'

4-8' x 4-8' multi-stemmed, oval to rounded Slow 4-8 varies cuttings, tissue culture

dwarf azalea

LEAVES: alternate, simple, elliptic, entire margin,

typ. 1-2"l, thin, soft, pointed, no leaf scales ('lepidote'); dark green above, paler below with long straight hairs growing along the midrib (indumentum); new leafy shoots emerge from the axils of shoots from the previous year’s growth

BUD: terminal, large, pubescent

BARK: low branching, hidden by foliage; smooth, gray-brown

FLOWERS: showy, fragrant, terminal blooms (sigu-

flame azalea

lar per stem) of white, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow (no yellow evergreen azaleas); funnel-shaped, typ. 2-4" dia., most azaleas have only 5 or 6 stamens; late April; temperature controls length of bloom: cooler = longer, typ. 1-4 weeks

FRUIT: inconspicuous, dry capsules

CULTURE: Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, cool, acidic, well drained, organic soil; not tolerant of wet, extreme heat, drought, salt; mulch root zone

florida azalea

Transplant: shallow roots; sometimes difficult to get established; containers Pruning: after blooming; flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: specimen, foundation, small groupings, mass plantings, shrub border, naturalistic areas

DISEASES / petal blight, leaf spot, leafy gall, phytophthora root rot; desiccation in harsh INSECTS: situations; protect from winter winds NOTES:

SEE REFERENCE SECTION FOR LIST. Over 10,000 different hybrid cultivars have been registered or named in the International Register, of which only 2,000 are generally available. Lights Azalea Hybrids Series: deciduous shrubs developed at the University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum; they can withstand very cold temperatures (- 35°F to - 45°F) without significant damage. Northern Lights are F1 hybrid seedlings, the first in the series introduced in 1978. 'PJM' hybrids: named after Peter J. Mezitt, founder of Weston Nurseries, Massachusetts; evergreen hybrids resulting from a cross between R. carolinianum and R. dauricum var. sempervirens. Azalea plants are very toxic to equines, sheep and goats, but cause no problems in cats or dogs. All parts are poisonous, including the nectar, causing mouth burning, followed later by many sympoms including coma and convulsions. Azalea is also the flower of the astrological sign Sagittarius. Azaleas, from Greek, azaleos, meaning dry.

103

Fragrant Sumac Rhus aromatica

fig-104

Fragrant Sumac Rhus aromatica

FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Green Globe', 'Gro-low', 'Konza' SIZE - h x w: 2-6' X 6-10'

HABIT: dense, irregular crown

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-9

FALL COLOR: Orange to Reddish-Purple

PROPOGATION: seed, root cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, compound, trifoliate, terminal leaflet 3-5"l, cuneate, unstalked, lateral leaflets rounded at the base, glossy green above, pubescent below

'Gro-Low'

BUD: tiny, naked, yellowish brown, pubescent, surrounded by a raised, circular leaf scar; flower buds conspicuous, tight catkin-like clusters

BARK: stems: pubescent; citrus fragrance

when bruised; matures to gray-brown; initially smooth with obvious lenticels, later developing peeling splits

FLOWERS: Dioecious; may have unisexual

and bisexual (perfect) flowers on the same plant; yellow blossoms in dense clusters 1"l; male: catkins, female: short, terminal panicles; before leafout, April

FRUIT: red, hairy (pubescent) drupe, .25"

dia. female plants only, in terminal clusters; matures August, persists

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: best in acidic, well-drained; adaptable

Transplant: from containers; establishes quickly Pruning: suckers to form thickets

USE / VALUE: stems root when they touch the soil, hence good for rapid bank stabilization;

groundcover, massing, woods edge, naturalistic areas; fruit is important winter food for birds and small mammals

DISEASES / leaf spot, rusts, aphids, mites, scale INSECTS: NOTES: Native to eastern U. S. and Canada. AKA: Aromatic Sumac, Lemon Sumac, Pole-

cat Bush, Skunkbush. Rhus aromatica has been subdivided: is best considered a polymorphic species consisting of only two varieties, the eastern North American form, Rhus aromatica var. aromatica, and the western form, Rhus aromatica var. trilobata (Anderson, 2007). American Indians made a tart drink "Indian 104 lemonade" from the ripe fruits. Rhus: Greek, rhous, for the plant.

Staghorn Sumac Rhus typhina

fig-105

Staghorn Sumac Rhus typhina (hirta)

FAMILY: ANACARDIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Dissecta', 'Laciniata', 'Tiger Eyes' SIZE - h x w: 15-25' x 15-25'

HABIT: open, spreading, picturesque

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Very showy, Yellow-Orange, Scarlet

PROPOGATION: seed, division, root cuttings

'Tiger Eyes'

LEAVES: alternate, pinnately compound,

11.5-24"l; 13-27 leaflets, each 2-5"l; serrated margins, pointed, rachis fuzzy; dark green and smooth above, paler below except midrib

BUD: generally lacks terminal bud, small, rounded lateral buds covered with soft, rust-brown hairs, nearly surrounded by C-shaped leaf scars

BARK: new growth: stout velvety stems

(the "staghorn"), concealed lenticels; older stems become graybrown, smooth then scaly; aromatic; branches repeatedly and widely fork

FLOWERS: Dioecious; greenish-yellow blos-

soms borne in large upright, dense hairy terminal panicles up to 8"l, male flower head larger than female; blooms in June

FRUIT: crimson drupe .25"l, contains one seed;

closely packed in long, dense hairy pyramidal panicle; each cluster may contain 100-700 seeds; produced on plants 3-4 years old; matures late August, persists (about 60,000 seeds per pound)

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers fertile, upland sites, but adaptable to a wide variety of conditions; often found in dry, poor soil on which other plants cannot survive. Transplant: easily, establishes quickly; One year old nursery grown seedlings are normally used for planting large areas. Pruning: suckers to colonize thicket; prune to control invasiveness or to create a 'tree' form; colonies appear to lose vigor in about 15 years

USE / VALUE: stems root when they touch the soil, hence good for rapid bank stabilization;

groundcover, massing, woods edge, naturalistic areas; fruit is important winter food for birds and small mammals

DISEASES / none serious; not shade tolerant INSECTS: NOTES: All parts of the staghorn sumac, except the roots, can be used as both a natural dye

and as a mordant. The plant is rich in tannins and can be added to other dye baths to improve light fastness. Harvest the leaves in the summer and the bark all year round.

105

Alpine Currant Ribes alpinum

fig-106

Alpine Currant Ribes alpinum

FAMILY: SAXIFRAGACEAE (Grossulariaceae) CULTIVARS: 'Aureum', 'Compacta', 'Europa', 'Green Mound', 'Nana', 'Pumila', 'Spreg' SIZE - h x w: 3-6' x 3-6'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, dense, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 2-7

FALL COLOR: Dull Yellow

PROPOGATION: seed, softwood cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 3-5 lobed, ovate,

1-2"l, dentate margins; glossy medium green, pubescent above, light green below

BUD: stalked, large,terminal and lateral,

imbricate, grayish-tan; ridged leaf scar

BARK: initially smooth, light gray becoming chestnut brown, flakes off with maturity

FLOWERS: Dioecious; greenish-yellow blos-

soms borne on 1-2"l racemes; April

FRUIT: rarely seen; red berry .33" dia., on

female plant only, has insipid taste; July

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: full sun, moist, well-drained best; adaptable to many conditions; tolerates wind, some dryness, alkaline soils, urban conditions Transplant: easily, readily establishes; from containers or B&B Pruning: rejuvenated with heavy pruning; prune anytime

USE / VALUE: border, foundation, hedges, groupings, mass planting; Extremely winter hardy. Known for its good leaf retention.

DISEASES / anthracnose, blight, leaf spot, rusts, currant aphids, scale, currant bud mite INSECTS: In some parts of the country (14 states in E and NW), the planting of Ribes

species is illegal, due to the fact females of some species are alternate hosts for white pine blister rust.

NOTES: Native to Europe. Many commercially available cultivars are male (as they are reportedly immune to rust diseases); female form generally not sold. Ribes: from Arabic, ribas, "acid-tasting", referring to the bitterness of the fruits (on female forms in its native habitat); alpinum, Latin, translates as "alpine", referring to its indigenous habitat in the mountains of Europe.

106

Dappled Willow Salix integra

Salix integra is closely related to the European and western Asian Salix purpurea, and has been treated as a variety of it by some authors, as S. purpurea var. multinervis (Franchet & Savatier) Matsumura, or as a subspecies S. purpurea subsp. amplexicaulis (Chaubard) C.K.Schneid. fig-107

Dappled Willow Salix integra

FAMILY: SALICACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Flamingo', 'Hakuro Nishiki' SIZE - h x w: 4-12' x 4-12'

HABIT: rounded, spreading, arching

GROWTH RATE: Medium-Fast ZONE: 5-9

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: softwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite pairs or whorls of 3, simple, lanceolate, 2-4"l, .125-.33"w; variegated; new leaves pink, white with green, in summer matures to solid green, pale green below; late leaf drop

BUD: terminal bud usually absent; appre-

sesed with single scale, yellow-brown

BARK: stems: slender, stiff, salmon pink; in colder climates only branch tips retain reddish color in to winter; older: grayish-green

FLOWERS: Dioecious; small, yellow to reddish catkins, .5-1"l; before leafout

FRUIT: small cluster of dehiscent capsules, yellow-brown

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, acidic, well-drained; 'Flamingo' salt tolerant; withstands drought better than other willow types Transplant: can be slow to extablish, little info on root system of shrub version; the stemmed version has an even more aggressive root system since the plant has been grafted to a common willow stem that typically reaches out even further than the shrub version.

Pruning: Cut back in early spring to encourage shoot growth (no more than half height), leaf variegation; prune to shape or train to form

USE / VALUE: multi-season interest; shrub or on standard, but can be trained with one trunk without need of high graft; specimen, shrub borders, small grouping, pond periphery, trained as topiary or bonsai

DISEASES / none serious; possible: root rot, crown gall, Willow Scab, canker, powdery milINSECTS: dew, rust; Scale, caterpillars, borers, lace bugs, aphids, host for gypsy moth NOTES: Native to China, Japan, Korea. Introduced from Japan in 1979 by the Dutch botanist and

hosta breeder Harry van der Laar. AKA: â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Albomaculataâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, 'Fuiji Koriangi,' 'Fuiji Nishiki', Dappled Japanese Willow, Tricolor Willow, Variegated Willow. Japanese name alludes to a brocade design evoked by the leaves and frequently used in obi or kimono-girdle cloth. Salix: classic Latin name for willow, also from the Celtic sel, near, and lis, water; integra, Latin, whole, not divided.

