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EY +968 22-504-559
Mail address: Fax: +968 22-504-043 P.O. Box 1750 Ruwi, Postal Code 112 Oman
Street address: 5th Floor
Landmark Building Opposite Al Ameen Mosque Bowsher Muscat Oman
Principal Tax Contacts and Business Tax Services Leaders
Ahmed Amor Al Esry +968 22-504-559 Email: ahmed.amor@om.ey.com Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
International Tax and Transaction Services – International Corporate Tax Advisory
Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
Ramesh Lakshminarayanan +968 22-504-559 Email: ramesh.lakshminarayanan @om.ey.com
Amit Bhatnagar +968 22-504-559 Email: amit.bhatnagar@om.ey.com
International Tax and Transaction Services – Transaction Tax Advisory
Ahmed Amor Al Esry +968 22-504-559 Email: ahmed.amor@om.ey.com
Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
Tax Policy and Controversy
Ahmed Amor Al Esry +968 22-504-559 Email: ahmed.amor@om.ey.com
Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
Global Compliance and Reporting
Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
Manjot Singh +968 24-504-559 Email: manjot.singh@om.ey.com
Private Client Services
Alkesh Joshi +968 22-504-559 Email: alkesh.joshi@om.ey.com
Mohammed Raza +968 22-504-559 Email: mohammed.raza@om.ey.com
The Income Tax Law (ITL), which is effective from the tax year beginning on 1 January 2010, was published in the Official Gazette on 1 June 2009. The Executive Regulations (ERs), which provide clarifications to certain provisions of the ITL, were issued on 28 January 2012 through Ministerial Decision (MD) 30/2012.
Royal Decree (RD) 9/2017 published in the Official Gazette on 26 February 2017 amended certain provisions of the ITL. In September 2020, the ITL was further amended by RD 118/2020.
MD 14/2019, amending the ERs to the ITL, was published on 10 February 2019. The amendments include clarifications on the withholding tax regime, administrative procedures, tax exemptions, deductibility of expenses, on-site inspection procedures and taxability of enterprises. They generally apply from 11 February 2019, but some amendments apply retroactively to tax years beginning on or after 1 January 2018.
A. At a glance
Corporate Income Tax Rate
Gains Tax Rate
Tax Rate
Operating Losses
(a) The rate for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises is 3%. For further informa tion regarding corporate income tax rates, see Section B. (b) This tax is imposed on certain payments to nonresident persons that do not have a permanent establishment in Oman or have a permanent establishment in Oman but such payments do not form part of the gross income of that permanent establishment in Oman. Companies or permanent establishments in Oman that make specified payments on which withholding tax is appli cable must deduct the tax at source and remit it to the Tax Authority (for a listing of these items, see Section B).
(c) See Section C.
B. Taxes on corporate income and gains
Corporate income tax. Companies, which include Omani compa nies, partnerships, joint ventures and sole proprietorships, and permanent establishments of foreign companies are subject to Omani income tax. A permanent establishment, which is defined in the law, also includes a building site, a place of construction or an assembly project if it lasts for a period of more than 90 days. In addition, a permanent establishment is created for a foreign person providing consultancy or other services in Oman through employees or designated agents visiting Oman for at least 90 days in any 12-month period.
Omani companies and Omani sole proprietorships are subject to tax on overseas income (income accrued from a source outside Oman). However, a foreign tax credit limited to Oman’s tax rate of 15% is available against the tax payable in Oman.
Under amendments contained in RD 9/2017, taxability of Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) country citizens or a GCC-owned company is based on a 2001 economic agreement between the GCC member states.
Rates of corporate income tax. Companies registered in Oman, regardless of the extent of foreign participation, and permanent establishments of foreign companies are subject to tax at a rate of 15% on their taxable income. RD 9/2017 removed the statutory exemption limit of OMR30,000.
Oil exploration and production companies are taxed at a rate of 55% and are usually covered by special rules contained in conces sion agreements. Exploration and production sharing agreements
(EPSAs) signed between the government of Oman and conces sion partners provide detailed procedures for computing taxable income and settlement of tax due. Under an EPSA, the govern ment of Oman settles tax due on behalf of the concession partner out of the government’s share of production.
