may 2022
voices MAGAZINE FOR ALL YOUNG PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD
Editorial
Едиторијал
May; the month of freedom and gratitude!
Мај: месец на слободата и на благодарноста!
Freedom is a term usually used to describe the feeling where a person doesn’t feel attached to any responsibilities or priorities and is free to live as he wishes.
Слободата е термин кој обично се користи за да се опише чувството кога едно лице не се чувствува приврзано за какви било одговорности или приоритети и е слободно да живее како што сака.
Nowadays, many people consider freedom a utopia because they find it impossible to be liberated from their life roles and live as they wish. We are in control of our life and the choices we make! We wish to be free, but we won’t allow ourselves. Think outside the box. What do we truly desire? Are we locked in a bit of room behind bars? Or are we free to try, explore, taste, and discover? We all have a dream. What is yours? Where is your peaceful place? What holds you back from living that dream? I saw a bird the other day. It was sat on a bench just looking around. Then I wondered, what is it doing just sitting when it could fly worldwide? But then I looked at myself and thought the same thing. Is freedom a choice? Or is it a miracle? You choose. Ferran Mortes McLellan
Во денешно време, многу луѓе ја сметаат слободата за утопија, бидејќи едноставно им е невозможно да се ослободат од нивните улоги во животот и да живеат како што сакаат. Ние сме под контрола на нашиот живот и на изборите што ги правиме! Сакаме да бидеме слободни, но нема да си дозволиме. Размислете надвор од рамката, што навистина посакуваме? Дали сме заклучени во соба зад решетки? Или сме слободни да пробаме, истражуваме, вкусуваме и откриваме? Сите ние имаме сон. Што е твојот? Каде е вашето мирно место? Што ве спречува да го живеете тој сон? Видов птица пред некој ден. Седеше на клупа и гледаше наоколу. Се запрашав; што прави само седејќи кога може да лета низ целиот свет? Но, тогаш се погледнав и го помислив истото. Дали слободата е избор? Или тоа е чудо? Вие избирате Феран Мортес Меклелан
VCS DIRECTOR: Nikola Stankoski
VOLUNTEERS: Jolanta Ciopcińska Lucile Guéguen COORDINATORS: José Rodrigues Andrej Naumovski Aleksandra Kanasiuk Goran Adamovski Carole Alibert Goran Galabov Jasse Heikkilä Selina Niemi Laura Camps Munoz Ewelina Chańska Ferran Mortes McLellan
EXTERNAL WRITERS: Martina Danilovska Jose Luis Cano Abubakar Abubakar Marija Marinkovikj TRANSLATORS: Goran Adamovski Martina Danilovska Ejona Limanaj
DESIGNERS: Selina Niemi Lucile Guéguen Jolanta Ciopcińska José Rodrigues Aleksandra Kanasiuk Ferran Mortes McLellan Carole Alibert Laura Camps Munoz
CONTACT: Volunteers Centre Skopje Emil Zola 3/3-1, 1000, Skopje +389 22 772 095 vcs_contact@yahoo.com www.vcs.org.mk
PROOFREADERS: Elen Wright-Stead Edward Stead
VOICES magazine is coordinated, designed and created by ESC and local volunteers with support of Erasmus+ program.
content
VOICES May 2022 - issue 5
topic of the month 4
Parasomnia - when your nightmares are living your life
Laura Camps Muñoz
18
Парасомнија - кога вашите кошмари го живеат вашиот живот
Лаура Кампс Муњоз
music 6
Old Macedonian hits A forgotten musical treasure Martina Danilovska
7 Македонски шлагери заборавено музичко богатство Martina Danilovska
sport 8
More than a game
Jose Pedro Rodrigues
reportages 10 12 14 15
8
Dharavi, the one-billion-dollar slum
Lucile Guéguen
Local journalism: an underrated task
Jose Luis Cano
Work together to make things better
Ferran Mortes McLellan
Të punojmë së bashku për të përmirësuar gjërat
Ferran Mortes McLellan
16
Concrete landscapes
Aleksandra Kanasiuk
intervew 20
Skaznuvalka – The power of story
Jolanta Ciopcińska
opinion 22
16
Are Dreams Realizable?
Abubakar Abubakar
erasmus+ 24
Volunteering in a Spanish village that even Google can’t find
Marija Marinkovikj
culture 26
Folk Horror: a sub-genre of horror that draws on the roots of our cultures
Carole Alibert
COVER: David Werbrouck |Unsplash
26
VOICES - 3
topic of the month
PAR AS O M N I A ~WHEN YO U R N IGH TM ARES ARE L I V I N G YOU R L I F E~ 4 - VOICES
тема на месецот
Y
ou are a child, innocent, and life goes on. One day you have a terrible experience, so bad that it’s been recalled by your conscience day by day. You think that everything will be fine, but there is something that reminds you that no. Nightmares. Nothing will go well. You want to cry and every night wake up with an anxiety attack. You scream during sleep, and you get easily irritated in the daytime. You go to the doctor. They prescribe you as many medications until you become a zombie. Goodbye, no more nightmares. These pills create horrible side effects, but hey, no more nightmares. But time goes by. You stop taking medication because you see that you are not advancing in your life. You feel stuck, and bad dreams automatically come back. Imagine spending your whole life having one or more nightmares every day, even with pills. Just close your eyes and imagine it. Life will go on. You get older, and you will meet people who will change you. But that modified version won’t be you anymore, creating remorse and making you feel bad about yourself. Your mental state will affect your sleep routine again. Now the nightmares multiply, and anxiety and fear take over you. You are afraid to leave home, to be at home. Where is your comfort place? Where can you be good? You can’t find your safe and sound space because you think you don’t deserve it. Despite that, you meet people who try to accompany you throughout this journey. They will get scared when you wake up screaming. They will get nervous when you fall asleep, but they will understand that it is your dailiness after some time, and they will support you. Gladly, I have those people by my side.