107

American Elderberry Sambucus canadensis

fig-108

American Elderberry Sambucus canadensis

FAMILY: CAPRIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Acutiloba/Lanciniata', 'Adams', 'Aurea', 'Variegata', 'York' SIZE - h x w: 5-15' x 6-10'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, broad, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Yellowish Green

PROPOGATION: seed, division, semi-hardwood cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, pinnately compound, 6-11"l;

5-11 (usually 7) elliptical leaflets, 2-6"l .5-2"w, bottom leaflets often 3-lobed, sharply serrated; dark green above, much paler below

BUD: terminal bud abscent; very small lateral buds, red-brown, pointed; crescentshaped leaf scars

BARK: branches: stout, yellowish-gray,

often thick, with solid pith, covered with warty lenticels; mature: short trunk, smooth, brown becoming shallowly furrowed and rough

FLOWERS: monoecious; showy white, small,

numerous, 5-parted, 5 stamens, 3 styles, in broad clusters (cymes), 6-10" dia.; July

FRUIT: edible berry-like drupe, purplish-

black, 3-5 seeded, very juicy up to .25" dia., in flat-topeed clusters; matures Sept

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained; pH adaptable Transplant: easily

Pruning: to control size; suckers profusely; sometimes considered weed-like

USE / VALUE: bogs, naturalizing; for fruit; attracts wildlife DISEASES / powdery mildew, leaf spot, borers INSECTS: NOTES: (syn. S. nigra ssp. canadensis) Native to eastern U. S. and Canada. Fruit is

used in pies and for wine. For fruit production plant more than one selection. Sambucus: Greek, sambuke for a musical instrument (harp) made from 108 elderwood (S. nigra); canadensis: of or referring to Canada

Black Elderberry Sambucus nigra

fig-109

Black Elderberry Sambucus nigra

FAMILY: CAPRIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aureomarginata', Black Beautyâ&#x201E;˘ 'Gerda', Black Laceâ&#x201E;˘ 'Eva', 'Guincho Purple', 'Lanciniata', 'Purpurea'

SIZE - h x w: 8' x 10', equal spread

HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Yellowish-Green ('Black Lace', purple-black)

PROPOGATION: cuttings

'Black Lace'

LEAVES: opposite, pinnately compound, 4-12"l;

BUD:

3-7 (usually 5) short stalkd elliptical leaflets, 1.5-5"l, .75-2"w, sharply serrated; dark green above, pubescent veins below; disagreeable odor when bruised usually no terminal bud; brown, small lateral buds

BARK: young: light gray, changes to coarse gray, becomes deeply furrowed

FLOWERS: showy yellowish-white, numerous

.25" dia.blossoms clustered in flattopped corymbs, 4.5-8" dia., muskily scented, pollinated by flies; MayJune; flowers in 3rd-4th year

FRUIT: edible, lustrous purple-black drupe,

.25" dia., clustered; mildly poisonous in unripe state, matures Sept

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: adaptable to wide variety of conditions, including wet and dry

Transplant: Easily grown, sometimes considered a weed Pruning: prune immediately after flowering for shape, to improve fullness; can be pruned hard, to keep the plant compact. blooms on old wood

USE / VALUE: excellent specimen, attractive in large containers, shrub border, groupings, mass planting, screen, naturalizing, roadsides; important food source for wildlife

DISEASES / Elder whitewash fungus, powdery mildew, leaf spot, borers INSECTS: NOTES:

Native to Europe, north Africa and western Asia; cultivated since ancient times. AKA: Common or European Elderberry, Elder. Grown for commercial prpose in many European countries.Berries are filled with a blood-red juice, a source of beneficial anthocyanins. All parts of the elder plant have been used consistently in European health care since the time of Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Used to treat bronchitis, cough, upper respiratory infections, flu symptoms. The strong-smelling foliage was used in the past, tied to a horse's mane, to keep flies away while riding. 'Black Lace': dark purple, finely cut foliage has an exotic look; can be mistaken for a Japanese Maple; has umbels of pink flowers 10" dia., slight lemony fragrance. Sambucus: Greek, sambuke for a musical instrument (harp) made from elderwood (S. nigra); nigra, Latin, black, the fruit.

109

Japanese Spirea Spiraea japonica

fig-110

Japanese Spirea Spiraea japonica

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Anthony Waterer', 'Gold Flame', 'Gold

Mound', 'Golden Elf', 'Lisp', 'Little Princess', 'Magic Carpet', 'Mertyann', 'Neon Flash', 'Norman', 'Sparkling Carpet'

SIZE - h x w: 2-5' x 3-5' HABIT: multi-stemmed, rounded GROWTH RATE: Fast

ZONE: 3-8 FALL COLOR: varies; usually colorful PROPOGATION: seed, division, cuttings, layering

LEAVES: alternate, simple, ovate-lanceolate,

1-3", dentate margins, wedgeshaped bases, pointed tips; color varies from chartreuse to blue-green to bronze, golden, orange, red, or burgundy, paler below

BUD:

inconspicuous

BARK: slender, smooth reddish brown

stems; dark brown on older stems

FLOWERS: pink or reddish, clustered in 2-3" flattopped clusters (corymbs) at branch tips; late May, with 2nd flush later if "feather-pruned"

FRUIT: small lustrous capsules hold seeds about .10"

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers rich, moist loam; adaptable to variety of conditions; thrive on organic mulch; will not tolerate saturated soils for extended periods Transplant: easily, from containers Pruning: rejeuvenation pruning, can be cut all the way to the ground; flowers on new growth; After the flowers fade, shear them off to stimulate a second flush of growth and more flowers

USE / VALUE: entranceway, shrub border, hedges, low screens, foundation, in raised planter, as a facer plant, some as groundcovers

DISEASES / not prone to any major problems: aphids are occasional spring nuisance INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Japan. Many cultivars and complex hybrids exist (from S. albiflora x S. japonica = x bumalda), with new ones emerging yearly; most are in the 3' x3' range. AKA: Japanese Meadowsweet, Maybush. Spiraea, Latin, "the herb meadowsweet" used in wreaths or garlands; japonica, Latin, of Japan.

110

Van Houtte Spirea Spiraea x vanhouttei

fig-111

Van Houtte Spirea Spiraea x vanhouttei

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Levgold', 'Pink Ice', 'Renaissance', 'Snow White' SIZE - h x w: 6-8' x 8-12'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, arching, vase-shaped

GROWTH RATE: Medium-Fast ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Green to Reddish (if in full sun)

PROPOGATION: seed, division, cuttings, layering

LEAVES: alternate, simple, .75-1.5"l, triangular

w/3-5 lobes, pointed tip, scalloped and toothed margins: dark blue-green above, lighter below

BUD: pale brown, .125-.25"l, divergent, held on stems at 90째 angles

BARK: twig: flexible, smooth, chestnut

brown, branches from base at 90째; may become leggy with age

FLOWERS: showy white, profuse, dense, in 1-2"

dia. flat clusters (umbels) forming on branch tips, one-sided branch; after leafout, April-May; dead blooms are self-cleaning, doesn't rebloom

FRUIT: dry, brown star-shaped follicles; persists

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained; tolerates wind, dry sites, moderate drought, neutral pH, urban conditins; not wet Transplant: from container for best results Pruning: renewal, after flowering: to shape, to remove non-flowering canes; flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: specimen, border, foundation, hedge, screen, massing; very hardy, attracts butterflies

DISEASES / generally few problems, possible powdery mildew, fireblight, leaf spot, gray INSECTS: mold, verticillium wilt, wood rots, aphids; highly alkaline soils may lead to chlorosis; damage by voles

NOTES: Of hybrid origin, a result of cross between Threelobe Spirea (S. trilobata) and

Reeves Spirea (S. cantoniensis); developed in 1862 in France. AKA: Bridal Wreath. S. prunifolia 'Plena' also called Bridal Wreath. An old-fashioned favorite. The most popular of the spireas [Dirr (1990, p. 808)]. Longevity: 20 years 111 Named for Belgian botanist L.B. van Houtte (1810-1876).

Cutleaf Stephanandra Stephanandra incisa

fig-112

Cutleaf Stephanandra Stephanandra incisa

FAMILY: ROSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Crispa', 'Dart's Horizon', 'Prostrata'

SIZE - h x w: 4-7' x 4-8'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, arching, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Red-Purple to Red-Orange

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, layering

LEAVES: alternate, simple, 2-ranked (on sides only), lobed, 1-2"l, ovate, serrate margins; green above, pubescent below; new growth is reddish bronze

BUD: yellowish, superposed, ovoid, small with 4 scales

BARK: stems are terete, zigzag stem pat-

tern, brown; branches: thick coverage, readily root if touching ground

FLOWERS: yellowish-white, small, clustered

in terminal panicles, 1-2.5"l; ferny, woodsy scent; May-Jun

FRUIT: follicle, crustaceous, 2-3mm dia., 1 seed each; Aug

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, acidic, rich, well-drained; adaptable, but not to alkaline

Transplant: easily from containers Pruning: suckers to form colonies/thickets; tips of young stems may be winter killed and will require some pruning; renewal, after flowering; on older plants, cut back one-third to one-fifth of old shoots to the base.

USE / VALUE: shrub border, foundation, hedge, screen, mass planting, naturalizing; winter

protect from drying wind; will benefit from being planted in a relatively sheltered location

DISEASES / no serious problems; subject to chlorosis (yellowing) of the leaves in alkaline soils INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Japan, Korea. AKA: Lace Shrub. 'Crispa': only form of the species in

commerce; tough constitution, has dissected, crinkly foliage and low-spreading groundcover habit, 1.5-3' tall, slightly mounded in middle, prostrate at extremities. Longevity: 20 years. Stephanandra: Greek, stephanos, a crown and aner, andros, "man, stamen", 112 the stamens as a crown around the capsule.

Dwarf Korean Lilac Syringa meyeri

fig-113

Dwarf Korean Lilac Syringa meyeri

FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Palibin', Tinkerbelleâ&#x201E;˘ SIZE - h x w: 4-8' x 6-12'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, spreading, oval

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Yellowish Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings (difficult)

LEAVES: opposite, simple, obovate, entire

slightly wavy margins, .75-1.75"l, palmate venation; smooth dark green above, pubescent on veins below; new growth emerges with a reddish rim

BUD: small, oval, and distinctly checkered

due to overlapping floral bud scales; buds emerge early and can get hit by a late frost

BARK: thin; gray-brown, prominent len-

ticels; dense and twiggy, does not become leggy

FLOWERS: lavender-white to violet-purple,

strongly fragrant, 4"l, 2.5"w inflorescences of small tubular blossoms, profuse coverage; late May; blooms at an early age

FRUIT: brown 2-valved capsules held in panicles

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: best in full sun, moist, well-drained; tolerates poor, dry, compacts soils, various pH range, heat, drought, urban conditions; not adaptable to poorly drained sites Transplant: easily from containers or B&B Pruning: flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: specimen, entranceway, border, foundation, grouping, informal or formal hedge; tree form when grafted to standard typ. 4' tall

DISEASES / virtually no diseases or pests; complete resistance to powdery mildew, which INSECTS: plagues many of the old-fashioned traditional Lilacs NOTES: Thought to be native to Northern China but its origins are obscure, and apparently it has never been found in the wild (Fiala, 1988). Tinkerbelleâ&#x201E;˘: deep wine-red flowers, pinkish buds, excellent fragrance. Syringa: Greek, syrinx, a reed or pipe, a reference to the tubular flowers or hollow stems used to make pipe-stems and whistles.

113

Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris

fig-114

Common Lilac Syringa vulgaris

FAMILY: OLEACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Andenken an Ludwig Spaeth', 'Albert F.

Holden', 'Arch McKean', 'Charles Joly', 'Dappled Dawn', 'Edith Cavell', 'Krasavitsa Moskvy', ''Marie Frances' , 'Monge', 'President Grevy', 'President Lincoln', 'Primrose', 'Sensation', 'Wedgewood Blue', 'Yankee Doodle', var. alba

SIZE - h x w: 8-15' x 6-12' HABIT: upright, leggy, irregular GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7 FALL COLOR: Green

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: Opposite, simple, broadly ovate/heat

BUD:

shaped, entire, 2-4"l, 1.5-3"w; dark green to bluish green above, lighter below; lower parts of the branches do not have leaves

large, greenish-brown, a few scales; turns purple in the winter; leaf scars raised, crescent-shaped

'Sensation'

BARK: stems: stout, angled (almost 4 sided) or ridged, lustrous brown, glabrous, numerous raised lenticels; gray to gray-brown, thick, smooth but becoming finely shreddy with age

FLOWERS: Light purple, pink or even white (cultivar dependent), fragrant, flowers in terminal clusters, 4-8"l; May

FRUIT: dry, brown beaked dehiscent capsules,

.5"l, in large panicles at terminal tips of branches; should be removed

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, neutral or lime soil

Transplant: easily, from containers or B&B; grows better in colder climates Pruning: suckers; prune after flowering, remove old flower heads

USE / VALUE: specimen, small groupings DISEASES / aphids, powdery mildew, scales; caterpillars INSECTS: NOTES: Native to the mountains of eastern and southern Europe. Syringa: Syringa: Greek, syrinx, a reed or pipe, a reference to the tubular flowers or hollow stems used to make pipe-stems and whistles; vulgaris: Latin for "common".

