Sustentabilidad

Sustainable Architecture Master Studies & Consulting Cases Jorge Olivos Architect | LEED AP BD+C MSc. ClimaDesign TU M端nchen, Deutschland

Logistic Center - Munich www.asa-architekten.com

Methodology

The case studied is the Immogate Logistic Center, in the Munich Airport surroundings, which is a Gold Award DGNB winner.

A calibration was conducted to understand what improvements could be done to the building.

Once a model is calibrated, that is to say, the energy model reacts as its real world counterpart, then this virtual model is going to reflect changes in a realistic way, with little error. Calibrations allows a wide range of study, since every variable can be changed inside the building, like fabric thickness, changes in the occupancy schedule or more complex variables, like HVAC systems.

These experiments are ideal for making assertive decisions in the context of a refurbishment.

Heating strategy

Gas Consumption vs. Foam Thickness (Walls)

Gas Consumption and the different Infiltration rates.

In order to conduct the calibration, the first step is to simulate the gas heating system (the originally installed and functioning system), which is shown as the red line in the graph above. The heating system was used in the building only in the winter season, but it did not show a regular pattern of behaviour when in use. To explain this it´s imperative to understand the functioning of the logistic centers, as they act as land ports, having huge product exchange. This constant goods movement causes that the doors to remain open during long periods of times, especially in high trading season, like Christmas time.

Differtent infiltration rates were studied over the same gas consumption. The above charts depict the results, explaining the differences in gas usage, which is mediated by the infiltration.

Another possibility that a calibration opens, is to study wall thicknesses. The two charts on the right gives an inside look at what differences could be expected if the material thicknesses were changed.

Although in this particular case both experiments showed that the ideal thickness was chosen, it still surfaces as an interesting comparison method. Foam and ineral wool were studied. The first is the actual wall material, and the second is the roof material.

Building Calibration DesignBuilder

Gas Consumption vs. Mineral Wool Thickness (Roofs)

Infrared - 10 cm Insulation Thermal bridge in the ramp. Actual situation.

The simulation of the hydraulic ramp showed that there is a huge thermal bridge in this specific part of the building. The biggest thermal bridges are in logistic halls produced by infiltration, as the doors need to be opened for long periods, and added to this is the huge problem of the steel ramp used to load and unload the products, which is in constant contact with the outside air temperature. It must be noted that the design of the building allows the installed tube air-heaters to be put right above the ramps, which acts as a huge barrier against the losses. Although this measure can be considered reasonable in must be taken into account that the heating system is used as little as possible, only between the end of September and May and only during working hours, leaving huge gaps of time during which from the building to be cooled down. The graphics on the right show some insulation solutions, with different thicknesses.

Thermal bridge study Therm 7

Infrared - 20 cm Insulation

Office Building - Santiago de Chile www.handelarchitects.com

Site Factors - Shading analysis

Shading affecting the building´s context - winter solstice

Both models analysed, above and previous page

Located in Santiago de Chile, the project includes two towers, one is an office and the other a hotel.

Two models were designed and tested as part of a consulting study.

Shading affecting the building´s self complex - winter solstice

A huge question was the impact of glare, from the building and its surroundings, as well as the self induced shading. The study proved that a vertical façade with a commercial plaza on its feet will produce a clear glare problem in the plaza. A proposed measure was to give the façade a geometric special form to avoid the vertical plane.

Ecotect

Shading affecting the Hotel rooms - winter day

Daylight Factor - winter solstice 12:00 Glare problem in the commercial plaza - Summer calculation

A daylight analysis was done in order to calculate the amount of light that the commercial plaza was receiving in the winter seaon.

For the summer situation, a reflexivity study was necessary.

Glare problem in the commercial plaza Foot candles - winter solstice 12:00

Reflections : Glare & Daylighting analysis Ecotect - Radiance

2D analysis - bird´s view

3D analysis - bird´s view

The investor was worried about the visual access to his commercial area. A visual impact analysis was made in order to render the best angles of this shopfront. The colour scale is expressed in sq. meters that have access to the vitrine

2D analysis - plan view

Visual impact

Ecotect

Window to Wall Ratio Offices - Mediterranean Climate www.certificacionsustentable.cl

The glazing fraction influence in office buildings in Santiago de Chile has no back-up study or norms that regulates its use. This study aims to provide Chilean designers with a grasp of the thermal load behaviour of the former and its relationship with daylight inside the place. These points are used in accordance with the main variables that affect an office building, namely, window-to-wall ratios (WWR), orientation, and three representative glazing types.

The glass included in this study are, a generic double glazing, a Triple glazing LOW-E, and the ASHRAE 90.1-2007 double glazing, which is being used as the material in baseline calculations for the LEED certification . The chosen four different WWR .0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9. are to be calculated rotating the models to the four cardinal points.

This study proposes a work flow of calculations in EnergyPlus (DesignBuilder), for the thermal loads and DAYSIM (DIVA) for the daylight part.. Besides having the thermal loads of the models, the daylight calculations give the possibility of comparing results of the light consumption, between EnergyPlus and DIVA. DAYSIM allowed also the out come of annual calculations, in this case, Daylight Availability. (DA). The experiment concluded that lower WWRs have a better thermal performance. Daylight, a key factor in office spaces is highly dependent on the transmissivity (Tn) of the glass and the choice of most suitable material is to be related to the amount of natural light pursued (less consumption) and the U value of it.