Foreign shipping and aviation companies are exempt from tax in Oman if the Omani shipping and aviation companies enjoy simi lar reciprocal treatment in the respective foreign countries. Omani companies and sole proprietorships engaged in shipping are exempt from tax.
Income derived by investment funds established in Oman and by funds established outside Oman dealing in Omani securities listed in the Muscat Securities Market (MSM) is exempt from tax. These exemptions are for indefinite periods.
Tax holidays are available to companies engaged in industrial activities. The exemption is restricted to five years, subject to the fulfillment of certain conditions.
No income can be exempt from tax unless provided by a law or Royal Decree.
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Under RD 9/2017, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) are now taxed at 3%, effective from 1 January 2017. For an entity to be considered as an SME, certain prescribed criteria must be fulfilled.
MD 14/2019 amended the criteria on capital, revenue and number of employees for enterprises to benefit from the applicability of reduced tax rates of 0% and 3%. SMEs must submit a final return of income within three months after the end of the accounting period, together with a statement of income on a cash basis. The amendments introduced by MD 14/2019 clarify that the general rules for deductibility of expenses for enterprises are similar to those for other local taxpayers.
SMEs that do not keep accounts of expenses are required to sub mit an annual application together with the tax return and details of revenue during the year. The Tax Authority will determine the deductibility of deemed expenses based on the application.
Capital gains. No special rules apply to capital gains. Capital gains are taxed as part of regular business income at the rates set out in Rates of corporate income tax
The tax law provides that profits and gains derived from dispos als of all assets, including disposals of goodwill, trade names or trademarks with respect to all or part of a business, are included as deemed income.
Gains derived from the sale of investments and securities listed on the MSM are exempt from tax.
Withholding tax. Withholding tax at a rate of 10% of gross pay ments is imposed on certain gross payments made to foreign companies, including the following (also, see below):
Dividends
Interest
Royalties (see
• Fees for management or performance of services
• Consideration for the use of or right to use computer software
Entities in Oman, including permanent establishments, are respon sible for deducting and remitting tax to the government. The tax is final. Foreign persons do not have any further filing or other obligations with respect to such income.
If a foreign company has a permanent establishment in Oman, but the permanent establishment in Oman is unconnected to the receipt of income that is subject to withholding tax, withholding tax applies to such payments.
A Royal Assent has suspended the application of provisions of the ITL relating to withholding tax on dividends and interest for a period of three years from 6 May 2019. This suspension was further increased to five years from the 2020 tax year (until 31 December 2024) under the Economic Stimulus Plan intro duced by the Ministry of Finance.
Further details regarding the withholding taxes are provided below.
Withholding tax on performance of services. The term “services” is not defined in the ITL or the regulations. However, ERs provide that the following are excluded from the applicability of withholding tax:
• Participation in organizations, conferences, seminars or exhibi tions
• Training
• Transporting, shipping and insurance of goods
• Air tickets and accommodation expenses abroad
• Board meeting fees
• Reinsurance payments
• Any services related to an activity or property outside Oman
Withholding tax on royalties. Royalties include payments for the use of or right to use software, intellectual property rights, pat ents, trademarks, drawings, equipment rentals, consideration for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience, and concessions involving minerals.
Withholding tax on dividends. Under RD 9/2017, dividends paid to foreign persons on publicly listed shares are subject to with holding tax at 10% of gross payments, effective from 27 February 2017. The amendments introduced by MD 14/2019 clarify that the term “dividends” includes dividends distributed by joint stock companies and distributions by investment funds.
Withholding tax on interest. Amendments introduced by MD 14/2019 define the term “interest” for withholding tax purposes and clarify the treatment of returns generated by certain Islamic Finance products. MD 14/2019 excludes certain payments from withholding tax, including the following:
• Interest paid on amounts deposited in banks located in Oman
• Returns on bonds and sukuk issued by the government or banks located in Oman
• The benefits of transactions and facilities between banks for the purpose of providing and managing liquidity or financing, if the term for repayment of the debt does not exceed five years
Other. The applicability of withholding tax on interest and pay ments for services is an evolving issue for which taxpayers should seek advice before making decisions. Effective from 27 February 2017, responsibility to deduct withholding tax is extended to ministries, public establishments and other govern ment administrative bodies.