114

Tamarisk

Tamarix ramosissima

fig-115

Tamarisk

Tamarix ramosissima FAMILY: TAMARICACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Pink Cascade', 'Rubra', 'Summer Glow' SIZE - h x w: 10-20' x 10-15'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, loose, irregular

GROWTH RATE: Fast ZONE: 2-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: alternate, very small, .0625"l scale-

like, overlapping, with salt-excreting glands; looks feathery; pale green

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: new stems: ascending, slender,

smooth, reddish or orange-yellow, long; Old branches dark gray

FLOWERS: very small (1/8 inch), pink, 5 petals,

numerous, occurring at tips of twigs in spike-like racemes (each 1-3"l), very attractive and utilized by honey bees; blooms July-Aug

FRUIT: capsule with tiny seed, 1/25" dia.,

having a tuft of hair that aids in wind dispersal

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: prefers well-drained, sandy; is an enormous water consumer; can tolerate saline conditions by exuding salt from its leaves (which forms a crust above & below ground that inhibits other plants) Transplant: deep tap root, aggressive colonizer; early seedling growth is slow, but older seedlings grow rapidly (up to 1' per month in early spring) Pruning: needed to control shape and size; flowers on new wood; resprouts vigorously from roots if the top portion of the plant is damaged or removed.

USE / VALUE: specimen, screen, windbreak, informal hedge; attracts butterflies; is a BeeMagnet (they hang in the plant, become very docile, drunk?)

DISEASES / canker, powdery mildew, scale INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Eurasia. First introduction of saltcedar to North America in 1823.

AKA: Saltcedar. Planted as an ornamental in the western US, but by the 1870's it as reported to have escaped cultivation. By the 1920's saltcedar was becoming a serious problem. Is a major Invasive plant species in the Southwestern United States and Desert Region of California, consuming large amounts of groundwater in riparian and oases habitats. Tamarix: Late Latin, tamariscus, relating to Hebrew tamar, 115 grove of trees; ramosissima means "many branched"

Koreanspice Viburnum Viburnum carlesii

fig-116

Korean Spicebush Viburnum carlesii

FAMILY: CAPREFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Cayuga', 'Compactum', 'Diana'

SIZE - h x w: 4-5' x 4-8'

HABIT: upright, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 5-7

FALL COLOR: Bronze to Wine

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, grafting

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate, subtlely

serrated, 2-4"l; dull blue-green w/dense pubescense above, light green, pubescent below

BUD: dark pink, naked, terminal floral

buds clustered (.25-.5" dia.) often with pair of foliar buds on each side like ears; foliar buds gray-brown, terminal or lateral, elongated; buds obvious in winter

BARK: twigs: tan, pubescent, densely

branching close to ground with age; trunk: gray-brown, fissuring

FLOWERS: whitish-pink, 3" dia., almost spheri-

cal clusters of individual flowers; extremely fragrant; appear with leaves, mid April

FRUIT: clusters of drupes, changing from

green to red to black, elliptical, flattened; nearly hidden by foliage

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: best in partial sun, moist, well-drained, rich, slightly acidic; adaptable Transplant: B&B

Pruning: immediately after flowering; flowers on old wood

USE / VALUE: specimen, entranceway, border, foundation, informal hedge; attracts birds, butterflies

DISEASES / no significant pest problems, but bacterial leaf spot and powdery mildew are INSECTS: occasional cosmetic diseases NOTES: Native to Korea, Japan.

Viburnum is the classical Latin name for Wayfaringtree Viburnum. carlesii, named for W.R. Carles, who collected the plant from the Orient.

116

Arrowwood

Viburnum dentatum

fig-117

Arrowwood

Viburnum dentatum FAMILY: CAPREFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Christom'/Blue Muffin™, 'JN Select', 'Morton'/Norther Burgundy®, 'Ralph Senior'/Autumn Jazz®, 'Rastzam', 'Synnestvedt/Chicago Lustre®' SIZE - h x w: 6-8' x 6-15'

HABIT: mult-stemmed, arching, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Yellow to Reddish

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, oval to elliptical,

coarsely serrated margins, 2- 4.5"l, 1-4"w, veins are prominent, with the leaf puckering between veins; shiny dark green above, paler below

BUD: 1/4 inch, green to brown, several scales present

BARK: Twig: slender, ridged and angled,

glabrous or slightly velvety; Trunk: Gray to grayish brown, smooth getting finely scaly with age

FLOWERS: Small, white, in 2-4" dia. flat topped clusters, yellow stamens, appearing late May

FRUIT: Bluish black, .25" oval drupe,

1-seeded, in flattened clusters, ripening in early fall

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Shade

Soil: adaptable to many conditions; tolerates dry to fairly wet, urban conditions Transplant: easily

Pruning: occasional reguvenation pruning; suckers profusely

USE / VALUE: border, screen, groupings, mass plantings, naturalizing, parking lots; good for difficult sites, extremely durable; attracts birds

DISEASES / no serious problems INSECTS: NOTES: Native to eastern North America.

Viburnum, Latin, the wayfaring tree; dentatum, Latin, toothed

117

Wayfaringtree Viburnum lantana

fig-118

Wayfaringtree Viburnum lantana

FAMILY: CAPREFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aureum', 'Emerald Triumph', 'Mohican', 'Variegatum' SIZE - h x w: 10-15' x 10-15'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, upright, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Purple-Red

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: Opposite, simple, ovate, 2-5"l, uni-

coarse-serrate, thick, leathery; dark green above w/sunken veins, pale pubescent beneath and on petiole

BUD: vegetative buds: naked, stalked, scruffy gray-brown, tomentose; flower buds: bulbous

BARK: initially smooth, gray-brown, lenticelled, becoming somewhat scaly

FLOWERS: showy, large 3-5" dia. flat-top dense

clusters of tiny creamy white bloddoms, each w/5 petals; very fragrant, some say a "crataegus" odor (not pleasant); mid May

FRUIT: .33"l elliptical drupes, in terminal

clusters, somewhat flattened, green to red, finally black; each fruit cluster can display all colors at the same time; can dry and persist like raisins

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: best in well-drained, fertile, loamy; tolerates higher pH, dry, compacted soils Transplant: easily, readily establishes; fibrous rooted Pruning: for general maintenance

USE / VALUE: shrub borders, mass plantings, as a barrier, erosion control, on difficult sites; useful for flowers, fruit ornamentation, to attract birds

DISEASES / few serious problems; leaf spot occasionally INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Europe and western Asia. AKA: Sheepberry, Black Haw.

Often used as a rootstock for V. carlesii and suckers, overtaking the carlesii top. Wayfaringtree: apparently a tree for the wayfarer, i.e., traveler, V. lantana was common along waysides. However, John Parkinson (Paradisi in sole Paradisus Terrestris, 1629, a classic work of the English garden) stated that "no travaler doth take either pleasure or profit by it, more then by any other of the 118 hedge trees." So much for the "accuracy" of common names.

European Cranberrybush Viburnum opulus

fig-119

European Cranberrybush Viburnum opulus

FAMILY: CAPREFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aureum', 'Compactum', 'Harvest Gold', 'Nanum', 'Roseum', 'Xanthocarpum'

SIZE - h x w: 8-12' x 8-15'

HABIT: multi-stemmed, arching, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: variable, Yellow-Red, Red-Purple

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, 3 lobed, coarsely

serrated, orbicular, 2-4"l, concave glands on petiole, wrinkled surface, impressed venation; dark green above, velvety below

BUD: green to reddish brown, plump, 2

visible scales; shaped like Xmas tree light bulbs

BARK: twig: tan to gray-brown, distinctly ridged, with numerous lenticels; ages to light brown, stays smooth

FLOWERS: very showy, white, .5" dia., in large flat

clusters 2-3.5" dia., outer ring of flowers sterile and larger, similar to lacetop hydrangea in appearance; June

FRUIT: showy red drupe, .25", in pendulous

clusters; ripens in August, edible in small quantities, very acidic taste; persists looking like dried red raisins

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: best in moist, fertile; very adaptable; tolerant of moist sites Transplant: easily, readily establishes

Pruning: occasional rejuvenation to remove oldest stems

USE / VALUE: shrub border, small groupings, mass planting, screen, naturalizing, on difficult sites; useful for flowers, fruit ornamentation, to attract birds; Caution: It has invasive tendencies

DISEASES / aphids (causes shoots and leaves to twist and contort, especially on 'Roseum'), INSECTS: borers NOTES: Native to Europe, Asia. Cultivated since the 17th century. Is the National symbol of

Ukraine. AKA: Guelder-rose, Water Elder, Cramp Bark, Snowball Tree. Common name, Guelder Rose, appears to have originated because a popular cultivar, the Snowball tree, supposedly first originated in the Dutch province of Gelderland. Its dried bark is used in a tincture, known as "Cramp Bark," to alleviate painful menstrual cramps. Additionally, it has a reputation for lowering diastolic blood pressure because of a reputed action on smooth muscle, and is both a smooth and skeletal 119 muscle relaxant and antispasmodic.

Weigela

Weigela florida

fig-120

Weigela

Weigela florida FAMILY: CAPRIFOLIACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Alexandra: Wine & Roses', 'Bokrash-

ine', 'Brigela', 'Carlton', 'Courtalor', 'Dark Horse', 'Elvera', 'Java Red', 'Kolmagira', 'Minuet', 'Polka', 'Red Prince', 'Rumba', 'Samba', 'Tango', 'Variegata', 'Verwig'

SIZE - h x w: 3-6' x 4-10' HABIT: dense, arching

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-8

FALL COLOR: Green PROPOGATION: cuttings (very easy)

'Minuet'

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate-oblong, 2-

4.5"l, 1"w, acuminate tip, rounded at base, serrate, short petiole; medium green

'Tango'

BUD: several visible scales BARK: stems: gray brown, circular lenticels, 2 rows of hair between nodes (appearing as lines); as ages becomes gray-brown, shallow grooves, flaky ridges

FLOWERS: 5 lobed funnel-shaped, 1"l singly

or several in axillary clusters, white, pink to rose red (varies with cultivar); May-June, 2 weeks, then sporadically during the summer

FRUIT: dry, woody, beaked capsule, 2 valved, 1"l, seeds unwinged

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: well-drained; very adaptable

Transplant: easily Pruning: rejeuvenation, becomes rangy unless pruned; after flowering; often experiences winter dieback

USE / VALUE: shrub border, groupings, mass planting DISEASES / no serious problems INSECTS: NOTES: Native to Japan.

Weigela: after Christain Ehrenfried von Weigel (1748-1831), German botanist; florida: profusely flowering

120

Boxwood

Buxus microphylla

fig-121

Boxwood

Buxus microphylla FAMILY: BUXACEAE CULTIVARS: var. microphylla: 'Compacta', 'Curly Locks; 'Peergold', 'Sunnyside' var. koreana: 'Tide Hill', 'Winter Beauty', 'Winter Gem', 'Wintergreen'

SIZE - h x w: 3-4' x 3-4'

HABIT: low, compact, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Evergreen, but yellows

PROPOGATION: seed (stratified), cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, simple, ovate to oblong,

.5-1"l. .25"w, apex notched, margin inrolled, entire, leathery; medium green; foliage has a distinct odor

BUD: insignificant

BARK: new stems: green with square shape.

maturing to brown, hidden by foliage

FLOWERS: Pale yellow sepals, star-shaped, .5" dia., in tight round clusters in the leaf axils, clusters consisting of a single female flower in the center, surrounded by several male flowers, fragrant; April

FRUIT: insignificant .33"l, 3-celled dehiscent capsule, 3 small horns at the top

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, cool; mulch root zone; dislikes environment extremes; don't cultivate around: shallow-rooted Transplant: easily from containers; provide newly planted shrubs with shade for best establishment, protect from winter winds, sun and cold Pruning: Hard, rejuvenating pruning and major shaping should be done in late spring and followed by a dose of fertilizer and mulch.