WWR 90% South East corner

270째

Wall area = 3 mt 2 Window area = 27 mt

2

WWR 70% Wall area = 9 mt

2

Window area = 21mt

West South corner 180째

2

Sill = 80cm

WWR 50% Wall area = 15 mt Window area = 15 mt

North West corner 90째

2

2

Sill = 80cm

WWR 30% Wall area = 21 mt

2

Window area = 2,25 x 4 = 9 mt

East North corner

0째

DesignBuilder + Rhino

Sill = 80cm

2

Simulation Model

Framework Conditions

Density = 0.13 people/m2 Office equipment = 0.15 W/m2 Walls U-value = 2.88 W/m2-K Frames U-value = 3.47 W/m2-K Infiltration Rate = 0.8 ac/h HVAC = Fancoil Unit + Mech. Ventilation (Both Cop =1)

SHGC = 0.693 TL= 0.781 U= 3.15 W/m2-K > 6mm

glass normal Gap =air 6 mm

> 6mm

glass normal

South East 0°

ASHRAE Double Pane glazing SHGC = 0.41 TL= 0.23 U= 3.12 W/m2-K

> 6mm

> TRIPLE

Triple pane glazing Low E SHGC = 0.297 TL= 0.455 U= 1.71 W/m2-K > 6mm

glass normal Gap =air 6mm

glass normal

Gap =air 6 mm glass coated

> 6mm

glass normal Gap =air 6 mm > 6mm glass coated

> 6mm

East North 90°

Thermal Results

North West 180°

West South 270°

Lightning Results

Methodology

Ecotect/DesignBuilder/Rhino

Glass Properties

>

WWR 30%

Orientations studied & Expected Results

BASIC Double Pane Glazing

WWR 50%

DesignBuilder

>

WWR 70%

DIVA

WWR 90%

Window (to) Wall Ratio

Schedule = Office hours 7-19hrs (DST - Schedule) Lightning control = Yes (Linear / Automatic dimmer ) Lightning = 15 W/m2

In green above, the general framework conditions that were used for the 4 different models are listed. This was applied to the 4 WWR’s and each of these models with different proportions, and was again multiplied by the different possibilities of glazing types. These solutions of glazing fractions were again multiplied by the orientations, giving 48 results, for energy calculations. The same models were run in DIVA in order to understand the study from the lightning point of view.

85 85 84 83 82 81 80 82 82 82 82 81 79 80 82 82 82 81 79 79 81 82 82 81 79

78 79 80 80 79 79 79 80 80 80 80 79 79 79 80 81 81 80 80 80 81 82 83 84 86

86 84 83 82 81 80 80 80 81 81 80 79 79 79 80 81 80 80 79 79 79 80 80 79 78

76 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 81 82 83 85

85 83 82 81 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 76

72 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 78 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 79 79 80 80 81 82 83

83 82 81 81 80 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 78 77 77 76 76 76 76 75 75 74

68 70 71 71 73 73 72 74 74 74 75 75 74 76 76 76 76 77 78 78 79 79 80 80 79

79 81 80 79 79 78 78 77 77 77 76 76 76 75 75 75 75 75 75 73 74 72 73 71 70

64 65 66 69 68 70 69 69 70 72 72 73 74 74 75 74 75 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 79

79 80 80 79 78 78 77 76 76 74 75 74 72 73 71 72 71 70 68 70 71 68 67 65 64

56 53 58 59 64 64 68 68 68 64 66 68 69 70 70 73 73 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