Having nightmares are usual for all, mainly when you have a bad day or a stressful week… According to scientists, people who have the most nightmares are usually children from 3 to 6 years old, youth and adult women. It’s normal to have nightmares from time to time, but some people recur nightmares frequently, so it affects their daily lives – it’s called parasomnia. The nightmare disorder is produced by… reality. Everything can affect your dreams - traumas, stress and anxiety, depression, medications and drugs. Even personal problems that we do not know how to manage can be an impulse to have a nightmare. I don’t know if you have noticed, but nightmares are not just in your sleep. They live inside us and affect our emotions and physical reactions. If this topic resonates with you, even a little bit, please talk with someone, go to a professional, and do therapy. There are a lot of alternatives to try to relieve the nightmares, for example, meditation, hypnosis, and talking about this with your friends. But the most important thing is trying to have professional support. That advice had a significant impact on me and improved my quality of life. And remember - everything’s going to be alright. Laura Camps Sources: Sleep Foundation: Nightmares
VOICES - 5
music
Old Macedonian hits
a forgotten musical treasure
M
usic is all around us. It is a you read the lyrics of these songs, combination of vocal and you can feel the sincere emotion instrumental sounds and a form with which they were created. of emotional expression. It has Listening to them awakens the undergone many changes with spirit of love, the spirit of the city of the development of the world. Skopje, and the spirit of that past That is why some types of music time. and musicians remain forgotten in the time they were created. A Many of these artists stopped typical example of this in our area making music because they is the so-called Macedonian were disappointed with its hits from the 60s and negative development. 70s. The perfect In an interview, Dime combination of Popovski says, "I folk and love stopped singing "The music washes motifs in these because I want songs makes to stay honest," away the dust of the them unique. believing that every day from the there is no soul." They appeared more music he around the would like to - Bergold Averbach 60s, and the participate in. All generations that of these musicians grew up with them have far fewer creative can easily remember these privileges than musicians songs, but this is not the case today, which makes their art pure among young people. It is essential and priceless. When you next to mention this type of music in want to hear something different, order not to lose its undoubted or when you are looking for new value. Among the most famous music, play "Mojot dom" - Dime legendary artists who have created Popovski, "Skopje sonuva" - Daniela this wealth of music are Katica Pancetovic, "Molci i ti" - Nina Gjakonovska, Dime Popovski, Spirova, and all other pearls of this Daniela Pancetovic, Nina Spirova, Macedonian music. Dragan Gjakonovski-Shpato, Slave Dimitrov, and many others. When Martina Danilovska 6 - VOICES
музика
М
узиката е секаде околу нас, почувствува искрената емоција таа е комбинација на вокални со која се создадени. Слушајќи ги и инструментални звуци и форма се буди духот на љубовта, духот на емоционално изразување. на градот Скопје и духот на тоа Доживеала многу промени одминато време. со развојот на светот и токму затоа некои видови на музика и Многу од овие уметници музичари остануваат заборавени престанале да прават музика во времето во кое се создале. Во бидејќи биле разочарани од нашите краишта типичен пример нејзиниот негативен развој. Во за тоа се т.н. македонски шлагери едно интервју, Диме Поповски од 60тите и 70тите години. вели “Престанав да пеам Перфектниот спој бидејќи сакам да на народните и останам чесен”, љубовните мотиви сметајќи дека “Музиката ја во овие песни е нема веќе токму она што музика во која измива прашината ги прави толку би сакал да на секојдневието посебни. учествува. Сите овие музичари од душата” Се појавиле околу во споредба со 60тите години и денешните имале - Берголд Авербах генерациите кои многу помалку пораснале со нив привилегии за лесно може да се сетат творење, и токму тоа ја на овие песни, но тоа не е случај прави нивната уметност чиста и меѓу младите. Многу е важно да бесценета. се спомнува овој вид на музика со цел да не ја изгуби својата Кога следно ќе посакате да вредност која е несомнена. слушнете нешто поинакво, или Меѓу најпознатите легендарни кога сте во потрага по нова уметници кои го имаат создадено музика, пуштете си ги “Мојот ова богатство од музика се Катица дом” - Диме Поповски, “Скопје Ѓаконовска, Диме Поповски, сонува” - Даниела Панчетовиќ, Даниела Панчетовиќ, Нина “Молчи и ти” - Нина Спирова и Спирова, Драган Ѓаконовскисите останати вакви бисери на Шпато, Славе Димитров и многу македонската музика. други. Кога ќе го прочитате текстот на овие песни може да се Мартина Даниловска
Македонски шлагери заборавено музичко богатство VOICES - 7
sport
More than a game
8 - VOICES
cпорт
Have you ever imagined seeing a blind person in a football stadium with the same passion for the game and the team as the other fans? If not, let me tell you that this happens and shows how amazing is this sport outside of the four lines. These fans have something that there aren’t words to describe that big and lovely passion for this fantastic game; besides their handicap, they still go to the stadium almost every season.
L
et me present you Nickollas, a Brazilian kid who supports Palmeiras, and Vicente, an old Spanish supporter of Valencia, who all see the game differently but feel the same way. They go to the game for the same reason – the unique environment of every single game. Nickollas is a young Brazilian kid who goes to the stadium with her mother, Silvia. Nickollas was born too early, and because of that, his vision didn't develop; at an early age, her mom brought him to the stadium to watch the game; in the beginning, we used earphones with radio transmission, but we took them off. He wants to feel the sound of the other supports singing for their team, but her mother wants that her son see the game too and start to narrate every single play of the game. In a reportage to SHeros by FIFA that later gave them the award for The Best Fan in 2019, Silvia says when they go to the football match, it is the happiest day of the week for Nickollas. Like everyone, the goal moment is the best of the game, but
for this family, it is even more special and unique than you can imagine. "The best thing in the world for Nickollas is coming to the stadium,"- says his mother. We can say that this story defines the absolute love of a mother and son and the love for football. Now is time to meet the only sporters with a statue of him inside the stadium in their season seat; Vicente Aparicio was the fan nº18 of Valencia, who never misses home and away games. Vicente, until 54 years, had lost his vision due to a detached retina. This "problem" in his life makes him enjoy even more the game and be in every match at Mestalla (Valencia Stadium). Like every football fan, he did the homework and transmitted the same passion for the game to his son, attended every match, and kept going together until the day Vicente shall pass. On the 100th anniversary of the club (2 years after he's dead), Valencia did the best thing to remember a supporter like Vicente. They put a statue of him on his season seat so every fan can see him and his son can sit next to his father like back in
the days. In the video, Valencia makes the interview his son; I need to highlight this sentence: "The game against Karlsruher was the last time he followed a game on television. He said that, from then on, he would only go to games at Mestalla, to fell the games, to feel Valencia." and this "He enjoys the atmosphere and I would talk to him through what was happening on the pitch." This stories inspiration for all of the fans that even in the bad moments, we should stay together and support until our last breath, and show that this amazing game is more than inside the 4 lines. Do you still think football is only the game that happens inside the pitch? José Rodrigues Sources: Talksport: Valencia honour supporwter statue News 18: Valencia Bilds Statue in Seat of Late Fan Dailymail: Valencia install statue at Mestalla Ge.Globo: Fifa The Best Youtube: Football Santander - The Story of Silvia, Nickollas and Fieeld Flaticon: Freepick
VOICES - 9
I strongly believe that the west has much to learn from societies and places which, while sometimes poorer in material terms, are infinitely richer in how they live and organize themselves as communities.