USE / VALUE: low hedge, foundation, mass planting, knot garden/parterre/potagers; flowers DISEASES / INSECTS:

attract bees; good deer resistance boxwood psyllid, boxwood leaf minor, boxwood mite, nematodes and phytophthora root rot can be problems; foliar injury during harsh winters

NOTES: Has not been found in the wild. Cultivated iin Japan since 1400's. classification of the boxwood cultivars is extremely confused. The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening (Huxley, 1992), lists three botanical varieties of Buxus microphylla, namely var. insularis, var. koreana (Korean Littleleaf Boxwood) and var. sinica. Others use a different classification, and cultivars that previously were placed under Buxus microphylla var. koreana are now sometimes listed under Buxus sinica var. insularis; e.g., â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Winter Gemâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Buxus: a name used by Virgil for Common Boxwood (Buxus sempervirens); microphylla: small-leaved

121

Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis

fig-122

Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis

FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Aurora', 'Daub's Frosted', 'Gold Lace', 'Keteleeri', 'Pfitzer' SIZE - h x w: 4-6' x 8-12' HABIT: -

GROWTH RATE: Slow

ZONE: 4-10

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: 2 kinds: Juvenile needles: narrow, awl-

shaped, sharp pointed, .33"l, borne in ooposite pairs or whorls of 3, two glaucous bands on upper side, convex; Adult leaves: scale-like, in 4 ranks (2 opposite pairs), lying flat along the stem, very short, blunt, convex; blue-green; pungent or acrid scent

BUD: small, scaled, pointed BARK: pale brown in color, ridges and furrows on mature bark, peels in thin strips

FLOWERS: Dioecious; yellow to orange-brown, males: light yellow, small .25", at tips of branches, females: yellowish, round, and at tips of branches

FRUIT: nearly smooth, berry-like cones,

white-blue then violet or brown; .5" dia.; on female plants only, ripens second year

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained; pH adaptable; tolerates dry soils once established Transplant: easily, containers or B&B

Pruning: once established little maintence required

USE / VALUE: dependent on cultivar selection: groundcover, hedge, screen, mass plantings, specimen

DISEASES / susceptible to Kabatina and Phomopsis blights which cause stem die-back, INSECTS: susceptibility is cultivar dependent NOTES: Native to China, Mongolia, and Japan. tree, shrub or groundcover, dependent

on cultivar . The species type is not often used in landscaping since there are many fine selections commercially available, Dirr (1998) lists over 80. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Gold Laceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; - yellow foliage ["most golden of all junipers", Dirr, (1998)] 122

Creeping Juniper

Juniperus horizontalis

fig-123

Creeping Juniper

Juniperus horizontalis FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Bar Harbor', 'Blue Prince', 'Gold Strike', 'Hughes', Icee Blueâ&#x201E;˘, 'Mother Lode', 'Plumosa Compacta', 'Prince of Wales', 'Wiltoni/Blue Rug'

SIZE - h x w: 1-3' x 4-10'

HABIT: low, dense, trailing/spreading

GROWTH RATE: Medium ZONE: 4-9

FALL COLOR: Evergreen, purplish PROPOGATION: cuttings, layering (seeds: up to 5 yrs to germinate)

LEAVES: soft textured, mostly scale-like,

pressed to stem in 4-rank pattern (2 mm long), new growth: sharp awl-shaped in opposite pairs w/ sharp tips; green or bluish green, turning plum purple in winter

BUD: inconspcuous

BARK: branches very long, flexible, form

large mats concealing reddish brown and peeling branches

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male and female on separate plants; no flowering

FRUIT: 2 or 3-seeded, male: yellow-brown,

dry cones; female: round berry-like, fleshy cones found on recurved stalks .25-.33" dia., silvery blue

CULTURE: Full Sun

Soil: adaptable to most conditions & pH; wind, salt tolerant

Transplant: easily, container or B&B; established plants are highly drought tolerant Pruning: Prune young shoots to encourage branching, but older branches may not produce new growth when pruned.

USE / VALUE: groundcover, erosion control, planters, mass planting DISEASES / Juniper blight, spider mites INSECTS: NOTES: Native to northern North America, often found on gravely slopes and rocky seaside locations. Common juniper (J. communis) is the source of the berries that give gin its distinctive flavor. Native Americans, including the Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Crow, and Ojibwa, made tea from the berry-like fruits of creeping juniper and used infusions to treat kidney diseases, colds and sore throats. They also burned creeping juniper as incense in ceremonies.

123

Siberian Cypress Microbiota decussata

Microbiota can be a little tricky to distinguish from low-growing junipers as their leaves look quite similar. In fact, the main differences are that they have fewer pointy, awl-shaped leaves/needles as illustrated in the photo at left (a juniper branchlet is at left, microbiota is at right). In addition, the branchlets of microbiota tend to be more flattened than those of juniper. Also, grabbing a handful of microbiota foliage won't hurt as their needles are soft and flexible.

fig-124

Siberian Cypress Microbiota decussata

FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: species form only

SIZE - h x w: 1' x 15', equal spread HABIT: low, wide spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-8

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: soft but prickly, scale-like or awl-

shaped leaves, each leaflet small and feathery, shoots arch over with drooping tips; new growth bright light green, darkens to medium green; bronzyreddish to purple-brown in winter

BUD: inconspicuous

BARK: branchlets in flattened sprays FLOWERS: monoecious but does not flower FRUIT: tiny oval cone .125"l, with leathery

brown basal scales enclosing 1 seed

CULTURE: Full Sun - Part Sun

Soil: adaptable, prefers well-drained; wind and drought tolerant Transplant: initially touted as the "juniper for shade" although it is tolerant of partial shade, it looks at its best in full sun; still somewhat uncommon and hard to find commercially; will do better with more shade the farther south it is grown Pruning: minimal to none

USE / VALUE: best used in groupings; rock gardens, borders, edging of path, embankment stabalization

DISEASES / no serious problems known INSECTS: NOTES: Discovered near Vladivostok, Russia in 1921. Found above the tree line in the

mountains. AKA: Russian Arborvitae. Resembles creeping juniper, but can be distinguished from the groundcover junipers by its downward nodding stem tips. Does not survive in hot, humid climates. Most closely related to oriental arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis) Microbiota: micro, small, biota, Greek name of genus Thuja; 124 decussata: leaves in pairs.

Dwarf Mugo Pine Pinus mugo ssp. mugo

1. Shoot with male strobiles. - 2. P. uncinata Mill. ex Mirb. ssp. uncinata - mountain pine; shoot with female cone-inflorescences (a) and a developing cone (b). - 3. Branchlet with female stobiles (a), developing cones (b, c) and a ripe open cone as seen from apical aspect. - 4. P. mugo ssp. pumilio (Haenke) Franco - dwarf mountain pine; shoot with developing cones (a, b). - 5. Open cone of the mountain pine as seen from lateral and basal aspect (6). - 7. Ripe, opened cone of the dwarf mountain pine as seen from basal and lateral aspects (8). - 9. winged seed (a, b), and a wing (c). 10. seed without wing (a, b). - 11. Seedling with cotyledons. - 12. Terminal bud with male flowers and two lateral vegetative buds (needles were partially removed). - 13. Terminal winter bud with female strobiles and two conelets (needles were partially removed). After Hempel & Wilhelm, 1889. fig-125

Dwarf Mugo Pine Pinus mugo ssp. mugo

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Amber Gold', 'Golden Mound', 'Mitsch

Mini', 'Mops', 'Oregon Jade', 'Paul's Dwarf', 'sherwood Compact', 'Slowmound', 'Tannenbaum', 'Teeny', 'Valley Cushion', 'White Bud'

SIZE - h x w: 8' x 12-16'

HABIT: multi-stemmed

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: seed, cuttings, grafted

LEAVES: needles in fasicles of 2's, usually

1-2"l, basal sheath up to 1.5 mm long; rigid and slightly curved, margins serrate; bright green; needles persist 5 years

BUD: small grayish-brown resinous buds, which are hard to see

BARK: gray, plated appearance, but does not peel

FLOWERS: monoecious; does not flower FRUIT: cones, subterminal without a stalk,

ovoid or conical-ovoid, 1-2"l, apex surrounded by a darker ring, males: yellowish held in clusters of 2-4, females: rounder, yellow-green, found alone, dark gray

CULTURE: Full to Part Sun

Soil: prefers a deep, well-drained, loose soil; adaptable; not drought tolerant Transplant: easily Pruning: part of the new candles (spring growing shoots) can be removed to slow size increase and change shape; removal of older tissue by direct pruning yields varying results

USE / VALUE: specimen, groupings, mass planting, foundation, evergreen border; Size vari-

able due to seed source; although often considered a dwarf, actually variability in size, so cultivar choice is critical

DISEASES / scales; shoot tip moth damages new candles INSECTS: NOTES: The species, which may grow to 30-80 ft tall with an equal width (!), is native to the mountains of central and southern Europe; var. mugo (dwarf) is found in the Alps and Balkans. AKA: mountain pine, Swiss mountain pine, mugho pine, dwarf mountain pine.

125

Rhododendron

subgenus Rhododendron

fig-126

Rhododendron

subgenus Rhododendron FAMILY: ERICACEAE CULTIVARS: subgenus has 3 sections: pogonanthum - 6 species; Himalaya and adjacent mountains, rhododendron- 120 species, 25 subsections, temperate to subactic Norther Hemisphere, vireya - 300 species; tropical SE Asia, Australasia

SIZE - h x w: 4-15', equal spread

HABIT: upright, rounded to oval

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen

PROPOGATION: layering, cuttings, tissue culture

LEAVES: thick, shiny leathery, elliptical w/rounded tips, 3-7"l, 1-2"w, entire margin, spirally arranged, clustered at end of shoot; undersides have tiny rounded scales (lepidote)

BUD: large, pointed (especially terminal flower buds) many imbricate scales; flower bud dramatically larger than vegetative buds

BARK: gray-brown

FLOWERS: 5 petals, pink, mauve, lilac, or pur-

ple, bell-shaped blossoms 2.5" dia. in clusters of 5-10, 5-6" dia.; 10 stamens; beginning May, remontant

FRUIT: small brown, 5-parted capsule .5"l, borne in clusters

CULTURE: Part to Full Shade

Soil: prefers well-drained, cool, moist, acidic, organically rich; mulch root zone; will not drought or tolerate standing water Transplant: easy from containers; during dormant season; fibrous, compact, shallow roots, can easily be suffocated by other plants Pruning: minimal; deadheading or maintenance pruning for damage repair

USE / VALUE: commonly used as a tree (vs.shrub) specimen, border, foundation, slopes DISEASES / Phytophthora root rot, stem and twig fungal dieback; borers and various weeINSECTS: vils are major pests; aphids, mites, scale insects, thrips or leaf eating caterpil-

lars, desiccation in dry, windswept, sunny locations, chlorosis on high pH soils

NOTES: All rhododendrons are not azaleas. The common names are often interchanged.

"Rhododendron" on this page is used to define the species with large, bell shaped flowers, 10 or more stamens, with thick leaves, evergreen foliage, undersides covered with scales (lepidote). They are the national flower of Nepal, the State tree of Sikkim, and the State Flower of both West Virginia and Washington in the USA. AKA: Great Laurel, Rosebay. 126 Rhododendron: Greek, rodon, rose and dendron, tree.