82 81 80 79 78 77 76 77 74 73 73 73 72 71 70 69 65 65 64 64 65 62 61 58 56

52 53 54 57 60 60 61 62 62 65 65 64 66 69 69 70 72 73 75 76 78 79 80 82 85

85 82 81 79 78 77 75 73 73 72 68 67 66 64 65 65 63 61 60 62 55 57 58 51 50

48 50 51 55 51 55 55 55 59 56 62 63 63 65 64 67 70 73 75 75 78 79 81 82 85

85 82 81 79 78 76 75 72 71 68 69 66 66 62 59 57 58 57 57 57 50 52 52 47 45

39 35 50 48 50 55 56 55 56 60 59 60 63 60 62 69 69 69 72 76 77 79 80 82 84

84 82 81 79 77 76 74 73 68 67 62 61 61 59 61 58 58 56 55 54 52 45 51 49 42

31 25 41 39 48 49 52 55 56 55 52 56 62 56 62 67 70 70 74 74 76 78 79 80 80

80 81 79 78 77 75 73 72 67 67 65 58 58 58 58 53 55 51 53 48 47 39 39 39 38

31 17 34 42 44 42 45 51 52 52 55 53 55 62 60 63 64 70 71 73 76 78 79 79 76

76 79 79 78 77 75 72 66 66 61 61 58 56 55 52 48 51 51 47 44 44 28 34 33 25

23 16 22 33 40 47 47 47 53 52 51 50 55 52 59 61 67 66 70 73 76 78 79 80 80

80 80 79 78 76 73 72 68 66 63 57 58 53 56 53 50 51 48 51 42 41 33 31 12 18

17 16 31 34 46 43 49 52 52 53 48 52 53 58 54 58 63 65 71 73 76 79 80 82 84

84 81 80 78 77 73 72 64 65 59 56 54 56 51 52 54 53 52 48 40 44 33 27 27 14

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%]) 84% of floor area

53 52 52 49 53 56 64 64 70 72 76 79 80 82 85

85 82 81 79 77 73 70 67 63 59 53 51 52 56 54

53 49 50 56 51 54 62 64 66 74 75 79 80 82 84

85 82 81 78 77 74 69 66 64 59 57 46 53 53 52

49 45 44 46 53 55 58 62 68 73 76 78 80 81 82

82 81 80 78 76 73 70 66 62 54 56 51 49 48 52

46 38 42 46 49 54 55 67 68 73 75 78 79 79 77

77 79 78 77 75 72 70 65 61 54 53 52 46 48 50

44 40 38 38 45 54 55 64 67 73 75 77 79 79 77

77 79 78 77 76 72 68 65 60 54 51 50 49 41 38

28 29 41 41 43 49 56 62 68 71 74 78 80 81 82

82 81 80 77 76 71 68 60 58 50 53 49 37 36 29

26 24 38 34 45 50 49 56 65 71 75 78 80 82 84

85 82 80 78 75 71 67 63 53 48 44 38 35 27 29

23 22 28 23 39 46 52 56 64 70 75 78 80 82 85

85 82 80 78 75 71 65 60 53 51 41 36 24 27 22

23 22 22 26 36 42 48 57 64 71 73 77 79 81 83

84 81 79 77 74 71 64 60 54 38 39 26 36 20 24

26 16 22 34 30 43 51 56 63 68 73 75 78 79 79

80 79 78 76 73 69 63 57 51 39 28 27 21 23 18

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%]) 83%of floor area

180°

9

9

9

12

14 14 17

25 31 59 71

84 81 79 77 73 70 57 42 22 17 16 13 12 9

13

11

11

11

12

15 16 21

29 57 66 73 77 79 81 83

14 15 18 21

32 53 69 74 78 80 82 85

85 82 80 78 75 71 66 46 29 24 18 15 16 14 15 82 81 79 77 75 72 63 55 31 25 22 20 14 14 18

72 72 71

70 70 67 64 68 65 64 60

44 42 44 48 51 54 50 51 55 56 56 56 62 63 64 64 67 66 70 73 75 77 79 81 82

83 81 79 78 76 74 72 69 68 65 65 60 60 57 56 54 54 51 52 51 51 49 47 45 46

36 29 34 39 48 47 49 54 53 50 52 53 57 58 61 63 64 68 69 73 75 77 79 81 83 13 20 25 33 30 46 46 48 49 47 51 51 50 56 60 61 62 64 67 70 73 77 78 80 82 14 13 13 12 22 22 33 44 38 44 47 49 54 55 56 56 55 63 67 70 73 75 78 79 79 8

5

13 14 17 18 34 35 40 40 48 51 51 52 53 52 60 65 65 69 74 75 77 77 71

11 16 5 14 3

16 19 28 29 41 41 42 41 43 44 48 51 52 59 60 64 69 72 75 77 78 78

19 14 17 32 33 34 51 49 41 42 36 47 45 53 53 60 63 68 73 76 78 80 82

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

83 81 79 77 76 73 70 66 67 63 62 61 58 55 55 53 52 51 48 48 43 45 42 39 34 82 81 79 77 75 72 70 65 64 61 59 59 52 54 55 51 48 41 44 44 39 28 28 21 79 79 78 76 74 71

68 67 60 59 55 54 53 54 50 51 42 44 39 39 32 14 15 7

73 77 77 76 75 70 64 60 61 56 53 51 53 41 51 40 40 41 34 20 26 28 10 8 78 78 77 76 74 69 65 63 61 52 50 55 43 46 41 39 41 29 27 13 19 7

82 81 78 76 73 69 64 58 56 49 46 38 39 39 39

33 23 29 35 44 41 43 56 61 64 69 75 76 77 73

73 77 76 74 71

35 19 21 30 34 35 44 50 58 65 70 74 78 79 81

81 79 78 75 72 68 60 54 49 36 37 21

68 59 54 47 46 40 32 26 19 27

82 81 78 76 72 67 54 51 43 40 33 29 13 17

78 78 76 72 67 61 55 48 46 38 28 19 14 14 13

81

81

78

8

32 31 41 56 68 72 76 79 80 82 84

18 21

27 31 51 65 65 73 76 79 80 82 85

20 21

17

8

6

5

1

2

2

4

2

3

9

9

12

5

1

1

1

1

3

2

5

2

5

4

10 9

76 79 79 78 76 73 71 68 62 50 37 35 31 24 26 18 13 13 7

6

1

2

0

3

1

3

2

2

5

7

6

12

80 80 79 78 76 73 72 68 59 57 64 45 36 25 24 17 15 14 14 8

4

6

0

3

1

2

84 82 80 79 77 75 74 68 70 49 58 53 56 33 32 16 24 13 5

11 8

2

6

5

78 81 81 81 78 72 72 78 80 80 79 74 65 74 79 80 80 77 66 67 78 80 80 79 70

75

72

75

78 78 78 77

75

75

78 79 80 80 81

81 80 80 79 78 76 75 77 78 78 78 75 73 75 78 78 78 76 72 73 75 78 78 76 71

71

72

75

75

76 75

75

74 76 78 79 80 81

81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 76 76 75 72 72 73 74 75 75 73 71 70 72 74 73 71 64