Administration
General. A taxpayer is required to register with the Tax Authority by filing a declaration of details related to the entity (Income Tax Forms Nos. 2 to 5) within a period of 60 days after the date of incorporation or commencement of activities, whichever is earli er. Any changes to the registration information must be commu nicated within 30 days by submitting a form entitled “Declaration of modification to the details related to the taxpayer” (Income Tax Form No. 6).
Tax card. Under an amendment contained in RD 9/2017, a re quest for a tax card must be submitted to the Tax Authority within two months after the date of incorporation or commencement of business or within one month after the date of any change in data of an entity. The allotted card number and date must be included in all the invoices, contracts and correspondence. The tax card system entered into effect on 1 July 2020. Fines that may be imposed on taxpayers in case of noncompliance with this re quirement have been stipulated.
Accounting period. The accounting period begins on the date of commencement of business for joint ventures and permanent es tablishments. For companies, the start date is the date of registra tion or incorporation. The first accounting period may be less than 12 months but cannot exceed 18 months. The accounting period may be changed with the approval of the Tax Authority.
Books of accounts. Books of accounts are required to be main tained for a period of 10 years. Permission is required for main taining books of accounts in a foreign currency. In such a case, income must be converted at exchange rates prevailing on the last day of the accounting year, as published by the Central Bank of Oman. The accrual method of accounting must be used.
Principal Officer. The term “Principal Officer” is defined for various entities. If a permanent establishment carries on an activ ity in Oman through a dependent agent, the agent is treated as Principal Officer. If a sole proprietor or owner of a permanent establishment is outside Oman, the individual or permanent es tablishment must designate a Principal Officer to comply with the obligations under the law. Such Principal Officer may not be absent from Oman for more than 90 days in a tax year.
Partners of joint ventures are jointly and severally liable for taxes of the joint venture.
Returns: The previous requirement to submit two tax returns (the provisional and final returns of income) has been replaced. An income tax return is now required to be submitted within four months from the end of the relevant tax year or accounting period for which the return is prepared. This requirement is effective for tax years commencing on or after 1 January 2020.
Electronic filing of returns. Amendments contained in RD 9/2017 introduced a system of electronic filing of tax returns. Although e-filing regulations have not yet been prescribed, tax returns (both corporate income tax and withholding tax) are required to be filed electronically via the tax online portal.
Tax residency. RD 118/2020 introduced a new concept of tax residency as follows:
• A natural person is a resident if he or she spends 183 days or more (consecutive or intermittent) in Oman during the tax year.
• A legal person is a tax resident if it has been established in accordance with the laws and RDs in force in Oman, or if its head office or headquarters is in Oman.
The reference to foreign persons in the charging section for with holding tax in the ITL has been amended to apply to nonresident persons (that is, a person not fulfilling the above criteria).
Financial institutions and other businesses operating in Oman. On 14 September 2020, Oman ratified the automatic exchange of information (AEOI) through RD 118/2020 to support the imple mentation of the Common Reporting Standard and Country-byCountry Reporting Standards developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Chairman of the Tax Authority has also issued announcements related to relevant administrative rules. Reporting financial institutions and other multinational businesses should assess their compliance require ments, if any, under the AEOI regime.
Assessments. Assessments must be issued within three years from the end of the year in which tax returns are filed. If no assessment is issued within a period of three years, such assess ments are deemed to have been issued (that is, tax returns are accepted as filed).
Rectification, revision or additional assessment may be carried out by the Tax Authority within three years after the date of the original assessment. However, in a case of fraud or deception, the statutory timeline for assessment is extended up to five years. If a tax return is not submitted for a tax year, the time limit for mak ing an assessment is five years from the end of the tax year for which the tax return is due.
Assessed tax, reduced by tax already paid, must generally be paid within 30 days after the date of issuance of the assessment. A delay results in a fine of 1% per month on taxes due for the period of delay. If a refund is assessed, the refund must be claimed within five years from the end of the year in which such refund is due. The refund may also be used as a setoff against future tax payable.