Yew

Taxus species

fig-127

Yew

Taxus species FAMILY: TAXACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Adpressa Fowle', 'Repandens', 'Stricta' -x

media: 'Bean Pole', 'Brownii, 'Chadwickii', 'Densiformis', 'Hatfieldii', 'Hicksii', 'Sentinal', 'Tauton', 'Viridis', 'Wardii'

SIZE - h x w: 3-40', equal spread HABIT: dense, spreading

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: needles, single, flat, spirally arranged

but appearing 2-ranked and angled upward forming a V-shape, .5-1.5"l, .125"w; shiny dark-green above, pale green below w/8-10 stomatal rows

BUD: green with scales keeled; female flower buds are pointed, males rounded

BARK: reddish-brown, scaly or somewhat peeling; inner bark reddish-purple

FLOWERS: Dioecious; male: globose strobili;

female: small, solitary, stalked bud in leaf axils

FRUIT: naked ovoid seed .25"l, surrounded

by a bright red, fleshy aril; maturing late summer, persistent

CULTURE: Full to Part Shade

Soil: prefers moist, well-drained; pH adaptable, keep out of windswept sites, does not tolerate extremes of cold/heat Transplant: easily, contrainers or B&B Pruning: shaping, training

USE / VALUE: border, hedge, screen, groupings, mass plantings, topiary, as understory shrubs

DISEASES / needle or twig blight, scale, mealbugs; strong winds can cause desiccation in INSECTS: winter NOTES: T. baccata: Native to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia; cultivated in England for over 1,000 years and many selections made. Leaves, bark, and broken seeds are poisonous. Can be very long lived. Taxus x media (a cross between T. baccata and T. cuspidata) developed in the early 1900 by T.D. Hatfield in Wellesley, Ma. baccata: Latin, berry-bearing

127

Globe Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis

fig-128

Globe Arborvitae Thuja occidentalis

FAMILY: CUPRESSACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Danica', 'Golden Globe', 'Linesville', 'Little Giant', 'Rheingold', 'Teddy', 'Woodwardii' SIZE - h x w: 3-6', equal spread

HABIT: dense, compact, rounded

GROWTH RATE: Slow-Fast cultivar dependent ZONE: 3-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen (some yellow to burnt orange)

PROPOGATION: cuttings

LEAVES: opposite, scale-like, 2mm long, ap-

pressed, small resinous gland on back of each scale, lateral leaves partly overlap facial leaves; crushed foliage emits a distinct tansy-like odor

'Golden Globe'

BUD: inconspicuous BARK: reddish-brown, scaly, flattened

branchlets; as ages becomes fissured into narrow ridges covered with elongated scales

FLOWERS: monoecious, at branch tips, borne singly; not usually noticeable

FRUIT: very small, oblong, light brown,

thin overlapping scales; not usually noticeable

CULTURE: Full Sun to Part Shade

Soil: well-drained, moist loamy, adaptable to variety of conditions; tolerates drought Transplant: easily, from containers, B&B

Pruning: requires little maintenance; early spring if needing to shape

USE / VALUE: accent, raised planters, rock gardens, low borders, foundation, hedge, groupings, mass planting, wind block for shorter more fragile plants; deer resistant

DISEASES / leaf miner, bag worms, spider mites, foliar burn (intense summer sun may INSECTS: brown tips) NOTES: Native to the northeastern United States and Canada. 'Golden Globe': A mutation

from 'Woodwardii', introduced in 1946. Thuja: the Greek name of juniper, or from thyia, a reference to a scented gum; occidentalis: of the western world (as opposed to the Orient)

128

Dwarf Canadian Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

fig-129

Dwarf Canadian Hemlock Tsuga canadensis

FAMILY: PINACEAE CULTIVARS: 'Albospica', 'Aurea Compacta', 'Cole's Prostrate', 'Curly', 'Gentsch White', 'Horsford Controted', 'Jeddeloh', 'Minuta', 'Pygmea', 'Watnong Star'

SIZE - h x w: 1-5' x 1-6' HABIT: dense

GROWTH RATE: Slow ZONE: 4-7

FALL COLOR: Evergreen PROPOGATION: seed, grafting

LEAVES: needles, short, blunt, flexible, spi-

rally arranged in 2 ranks, minutely serrulate margins; upper side glossy green, whitish below with well defined stomatal lines; a few shorter needles (usually upside down) over the stem

BUD: very small, inconspicuous

BARK: layered drooping branches, relatively delicate and graceful

FLOWERS: monoecious, inconspicuous FRUIT: small cones, ovoid, pointed; persistent

CULTURE: Partial - Full Shade

Soil: well-drained, moist, acidic; vvoid windy, dry, and wet sites; not tolerant of urban pollution, salt, drought Transplant: easily, from containers or B&B Pruning: none required

USE / VALUE: specimen, accent, foundation, small groupings, rock garden DISEASES / hemlock woolly adlegid (white cottony substance on lower needle surfaces); INSECTS: winter damage from voles, rabbits NOTES: Native to North America (east and west coast), Himalaya, China, and Japan. AKA:

Eastern Hemlock. Long lived. This genus is NOT the poisonous hemlock, which are species of Cicuta and Conium of the Parsley family. 'Jeddeloh', most popular, tends to have a depression in its center, is often referred to as 'Bird's Nest Hemlock'. Tsuga: Japanese, mother tree, yew-leaved, evergreen; 129 canadensis: Latin, of Canada.

Roses

Family: Rosaceae

Genus: Rosa

The name ‘rose’ comes from Latin ‘rosa’ which derives from the ancient Greek ‘rhoden’ meaning ‘red’. In general, roses are placed in one of three main categories: Wild, Old Garden, and Modern Garden roses. WIld, or SpecIeS, roSeS The rose species are endemic to the Northern Hemisphere of the globe only. They have occurred without much deliberate help from man. Fossil evidence from 35 million years ago (the Oligocene epoch) tell us that some rose species did exist at that time. The fossil specimens found most closely resemble the still extant species, R. nutkana, and R. palustris. In Mesopotamia, there have been discoveries of Cuneiform tablets which repeatedly use the word, "amurdinnu", which is thought to mean 'bramble', or 'wild rose'. The historical records of the genus Rosa are rich and many, illustrating that many ancient cultures valued these shrubs as we do now.

rosa canina

The English archaeologist William Flinders Petrie (18531942) discovered in the tombs of Hawara, Egypt, wreaths made of flowers, among them, roses! The wreaths date to about AD 170, and represent the oldest preserved record of a rose species still living. It is believed that the specimens are Rosa x richardii, also known as Rosa sancta (reputedly still to be found in Ethiopia). General characteristics: • flowers: simple, natural looking, usually single-petaled (4-8 petals) • once blooming (non-remontant) • canes: long, arching, fairly well branched • will tolerate a bit more shade (< 6 hours of sun) • shrub size: 2-20' • good at the edge of a woodland

rosa chinensis, 'Old Blush'

Natural species and some of their hybrids include: • rosa canina, the Dog Rose • rosa chinensis, the China Rose • rosa moschata, the Musk Rose

rosa moschata

130

• rosa banksiae, Lady Banks' Rose, white, single, before 1794 -ARS 8.3 • rosa banksiae banksiae, white, double, 1807 -ARS 9.2 • rosa banksiae lutea, light yellow, double 1824 -ARS 9.1 rosa banksiae lutea

• rosa pimpinellifolia, the Scots or Burnet Rose (prior classification as rosa spiniosissima)

rosa pimpinellifolia

• rosa rubiginosa, the Sweetbriar or Eglantine, light pink, single, before 1551 -ARS 8.4

rosa rubiginosa

• rosa foetida, in varieties Austrian Copper 'Bicolor', Persian Double and Harison's Yellow. -- is the source of yellow in modern-day hybrids -- plants found in cultivation are often selected clones that are propagated vegetatively

131

rosa foetida, 'Bicolor'

• rosa bracteata, The McCartney Rose - species first identified in 1675, China.

rosa bracteata

• rosa foliolosa - fern-like bright green foliage, summer bloom, bright pink blooms

rosa foliolosa

• rosa nutkana - similar to rose fossil evidence of 35 million years ago from Oligocene epoch

rosa nutkana

• rosa rugosa - origin: Japan; glossy green leaves and splendid orange hips as well as its large, beautiful flowers; colors: pink, red, purple, yellow mauve, before 1846 -ARS 9.1 • rosa rugosa alba, white, single, 1784 -ARS 9.1

rosa rugosa

132

â&#x20AC;˘ rosa sericea ptericantha, Dragon Wings Rose or Wingthorn Rose most unusual, introduced into commerce in 1890, fairly tender Chinese species; intense large red thorns are its main attraction and can become 2" tall, standing out 1" from canes, brilliant ruby red and semi-transparent until late season, then turning to dull brown, white, single, 1890 -ARS 8.3

rosa sericea ptericantha

rosa sericea ptericantha, close-up of thorns

rosa sericea ptericantha, thorns late-season

133

rosa sericea ptericantha, flower

â&#x20AC;˘ rosa wichuraiana variegata -China. Date of discovery uncertain; climber/rambler, variegated foliage is a genetic trait not a result of virus infection; know in commerce as 'Curiosity'

rosa wichuraiana variegata

â&#x20AC;˘ rosa woodsii fendleri -North American native; prefers semi-shaded habitat

rosa woodsii fendleri

134

rosa alpina, or Boursault rose

old GArdeN roSeS (oGr) Also known as Antique, Heirloom or Heritage Roses. Defined as any rose belonging to a class which existed before the introduction of the first Modern Rose (hybrid tea), 'La France', in 1867. Characteristics: • once blooming each season • • • •

blooms only on two-year-old canes fragrant double-flowered blooms color: shades of white, pink and red

rare rosa arvensis, or field rose Ayrshire Splendens

A new class of OGR developed in 1800 with the introduction of China and Tea roses: • blooms on new growth • repeat blooms per season (remontant) OGR's are classified in one of the following groups:

• Alba • Bourbon • Centifolia • China • Damask • Gallica

rosa alpina, or Boursault rose

• Hybrid Perpetual • Moss • Noisette • Portland • Tea • Miscellaneous - some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon) rosa laevigata, the Cherokee rose

135

AlBA • literally "white roses", derived from R. arvensis and R. x alba (R. x alba is a hybrid of R. gallica and R. canina) • This group contains some of the oldest garden roses • flower once yearly in the spring, 4 week duration • flowers are white or pale pink • most have many petals • fragrant • gray-green foliage • shrubby, or can have a climbing habit of growth • disease resistant; won't get black spot

BoUrBoN • originated on the Île Bourbon (now called Réunion) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean • believed to be the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island • first Introduced in France in 1823 • flower repeatedly, but the tougher cultivars are not remontant • vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs • glossy foliage • purple-tinted canes • bloom style: cupped or old rose form • often strongly fragrant • most are highly susceptible to black spot

'Maiden's Blush', an alba rose (before 1400)

'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', a bourbon rose

ceNTIFolIA • also known as Cabbage roses, or as Provence roses

• derived from damask roses crossed with albas, raised in the 17th century in the Netherlands. • named for their "one hundred" petals • often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers • all are once-flowering, 4 week duration • As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses a centifolia, or cabbage rose

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cHINA • Based on Rosa chinensis, have been cultivated in East Asia for centuries; cultivated in Western Europe since the late 18th century; AKA: the Bengal rose • They contribute much to the parentage of today's hybrid roses • Compared with the older rose classes known in Europe, the Chinese roses had less fragrant, smaller blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. • Bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. • Notable for blossom's tendency to "suntan," or darken over time — unlike other blooms which tended to fade after opening. This made them highly desirable for hybridization purposes in the early 19th century. • Tradition holds that four "stud China" roses ['Slater's Crimson China' (1792), 'Parsons' Pink China' (1793), and the Tea roses 'Hume's Blush Tea-scented China' (1809) and 'Parks' Yellow Tea-Scented China' (1824)] were brought to Europe in the late eighteenth and early 19th centuries • shrubby form of shiny foliage • bears large clusters of medium-sized flowers • shades of pink and red

'Parson's Pink China' or 'Old Blush,' one of the "stud Chinas"

dAMASK • Named for Damascus in Syria, Damask roses originated in ancient times with a natural cross Rosa x damascena (Rosa moschata x Rosa gallica) x Rosa fedtschenkoana. • Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing damask roses from the Middle East to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose existed in Europe for hundreds of years prior (6th century). • bloom once in summer • 'Autumn' or 'Four Seasons' damasks bloom again later, in the fall: the only repeat-flowering Old European roses. • sprawling growth habits and vicious thorns • numerous petals of pink or white • have a more loose petal formation than gallicas • strong tangy fragrance. FVTC Example: 'Madame Hardy'

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'Madame Hardy', a damask cultivar