– Prince Charles
ONE-BILLION-DOLLAR SLUM F
eatured in the Oscar-winning Slumdog Millionaire movie, Dharavi is one of the world’s most infamous slums. The film depicts a cliché of Indian squalor: dirt, overcrowding, and dangerous living conditions. Located in the heart of Mumbai, the roughly 2.5-square-kilometer slum – barely two-thirds the size of Central Park in Manhattan – is a maze of narrow lanes, dilapidated buildings, open sewers, and makeshift houses accommodating roughly one million people. But Dharavi also has a churning business environment, the only one of its kind in the world. In many ways, Dharavi is a selfsufficient and self-sustaining village community, like a city within the city of Mumbai. The slum runs on the entrepreneurial energy of the slum dwellers to support themselves. The residents have established many successful companies, and thousands of people make a living through sweatshops and family businesses. Hidden in the labyrinthine streets of the slum are factories, wholesalers, retailers, showrooms, repair shops, tanneries, potteries, garment makers, furniture makers, and even accounting firms, hairdressers, and dance bars. Products manufactured in Dharavi are not only distributed all over India but are also exported worldwide. The annual economic output is estimated to be between 600 million to more than one billion dollars. As the slum grew, recycling has become one of the largest businesses in Dharavi. Known as the 13th Compound district, Dharavi’s neighborhood devoted to waste management concentrates on over 1200 units dedicated to sorting and recycling Mumbai’s waste – India’s second most populated city with over 19 million inhabitants. Most of the recycling units operate illegally, without government oversight or regulation. Several types of waste flow through the slum such
10 - VOICES
as plastic, cardboard and paper, glass, leather, and electronic waste, including computer parts and car batteries. Dharavi plays a central role in Mumbai’s waste management systems. The mega-slum is estimated to recycle about 80 percent of the dry waste discarded by the city and 60 percent of the plastics. The two developed countries of Singapore – 5 million inhabitants – and Australia – 25 million inhabitants – have a plastic recycling rate of 4 and 9.4 percent, respectively. It may be just a slum, but some analysts have described Dharavi’s remarkable performance as an informal recycling hub as “one of the most inspiring economic models in Asia.”
It may be just a slum but Dharavi’s remarkable performance as an informal recycling hub has been described by some analysts as “one of the most inspiring economic models in Asia”. While in the West, recycling practices are encouraged to protect the planet’s natural resources, in the developing world, recycling is often a necessity of life. Dharavi’s recycling industry employs thousands of people who segregate and process several tons of plastic every day. The labor force mainly comprises impoverished migrant workers from India’s northern states whose principal objective is to earn. Some laborers work from morning to night; the more they do, the more money they will acquire to send back home to support their family members. Unconsciously, the workers of Dharavi help the world to become a greener place while making a living. The materials are brought to Dharavi by informal workers, also called rag pickers, who collect recyclable materials to earn a small wage daily.
“
“ INDIA’S reportage
In the 13th Compound district, each plastic item is sorted and dismantled according to its grade, color, and quality. Then, sorted plastic waste is sent to crushing machines to be converted into chips. The recycled plastic will be melted down and made into plastic tablets or pellets, then sold to external plastic manufacturers to create new plastic products. This unique approach to innovation is called Jugaad by Indians. This Hindi word means “finding a flexible approach to solve a problem that innovatively uses limited resources and an impressive level of collective intelligence.” In a few decades, the mega-slum has developed one of the most impressive recycling industries in the world. Fareed Siddiqui, the general secretary of the Dharavi Businessmen’s Welfare Association, stated: “We are cleaning the dirt of the country.” Dharavi’s waste management industry far outperforms Mumbai’s formal waste management systems despite the complete absence of government support. As India is a developing country with a population of over 1.3 billion, there has been a steady increase in the use of plastics. According to a report conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India generates over 25 000 tons of plastic every day, of which 50 percent is discarded by four metropolitan cities alone – Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai. Most waste is dumped at landfill sites, causing many environmental and health issues. In Mumbai, the richer class’ waste is Dharavi’s treasure. India urgently needs to adopt a more sustainable development model, and Dharavi’s 13th Compound district could be a role model for the country. Lucile Guéguen Sources: EARTH5R: Collaboration with Local Recyclers at Dharavi Recycling Center
репортажа
VOICES - 11
reportage
: m s i l a n r u k o s j a l t a c d e t Lo a r r e d n ” u an “
12 - VOICES
репортажа
W
hich news are read the most? Without any doubt, those are the ones that are related to deaths, tragic events, money or gossip. But do that news affect us as citizens? A big amount of them are pure entertainment. We’ll read them, we’ll share them and comment on them with our friends, and in a few weeks we’ll forget them, with no repercussion in our lives. That’s not a case of local journalism, which would be to readers what local clinics mean to health: the first window for the inhabitants of a town or a city. Local media try to communicate everything that happens in this little area, without thinking about the number of views that news can reach. Some friends have asked me why I don’t try to work in autonomic or state media,
downplaying the local ones and obviating that sometimes after many of the bigger there are economic or political interests. Then, who is going to explain what happens in our villages? Although it’s underrated, local journalism is an essential job considering the high level of misinformation that exists on social media, pubs, and streets. Local journalism is useful and gratifying. You know that what you communicate has happened near you and that your piece of information will reach readers without the distortions that could appear in generalist press. It’s real journalism and not just entertainment. Maybe we won’t appear on TV and our names won’t be popular outside our towns... But who cares? Jose Luis Cano
“Local journalism is essential for citizens in order to know everything about the day to day of their villages” VOICES - 13
reportage
WORK TO MAKE THINGS BETTER
For many years, humanity has had to work as a group to achieve common goals. Since the beginning of time, we have had to cooperate with each other to survive, to hunt for food, for making fire and to learn from each other. The key to human evolution has always been cooperation.