Assessments are made with respect to withholding tax. Under an amendment contained in RD 9/2017, assessments can be issued in cases in which withholding tax is not paid by the taxpayer.
RD 9/2017 introduced a system of sample basis selection for investigation before the issuance of an assessment. However, regulations on sampling and other procedures have not yet been issued.
o man
Statutory periods of limitation. For the period of limitation related to assessments, see Assessments
The government’s right to collect taxes expires after seven years from the date taxes became due and payable, unless the Tax Authority initiates action to recover taxes.
Appellate processes. An objection against an assessment order must be filed with the Tax Authority. Other appellate procedures are an appeal with the Tax Grievance Committee (a special committee recently formed to address taxpayers’ grievances), a tax suit filed in the primary court, an appeal to the appellate court, and finally a case before the Supreme Court.
An objection against an assessment must be filed within 45 days from the date of serving of the assessment order. An appeal must be submitted within 45 days from the date of the decision on the objection or the date of expiration of the specified period for deciding on the objection if no decision is issued.
The time limit for consideration of the objection is five months, with an extension of an additional three months. If no decision is issued, an implied rejection of the objection is deemed to occur.
A taxpayer can seek extension of time for the payment of disputed tax. However, the undisputed tax must be paid within 30 days after the date of assessment.
Stringent penalties are imposed for noncompliance with the pro cedural requirements and any understatement of income or profits.
Dividends. Dividends received by Omani companies, permanent establishments of foreign companies or Omani sole proprietor ships from Omani companies are exempt from tax.
Foreign tax relief. A foreign tax credit limited to Oman’s tax rate of 15% is available against the tax payable in Oman on overseas income of Omani companies and sole proprietors.
C. Determination of trading income
General. Tax is levied on the taxable income earned by Omani companies, permanent establishments of foreign companies and Omani sole proprietorships. Financial accounts must be prepared using the accrual basis of accounting and in accordance with international accounting standards.
Gains on the disposal of goodwill and trademarks are deemed to be taxable income.
Income arising before registration or incorporation is considered to be taxable income in the first year after registration. The mar ket value of assets received in exchange for other assets is consid ered to be the disposal value, suggesting that mergers may give rise to a taxable event.
Other types of income such as payments on insurance claims, debts recovered in subsequent periods, balancing charges and reversals of liabilities, are treated as income subject to tax.
Expenses are deductible only if they are incurred wholly and exclusively for the purpose of production of gross income. If only a portion of the expense is incurred for the purpose of income generation, the proportionate expense attributable to the income generated is allowed as a deduction. Expenses incurred before registration, incorporation or the commencement of business are deemed to be incurred on the day on which business commences and are deductible in the first year of commencement of opera tions.
Expenses that are incurred in generating tax-exempt income are not allowed as deductions.
Special rules apply to allowances, such as depreciation, bad debts, donations, remuneration of shareholders, proprietors and directors, rent, head-office overhead allocated to branches, interest paid to related parties and sponsorship fees. Exchange differences relating to head-office or related-party balances are normally disregarded.
Donations made “in kind” to approved organizations are allowed as deductible payments. The amendments introduced by MD 14/2019 provide specific rules for deduction of in-kind dona tions, effective for tax years beginning on or after 1 January 2018.
MD 14/2019 has increased the limit for deduction of remuneration paid to owners or partners of a company from RO3,000 to RO3,500 per month for companies carrying on professional activities, and from RO1,000 to RO1,500 per month for all other companies. In addition, the annual limit on deductible remunera tion paid to all owners or partners of a company has increased to 35% of the taxable income for the year (calculated before deduct ing such remuneration) for companies carrying on professional activities and 25% for all other companies. These amendments are effective for tax years beginning on or after 1 January 2018.
Foreign taxes are not deductible for tax purposes. However, for eign taxes can be set off against taxes due on the same income in Oman (see Section B).
Inventories. The ITL does not stipulate a required method of accounting for inventories. In general, inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined using the weighted average or first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. Provisions to reduce the value to net realizable value are not allowed for tax purposes.