GAllIcA • AKA: Rose of Provins, French roses • Developed from Rosa gallica, a native of central and southern Europe and western Asia. • 'The Apothecary's Rose', R. gallica officinalis, was grown in monastic gardens in the Middle Ages, and became famous in English history as the 'Red Rose of Lancaster'. • flowers once in the summer, 3-4 week duration • flower form is simple or double, large but flat • mostly thornless • all varieties very fragrant • compact shrubs rarely over 4' tall • wide color palette, includes 'rich' or 'intense' shades of pink, red, maroon and deep purplish crimson (almost black) HYBrId perpeTUAl • The dominant class of roses in Victorian England. • Emerged in 1838 as the first roses which successfully combined Asian remontancy (repeat blooming) with the old European lineages. Since re-bloom is a recessive trait, the first generation of Asian/European crosses (Hybrid Chinas, Hybrid Bourbons, Hybrid Noisettes) were stubbornly once-blooming, but when these roses were recrossed with themselves or with Chinas or teas, some of their offspring flowered more than once. The Hybrid Perpetuals thus were something of a miscellany, a catchall class derived to a great extent from the Bourbons but with admixtures of Chinas, teas, damasks, gallicas, and to a lesser extent Noisettes, albas and even centifolias. • They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates, and the Hybrid Perpetuals' very large blooms were well-suited to the new phenomenon of competitive exhibitions. • The "perpetual" in the name hints at repeat-flowering, but many varieties of this class had poor re-flowering habits; the tendency was for a massive spring bloom, followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumn burst, or sometimes nothing at all until next spring**. • blooms all summer, but unreliable** • limited color palette: white, tones of pink and red • large flowers • good fragrance, scent strength varies with cultivar • height variance dependant upon cultivar; shorter compact cultivars less likely to rebloom

Gallica rose 'Charles de Mills', before 1790

'La Reine', a hybrid perpetual

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Ducher 1869, a noisette

MoSS • a mutation of Rosa centifolia, or Damask roses • a large group with varying characteristics • mostly pink, some whites and dark reds • flower looks very similar to Damasks and Centifolias • bear greenish or reddish mossy resin-bearing glands on the sepals that often give off a pleasant woodsy or balsam scent when rubbed • have contributed nothing to the development of new rose classifications • if centifolia background, are once-flowering, 3-4 weeks • if exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage • covered with very small thorns, hair-like

NoISeTTe • First Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China Rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (Rosa moschata), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall.

'Nuits De Young', a moss rose

detail of resin-bearing glands on sepals of a moss rose

• Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in Paris, who then introduced 'Blush Noisette' in 1817. • well branched, vigorous climbing rose • reasonably disease resistant • remontant, begins bloom later in summer • fragrant • limited color palette: white, yellow and apricot varieties

vigorous climber, the 'Blush Noisette'

• needs winter protection

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porTlANd • original Portland Rose has no Chinese ancestry, but has an 'Autumn' damask/gallica lineage • named after Margaret Cavendish Bentinck, the second Duchess of Portland who received (from Italy about 1775) a rose then known as R. paestana or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose')… whole class of Portland roses was developed from that one rose • The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms • fairly short and shrubby form; has a suckering habit, with proportionately short flower stalks • color palette: pink or red • either semi-double or fully double flowers • main flowering is in the summer, but intermittent flushes continue into the autumn FVTC Example: 'Rose de Rescht' TeA • The original Tea-scented Chinas (Rosa x odorata) were Oriental cultivars thought to represent hybrids of R. chinensis with R. gigantea, a large Asian climbing rose with pale-yellow blossoms. • The British introduced the first two cultivars to the West in 1810 and 1824. • named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea • first grown as greenhouse plants due to fraility of canes and blossoms being susceptible to damage by weather; French hybridizers began cross-breeding seeking improvements • the most important crosses were with the Bourbons; this began a new race of Teas, most of which were quite unlike the old ones: large, vigorous, thick-limbed shrubs, often with perfectly healthy, beautiful glossy foliage • colors range throughout the rose palette -reds, pinks, whites, blushes, yellows, buff, apricot, oranges-, but most special to Teas are the colors of dawn: tones of gold, warm pink, and shadings into each other, with delicate tints and highlightings • flowers semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks • pointed buds produce high-centred blooms which unfurl in a spiral fashion, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip • Teas are thus the originators of today's "classic" florists' rose form... the Hybrid Tea • not hardy in colder climate, need winter protection

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'Rose de Rescht', a Portland rose

Tea rose, 'Lady Hillingdon'

Tea rose, 'Catherine Mermet'

ModerN GArdeN roSeS (MGr) Many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry. Roses introduced after 1867 are considered Modern Roses, following the introduction of the first hybrid tea, 'La France' by the French breeder Guillot which was considered unique. It possessed the general habit of a hybrid perpetual and the elegant shaped buds and free-flowering character of a tea rose. Breeders recognized planned hybridization could evolve new flower forms, size, growth habit and colors. MGR General Characteristics: • not as highly fragrant as Old Garden Roses (OGR) • more vibrant in color with larger blooms than OGRs

'La France', first hybrid tea introduced in 1867 by Jean-Baptiste Guillot

• most are repeat flowering • not as hardy as OGRs; need winter protection MGR's are classified in one of the following groups:

• Canadian Hardy roses • Climbing/Rambling • English roses • Floribunda and Mini-Flora • Grandiflora • Hybrid Kordesii

Guillot also introduced the first polyantha rose, 'Paquerette', in 1875, 'Mignonette' (above) followed in 1881.

• Hybrid Musk • Hybrid Rugosa • Hybrid Tea • Landscape/Shrub roses • Miniature • Polyantha 'Soleil d'Or', bred by Pernet-Ducher, 1900 Originally considered a separate class, the Pernetianas or Hybrid Foetidas were officially merged into the Hybrid Teas in 1930.

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cANAdIAN HArdY roSeS Crosses of native Canadian species and more tender roses, developed by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Québec). • Developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters, some down to -31°F (-35°C) • 2 main lines: the Parkland series and the Explorer series • These programs have now been discontinued; however the remaining plant stock has been taken over by private breeders via the Canadian Artists series • other cultivars: Canadian Heritage, Brownell Sub-Zero, Griffith Buck Roses FVTC examples include: 'Morden Centennial', 'Morden Sunrise, 'Winnipeg Parks'

clIMBING/rAMBlING roSeS • Ramblers: - closer to the original wild rose - grow vigorously, can take up a lot of space - typically 7 leaflets, glossy foliage - canes very flexible, arching habit - flower on the previous year's wood - usually they need 2-3 years to start flowering - huge clusters of small flowers, 'Floribunda' style - most have a fragrance - one flush in summer, 3-4 week duration - height: 20'–30' is common - requires awkward pruning rituals in summer, after bloom - some cultivars are evergreen, bear hips • Climbers: - typically 5 leaflets - canes rigidly upright - flowers on new wood - produce fewer but larger flowers - repeat bloom throughout the summer - some have fragrance, some have none - grow between 8'–20' in height - less old wood needs cutting out when pruning

rosa 'Morden Centennial', FVTC

rosa 'Dorothy Perkins', a rambler

Both types must be manually trained and tied over vertical or horizontal structures such as trellises, arbors, pergolas, fences or espaliers. Horizontal training creates more blooms.

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rosa 'Dortmund', a climber

eNGlISH roSeS • started in the 1960s by David Austin of Shropshire, England • Austin desired to combine the best of old and new: - restoring old rose qualities: - romantic old rose form - intense fragrance - shrubbiness - vigor and disease resistance - combined with new rose qualities: - modern repeat-blooming characteristics - larger modern color range Austin largely succeeded, but the typical winter-hardiness and disease-resistance of the classic Old Garden Roses became compromised in the process; many are susceptible to mildew and black spot and need winter protection. FlorIBUNd and MINI-FlorA roSeS FLORIBUNDAS were first developed by the firm of Poulsen in Denmark, with the idea to produce hardy roses suitable for the Scandinavian climate. • 1909, the first Polyantha/Hybrid Tea cross, 'Gruss an Aachen,' was created • first known as Hybrid Polyanthas, until they were re named Floribundas in 1950 • Floribunda: Latin for "many-flowering" • combines the prolific flowering and carefree constitution of the best polyanthas with the many rich colors and nice forms of the hybrid tea roses. • features stiff shrubs, low-growing, smaller and bushier than the average Hybrid Tea but less dense and sprawling than the average Polyantha • flowers are often smaller than hybrid teas but are carried in large sprays • found in all hybrid tea colours and with the classic hybrid tea-shaped blossom • hardier, more free flowering and displaying better disease resistance than the Hybrid Teas • but, susceptible to a myriad of pest and disease problems FVTC Example: Europeana, Shiela's Perfume, Cinco de Mayo, Playboy MINI-FLORA: • intermediate in size and foliage between miniatures and floribundas • A newly introduced class that covers cluster-flowered bush roses less than 2.5 feet tall but larger than Miniatures. • Replaces the common term Patio rose. FVTC Example: Ambiance, Caledonia, Sassy Cindy

English roses, by David Austin

rosa 'Europeana', a Floribunda

rosa 'Ambiance', a Mini-Flora

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GrANdIFlorA roSeS • Grandiflora: Latin for "large-flowered" • created in the mid-20th century to designate back-crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category • typically larger than either hybrid teas or floribundas; often over 6' tall • hybrid tea-style flowers borne in small clusters of 3-5, similar to a floribunda • favorites of rose gardeners who love to cut bouquets of long stemmed large flowers • have many petals, blooms repeatedly FVTC Example: Earth Song, Rock 'n Roll

rosa 'Queen Elizabeth' grandiflora, introduced in 1954

HYBrId KordeSII roSeS • created by German hybridizer Reimer Kordes in 1952.

• they are low growing climbers with glossy foliage • incorporates some R. rugosa traits: generally hardy and disease resistant FVTC Example: Cape Diamond, William Baffin, John Cabot

rosa 'Cape Diamond', a hybrid kordesii HYBrId MUSK roSeS • bred by Joseph Pemberton between 1913 and 1926 • shrubby form • generally cluster-flowered • repeat flowering • typically have a strong, characteristic "musk" scent • stems tend to be lax and arching, with limited thorns • disease-resistant

rosa 'Buff Beauty', a hybrid musk

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HYBrId rUGoSA roSeS • Hybrids of hybrid teas and R. rugosa • foliage is characteristically leathery and heavily patterned • flowers attractive but with limp petals so they don't last well as cut flowers • thorny and dense • their rosehips are valued as an excellent source of vitamin C • do not tolerate insecticidal or antifungal sprays well • works well as a hedge or landscape rose FVTC Examples: Linda Campbell, Topaz Jewel, Snow Pavement, Grootendorst Supreme HYBrId TeA roSeS • initially created by hybridising Hybrid Perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 1800s • 'La France', created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses • the oldest cultivar group classified as a modern garden rose • Described as the “classic rose” and one of the most soughtafter rose species for florists • available in almost every color • many have little to no fragrance • long stems with long, pointy buds and “perfect” rose blooms • each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom; each stem can produce 5 to 6 flowers • stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged • new varieties introduced each year • compared to teas: hardier, but less blooms • compared to hybrid perpetuals: less hardy, but more everblooming • the single most popular class of garden rose of the 20th century • more high maintenance than many other rose classes being susceptible to a myriad of pest and disease problems • declining in popularity among gardeners and landscapers in favor of lower-maintenance "landscape" roses • must winter protect to prevent bud union from falling be low 32°F or it will be damaged or die • PERNETIANA: once a separate class of rose species, pernetiana roses are now classified with hybrid tea roses; however, pernetiana roses are popular due to their unusual range of colors which include lavender, copper and orange. FVTC Examples: April In Paris, Capt. Harry Stebbings, Falling In Love, Firefighter, Folklore, Gemini, Keepsake, Let Freedom Ring, Marijke Koopman, Marilyn Monroe, Moonstone, Rina Hugo, St. Patrick, Signature, Sunset Celebration, Sunstruck, Touch of Class, WW II Memorial Rose

rosa 'Topaz Jewel', a hybrid rugosa

rosa 'Peace', introduced by Francis Meilland at the end of World War II

rosa 'Folklore', FVTC-Hartling Rose Garden

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lANdScApe/SHrUB roSeS • developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers colour, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for Most landscape roses having the following characteristics: - Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 inches) - Repeat flowering - Disease and pest resistance - Grown on own rootstock, not grafted FVTC Examples: Bonica, the 'Carefree's, Daydream, Golden Eye, Golden Unicorn, the 'Knockout's, the 'Morden's, Raven

MINIATUre roSeS • characterized primarily by their small blossoms typically 1" dia., some smaller, some up to 2" dia.