O
ver the years, this instinctive behavior has slowly been fading away, and the main reason is the lack of needing to work together to achieve our personal necessities. In a society where one is judged by his social and economic status, by being part of a capitalist system, it’s easy to be led by greed and selfishness when thinking about our own interests. It’s safe to say that people have become very individualist, in the aspect of their own welfare. Revolutionary sociologist Peter Kropotkin, wrote a book called “Mutual Aid”, where he describes mutual aid as the practice of understanding and getting involved in the wellbeing of the people around
you. These can be your family, friends, neighbours, associations, or any other kind of community. In this book, Kropotkin makes a comparison between human and animal behavior, where the human is blinded by his own grief, and he isn’t capable of achieving his goals, even having more resources, knowledge and intelligence than animals. But yet again, ants are capable of building bridges and organizing themselves much better than humans, as well as birds are capable of communicating with each other every spring and fall to migrate together to another country, by crossing seas and far lands. There are many ways in which someone can get involved in the practice of mutual cooperation. By simply having an open mindset during your day
to day, it’s great that we subconsciously help each other out, without expecting anything in return, just because we genuinely want the best for each other. It is also good to participate in local actions through our local clubs, schools, associations and work. Volunteering is a good way of spreading solidarity throughout the community, creating a network of people that share the same goals and interests. It is also a great way to socialise and make friends. Overall, mutual aid consists mainly in the practice of empathy with others, considering their situation is completely different from yours, and that they need help, the same way that you would need help if you were in their situation. Ferran Mortes Sources: EL APOYO MUTUO, el gran silencio que practicas a diario cuellilargo YT
14 - VOICES
репортажа
TË PUNOJMË SË BASHKU PËR TË PËRMIRËSUAR GJËRAT Për shumë vite, njerëzimit i është dashur të punojë si grup për të arritur qëllime të përbashkëta. Që nga fillimi, na është dashur të bashkëpunojmë me njëri-tjetrin për të mbijetuar, për të gjuajtur për ushqim, për të ndezur zjarr dhe për të mësuar nga njëri-tjetri. Çelësi i evolucionit njerëzor ka qenë gjithmonë bashkëpunimi.
M
egjithatë, me kalimin e viteve, kjo sjellje instinktive ka qenë duke u zbehur dalëngadalë dhe arsyeja kryesore është mungesa e nevojës për të punuar së bashku për të arritur nevojat tona personale. Në një shoqëri ku dikush gjykohet nga statusi i tij social dhe ekonomik, duke qenë pjesë e një sistemi kapitalist, është e lehtë të udhëhiqesh nga lakmia dhe egoizmi kur mendon për interesat e tua vetjake. Është e sigurt të thuhet se njerëzit janë bërë shumë individualistë, në aspektin e mirëqenies së tyre. Sociologu revolucionar Peter Kropotkin, shkroi një libër të quajtur “Ndihma e ndërsjellë” (Mutual Aid), ku ai e përshkruan ndihmën e ndërsjellë si praktika e të kuptuarit dhe përfshirjes në mirëqenien e njerëzve përreth jush. Këto mund të jenë familja juaj, miqtë, fqinjët, shoqatat, ose çdo lloj komuniteti tjetër.
Në këtë libër, Kropotkin bën një krahasim midis sjelljes së njerëzve dhe kafshëve, ku njeriu është i verbuar nga hidhërimi i tij, dhe nuk është i aftë të arrijë qëllimet e tij, edhe pse ka më shumë burime, njohuri dhe inteligjencë sesa kafshët. Por sërisht, milingonat janë të afta të ndërtojnë ura dhe të organizohen shumë më mirë se njerëzit, ashtu si dhe zogjtë janë në gjendje të komunikojnë me njëritjetrin çdo pranverë dhe vjeshtë për të migruar së bashku në një vend tjetër, duke kapërcyer dete dhe toka të largëta. Ka shumë mënyra se si dikush mund të përfshihet në praktikën e bashkëpunimit të ndërsjellë. Duke pasur thjesht një mentalitet të hapur gjatë ditës suaj, është gjë e mirë që ne në mënyrë të pandërgjegjshme të ndihmojmë njëri-tjetrin, pa pritur asgjë në këmbim, vetëm sepse vërtet dëshirojmë më të mirën për njëri-tjetrin.
Është gjithashtu mirë të marrësh pjesë në veprimtaritë lokale përmes klubeve, shkollave, shoqatave dhe punës sonë. Vullnetarizmi është një mënyrë e mirë për të përhapur solidaritetin përgjatë komunitetit, duke krijuar një rrjet njerëzish që ndajnë të njëjtat qëllime dhe interesa. Është gjithashtu një mënyrë e shkëlqyer për t’u shoqëruar dhe për të bërë miq. Në përgjithësi, ndihma e ndërsjellë konsiston kryesisht në praktikën e empatisë me të tjerët, duke pasur parasysh se situata e tyre është krejtësisht e ndryshme nga e juaja, dhe se ata kanë nevojë për ndihmë, në të njëjtën mënyrë që ju do të kishit nevojë për ndihmë nëse ju do të ishit në situatën e tyre. Ferran Mortez Përkthyese: Ejona Limanaj
VOICES - 15
reportage
Concrete landscapes I’ve always been fascinated by the problems of urban areas. Damaged buildings, squatting people in empty corners where even police are afraid to check. Additionally, loads of socio-economic issues the municipality cannot handle alone. My former field of study is recreating these spaces and making them more liveable. I feel like it is engraved in me. I want places to be functional, sustainable and beautiful. But what can I do if developers and authorities have other plans? Re-vita Let’s start with the definition of revitalization. It’s a very complex process and demands a lot of money, speaking of which – they are often wasted. But I am not going to whine from the beginning. Re-vita means bringing back to life. But first, the thing has to be dead or almost dead. Many cities or neighborhoods were created in the surrounding big factories during the Industrial Revolution. People started to migrate from villages to the cities because there was easier to get a job and make a living. But we are no more in the nineteen-century, the economy wholly changed, and factories went bankrupt or human work was replaced by automated massproduction. There were left white spots 16 - VOICES
in the cities–after not used railway and military areas or old factories. Together with that, many socio-economic issues like unemployment, the ghettoization of the inhabitants, suburbanization, social pathologies, and many more. Revitalization is a multidimensional process that responds to the problems of the urban area. It’s not only about renovating buildings, road repairs, or cleaning. It has to heal both - the city and its inhabitants. We need to add new functions to the urban tissue and hear people’s voices. How? Utopia With all the necessary renovations, repairs, and urban planning, has to go a social plan. Old inhabitants have to be
taken care of to minimize the negative social impact of future changes. There are many ways to create social initiatives and new workplaces and organize courses or events to bring the people together. Also, the task is to pull new inhabitants to the environment and integrate them with autochthons. But as far as I saw, even though they are trying to do something – it’s not always possible or not that easy. Fabrika Tbilisi (Georgia) is my favorite utopian example of successfully changing the function of a damaged place. Once there was located a soviet sewing factory. After years of abandonment, people decide to save this building but in a different form. It became a hostel with an evident postindustrial vibe – some of the walls or
репортажа ceilings became untouched. You can feel the history with a modern, fancy twist there, from wasteland to a meeting point and favorite place for backpackers in Tbilisi. Locals and people from all over the world can connect and rest in the restaurant or courtyard. Thanks to Fabrika, the neighborhood is alive. Revitalization - Polish edition Why don’t we cover all the places with concrete and leave no flora? Let’s fry people like on a hot pan. They will be grateful for sure. Sometimes architects and planners want to do something good, but in reality, many post-revitalization monsters come to life. Remember writing my master thesis; I wanted to check how one city spent almost half a million euros. I almost got a heart attack because they created a vast concrete square with no place to sit and one non-functioning fountain.