54 62 67 68 68 67 67 67 69 70 70 68 69 69 71

72

73 73 73 74 75

73 75

78 78 77

73 73 71

70 72

74 75

65 70 72

43 52 56 59 58 61

59 63 62 64 64 65 65 65 67 68 66 69 70 71

39 37 45 42 46 50 54 57 39 35 41

76 78 79 81

74 74 76 78 79

58 58 58 58 60 60 63 63 65 66 67 69 72

46 50 51

70 75 75 74 71 70 69 66 63 63 61 62 61 61 59 58 55 56 53 48 53 49 43 42 30

66

68 74 74 72 69 68 64 63 59 60 58 56 55 53 52 54 50 43 41 45 37 33 27 21 19

73 76 77

78 76 74 72 69 66 60 58 57 56 54 53 49 51 49 48 41 38 41 34 23 20 14 12 12

72

72

21

24 31

12

13

16

20 21

5

7

15

16

17

13

19

22

27

34 35 41

4

2

5

5

8

6

10

13

12

15

20 34 38 40 48 50 52 51

2

3

1

3

3

7

5

8

10

12

19

21

2

0

0

1

1

2

6

6

3

5

9

24 18

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

4

4

6

14

15

18

26 29 36 40 51

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

1

2

6

2

7

14

16

30 40 40 46 55 59 66 68 71

0

0

0

0

1

2

1

7

5

15

1

5

9

8

21

23 32 36 44 49 58 66 71

15

7

6

6

16

26 29 33 42 51

9

7

8

11

16

20 23 28 40 45 58 67 72

10

8

7

10

14

17

12

9

8

10

13

20 23 24 27

10

4

2

11

9

15

16

20 28 35 48 61

7

2

3

8

11

14

17

19

26 42 49 60 70 73

6

0

1

7

8

12

18

18

25 32 49 64 71

1

2

2

2

9

14

17

20 27

32 45 65 72

2

2

2

3

9

11

15

18

23 31

2

3

3

4

3

13

15

13

22

53 54 56 56 58 58 59 63 64 65 69 72

33 25 30 40 44 45 50 51

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%]) 51% of floor area

50 56 52 54 58 60 64 67 71

37 48 52 50 52 56 56 62 67 70 75

26 34 41

57

65 70 73 77

33 28 38 39 42 54 56 64 65 71

21

78 80

58 59 64 70 74 78 80

45 47 49 57

79

73 71

52 58 64 69 68 47

61

69

27

80 78 75 72 69 63 59 56 59 55 48 44 50 40 36 36 19 16 31 23 16 12 13 5

2

80 78 75 71 67 61 57 55 54 49 47 44 42 39 25 18 12 16 13 9

6

7

9

7

2

79 77 75 69 66 60 56 52 49 47 44 40 36 21 24 21 10 8

11 5

2

4

2

1

3

73 73 72 68 63 59 53 48 45 36 41 29 25 16 9

4

4

0

0

0

3

55 68 71 69 60 58 51 48 35 40 26 23 14 16 4

3

3

6 2

4

2 1

1

1

0

0

0

3

1

2

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

8

5

2

2

3

5

7

0

0

1

0

0

0

6

9

79

79 77 74 69 58 51 37 39 27 17 15 13 8

7

10

9

5

77

59 66 69 48

79 76 73 67 61 54 48 42 34 28 17 9

77 75 71 65 57 50 40 34 22 21 16 12 8 4

7

11

50 68 68 62 58 44 33 25 21 16 10 10 6

5

6

76

77 75 72 65 58 42 33 25 21 14 10 5

6

2

8

77

79

79 77 73 66 54 40 29 19 17 15 10 4

0

0

1

77

80

80 77 74 66 48 35 25 18 15 14 10 3

1

1

0

40 60 69 75

79

78 76 72 60 47 31 23 21 14 10 9

2

2

1

1

70 70 66 53 36 32 25 16 8

3

2

2

1

66 67 54

35 47 65 69 68

51 70 68 63 52 44 37 28 21 14 15 5

8

1

80 77 74 70 60 54 42 40 35 27 15 10 4

76 79

71 73 71 64 61 56 45 47 38 23 24 16 9

8

66 73 78 80

29 30 50 56 63 70 74 77 44 57

81 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 73 73 72 71 70 71 70 70 70 70 67 65 67 66 68 64 58 79 78 77 75 74 73 70 72 70 69 69 65 66 64 65 67 63 61 60 59 58 55 56 52 49

73 74 74 69

16

8

4

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%]) 52% of floor area

14 25 20 23 27 25 41 42 64 62 72 73 75 78 79 79 77 74 76 78 79 80 80

2

4

6

6

7

10 15

6

4

2

5

12

12

12

7

11

6

10 12

14 32 16 24 31 49 52 30 42 54 64 68 70 72 76 77 79 80 82 85

85 82 81 79 78 76 74 73 72 68 69 57 58 63 53 61 30 50 30 32 11 18 9

18 12

13 16 21

48 34 29 34 58 41 45 61 68 66 69 69 74 75 75 78 79 81 82 85

8

14 11

21

20 19 19 24 35 42 52 55 38 69 71 27 38 21

30 38 35 47 64 65 65 72 74 77 79 80 82 84

82 81 80 79 78 77 74 74 72 72 69 70 64 55 53 55 56 61 56 51 46 27 21 22 18

19 23 28 30 41 41 36 33 53 64 52 63 66 64 68 72 72 75 76 76 78 79 80 81 82

79 81 80 79 78 77 77 75 75 73 73 69 68 70 70 65 69 66 58 65 65 43 51 61 34

31 47 52 56 64 60 64 67 59 67 68 69 70 71

79 81 81 79 79 78 77 77 75 75 75 75 73 73 73 72 73 70 71 72 69 69 67 67 68

65 64 67 68 72 70 70 71

83 82 81 80 79 79 78 77 78 77 77 77 75 76 76 77 75 75 74 75 75 75 74 72 71

69 73 74 74 74 75 74 75 76 76 77 76 77 76 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 83