Provisions. In general, provisions are not allowed as deductible expenses when created. However, they are allowed as deductions when they are written off or utilized. Exceptions to this rule in clude the following:
• Provisions for loan losses are deductible for tax purposes for banks and other financial companies regulated by the central bank.
• Provisions for unexpired risks, unsettled claims and contribu tions to contingency funds are deductible for tax purposes for insurance companies.
Tax depreciation. Depreciation of assets other than buildings must be calculated using the pooling (or block) of assets method. Each pool’s asset base is calculated with reference to the written-down value plus additions minus sale proceeds from disposals.
The straight-line depreciation method applies to certain assets as indicated in the table below.
The following annual depreciation rates are set out under the tax law.
Assets Rate (%)
Permanent buildings (selected materials)
Building (other than selected materials)
Quays, jetties, pipelines, road, railways
Ships and aircraft
Drilling rigs
Other machinery and equipment
Tractors, cranes and other heavy equipment
Computers, vehicles, self-propelling machines
Furniture and fixtures (including computer software and copyrights)
Hospital buildings and educational establishments 100
* These assets are depreciated using the straight-line method.
The rate for intangible assets is determined by the Tax Authority.
Relief for losses. Losses may be carried forward for five years. Losses of an earlier year must be set off first before using losses of a later year.
Companies that are exempt from tax because they carry on ac tivities set out in Section B may carry forward net losses incurred during the first five years of exemption for an indefinite period. No carryback of losses is permitted.
D. Other significant taxes
The following table summarizes other significant taxes.
Nature of tax Rate
Valued-added tax (VAT); effective from 16 April 2021; VAT is applicable to goods and services; recently issued ERs have clarified matters regarding VAT registration requirements, goods that are exempt or zero-rated and certain other matters; on 6 January 2020, the Oman Tax Authority issued Executive Decisions on VAT registration thresholds, VAT registration dates and the basic food items that are subject to 0% VAT rate Standard rate 5% Excise tax; introduced in June 2019 on carbonated drinks, energy drinks, tobacco-related products, pork products and alcohol; under MD 34/2020, the excise tax regime was expanded to include a wide range of other products Various
Nature of tax Rate
Social security contributions, on “monthly wage” of Omani employees only, effective from 1 July 2014; “monthly wage” is defined as “all amounts paid to the insured in cash or in kind or periodically or regularly for his work whatever the method used for its determination, or is the sum of basic wages plus allowances, which shall be determined by a decision of the Minister after the approval of the Board of Directors”; the amount (wage) is capped at OMR3,000 per month
Pension fund; paid by Employer 10% Employee 7% Government 5.5%
Occupational injuries and diseases; payable by employer 1% Contribution to job security fund; paid by Employer 1% Employee 1%
Total fees for issuing and renewing permits for recruitment of non-Omani employees; rates depend on the type of profession, number of workers and amount of salary Non-Omani employees working in SMEs,
Other non-Omani employees
OMR101 to OMR1,001
OMR141 to OMR2,001
End-of-service benefit payable to expatriate staff on the termination of service 15 days of basic salary for each of the first 3 years and 30 days’ basic salary for years of service in excess of 3 years
Vocational training levy for each non-Omani employee; paid biennially by employer OMR350
E. Miscellaneous matters
Anti-avoidance legislation. If a company carries out a transaction with a related party that is intended to reduce the company’s taxable income, income arising from such transaction is deemed to be the income that would have arisen had the parties been dealing at arm’s length.
For transactions between related parties that are not at arm’s length, certain arrangements and terms may be ignored by the Tax Authority if such arrangements or terms result in lower tax able income or greater losses.
The Tax Authority may make adjustments if the principal pur pose of a transaction is to avoid taxation even if the transaction is between unrelated parties.
Thin-capitalization rules. Under the ITL, interest payable by Omani companies other than banks and insurance companies may be deducted from taxable income, subject to the satisfaction of cer tain conditions prescribed by the ERs.
The ERs provide that interest on loans from related parties paid by Omani companies other than banks and insurance companies may be deductible if total loans do not exceed twice the value of the shareholder’s equity.