everything with concrete, but first, you have to cut all the trees in the area. Not everywhere, but it’s visible, especially in small towns. Local authorities are renovating spaces and organizing significant events like the festive opening of the new central square in the city! Smiling faces, eulogies in the local press underline how much money they spent on making refreshments for the town. But then you can see the unhappy faces of inhabitants, who don’t want to spend even a second in this area because:
1. There is no place to sit. 2. There is a place to sit, but there is no shadow. 3. You can boil yourself alive in the summer by even spending a few minutes in this area. 4. In winter, you can die because it is so slippery. Choose your hero! We need more plants, especially trees, in our environment. What will you do with your fountains in the middle of a plant-free square when there is no Roads, pavements, more water?
“
Additionally, one small buildings and other place was infrastructural objects made of Hold your concrete fake (!) mixer, construction absorb and re-heat the grass with worker! sun energy one slide in the middle. You can ask – hey, but what’s Half. A. Million. the deal? Do you know the term Euros. That was “heat islands”? The temperature the time when I stopped is approximately higher than in believing in rational space planning. rural areas because of concrete, asphalt, and other building Even in my hometown, authorities materials in the cities. started a revitalization process full Roads, pavements, of concrete nonsense. They built buildings, a “park” – an outdoor gym, a new and public toilet, and a metal arbor with o t h e r no trees. But first, they cut all the old trees, which could be a source of the shadow. There is a sett on the ground—all of that surrounded by a metal fence. Wonderful prison yard!
infrastructural objects absorb and reheat the sun’s energy, which means that summer is even hotter than it should be. Last year one guy in Poland made scrambled eggs in the middle of the square. Try it in the summer on the pavement, and probably you’d be successful too. The next problem is that these materials do not absorb the water, so it doesn’t take much time for flood or inundation in times of excessive rain. Soil cannot keep up with the water because everywhere is concrete. So it’s a pervasive picture to see cars on the street flooded to the rooftop after storms. But what can we do? We are just tiny ants and have no impact. We have to be mindful and take care of at least our close neighborhood. We also have the right to protest and demand that authorities be rational again and respond to our needs. Aleksandra Kanasiuk
How much wood could a woodchuck chuck? A lot. In Poland, revitalization is mistaken for covering
VOICES - 17
topic of the month
ПАРАСО МНИ ЈА ~КО ГА ВА ШИ ТЕ КОШМА Р И ГО ЖИ ВЕ АТ ВА ШИОТ ЖИ В О Т ~
18 - VOICES
тема на месецот
Т
и си дете, невино, животот си тера. Еден ден имаш страшно искуство, толку лошо што совеста те потсетува на тоа од ден на ден. Мислиш дека се ќе биде во ред, но има нешто што те потсетува дека нема. Кошмари. Ништо нема да оди добро. Сакаш да плачеш, секоја вечер се будиш со напад на анксиозност. Врескаш за време на спиењето, а дење лесно се иритираш. Одиш на лекар. Ти препишуваат лекови додека не станеш зомби. Збогум, нема повеќе кошмари. Овие апчиња создаваат ужасни несакани ефекти, но еј, нема повеќе кошмари. Сепак, времето минува. Престануваш да земаш лекови, бидејќи гледаш дека не напредуваш во животот. Се чувствуваш заглавено, а лошите соништа автоматски се враќаат. Замисли како е да поминуваш целиот живот со еден или повеќе кошмари секој ден, дури и со апчиња. Само затвори ги очите и замисли го тоа. Животот ќе продолжи. Старееш и ќе запознаеш луѓе кои ќе те променат. Но, таа изменета верзија повеќе нема да бидеш ТИ; ќе создаве каење и прави да се чувствуваш лошо. Твојата ментална состојба повторно ќе влијае на рутината за спиење. Сега кошмарите се множат, а вознемиреноста и стравот те обземаат. Се плашиш да излезеш од дома, да бидеш дома. Каде е твоето удобно место? Каде можеш да бидеш добар? Не можеш да го најдеш својот безбеден и здрав простор затоа што мислиш дека не го заслужуваш тоа. И покрај тоа, сретнуваш луѓе кои се обидуваат да те придружуваат во текот на ова патување. Ќе се исплашат кога ќе се разбудиш врескајќи. Ќе станат нервозни кога ќе заспиеш, но ќе сфатат дека тоа е твоето „секојдневие“, па по одредено време ќе почнат да те поддржуваат. Со задоволство ги имам тие луѓе покрај себе.