85 83 82 81 80 79 79 79 79 78 79 78 78 77 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 78 77 75

74 76 78 78 78 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 80 81 82 83 85

86 84 83 82 81 80 79 80 81 81 80 79 79 79 80 80 80 79 78 79 79 79 80 79 78

78 79 80 80 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 79 79 79 80 80 81 80 80 80 81 82 83 84 86

85 85 84 83 82 81 80 81 82 82 82 80 79 80 82 82 82 81 79 79 81 82 82 81 79

79 81 82 82 81 79 79 81 82 82 81 80 79 80 82 82 82 81 80 80 82 83 84 85 85

82 85 86 85 83 79 79 82 85 85 84 80 77 80 84 85 84 82 78 78 82 84 85 84 79

80 84 85 85 82 78 78 82 84 85 84 80 77 80 84 85 85 82 79 79 83 85 86 85 82

81 79 77 76 71 65 57 48 38 34 29 25 15 16 14

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

66% of floor area

65% of floor area

74 77 76 75 71 65 59 54 40 37 27 18 16 19 17 73 77 76 75 71 66 58 51 44 38 35 32 21 19 22 81 79 78 76 72 65 61 56 48 41 33 25 22 29 30

75 71

73 75 77 77 78 79 80 80 79

73 73 75 73 76 75 74 76 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 80 79

11

8

8

7

11

12

9

10 8

12

13 16 27 39 50 56 67 73 77 80 82

12

9

11

17

19 27 30 36 51 61 68 74 79 81 82

12

12

14 14 20 26 32 43 53 62 70 74 78 81 82

17

22 27 37 50 62 70 74 77 77

15 13 16 20 27 27 36 45 52 65 71

74 78 79 81

18 17

74 77 77 72

21

27 28 31 42 50 58 63 71

25 27 27 29 36 35 44 51 54 64 72 74 76 77 72 23 21

21

29 37 44 47 52 59 65 72 75 78 79 80

31 27 27 33 37 45 44 54 60 68 72 76 79 80 82

82 81 78 76 72 69 62 56 48 49 39 37 30 29 37

35 28 32 34 41 40 50 58 65 65 73 75 79 81 83

83 81 79 76 74 68 62 55 53 43 42 33 29 29 30 82 80 78 76 73 69 61 58 50 47 47 34 35 28 27 33 28 8

10 12 1

1

1

1

2

2

2

1

1

1

10 14 12

78 78 77 76 73 70 64 60 52 49 42 43 32 38 28 22 25 9

4

0

3

0

0

3

4

5

1

1

1

1

1

4

14 21

71 77 77 76 72 70 64 58 52 52 46 45 38 32 36 26 21 18 6

7

0

0

0

0

5

1

0

1

1

5

1

4

19 26 23 34 37 45 38 40 51 53 57 64 69 73 75 77 77 70

78 78 77 76 73 69 65 63 57 50 45 45 39 35 33 33 28 26 23 0

0

0

0

0

11

0

13 17

82 81 79 76 75 70 68 64 59 59 47 47 40 47 41 39 35 27 24 21 13 11 3

28 24 26 31 33 38 46 45 48 59 63 66 73 76 79 80 82

1

28 27 31 33 33 44 48 54 56 63 67 72 76 78 79 78

4

1

1

0

7

1

8

9

18 20 20 26 27 28 34 41 43 45 45 50 52 59 59 67 72 73 77 78 80 82

83 81 79 77 74 71 70 66 62 64 55 47 47 44 49 42 35 39 26 27 28 15 13 1

16

11

8

5

20 25 27 38 35 34 35 49 43 48 49 58 57 64 65 66 73 74 77 79 81 83

83 81 79 77 75 73 71 66 62 62 60 59 55 56 48 46 44 48 40 30 41 30 30 7

17

17

21

26 25 30 33 38 35 44 50 52 52 52 53 57 63 64 67 69 73 75 78 79 81 82

20 33 26 36 38 38 42 44 49 55 62 63 69 73 75 78 78 78

81 80 78 77 76 73 72 68 66 66 63 62 60 59 55 57 46 52 55 44 44 36 29 41 42

31 31 28 37 42 39 50 53 48 52 58 56 55 62 64 66 66 68 71

77 79 78 77 76 74 73 72 70 68 68 62 63 65 57 62 61 56 58 55 53 46 45 45 35

41 48 46 52 54 58 53 56 60 60 63 62 64 67 65 68 69 71

76 79 78 78 77 76 74 73 72 72 68 68 68 68 68 68 67 67 64 64 64 62 61 56 51

53 57 57 60 62 62 64 64 65 67 63 66 66 69 71

81 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 75 75 75 71 72 71 75 72 72 71 71 70 71 70 68 66 67

62 67 67 68 69 70 70 71

84 82 81 81 80 79 78 79 79 79 78 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 76 76 78 78 78 77 75

74 72

70 76 78 78 76 72

15

19 30 54 38 61 69 73 76 79 80 82 84

19 18 19 39 24 26 45 52 61 69 72 76 78 79 80 80

12

85 82 81 79 77 75 74 71 70 68 62 56 45 31 41 26 29 16 14 15 13 10 10 10 16

84 82 81 79 79 78 77 77 77 77 76 75 75 75 76 76 76 75 74 74 74 75 74 74 71

74% of floor area

21

83 81 78 76 70 62 58 50 39 30 28 19 19 20 25 82 80 77 75 70 61 55 44 37 36 26 18 14 19 18