• repeat-flowering, blooms emulate classic high centered hybrid tea shapes; come in all hybrid tea colors • twiggy, low growing shrubs, 1-2' in height, sometimes procumbent • many are quite vigorous, durable, disease resistant, and well suited as garden plants • in cold climates can grow them in pots, then move the pots indoors for the winter, but need an annual period of cold dormancy to survive • most grow on their own rootstocks • a favorite of both gardeners and exhibitors FVTC Examples: Andie MacDowell, Bee's Knees, Brass Ring, Child's Play, Dancing Flame, Hot Tamale, Peppermint Patty, X-Rated

polYANTHA roSeS • Literally "many-flowered" roses, from the Greek "poly" (many) and "anthos" (flower) • originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species (Rosa chinensis and R. multiflora) • some compact, others spreading in habit • flowers, small, 1" in clusters of 15-30 • prolific, everblooming, June to frost • colors of white, pink and red • little to no fragrance • dark glossy green foliage, heavily thorned • good resistance to disease and black spot • low-maintenance, disease-resistant, and winter hardy

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shrub, 'Carefree Delight' FVTC-Hartling Rose Garden

rosa 'Peppermint Patty', miniature FVTC-Hartling Rose Garden

rosa 'Cecile Brunner', AKA: the Sweetheart Rose, polyantha

roSe prUNING Rose pruning, sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning. old GArdeN roSeS Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. As such, their pruning requirements are quite minimal, and are overall similar to any other analogous shrub, such as lilac or forsythia. Generally, only old, spindly canes should be pruned away, to make room for new canes. One year old canes should never be pruned because doing so will remove next year's flower buds. The shrubs can also be pruned back lightly, immediately after the blooms fade, to reduce the overall height or width of the plant. In general, pruning requirements for OGRs are much less laborious and regimented than for Modern hybrids. ALBA Prune after blooms are all finished. To encourage new growth shorten old branches by about ¼ of their length and shorten any long or lanky canes by 1/3. BOURBON Most varieties require only light pruning. After the first flush of blooms prune the plant to maintain or improve the shape. For climbing varieties see suggestions for climbers & ramblers. CENTIFOLIA Prune after blooms are all finished. Shorten new canes to about ½ their length and shorten any long or lanky canes by 1/3. CHINA Prune hard to about 6” in early spring to encourage new growth leaving only the most vigorous canes. In warmer climates a light pruning to shape the plant will suffice. DAMASKS Once blooming – Prune after the blooms are finished. Remove some old wood to encourage fresh growth and prune to shape. Repeat blooming – Prune in early spring. Select the strongest most vigorous growth and prune it to about 1/3 of its length. Remove all dead, damaged, diseased, broken, weak, or spindly growth. GALLICAS Prune after the blooms are finished. Remove some old wood to encourage fresh growth and prune to shape. The removal of side shoots and the shortening of canes can encourage some Gallicas to “stiffen up” as they grow older and not be so lax.

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HyBRID PERPETUAL In our area it is advisable to prune modern roses in the spring. Remove all the canes except the largest and healthiest. Cut them back to 3 or 4 good buds, or about 4-6”. Sometimes after a mild winter the canes of these cultivars may be green most of their length. It is still advisable to prune them back to maintain a nicely shaped plant. Hybrid Perpetuals, if not pruned yearly quickly become lanky and bloom production is reduced. MOSS ROSES Once blooming varieties – Prune after spring bloom is finished. Shorted long new growth by ½, remove spindly new growth. Repeat blooming varieties – Prune in early spring. Shorten old growth by about ½ and thin out the branches if there are a lot of them. NOISETTE Noisette grow late in the season so there is likely to be quite a bid of dead wood to remove. Cut back the entire plant by about ¼ and remove spindly and twiggy growth. PORTLANDS Prune in early spring. Select the strongest most vigorous growth and prune it to about 1/3 of its length. Remove all dead, damaged, diseased, broken, weak, or spindly growth. RUGOSAS Rugosas don’t require much pruning except to shape the plant or removal of suspect canes. SPECIES AND OTHER HARDy ANTIQUES Prune after the spring bloom season has passed. Prune these only to maintain a size or shape and to encourage new growth. The more branches on these plants the more the bloom they will produce. ModerN GArdeN roSeS Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (R. chinensis). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits; unlike Old European Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning away of any spent flowering stem in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and hence new flowers. Additionally, Modern Hybrids planted in cold winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12" in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, modern

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hybrids are typically not as cold hardy as European OGRs, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damaged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas, floribundas, etc. should generally be done in early spring; most gardeners coincide this pruning with the blooming of forsythia shrubs. Canes should be cut about 1/2" above a vegetative bud (identifiable as a point on a cane where a leaf once grew). CLIMBERS Climbers should not be pruned in their first or second year in the garden aside from removal of dead, damaged, diseased, broken, weak, or spindly growth. You must begin training the 3 main canes as soon as they reach up to the support structure. Once the growth has reached the structure, train the branches horizontally to encourage the growth of bloom producing side shoots. After the second season one should remove canes that are crossing other main canes and downward growing side shoots. It is also advisable to cut back the length of main canes by about ¼ to encourage new flower producing growth. As the rose grows and gets taller it may become difficult to prune so thoroughly. However, if you can find a way to do it your efforts will be rewarded. Care must be taken when pruning Climbing sports of bush varieties so as not to cause the variety to revert back to bush form. RAMBLERS Ramblers are more vigorous growing than climbers and therefore require a different approach. Prune non-recurrent ramblers in summer after they have bloomed. For the first couple of seasons prune all side shoots from the main branches to encourage vigour. These canes should be trained horizontally (as with climbers) to encourage bloom producing side shoots. After the first couple years and the plant is established remove some of the old growth leaving the most vigorous canes. Train some of the new, fresh growth to fill in the gaps left by removal of the old wood. As ramblers produce an abundance of new shoots from the union it is suggested that one remove the majority of those as they are produced to ensure that the nutrients go to producing growth and bloom where it is most desired. FLORIBUNDA, GRANDIFLORA, HyBRID TEAS, MINIATURE, AND POLyANTHA In our area it is advisable to prune modern roses in the spring. Remove all the canes except the largest and healthiest. Cut them back to 3 or 4 good buds, or about 4-6”. Sometimes after a mild winter the canes of these cultivars may be green most of their length. It is still advisable to prune them back to maintain a nicely shaped plant. SHRUBS AND ENGLISH ROSES Prune shrubs in early spring. Remove weak growth and shorten long canes by about ½. HyBRID MUSKS As Hybrid Musks bloom on new and old wood you can prune liberally in early spring to encourage new growth. Remove

Strong-growing Hybrid Tea. Most of first year's growth (black) from base.

Same bush after light pruning (dotted lines) for many flowers. Stubs removed.

Moderate pruning results in somewhat larger, but generally fewer, blossoms.

For real exhibition-size blooms, in reduced numbers, prune the bush severely.

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twiggy growth and very old canes and shorten the length of all the canes by 1/3. For both Old Garden Roses and Modern Hybrids, any weak, damaged or diseased growth should be pruned away completely, regardless of the time of year. Any pruning of any rose should also be done so that the cut is made at a forty five degree angle above a vegetative bud. This helps the pruned stem callus over more quickly, and also mitigates moisture buildup over the cut, which can lead to disease problems. For all general rose pruning (including cutting flowers for arrangements), sharp hand-held, by-pass pruners should be used to cut any growth 1/2" or less in diameter. For canes of a thickness greater than 1/2", pole loppers or a small handsaw are generally more effective; pruners may be damaged or broken in such instances.

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plANTING roSeS 1-Composted manure, plus peat moss or leaf mold if the soil is heavy, is dug into the bottom of the hole. 2-Prior to planting any Rose, examine roots for dead and broken portions. Cut off cleanly to live white wood. Spread roots well over a mound of soil and sift soil among them. 3-Arrow points to one typical weak stem that should be pruned back to strong main cane. In general, only three or, at most four, good canes should be left at planting. 4-If main canes of thinned plant before planting are in good condition above point indicated by arching broken line, they may be only moderately trimmed. Otherwise cut back to point of line. 5-In the process of filling around roots with good fertile soil, make sure that swelling of "bud" or graft will be just below final level of soil after plant is firmed in place. 6-Roots must be put in very firm contact with surrounding soil. Hence when they are well covered, step into planting hole to pack soil. If job is done right, "bud" will be in correct position. 7-After tramping soil, fill rest of hole with water if ground is dry at planting time. When hole has drained, fill with loose, dry soil to final level. 8-Final step in planting is mounding up base of canes to depth of from 4 to 8 inches with clean soil, free from large lumps. If planting in spring, leave in place for at least ten days, then pull it away from canes gradually. In fall planting, it is left until the spring. 9-After ground is thoroughly warm and plant established (mid-to-late May), it is helpful to mulch surface with peat moss or similar porous material. This keeps down weeds, keeps roots cool and moist during heat. 10-In cutting Roses for the house, or after blooms have faded, leave at least two sets of five-part leaves for later bloom. The more foliage you leave on plant, the healthier it is likely to be, this year and after. 11-Some gardeners cut back plants at approximately this line after peak of June bloom. In general this gains nothing, may be harmful. However, straggling growth should be removed before winter winds and snows.

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deAdHeAdING roSeS The theory is that when you remove the bloom before the plant is able to form seed pods (rose hips), the plant will want to put out more blooms in its drive to reproduce. Most modern roses will rebloom about 6 weeks after you remove the old dead blooms. Some in as little as 4 weeks, and some will take up to 10 weeks to rebloom. The Traditional technique is to cut the cane down from the spent bloom to 1/4 inch above the first leaf cluster with 5 leaflets using hand pruners. Using this technique you can also prune further down the cane to the bud that is pointing in the direction you want the branch to grow. The plant will grow in the direction that the bud is facing. The current advice from experimental gardens in the RNRS (Royal National Rose Society) headquarters at St. Albans is to nip off the dead flower just at the neck. This Conservative technique will promote immediate growth and a quicker return to flowering. All blooms were snapped off at the peduncle when flowering was complete, leaving the maximum amount of foliage remaining on the plant. This foliage was very important for maximum photosynthesis to take place. It was noted that the bushes that received "flower only" deadheading produced more basal breaks earlier than the bushes that received the five leaflet deadheading and removal of blind growth. This technique results in more branching. Virtually every flower will result in a new branch, and those new branches will all terminate with new flowers. The tradeoff is that you will have more blooms, but slightly smaller blooms. Those who want to competetively exhibit their blooms should not use this second method. Conservation of all foliage is extremely important, and includes the leaves on blind shoots and twiggy growth. All make significant contributions through photosynthesis and should be retained unless they interfere with growth of healthy new canes. MODERN ROSES, EXHIBITION AND DEADHEADING - the further down the stem you cut, the larger the bloom stem and subsequent buds will become, and hence, the longer it will take for the rose to rebloom. - the subsequent bloom stem will be slightly smaller than the stem you have just removed. And deciding how far down the stem to make that cut is best determined by using good judgment.

- growing a Hybrid Tea and religiously disbud, then deadheading further down the stem should be tempered with how large you expect the second bloom to become and how soon you want the rose to recycle. In general, you should stop deadheading about 6 weeks before the killing frosts occur in your area. If you are in an area without a true winter you might want to stop about 6 weeks before you introduce some sort of artificial dormancy, whether that is by defoliating or hard pruning of the plants.

