CONOR O’HAIRE
MAX HEMMY
NATALIE BERGERON
LEO FALLON
KYLE O’QUINN
ELENA VASILOVSKA
STEPHANIE ROBERTS
XIAONAN YU
GIZANGELY MARRERO
RAY WINCKO - EDITOR
MARTHA KOHEN - INSTRUCTOR
DAVID RIFKIND - SoA DIRECTOR
CHIMAY ANUMBA - DEAN
Jakob Green facades
Doro Jaspur, India
SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMÁN, ARGENTINA
Natural shading with trees and spanish moss on most of the pedestrin walkways in Savannah provide ample shading.
“International architecture and design firm Mask Architects have been chosen as one of the ten winning designs for the Cool Abu Dhabi Challenge competition, in envisioning palm-like futuristic structures sprouting from the ground, mimicking the shape of a mushroom. The competition is a significant step to confront climate change and engender a more green environment and incorporate sustainable solutions to retaliate against the heat island effect in warm places like Abu Dhabi”
https://parametric-architecture.com/the-misty-oasyscool-down-under-the-mushroom-
CONTRIBUTORS : Ray Wincko
In recent years, many organizations of different sporting activities have addressed the imperative issue of extreme climate characteristics in stadiums and events. Primarily heat gain and solar presence has demanded a response that provides a more comfortable environment for attendees and participants. For some, shade and heat have provided a tactical advantage by designing systems that particularly make visiting teams uncomfortably warm due to extreme exposure. Undoubtedly, recent and future designs have begun to consider fan experience and comfortability, while many existing stadiums have received expansive retro-fits to incorporate shading systems.
Shade for spectators has long been addressed by architects, especially in the era of Brutalism where large shade structures allowed for engineers and designers to develop complex and elegant systems to harbor spectators.
For example, the Miami Marine Stadium, which is now derelict, was a location of cultural and sports identity for a quickly developing Miami metropolitan area. Its exaggerated concrete roof overhang shades the upper visitors while allowing for an expansive view of the speed boat racing in the basin below.
With Qatar winning the bid to host the FIFA 2022 World Cup, a discussion of how they might address the extreme heat and solar exposure in the region arose amongst coordinators and developers. The response from architects and developers resulted in eight stadiums that all provide considerable overhead shade for the thousands of visitors. Though there are questions regarding the ethics of construction and some qualities of the more ostentatious and ornate designs, the approach to combating solar exposure is considerate at the least.
Designed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Stadium 974 by Fenwick Iribarren Architects addresses numerous sustainable questions. The stadium’s design prides itself in being demountable and deconstructable after its usage as a stadium to sugegst its recyclable nature. It also, along with the other seven stadiums, provides an overhead shade component. This system is consideably more frugal and rigid in its expression. The rhyth of the structure for the shading system is determinedd by the spacing required for shipping caontainers that function as the conccessions and utilities for the stadium. The approach to shading in this stadium contains qualities and issues that the majority of the World Cup stadiums present. Primariliy, the lack of constant shade for visitors is something to note. As throughout the day, the sun shifts upon the the spectators, so at different momnets, opposite sides of the stadium are exposed to intense solar activity. One could question the possibility of an overhead structure that encloses the entirety of the stadium.
Hard Rock Stadium, which has had numerous names throughout the years, is located in Miami Gardens, Florida. The stadium has served as the home to the Miami Dolphins since their relocation. The structure used to have no overhead enclosure which made the spectator and player experience miserable as one would have to endure the blistering sun and pouring rain throughout the duration of the game. In 2017, the owner announced an extensive renovation to the stadium including an intensive and expansive external shading system. This system, since completion in 2020, has become notorious for providing shade only to the home team’s sideline while the opponents are left to suffer in nearly triple digit temperatures. This has led to a plethora of cases where opposing players have had to leave games early due to cramps induced by extreme heat and dehydration.
Hard Rock Stadium’s new shade addition almost perfectly places the visiting team’s sideline and fans directly within a territory of extreme sun exposure. This is due to the opponents bench and seating being placed on the eastern face of the stadium; so as the sun begins to occupy the West during the game, the East gets engulfed in harsh sunlight and heat. It has not been disclosed whether this detail was purposeful, but it can be assumed that it was not done without some consideration.
In recent years, a new strategy has emerged in sports arenas and stadiums that can both reduce sunexposure to visitors while taking advantage of the sun’s energy capabilities. Some responses have incorporated a hybrid roof and solar receiving system that helps provide eletric utility to the venue. Though this strategy has not become incredibly popular, most likely due to the scale and expense of such systems, it is plausible that this hybridized response becomes nomenclature in the realm of sports venues.
Toyo Ito’s stadium design for the World Games in 2013 infused a enormous singular skin envelopment of structure and solar panels. The panels provide shade for the spectators while collecting 1.14 gigawatt hours of energy a year. This scale of solar generation helps power not only the stadium but also the surrounding neighborhood.