Кошмарите се вообичаени за сите, главно кога имате лош ден или стресна недела. Според научниците, луѓето кои имаат најмногу кошмари се обично деца од 3 до 6 години, млади и возрасни жени. Нормално е да имате кошмари од време на време, но кај некои луѓе често се повторуваат кошмарите, па тоа влијае на нивниот секојдневен живот - тоа се нарекува парасомнија. Кошмарното нарушување е произведено од... реалноста. Сè може да влијае на вашите соништа - трауми, стрес и анксиозност, депресија, лекови. Дури и личните проблеми со кои не знаеме да управуваме може да бидат импулс да имаме кошмар. Не знам дали сте забележале, но кошмарите не се само во сон. Тие живеат во нас и влијаат на нашите емоции и физички реакции. Постојат многу алтернативи за да се обидете да ги ослободите кошмарите. На пример, медитација, хипноза и разговор за ова со вашите пријатели. Ако оваа тема ви одекнува, макар и малку, ве молам разговарајте со некого, одете кај професионалец и направете терапија. Но, најважно е да се трудиме да имаме стручна поддршка. Тој совет значително влијаеше на мене и го подобри мојот квалитет на живот. И запомнете - сè ќе биде во ред. Лаура Кампс Превод: Горан Адамовски Sources: Sleep Foundation: Nightmares
VOICES - 19
interview
Skaznuvalka The power of story
skaznuvalka Сказнувалка 20 - VOICES
интервју
We can safely say that stories accompany us always and everywhere. The pleasant voice of loved ones reading has a soothing effect on us when we are children. Later, when we grow up, the impact of stories increases even more: a well-chosen story enriches our experience and imagination, expands our vocabulary, shows other thought patterns, and broadens our horizons. VOICES talked to Iskra Dimovska, editor of the publishing house Skaznuvalka, to learn more about the power of stories and the new books that will be published in May.
W
e could meet with Iskra Dimovska, editor of Skaznuvalka, in no other place than the coffee/ bookstore Буква/ Bookva in Skopje. The smell of good coffee and the books surrounding us provided us with an excellent background for the interview. Skaznuvalka was established not so long ago, in 2015. “Our publishing house specializes in books for children, middle-aged and young adults. The idea is to publish high-quality literature from the best local and world artists and authors so that children can enjoy reading and the visual experience of the books,” says Iskra. The mission of Skaznuvalka is to contribute to children’s development and intellectual wealth through texts and illustrations that will awaken their imagination and artistic sensibility, stimulate their empathy, and offer them different perspectives to help them build up authentic ideas and views. Thanks to the European Union programme Creative Europe this month, Skaznuvalka will publish five new titles for young people translated from Spanish, Italian, and Dutch. The Italian book “Nebbia/Магла” written by Marta Palazzesi won Strega prize. “La Rete/Мрежа” written by Sara Allegrini won Orbil 2022, the award of independent bookstores. Toon Tellegen, the author of the Dutch title “Brieven aan niemand anders/ Писма некому и на никој друг”, is one of the most important European and world writers for children. He
won many prizes too. The books that were thoroughly chosen for publishing were nominated for various awards, so they can be considered the best European titles. The whole process of publishing books takes a lot of time. It begins with establishing the strategy and choosing an approach for that concrete edition. Iskra searches for titles from European, contemporary writers and for Skaznuvalka, they must be quality titles. Copyrights for text or text and illustrations need to be acquired when the books are chosen. “We have done two covers for the books here in Macedonia. They are created by famous and excellent Macedonian illustrator and artist Vane Kosturanov,” adds Iskra. After buying the copyrights, the books have to be translated. The publishing house pays a lot of attention to this matter. After that, the text is proofread and edited. Then, the files are ready to be printed. “There is also the possibility of publishing books in audio format. The readers can find our books on the platform called “Samoglas”,” explains the interviewee. This is an important part of publishing because Skaznuvalka can also reach readers with vision impairments. All the books published by Skaznuvalka deliver some powerful messages to the readers. “We want to offer some themes that may not be so common but give
the opportunity to start a discussion with young people about solidarity, friendship, equality, and diversity,” explains Iskra. One of the books is about the importance of communication in the community. The second one is about equality. The third one is about the problems young people face and the importance of the safety net that society should provide them with. As the category of the books is Young Adult (YA), they cater for readers aged 9 to 12/13 and 13+ but even adults will enjoy reading them. Which book is Iskra the proudest of? “I am really proud of all of these five titles. I cannot choose any of them because each of them is special,” she says. That age category might be challenging to reach, but Iskra is certain that it is possible by selecting the right titles. “What I wanted to do is to find the books that talk really the language of that generation and talk really and openly about their problems, state and emotions,” she says. As the main goal of the project is to encourage young people to read, Skaznuvalka will also try different things to reach the readers. They are planning various creative workshops for young people and also festival and night readings in the autumn. “The other idea is to make videos and workshops in which we will show youngsters that the books are not just some obsolete objects, but they are works of art in which many people and professionals are involved working together,” sums up Iskra. With its books, Skaznuvalka wants to prove to young adults that following the story of the book character might sometimes inspire, teach or even explain the emotions and problems that young people have to cope with. The power of a single story goes far beyond simple text in the book… Jolanta Ciopcińska Ferran Mortez VOICES - 21
opinion
Are reams lizable O
Are dreams realizable?
ut of all things I enjoy, reading the biography of great men (and great women) gives me the best pleasure. Of all books I’ve read, books about those who had been faced with tremendous rigor before overcoming it and then reaching the top are my favorite. When I read books like these, I take the time to behold certain tragic events that happened in the course of the life of the actor, as well as learn how the actor strategically fought them. The quote at the beginning of this article, from J. Ogden Armour, is so dear to me, but I’m sharing it with you. I believe that all human beings exist for a purpose. Although different goals drive us, we all have something in common: a dream. Before your vision can be accomplished or come true, you have to dream. Becoming a billionaire before 40 is their dream or life goal for some people. Some want to be impactful and motivate people around them. Some want to make their family proud. And more.
Anybody can be a halfway man, but the one who rises above this class is the one who keeps everlastingly pushing - J. Ogden Armour
All of these are good dreams. If you asked me whether they are accomplishable, they are! This is because every great accomplishment you see today started as a dream. As Napoleon Hill put it, “If you can dream it, you can achieve it.”
However, I must point out that having a dream of accomplishing something big cannot achieve unless you push it. By using the word “pushing”, I meant that you should work towards your dream. Pursue your ambition. Do not stop till you
22 - VOICES
мислење
acquire it. “I dream of painting, then I paint my dream”, Vincent Van Gogh once wrote. See your dream like a wheelbarrow that can neither move nor push itself until it is pushed. Your dream is like a wheelbarrow that you will not be able to move if you’re not pushing it– it cannot push itself towards accomplishing its goal. The pusher who needs to do the pushing is you. Yes! Your dream is realizable. Your dream (whatever it is) is realizable, so you should believe in it and push it.
s e? Pushing your dream!