19 19 19 20 26 23 47 45 54 59 67 72 74 77 78

78 81

13 2 5

19 20 26

17 17 15 17 23 26 32 47 51 62 67 74 78 80 82

80 80 79 73 65 73 79 80 80 78 70 72

18 16 7

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

81 79 78 76 72 69 59 59 54 45 43 38 36 28 35 73 77 76 74 72 66 63 56 48 49 42 31 25 31 34

36 31 31 25 36 42 47 50 61 65 72 74 77 77 73 21 17 19 22 24 34 44 47 55 66 71 75 78 81 82

8

82 80 78 76 73 72 64 62 55 57 46 50 42 45 41 45 44 41 28 34 31 14 7 83 81 79 76 72 69 63 61 52 51 50 42 39 40 43

34 40 36 43 45 49 53 56 62 68 73 76 79 81 82

17 16 20 19 22 30 37 49 54 65 72 75 78 81 82

65 66 77

69 67 68 68 63 67 68 64 61 61 62 60 55 54

41 41 41 48 48 53 57 55 65 68 74 76 79 81 82 35 32 35 40 43 47 52 55 63 66 72 75 78 79 81

72% of floor area

71

68 68 65 67 61 64 60 61 60 60 57 55 56 57 51 47 47

15 16 22 29 33 51 66 72 75 77 79 79 77

19 18 20 20 27 27 42 59 63 72 75 78 79 81 82

10 16 21

8

80 80 79 77 76 74 70 66 65 43 25 23 22 20 15 15 20 13 10 5

84 82 80 78 76 75 70 66 53 52 28 22 22 20 20 22 13 12 8

82 81 78 76 72 65 52 46 38 32 18 16 15 13 13

81 81 80 79 78 78 77 77 76 76 75 75 75 75 74 74 75 74 72 73 73 73 72 70 70

18 17

24 17

83 81 78 75 71 62 52 42 33 26 17 16 12 11 12

78 79 79 78 78 77 76 75 75 73 72 73 72 71

55% of fl oor area

25 28 41 66 70 74 77 79 79 77

18 19 20 21

82 80 77 74 67 60 48 39 26 18 16 12 10 14 11

77 78 78 78 77 75 75 72 73 71

14 13 15 19 25 33 61 68 75 78 80 82 84

15 15 15 16 20 19 27 42 56 70 74 78 79 81 82

85 82 80 78 76 74 69 59 38 36 30 29 20 18 35

77 77 75 72 64 55 51 36 26 17 15 10 11 8

81 80 79 78 77 75 72 71

15 12

85 82 80 78 76 72 69 59 56 44 29 27 22 24 29

81 83 84 84 82 78 77 81 83 83 82 78 75 79 82 83 82 81 76 76 81 82 83 82 78

49 48 48 52 51 60 62 59 56 59 64 62 66 65 67 64 68 70 73 74 76 77 79 80 81

56% of floor area

82 81 80 78 76 71 69 58 42 28 30 21 17 22 22

84 83 82 82 81 79 79 80 81 81 81 79 78 79 80 81 81 80 78 78 79 81 81 80 78

52 56 58 60 62 63 66 65 65 66 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 78 78 79 76

13 13 9

18 16 16 16 21

77 79 78 77 75 71 67 44 50 27 22 22 21 21 22

84 82 82 81 80 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 78 78 79 79 79 78 78 78 78 79 79 78 76

60 62 67 67 67 67 67 70 71 70 70 72 72 72 73 73 74 73 75 76 77 78 79 79 78

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

77 79 79 77 75 72 66 57 41 26 23 23 17 15 22

84 82 81 80 79 78 78 78 78 78 78 77 77 77 77 77 77 76 76 76 76 76 75 75 73

67 68 70 73 73 73 73 73 74 74 74 74 74 75 76 75 76 76 76 78 79 79 80 81 81

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

85 82 80 77 75 72 59 39 30 22 17 13 13 14 14

72 74 75 76 76 75 75 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 80 81 82 83

78 80 81 81 80 78 78 79 81 81 80 79 79 79 80 81 81 80 79 79 81 82 82 83 83

270° 75 78 79 79

11

76 78 79 79 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 80 81 82 82 84

78 82 83 82 81 76 76 81 82 83 82 79 75 79 82 83 83 81 78 78 82 83 84 84 81

South East corner

79 79 78 76 72 66 42 37 25 19 15 13 10 9

72 73 74 72 71

71

74 75 77 79 80 81

73 74 76 77 78 79 76

74 73 75 76 77 78 79 79 77

74 74 75 75 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82

69 73 73 75 75 73 74 75 76 77 76 76 75 76 77 77 77 77 78 78 79 79 81 82 83 75 77 78 78 77 77 77 78 79 79 78 78 77 78 79 79 79 79 78 79 80 81 82 82 84

84 83 82 82 81 79 79 80 81 81 80 79 77 78 80 81 81 79 77 77 79 81 81 79 77

77 80 81 81 79 77 78 79 80 81 80 79 78 79 80 81 81 80 79 79 81 82 82 83 83

81 84 84 84 81 78 77 81 82 83 82 78 74 78 82 83 82 81 74 75 81 82 83 82 77

78 82 83 82 81 75 75 80 82 83 82 79 75 79 82 83 82 81 78 78 81 83 84 83 81

66 67 60 41 22 19 12 10 8

8

78 76 70 57 32 21 16 12 9

4

0

0

0

1

7

7

1

0

0

1

80 77 73 64 45 26 18 13 12 9

7

2

0

2

3

79 77 73 65 49 33 23 17 13 8

9

6

3

4

3

77 75 71 60 48 36 26 18 15 13 9

9

9

9

12 14 14 17 25 31 59 71 75 78 79 79

11 11 11 12 15 16 21 29 57 66 73 77 79 81 83

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

Daylit Area (DA300lux[50%])