CONTRIBUTORS : Natalie Bergeron + Stephanie Roberts
When one thinks of parking lots, they think from the perspective of a car. The car gains the advantage in this position, as it controls not only the thought processes of people, but also the built environment: the master planning, the landscaping, the building arrangements, and more. With population increase, parking lots are exceedingly wasteful in a world where density is required. Thus, it is the future generations’ responsibility to address built forms, such as parking lots, in a way that proves sustainable. One popular method (besides demolition for property development) is to incorporate a simultaneous system of shading for the cars and solar panels to capture energy. This decreases its wasteful nature as a vast parking landscape, and rather invites the structure as a beneficial asset for the immediate society than just the drivers.
TUCSON INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT SOLAR CANOPY
It is crucial to see solar and parking case studies to continue the precedent of sustainability. In Arizona, the Tucson International Airport has a Solar Canopy parking area. Here, the solar panels not only collect energy, but also are the providers of shade for those who park there. The materials of this structure are polycrystalline silicon panels, as well as green walls, thus amplifying the sustainable system at play. The architect of this Solar Canopy is de Todo Architecture; the structural engineer is Schneider Structural Engineers. The impressive part of this project is it covered 12 acres of the main terminal at this airport, which result in a generation of 2.5 megawatts of solar power that intend to serve the central utility plant of the airport, as well as the terminal complex itself.
POWERLIGHT SPRINGS PRESERVE LVVWD
(LAS VEGAS VALLEY WATER DISTRICT)
Another case study breaks the boundaries of what solar and shading capacities exist for parking – the Powerlight Springs Preserve for the Las Vegas Valley Water District. Here in Nevada, the materials of this structure are white Serge Ferrari Preconstraint
492 lightweight PVC mesh fabric, galvanized steel, PVC sheathing steel cable, and stainless steel. The photovoltaic contractor for the project was Powerlight Corporation, and the structural engineer was Huntington Design Associations, Inc. It is fascinating how this structure includes a hybrid system of what a parking lot can become, and there is surprisingly 39 tensioned panels that sit above this lot.
CONTRIBUTORS : Kyle O’Quinn
The basic principles behind simple shading devices, which can be seen illustrated on the next page, are well known to Architecture students of every sort. As we move toward sustainable solutions in construction and architecture, implementing these principles in our designs has rarely, if ever, been so important (you might consider buildings before air conditioning). However, our breadth of knowledge is ever-growing and has now become largely impacted by advancements in materials and ultimately, methodology. In short, the integration of technology has been powerful in its ability to impact the way that we shade a building.
SKY DIFFUSE RADIATION
This illustration demonstrates the taditional thought and method of achieving shading on a building. A static plan protrudes from the building, limiting the angles at
Sustainability has not been our priority from a historic perspective. This newfound shift is prompting a new need for existing building retrofits. However, as designers, we do not wish to plaster a protruding plane onto our buildings. While porches can be beautiful, there are many answers to this issue, some more appropriate than others in a variety of contexts. Capitalism answers this call with a plethora of novel and cost effective options, everything from fabrics to mechanized devices and even some that combine these innovations.
Some devices are more what we might call more “archtitectural” in that they explore more complex relationships between the static and dynamic, or construction and cost for example. This concept is a clear demonstration of how novel combinationations of material systems and new technologies can be integrated to produce something almost surprisingly captivating from both a formal and experiential point of view. Tensile fabrics fold into themselves as they slide to a closed position, stretching out as they slide open. The flexibility of the design means that it can be stored during adverse weather events or when tempurates are low and sunlight is desirable. In other case, extending the apparatus is easily possible during events, sudden spouts of rain, or most importantly for this study, when the sun suddenly shines on
AL BAHAR TOWERS, ABU DHABI
The Al Bahar Towers have become the premier example of the cutting edge for new shading devices that incorperate design, the materials of our era, and technology. Disregarding the parametric shading screen, the two towers are not particularly impressive. Formally, they are fairly mundane and they aren’t even very tall relative to other towers with impressive designs. However, the simplicity of form becomes a perfect backdrop for the complexities and chaos of the dynamic facade it showcases. The screen works by folding and unfolding its aperatures in relation to the position of the sun in the sky. As the sun moves across the sky throughout the day, the automatically self adjusting modules react by closing if they are directly facing it,
Hard Rock Stadium’s new shade addition almost perfectly places the visiting team’s sideline and fans directly within a territory of extreme sun exposure. This is due to the opponents bench and seating being placed on the eastern face of the stadium; so as the sun begins to occupy the West during the game, the East gets engulfed in harsh sunlight and heat. It has not been disclosed whether this detail was purposeful, but it can be assumed that it was not done without some consideration.
Another beautiful and in this case, somewhat monumental, example of the integration of technology and dynamic shading are the sunshades used to cover pilgrims during prayer located in Medina, Saudi Arabia. It serves hundreds and even thousands of people during the hottest parts of the day, making this religous site usable under more adverse conditions, even in the desert.
CONTRIBUTORS : ELENA VASILOVSKA
YU XIAONAN
Dressed for harsh conditions
Northern African fashion garments originate from the early days of transSaharan trade between Sub-Saharan and North Africa, which went back hundreds of years to the 7th and 8th centuries. The clothing may be considered by some locals to symbolize shyness and modesty, but most agree that it protects against the sun and the frequent sandstorms of the region.