A dream doesn’t become a reality through magic; what it takes to become a reality includes sweat, determination, and hard work. Courage is also needed to achieve a dream. 1. Don't get ahead of yourself
“Don’t be in a hurry to achieve your dreams. Take a day to play with your kids and relax - your dreams will still be there tomorrow” (Lindsey Rietzsch). See your dream as your lifetime goal–and something permanent. Work towards achieving it, but take it easy and trust the process. 2. Don't doubt yourself
“Believe in your greatness. Because what you believe is what you become” (Udai Yadla). Self-doubt kills dreams faster than anything. What you repeatedly do is what you eventually become. Therefore, do not doubt yourself. Don’t think that you’re not good enough or lacking. Dream it, believe it, and then you can achieve it! 3. Don't wait until you're perfect
“If
you’re
waiting
until
feel talented enough to make it, you’ll never make it” (Criss Jami). Perfectionism comes with experience. It’s something you develop gradually. Waiting to be perfect in something before you start doing it is deceitful. The right time to chase your dream is right now! 4. Don't push yourself too hard
Lastly, don’t be harsh on yourself. Building a dream takes time. You cannot create a dream that will last for decades in one day. The earlier you realize, the better for you. I will sum it up with the following thoughtful write-up by Jamie Varon. “You change when you want to change. You put your ideas into action at the timing that is best. That’s just how it happens. And what I think we all need more than anything: permission to be wherever we are when we’re there. You’re not a robot. You can’t just conjure up motivation when you don’t have it. Sometimes you’re going through something. Sometimes life happens. Life! Remember life? Yeah, it teaches you things and sometimes makes you go a long way for your biggest lessons. You don’t get to control everything. You can wake up at 5 a.m. every day until you’re tired and broken, but if the words, painting, or ideas don’t want to come to fruition, they won’t. You can show up every day with your best intentions, but if it’s not the time, it’s just not. It would be best to permit yourself to be a human being”.
Abubakar Abubakar
you
VOICES - 23
erasmus+
Volunteering in a Spanish village ...that even Google can’t find
24 - VOICES
еразмус+
A village is resting on a peaceful mountain that is ever so present in the narrow streets that feel more vertical than horizontal. A bundle of houses squashed together - a place where everything is close, and the people are even closer.
S
Challenge accepted! I applied for o how did a Macedonian girl this peculiar project that caught find herself in a place like this? my eye so intensely. And I was I would say that it all began with chosen as one of their volunteers! the end for me. The end of my life With no time to waste, I managed as I knew it. And that would be to get ready in two weeks, and off I the year 2021. It was an interesting went into the unknown. year for me. I could say that I have a love-hate opinion of this period I arrived in Valencia and met the of my life. It was filled with many other volunteer – a cool Italian girl ups and downs, stressful times, who was the best flatmate I times of happiness, and even could ever ask for. We set times of sickness – it was out to find the hidden enough to shake my comfy world a little What is “Agres”? village of Agres and, after traveling for bit. After this soDo you mean 2 hours, the train called “Quarter-life crisis” of mine, the “Sagres”? No, Mr. left us in the middle of nowhere. With beginning of 2022 seemed to promise Google, it’s Agres, a lonely but coollooking train stop on a relaxing breath of trust me. our side of the tracks and fresh air. That was until an abandoned building on I got sick. Again... the other side, we couldn’t help but wonder what was in store. But this time, I decided to use my mandatory time- off in a But, our doubts were quickly constructive way. So while I was settled when we arrived in the at home, I started looking for ways village, and we met the friendly to change something in my current people living there. Not letting life. And in my search, I discovered the language barrier keep us this Erasmus project looking for estranged, they welcomed us into volunteers in Agres. A… What??? their tiny town with open arms and Nowhere near the beach and smiles on their faces. hidden between olive trees, with its beautiful tiny houses and So what IS Agres? picturesque mountain views. This I have come to find out that Agres was the place for me! After some is the fresh mountain air I breathe searches on Google, I found the every day and the joyful chirping of most exciting village that reminded birds that follow me wherever I go. me of the movie “Mama Mia.” Agres is the peace that I haven’t felt in a long time. Agres is a diverse Coming from the capital city of community where everyone helps my country, I always wanted to each other. Agres is my home away experience life in a small mountain from home. village. The project was also a perfect opportunity for me to try to work with children because, Marija Marinkovikj at one point, I was considering being a teacher. The language part Photos: seemed like a challenge, but where 1. Francisco Chornet, Flickr else can I better learn Spanish than 2. Marija Marinkovikj in this tiny non-English speaking 3. José Fco. Català Senent. Wikimedia place? CC
VOICES - 25
culture
Folk Horror A sub-genre of horror that draws on the roots of our cultures Witches, demons and ancient gods... Folk horror feeds on the oldest popular myths and legends of our history, sources of fascination and deep fear buried in each of us. Imbued with enchantment and occultism forgotten in our modern society, lose yourself on a short journey into the heart of the folk horror mysteries.
B
efore we begin our horrific I might risk sounding a bit silly after journey, I think it is essential to having told you that we were going reveal what characterises the horror to discover together what precisely genre in film and literature, and more folk horror is, because this sub-genre specifically folk horror. of horror film has no really precise We all know it, we have all more and established definition. or less experienced it in our short, Piers Haggard, a pioneer of British folk insignificant lives. Horror films horror, describes it as "an aesthetic, a and literary works are tone, not a plot". primarily intended to arouse a strong Indeed, in all these sense of dread, a mysterious and feeling of fear, films, “One may as well attempt to fascinating repulsion we find ourselves build a box the exact same or anguish immersed in a shape of mist; for like mist, in the rural environment folk horror is atmospheric… spectator. It unaltered by time tearing no universal defining is not really and removed possible from our modern mark of its exact form.” to define society. A place that w h e t h e r exalts the feeling Andy Paciorek, illustrator horror films of isolation as well as are realism or being a material fact: fantasy, because it is the protagonists always important to understand find themselves cut off from their that the horror genre is an umbrella average routine and find themselves term that includes all sorts of subembroiled, without control over genres paranormal, found footage, the elements that surround them, slasher, survival, ... But above all in a society with customs that are the folk horror genre that I will now different or even simply forgotten introduce. from their own modernised culture. In these communities lies elements of paganism, ancient religions preceding Christianity, Judaism or
“
26 - VOICES
Islam, which are considered hostile by the protagonists. Depending on the region and country where the story takes place, occult or even supernatural practices and elements such as witchcraft, rituals celebrating nature and its forces, black magic, etc., stem from these pagan religions. Thus the last essential ingredient in the making of a good folk horror film and in particular which demonstrates that they belong to the horror genre: violent "supernatural" events. Supernatural in inverted commas because these films are also divided into two categories: realistic folk horror and fantastic folk horror. One will not use non-existent elements to take the viewer out of their plausible frame, but will use the religious fervour of the characters belonging to the pagan community to create an atmosphere disconnected from reality. It stimulates the viewer's imagination by not showing any real manifestations of the supernatural, a kind of psychological manipulation exercised by the group effect of the pagan community. The other will make use of the fantastic elements in a more artistic or poetic way in order to create a universe of its own, to bring back to life the ancient legends lost over time.