44% of floor area

51% of floor area

13 13 9

15 15 15 16 20 19 27 42 56 70 74 78 79 81 82

4

4

3

5

55 69 69 62 49 42 27 20 18 12 10 4

4

4

5

47 69 69 61 56 44 27 20 18 14 7

7

5

8

5

76 75 71 64 56 40 32 27 18 15 11 6

3

6

7

2

5

6

80 78 74 67 59 48 40 26 24 17 12 10 5

6

11

78 76 72 69 59 50 41 32 24 24 14 8

9

3

3

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

4

2

3

9

9

12 10 16 21 20 21 17 19 30 54 38 61 69 73 76 79 80 82 84

72 73 70 67 57 52 39 37 24 20 20 14 9

5

3

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

2

5

2

5

4

10 9

48 68 69 65 57 47 46 34 32 21 19 14 11 7

7

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

3

2

2

5

7

6

12 15 14 25 20 23 27 25 41 42 64 62 72 73 75 78 79 79 77

70 73 70 65 62 56 44 41 34 20 19 12 10 5

4

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

2

4

6

6

7

10 15 20 19 19 24 35 42 52 55 38 69 71 74 76 78 79 80 80

79 76 73 69 63 57 51 41 34 29 22 10 17 5

5

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

6

4

2

5

12 12 12 21 27 38 21 30 38 35 47 64 65 65 72 74 77 79 80 82 84

80 78 75 71 64 57 54 45 40 38 28 14 11 12 9

6

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

7

11 6

80 77 75 70 65 59 58 51 41 43 30 28 27 17 14 10 2

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

18 12 13 16 21 48 34 29 34 58 41 45 61 68 66 69 69 74 75 75 78 79 81 82 85

77 76 74 72 67 62 60 53 45 43 43 31 32 20 19 18 12 6

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

19 23 28 30 41 41 36 33 53 64 52 63 66 64 68 72 72 75 76 76 78 79 80 81 82

10 0

2

0

0

1

31 47 52 56 64 60 64 67 59 67 68 69 70 71 75 71 73 75 77 77 78 79 80 80 79

67 74 74 72 69 67 64 62 62 54 58 51 50 43 50 47 37 33 24 30 17 17 10 4

5

65 64 67 68 72 70 70 71 73 73 75 73 76 75 74 76 76 76 77 78 79 79 80 80 79

79 77 73 65 58 45 31 25 20 15 11 6

18 16 16 16 21 25 28 41 66 70 74 77 79 79 77 18 17 15 16 22 29 33 51 66 72 75 77 79 79 77 19 18 20 20 27 27 42 59 63 72 75 78 79 81 82 18 19 20 21 32 31 41 56 68 72 76 79 80 82 84 24 17 18 21 27 31 51 65 65 73 76 79 80 82 85

66 73 73 71 66 63 61 59 55 48 44 43 44 36 33 29 16 17 9

%

14 15 18 21 32 53 69 74 78 80 82 85

15 12 14 13 15 19 25 33 61 68 75 78 80 82 84

12 19 18 19 39 24 26 45 52 61 69 72 76 78 79 80 80

10 12 14 32 16 24 31 49 52 30 42 54 64 68 70 72 76 77 79 80 82 85

78 77 76 74 72 69 67 65 66 66 63 56 54 57 53 54 52 47 45 39 40 38 30 13 15

69 73 74 74 74 75 74 75 76 76 77 76 77 76 77 77 78 78 78 79 79 80 81 82 83

81 79 77 76 74 71 71 71 71 69 66 65 63 64 65 66 66 61 59 57 54 59 58 50 35

74 76 78 78 78 77 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 80 81 82 83 85

81 80 79 78 76 74 73 74 74 74 73 70 69 70 72 73 73 70 65 65 68 72 72 68 57

78 79 80 80 79 79 79 79 80 80 80 79 79 79 80 80 81 80 80 80 81 82 83 84 86

81 80 79 79 77 75 74 76 78 78 76 73 69 73 76 77 77 75 69 69 74 76 77 75 66

79 81 82 82 81 79 79 81 82 82 81 80 79 80 82 82 82 81 80 80 82 83 84 85 85

78 81 81 81 78 71 69 78 79 80 78 72 51 72 78 80 79 77 51 48 76 79 79 78 63

80 84 85 85 82 78 78 82 84 85 84 80 77 80 84 85 85 82 79 79 83 85 86 85 82

All values in footcandles (fc)

80 81 82 82 81 79 79 81 82 82 82 80 80 80 82 82 82 81 80 81 82 83 84 85 85

West South corner

Percentage of the space with a daylight autonomy larger than 50%

Double Glazing Basic ASHRAE Double glazing

82 85 86 85 83 79 79 82 85 85 84 80 78 80 84 85 85 82 78 78 82 85 85 84 79

69 79 80 80 77

Triple Glazing

90°

80 84 85 85 82 78 78 82 85 85 84 80 78 80 84 85 85 82 79 79 83 85 86 85 82

Daylight Availability Diva for Rhino

North West corner

Daylight calculations Daylight Availability (DA)

A daylight availability study was conducted to measure the light availability inside the studied spaces. Through DIVA these calculations can be done in a yearly basis. As they are weather based, these so called dynamic calculations give better insights of what could be called “the big picture” vs. the point in time calculations.