Local Mauritanian guide Dahid Jdeidou said the daraa design not only allows for optimal airflow in these difficult environments, but also conserves body water in the desert.
Nowadays, more people live in larger cities than in the Sahara, and fashion styles are more similar to those in the West than in the Saharan desert. Yet the daraa and tagelmusts are still highly popular in Mauritania, where the men wear them in captivating shades of blue, and the style seems to be here to stay.
A long, loose gown called the Saharan daraa or boubou, and a cloth veil called the tagelmust, are two clothing staples for the Saharan nomadic men.
“The Blue Men of the Sahara.” BBC Travel. BBC. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210927-the-blue-men-of-the-sahara.
“The Blue Men of Sahara - Culture and Tradition.” Desertbrise Travel, September 14, 2022. https://www.desertbrise-travel.com/the-blue-men-of-sahara/.
As trans-Saharan trade developed, new trading hubs formed on the outskirts of the desert, and several ethnic groups traded spices, minerals, animals, and textiles across North Africa. The trade brought many different groups into Mauritania over the centuries, including the nomadic Tuareg from the north-east, the Haratin from the south-east, and the Haalpulaar from the south.
In the form of the long, flowing, wide-sleeved tunic, architectural designs evolved, books from the Sahara made their way into local libraries, and fashion trends spread throughout North Africa.
“The Blue Men of the Sahara.” BBC Travel. BBC. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20210927-the-blue-men-of-the-sahara.
“The Blue Men of Sahara - Culture and Tradition.” Desertbrise Travel, September 14, 2022. https://www.desertbrise-travel.com/the-blue-men-of-sahara/.
A patent for an improved sun shade hat. The hat protects the wearer from heatstroke and frees the wearer’s hands to work by shielding their heads from the sun. A clamp and washers are used in this design to enable the hat to remain open/ closed while off the wearer’s head, which is an improvement over previous styles.
Ross, George W. Sun Shade Hat., patent, July 12, 1881; [Washington D.C.]. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth170198/: accessed November 30, 2022), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.
Inventor
Ross, George W. Ross, G.W., of Marquez, Texas.
Printer
Norris Peters Co.
Witnesses
Mortimer, W.W.
Forbes, L.D.
Calhoun, R.G.
Reeves, R.P.
Publisher
United States. Patent Office.
Place of Publication: [Washington D.C.]
Creation Date July 12, 1881
Accepted Date B July 12, 1881
Submitted Date April 21, 1881
Ross, George W. Sun Shade Hat., patent, July 12, 1881; [Washington D.C.]. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth170198/: accessed November 30, 2022), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt. edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.
“Portable Men Women Umbrella Hat Cap Sun Shade Camping Fishing Hiking Handfree Umbrella Outdoor.” Walmart.com. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.walmart.com/ip/Portable-Men-Women-Umbrella-Hat-Cap-Sun-Shade-Camping-Fishing-Hiking-Handfree-Umbrella-Outdoor/191495593.
“DCENTA Double Layer Folding Umbrella Hat Compact UV Wind Protection Sun Rain Cap.” Walmart.com. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.walmart.com/ip/Dcenta-Double-Layer-Folding-Umbrella-Hat-Compact-UV-Wind-Protection-SunRain-Cap/473619984.
A person’s clothing can reveal a lot about them, including where they came from. From social or political status to local weather patterns, hats have been an integral part of traditional dress throughout history. There are many hats whose origins have made them icons in their countries. Hats serve as a form of expression as well as protection against severe weather conditions.
Bresler, Alex. “11 Traditional Hats from around the World and Their Stories.” Matador Network. Matador Network, August 16, 2022. https://matadornetwork.com/read/11-traditional-hats-aroundworld-stories/.
“Hat+Sketch Images – Browse 113,003 Stock Photos, Vectors, and Video.” Adobe Stock. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://stock.adobe.com/search?k=hat%2Bsketch.
Bresler,
“UPF 50+ Sun Hats for Men.” Solbari. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.solbari.com/collections/men-sun-hats.
https://matadornetwork.com/read/11-traditional-hats-around-world-stories/.
“UPF 50+ Sun
Men.” Solbari. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://www.solbari.com/collections/men-sun-hats.
https://matadornetwork.com/read/11-traditional-hats-around-world-stories/.
To this day, the salakot is a symbol of indigenous or traditional folk dress and cultural heritage. The name itself roughly translates to “native hat” in the native Philippines language, Tagalog.
It is estimated that 10 to 20 percent of the population is made up of Indigenous communities. The salakot is sun and water mitigating headwear, typically made of found materials like bamboo, palms, and rattan leaves. Known to be worn by fishermen and farmers, they were sometimes coated in resin.
The styles on the next page are those
Source: https://nhm.org/stories/filipino-salakot
Clockwise from top left: traditional salakot; ornamental salakot with metal inlays; european pith helmet adapted from the Filipinx salakot; salakot made of tortoise shell; traditional salakot viewed from above
Opposite page: illustration from the early 1800s depicting Filipinos in traditional barong tagalog (embroi-