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Clematis alpina, 1831

Jaume Saint-Hilaire (1772-1845), artist and French botanist

Clematis lanuginosa, 1854

Charles Lemaire (1800-1871), French botanist, botanical editor in Belgium

Clematis

Family: Ranunculaceae The name ‘clematis’ comes from Ancient Greek ‘klématis’, a climbing plant (probably periwinkle). AKA: Traveller's joy, Old man's beard, Virgin's bower. Clematis was called pepper vine by early travelers and pioneers of the American Old West and used as a pepper substitute to spice up food since true black pepper (Piper nigrum) was a costly and rarely obtainable spice. The entire genus contains essential oils and compounds which are extremely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Unlike black pepper or Capsicum, however, the compounds in clematis cause internal bleeding of the digestive tract if ingested in large amounts. The plants are essentially toxic. When pruning them, it's a good idea to wear gloves. Despite its toxicity, Native Americans used very small amounts of clematis as an effective treatment for migraine headaches and nervous disorders. It was also used as an effective treatment of skin infections.

OVERVIEW Clematis are a varied group of mostly woody, deciduous vines, though Clematis armandii is evergreen and a few are herbaceous perennials. Hundreds of species and thousands of varieties are available. Their bloom time ranges from February or March until frost. The fruit is often showy as well, being a ball-shaped, "feathered" structure. As cut flowers, clematis are longlasting. The seedpods are used in dried flower arrangements. Butterflies and hummingbirds are attracted to clematis. FlOWER FORMS There are three general flower forms: • small white flowers in loose clusters • bell or urn-shaped flowers • flat or open flowers HEIGHT/SPREAD Size of different clematis varies considerably: • small herbaceous species: 2-5 feet tall • large-flowered hybrids: 8-12 feet tall • vigorous species: 20-30 feet GROWTH RATE Growth may seem slow as the plant builds its root system, but once established, clematis are strong growers. ORNAMENTAl FEATURES • leaves: opposite, divided into leaflets, and leafstalks that twist and curl around supporting structures to anchor the plant as it climbs • bloom size: 4-10" in diameter • profusion: as many as 100+ blooms/plant • wide color range: white, blue, violet, purple, pink, red and bicolors

FRAGRANCE Species: many have fragrant blooms, a range of fragrances from almond to hot cocoa Hybrids: usually no scent CUlTURE • Full Sun - 6 hours/day to flower best - some afternoon shade prevents fading of red, blue, bicolored hybrids; Eastern exposure best for these • Soil: - well-drained, organically rich - avoid extremely wet locations • Transplant: - protect from strong winds - cut stems back to 12"; stems quite fragile until several years old - keep root zone cool; 2" layer of mulch - crown of plant: 2-5" below surface (allows plant to recover if becomes damaged or infected with wilt) - provide support for vine - water deeply; 1" per week minimum - do not fertilize during flowering • Pruning: - 3 types or groups: Group A - Early Flowering Group B - Large-Flowered Hybrids Group C - Late Flowering - depends mainly on types' flowering time - detail provided in group section DISEASE/INSECTS • Fungal stem rot and leaf spot/clematis wilt - mainly affects large-flowered hybrids • powdery mildew • aphids, mites, slugs • rabbits and mice 153 - feed on the stems, girdling them

GROUP A: EARly-FlOWERING ClEMATIS Plants in this group: • bloom in early spring, generally in April and May • from buds produced the previous year • Prune: as soon as possible after bloom but no later than the end of July • Do not cut into woody trunks Early-flowering clematis include: • Alpine Clematis, C. alpina - grows 6-8 feet - blooms April and May - Flowers: nodding, small, bell-shaped, lavender or purple-blue • Downy Clematis, C. macropetala - grows to 15 feet - Flowers: ~ 2.5-3" dia. nodding bell-shaped ~ lavender or purple-blue ~ prefers cooler, shady locations ~ Named varieties may have double flowers; in shades of blue, pink or lavender

Alpine Clematis, C. alpina

C. macropetala, 'Maidwell Hall'

• Armand's Clematis, C. armandii - grows 15-30 feet - blooms April and May - Flowers: ~ 2" creamy white blooms in large clusters ~ strong vanilla scent in warm weather ~ evergreen, rich green, leathery leaves ~ can prune to the base to rejuvenate [ 'Apple Blossom' has flowers that resemble large apple blossoms, opening pink and fading to white ] C. armandii, 'Apple Blossom' • Anemone Clematis, C. montana - grows 20-30 feet - blooms May and June - Flowers: ~ 2-2.25" dia. ~ masses of blossoms in white and pink ~ some cultivars have a vanilla scent ~ one of the easiest to grow ~ develops strong, woody stems ~ prune hard to limit growth [ 'Rubens' and 'Tetrarose' both have flowers with a stronger pink than the plain species. ]

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Anemone Clematis, C. montana

GROUP B: lARGE-FlOWERED HyBRIDS Plants in this group: • bloom in min-June • on short stems from previous season's growth • often rebloom in late summer on new growth • Prune: in early Spring, removing dead and weak stems; cut back remaining stems to the topmost pair of large, plump green buds Large-flowered cultivars include (and there are many more): • Clematis lanuginosa 'Candida' - brilliant white blossoms w/a burst of yellow stamens - commonly reach 8" diameter - flowers on graceful vines of old & new wood - prune sparingly

• Florida Clematis 'Alba Plena', C. florida - unusual flowers - 3" double flowers, pale greenish white - sepals surrounding ornate purple & green centers

Clematis lanuginosa, 'Candida'

'Alba Plena'

• 'Barbara Jackman' - grows to 8 feet - blooms May or June - Flowers: ~ 4" diameter ~ deep purplish-blue w/bright magenta bar ~ fades to mauve-blue

'Barbara Jackman' • 'Hagley Hybrid' - grows to 8 feet - blooms June to September - Flowers: ~ 4" dia. ~ pale mauve pink, fading to washed-out pink ~ some cultivars have a vanilla scent ~ vigorous grower ~ can be pruned as Group C

'Hagley Hybrid'

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• 'Henryi' - an old, vigorous and reliable variety - blooms for a long season, early to late summer - grows 9-12 feet - large white flowers - can be pruned as Group C

'Henryi'

• 'Jackmanii' - grows 8-10 feet - blooms July to August - 4-5" deep bluish-purple blossoms - free-flowering

'Jackmanii'

• 'Marie Boisselot' - grows 8-12 feet - blooms June to September - opening flower buds are flushed with lilac-pink - 8" diameter; strong grower

'Marie Boisselot'

• 'Mrs. Cholmondeley' - grows to 20 feet - blooms May to October - light lavender blue flowers, paler along the midrib - can be pruned as Group C

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'Mrs. Cholmondeley'

• 'Nelly Moser' - grows 8-10 feet - blooms May to June; again in September - Flowers: ~ 8" diameter ~ pale rosy mauve and central carmine-colored midrib ~ dark maroon anthers ~ flowers fade badly in full sun; provide shade ~ pruning group B 'Nelly Moser' • 'Niobe' - grows to 8 feet - blooms June to September - Flowers: ~ cup-shaped blooms ~ open dark ruby red ~ turn bright ruby red with cream stamens ~ first flowers are 6" dia., later ones 4" dia. ~ moderate grower; some blooms throughout season ~ pruning group B 'Niobe'

• 'Perle d'Azur' - grows to 16 feet - blooms continuously summer to mid-autumn - Flowers: ~ 4-6" diameter ~ sky blue with green stamens ~ pruning group B

'Perle d'Azur'

• 'Crystal Fountain' - grows 4-6 feet - blooms June through September - Flowers: ~ 4-5" double, lilac blue, fountain-like center ~ pruning group B

'Crystal Fountain'

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GROUP C: lATE-FlOWERING ClEMATIS Plants in this group: • flower on the last 2 to 3 feet of the current season's growth • some begin blooming in mid-June and continue into the fall • Prune: in early Spring, cut to a height of 2-3 feet Late-flowering clematis include (and there are many more): • Orange Peel Clematis, C. tangutica - grows 6-8 feet - blooms April and May - Flowers: ~ 2-4" dia. ~ rich yellow blossoms hang like Chinese lanterns on stiff upright stems ~ after flowering, fuzzy silver seedpods persist through winter • Sweet Autumn Clematis, C. terniflora - grows fast, vigorously to 30 feet - blooms early autumn - Flowers: ~ clouds of 1" creamy white blooms ~ sweetly scented - prune hard after flowering to control size - generally pest free

C. tangutica, 'Sherriffii'

C. terniflora

• Texas Clematis, C. texensis - native to Texas; tolerates dry, hot summers - foliagge has a bluish tint - plant in south-facing location with good air circulation C. texensis, 'Pagoda' • Italian Clematis, C. viticella - grows 10-12 feet - blooms July to September - Flowers: ~ 1.5-2.5" dia. ~ vigorous, easy to grow ~ is tolerant of warm roots ~ 'Etoile Violette' - deep violet ~ 'Alba Luxurians' - solid white ~ 'Mme. Julia Correvon' - wine red ~ 'Polish Spirit' - deep purple with cherry red stripes

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C. viticella, 'Polish Spirit'

• 'Teksa' - grows 8-10 feet - blooms June-July and September - Flowers: ~ 6" diameter; double ~ denim blue-violet-pink with white spots ~ ruffled edges ~ free-flowering ~ pruning group C 'Teksa' • 'Royal Velours' - grows 10-12 feet - blooms July to September - Flowers: ~ 2.5-3.5" diameter ~ rich reddish-purple ~ pruning group C

'Royal Velours' • 'Vienetta' - grows 6- 8 feet - blooms June to July - Flowers: ~ 4" dia. ~ white w/large pom-pom centers frosted in blackberry purple; blossoms turn chartreuse in autumn's chill ~ especially floriferous when grown along a horizontal trellis ~ can be container grown ~ pruning group C 'Vienetta'

• 'Comtesse de Bouchard' - grows 6-8 feet - blooms July to August - easy to grow, prolific bloomer, good for small spaces - Flowers: ~ 4-6" dia. ~ pink with creamy stamens ~ pruning group C 'Comtesse de Bouchard'

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PRUNING ClEMATIS Pruning encourages branching and helps develop more plentiful blooms. It should be accomplished between the end of February to the beginning of April. Pruning later than April will result in a delay of blooming. "You cannot kill a clematis by pruning it, and there is no wrong time. The worst that will happen is that your clematis will bloom later than normal." Linda Beutler Curator of the Rogerson Clematis Collection, West Linn, OR and author of Gardening with Clematis. • Prune with sharp garden shears, .25" above a set of two healthy leaf buds blooming. • Always remove all withered leaves and either whole stems or just the parts that died down • During the first year for all clematis: cut no higher than 12" from the base, to encourage the growth of new stems at the base of the vine • Similar, or even better results can be obtained by laying the stems flat on the ground and covering them with mulch. It will foster the strength of the plants and thus ensure better flowering and higher immunity to diseases.

Pruning: Group A

• In subsequent years, pruning depends on the variety and the season in which it blooms: Group A (A = After bloom) — none - Varieties that flower only on growth produced the previous year: Clematis montana, Clematis alpina and Clematis macropetala. - They are generally not pruned at all, but if it is necessary to prune some overgrowth, cut immediately after flowering, usually not lower than 3' above the ground. Group B (B = Before bloom) — light - The large-flowered varieties that begin to bloom in May or early June with the first flush of flowers appearing on the previous year's growth, followed by a smaller flush on new growth. - New plants: Hard-prune (to about 12 inches) for the first two years after planting to develop a strong root system. - Prune in spring, cut back to a set of live buds, about a third down from the top or a height of 3-5' from the base.

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Pruning: Group B

Group C (C= Cut back hard) â&#x20AC;&#x201D; hard - Includes: Species that bloom in summer/early fall: C. viticella, C. tangutica, C. virginiana, C. texensis, C. crispa - Prune in spring, cut back to the second or third set of live buds on every stem, approx. 12 to 18 inches.

Pruning: Group C

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