култура
It is by drawing on all these myths belonging to different human societies throughout the world that folk horror builds its strange and enchanting imagination. And so we begin our journey to Western Europe, the region of the world where all the foundations of our western and globalized culture are rooted. I must confess, while researching the subject through various articles and documentary videos on the internet, I often found myself frustrated by the angle used in each of these sources. The creators of this content only focus on Western film and literature, or even just British culture. It was impossible for me to think that Britain alone could have produced folk horror content when so many countries in the world have such a rich culture and even folklore and superstitions that are very much a part of their society. I was finally able to satisfy my curiosity by finding the content I was looking for, but also by understanding the ins and outs of the history of folk horror in Western cinema.
One might think that the term "folk horror" was an English invention. Piers Haggard, whom I mentioned earlier in the article, was the first to use the term when he made his 1971 film "The Blood on Satan's claw". A film in which an entire village lapses into madness after a man claims to have seen the devil. Two other British films "The Wicker man" by Robin Hardy and "The Witchfinder general" by Michael Reeves form, together with Piers Haggard's "the unholy trinity". The unholy trinity is considered as pioneering works that gave concrete expression to the term folk horror. The concept was then taken up and popularized much later in 2010 by Mark Gatiss in his documentary "A History of Horror" triggering a renaissance of the sub-genre in Western cinema after its first appearance in the 1970s. Let's get deep further into the subject. Folk horror films from Western Europe draw their inspiration from Celtic and Druidic culture and traditions, but also
from the Greek and Roman ones that preceded the establishment of the Christian religion in this region. As a matter of fact, the religion of the Celts is transmitted orally and therefore frozen in the caricatured representations of the 18th century. The mystery of this religion and the knowledge lost through the generations have aroused a fascination and a fear of the unknown that has stimulated the imagination of European authors. Hybrid works between the Christian and the pagan fantasy, such as the Arthurian literary cycle, are also a significant inspiration for the religious framework of these films. These Celtic inspirations, altered by a Judeo-Christian vision, then mutate into a variant of Satanism, a recurrent element in horror films in general.
VOICES - 27
culture The films I mentioned earlier are largely inspired by Celtic mythology; the best example being Robin Hardy's "The Wicker man" which is literally a reference to the Celtic rite of the same name (most certainly fantasised by Julius Caesar in the past, the only witness to this alien practice). This rite, supposedly Celtic, consisted of locking individuals in a wooden effigy of a giant and burning everything to offer human life as a sacrifice to the gods. It is thus possible to find in Western cinema, even outside the sub-genre of folk horror, many references to our pre-Christian culture, unfortunately distorted by a blatant puritanism.
genre, many films, particularly in Asia (Japan, Korea, Indonesia, etc.) and the Middle East (Turkey: the Dabbe film series) have always used elements of their respective folklore to create a horrific atmosphere. Among others, Masaki Kobayashi's Kwaidan, which transcribes on the big screen the stories of the most famous Japanese Yokai and spirits. Or Na-hong Jin's The Wailing, which at first glance doesn't seem to belong to this category but which, as it goes along, borrows the codes of the "folk horror" atmosphere with its ancient shaman and Buddhist ceremonies.
But the influence of folk horror does not stop at the borders of Western Europe,
I am well aware that I am only at the surface of the iceberg of works in the
I also know that for others, the appetite for such works results from their deep desire to escape from the current reality. A modern, technological society at odds with an ancient, mystical society. Some identify with the characters in these films (like Dani in Midsommar) who surrender to the occult world of folklore and let go of their reality under control. But these films do not hesitate to remind us of the dangerous aspect of nature and
let alone Great Britain. You've probably already heard about Midsommar and its Swedish pagan inspiration, Ari Aster's monumental folk horror hit that has reignited the genre's popularity in 2019. Lukas Feigelfeld's Hagazussa and its many references to central European mythology. Or Robert Eggers' The Witch, with its depiction of the witch across the Atlantic in the age of the Pilgrims and the colonisation of the American continent. Even lesserknown regions of Europe produce this content, such as Errementari, a Basque film directed by Paul Urkijo, which takes up the old Basque legend of a blacksmith who sells his soul to the devil. The list could definitely be endless. Although the British were the first to conceptualise the
folk horror sub-genre. And yet, after this long research on the subject, I wonder. Why is folk horror so fascinating to me? What is it that distances it, in my opinion, from the rest of the horror film genres?
the beings it shelters. A sort of warning to naive idealists who just want to have a good time before returning to their normal life, or to selfish and arrogant individuals who think they can take advantage of its strengths.
28 - VOICES
In the same way as the more classic horror films (vampire films like Coppola's Dracula or vengeful spirits like Colin Minihan's Grave Encounters), I think that folk horror films stimulate my imagination and my thirst for creativity and originality in the genre. While I have a great appreciation for the classic horror figures I mentioned earlier, the use of elements from our own (or our neighbours') culture also drives me to learn more about them. As a history and mythology enthusiast, I find that delving so far into our past helps to awaken secrets
buried in our civilizations. But also to reconnect with ancient literary works forgotten in time. The occult aesthetics of these films are, to me, almost fairy-like, subjugating and produce fascinating mental pictures that leave a mark in my mind.
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Folk horror reminds us that in comparison to this natural ancient world in which we live, we are all kind of small and insignificant. We are surrounded by something bigger, older and more powerful than us. Mike Muncer, Evolution of Horror
Carole Alibert Sources: Youtube - The Eldritch Archives; Folk Horror A Beginner’s Guide, Evolution of Horror; an Introduction to Folk Horror, Birth. Movies. Death Wikipedia El aquelarre, Francisco de Goya, 1798
Kuniyoshi Utagawa, The Ghosts, c. 1850
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