0°

WWR 30%

East North corner

0째

Wh/m2

180째

Wh/m2

South East corner

40000

40000

40000

30000

30000

30000

20000

20000

20000

20000

10000

10000

10000

10000

0

0

0

0

10000

10000

10000

10000

20000

20000

20000

20000

30000

30000

30000

30000

40000

40000 F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

40000

40000

J

D

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Wh/m2

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

J

D

Wh/m2

40000

40000

40000

30000

30000

30000

30000

20000

20000

20000

20000

10000

10000

10000

10000

0

0

0

0

10000

10000

10000

10000

20000

20000

20000

20000

30000

30000

30000

30000

40000

40000

40000

40000

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

J

D

Wh/m2

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Wh/m2

40000

Wh/m2

270째

Wh/m2

30000

J

ASHRAE Double glazing

West South corner

40000

Wh/m2

Triple Glazing

90째

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

J

D

Wh/m2

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Monthly fuel breakdown Gains & Losses

Double Glazing Basic

Wh/m2

North West corner

WWR 90%

East North corner

Gains

Wh/m2

40000

40000

40000

40000

30000

30000

30000

30000

20000

20000

20000

20000

10000

10000

10000

10000

Zone Heating Solar Gains Windows General Lighting Occupancy

0

0

0

0

10000

10000

10000

10000

20000

20000

20000

20000

30000

30000

30000

30000

Computer + Equip Losses Glazing Walls External Infiltration External Ventilation

40000

40000 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

40000

40000 J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

Monthly Loads DesignBuilder

N

D

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Zone Cooling

Monthly loads, gains, and losses were also calculated. In this graph, the 90% WWR shows, like the prior graph, the monthly stack, which includes factors like zone heating, solar gains, and occupancy. Losses can be accounted for mainly through the HVAC and the fabrics.

This part of the work was made in DesignBuilder. Graphs were produced in DataGraph.

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

Double Glazing DoubleBasic Glazing Basic

2000

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr)

Comparative Chart Comparative Chart Of lightning Of software lightning software DIVA vs. Energyplus DIVA vs. Energyplus

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr)

2000

10000

8000

6000 4000

2000

0 0°

90°

12.930

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr)

1400 1200 1000 800 600

Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr) Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

1600

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000 0 0°

90°

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr)

Energyplus vs. DIVA (kWh/yr)

Zone Heating

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000

800 Zone Heating 600

Zone Cooling

Solar Gains Windows

Solar Gains Windows 8000

Lighting EnergyPlus Lighting DIVA

10000

6000

Lighting 4000 EnergyPlus Lighting DIVA

2000

0

Comparison Charts

18.803

19.093

13.257

12.969 18.803

19.093

28.039 13.257

28.577 12.969

19.603

19.187 28.039

28.577

19.603

Visual Visual 0.81 transmissivitytransmissivity

4000

2000

0 180°

270° 0°

90°

0° 180°

90° 270°

180°

270° 0°

90°

WWR 50%

WWR 30%

0° 180°

WWR 50%

90° 270°

180°

270° 0°

WWR 70%

90°

0° 180°

WWR 70%

90° 270°

180°

270° 0°

WWR 90%

90°

180°

0°

90°

0.7

19.187

6000

U = 3.15

270°

0.7

0.8

W/m2-K U = 3.15 W/m2-K

WWR 90%

ASHRAE Double Glazing ASHRAE Double Glazing

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000 0 180°

0°270°

0° 180°

90°

90° 270°

WWR 30%

80°

0°270°

WWR 50%

0° 80°

90°

WWR 50%

90° 270°

180°

0°270°

WWR 70%

90°

0° 180°

WWR 70%

90° 270°

180°

0°270°

WWR 90%

90°

180°

Solar Heat Gain Solar Heat Gain Coeficient Coeficient 0.403 (SHGC) (SHGC) Light Light 0.223 transmissiontransmission

0.2

Visual Visual 0.61 transmissivitytransmissivity

0.6

U = 3.11

270°

0.4

W/m2-K U = 3.11 W/m2-K

WWR 90%

TRIPLE Glazing TRIPLELOW-E Glazing LOW-E

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000

Solar Heat Gain Solar Heat Gain Coeficient Coeficient 0.297 (SHGC) (SHGC) Light Light 0.45 transmissiontransmission

800 600

Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

Zone Cooling

12.739

8000

WWR 30%

Loads & Ligth Consumption (kWh/yr)

In order to see the relationship between Loads and Light Consumption, both graphs were compared.

The idea is to look for a possible energy saving due to the solar gains. As the Mediterranean climate presents fairly high radiation levels, the HVAC (cooling loads) consumption leaves the possible lightning savings as minimal.

1800

12.930

10000

WWR 30% 2000

12.739

Solar Heat Gain Solar Heat Gain Coeficient Coeficient 0.703 (SHGC) (SHGC) Light Light 0.78 transmissiontransmission

10000

8000

6000

Visual Visual 0.352 transmissivitytransmissivity

4000

2000

0 180°

WWR 30%

270° 0°

90°

0° 180°

WWR 30%

Diva for Rhino + DesignBuilder Data

90° 270°

180°

WWR 50%

270° 0°

90°

0° 180°

WWR 50%

90° 270°

180°

WWR 70%

0°270°

90°

0° 180°

WWR 70%

90° 270°

180°

WWR 90%

0°270°

90°

180°

WWR 90%

U = 1.71

270°

W/m2-K U = 1.71 W/m2-K

0.2

0.4

0.3