The above provision introduces the concept of thin capitalization requiring Omani companies to comply with a minimum capital requirement, which is that loans may not exceed a debt-to-equity ratio of 2 to 1. If the debt-to-equity ratio exceeds 2 to 1, the deduction of related-party interest costs may be partially or com pletely disallowed.
Head office overhead. Allocations of overhead by the head office to a branch are capped at the lower of 3% of revenue or actual charges. If the head office has only a supervisory role with respect to a branch, no overhead deduction is allowed. A recent circular issued by the Tax Authority states that withholding tax of 10% applies to head office overheads recorded by a branch as an expense.
Islamic financial transactions. The taxation of Islamic financial transactions and its exclusions are now covered by the ITL. However, regulations regarding Islamic financial transactions have not yet been issued.
Transfer pricing. The tax law has introduced the concept of trans fer pricing. It seeks to restrict any measures that may be taken by related parties for the avoidance of tax through transactions entered into between them.
Oman has recently joined the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Inclusive Framework. By joining this framework, Oman has committed to implementing four minimum standards of the BEPS package, relating to Actions 5, 6, 13 and 14. Action 13 requires transfer pricing and Country-by-Country Reporting. Oman has issued legislative frameworks to meet the BEPS Inclusive Framework requirements. As a result of these BEPS changes, taxpayers may be subject to additional reporting and compliance requirements, including a review of their structures to facilitate compliance with the new international standards.
Common Reporting Standard. On 14 September 2020, Oman rati fied the automatic exchange of information (AEOI) through RD 118/2020 to support the implementation of the Common Reporting Standard (CRS) developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). On 17 September 2020, the Chairman of the Tax Authority issued Decision No. 78/2020 outlining related administrative rules for CRS compliance. The effective date for the CRS in Oman was 1 July 2019 and the first reporting was due by 31 October 2020. The deadline for CRS reporting for following years is five months from the calendar year end (that is 31 May). As of 31 December 2021, Oman has 43 reportable jurisdictions for the purposes of CRS.
Reporting Financial Institutions (such as banks, funds, brokers, custodians and insurance companies offering cash value or annuity products) need to have processes and procedures in place to meet their compliance requirements. Individuals and entities that are not Reporting Financial Institutions should be prepared to provide relevant documentation to reporting financial institutions to support their tax residency status.
Country-by-Country Reporting. On 27 September 2020, Oman introduced, through Tax Authority Decision 79/2020, Countryby-Country Reporting requirements. The requirements affect all businesses that have a legal entity or branch in Oman and are members of a multinational enterprise (MNE) group with annual turnover above OMR300 million (approximately USD780 million or EUR670 million).
Covered businesses are required to submit a notification no later than the last day of the reporting fiscal year of such MNE group. This notification should identify whether the Constituent Entity (the covered business) is the Ultimate Parent Entity (UPE) or the Surrogate Parent Entity (SPE) of the MNE group. If the Constituent Entity is neither the UPE nor the SPE, the notification must include the identity and tax residence of the Reporting Entity. An Omani Reporting Entity (UPE or SPE) must file its Country-by-Country report no later than 12 months after the last day of the reporting fiscal year of the MNE group.
Others. Oman does not have any rules relating to foreign-exchange controls or controlled foreign companies.
F. Tax treaties
Oman has entered into double tax treaties with Algeria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, China Mainland, Croatia, France, Hungary, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Korea (South), Lebanon, Mauritius, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, Pakistan, Portugal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and Yemen.
Oman has signed double tax treaties with Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Kyrgyzstan, Libya, Lithuania, Malta, Nepal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Serbia, the Slovak Republic and Sweden, but these treaties are not yet in force.
Certain double tax treaties include the benefit of reduced with holding tax rates. The applicability of reduced tax rates under the provisions of a double tax treaty is not automatic. Companies must apply to obtain the benefit of reduced treaty tax rates. Withholding tax relief is available under double tax treaties with certain countries subject to satisfying certain conditions or requirements.
Oman has also entered into treaties with several countries with respect to the avoidance of double taxation on income generated from international air transport.