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Monday, April 11 - 17 , 2011
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Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
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The Product of Myanmar Partners Think Tank Group (A Sister Publication of Living Color Magazine) Chief Editor - Kyaw Min Swe Editor in-charge - Zeya Thu Editor - Kyaw Naing Graphic Editors - Myo Htoo Htet, Ngu War Khine MandalayCorrespondent- Tin Linn , Senior Reporters - Kyaw San Min, Hline Thit Zin Wai Kyaw Kyaw Min,Naing Min Wai, Zar Li Kyaw, Photographer - Moe Kyaw Junior Reporters - Kyaw Zayar Htun, Aung Soe, ThuReinHlaing @ Khunn Thu, Kyaw Myo Htun,Min Myo, Moe Khine,Kyu Kyu Thin(Moe Myay), Zar Ni Htun, Freelance Reporters - Associated News, Nwe Nwe, Phyo Wai Soe, Min Thu Khaing,Ye Win Naing, Aung Aung Tun,Aye Kyawt Khine, Zaw Phyo,Kyi Kyi Lwin,Kyaw Swar Soe, Phyo Phyo Wai, Zin Mar Lar Htay (Green) Aung Bo Bo Shein, Mya Kay Khine Publisher - Daw Khin Kywe Oo (4099) Distribution Price - 380 Kyat Office - Thamada Hotel (Business Suite), No. 5, Alanpya Pagoda Road, Dagon Township, Yangon. 242424, 393192, Marketing - 242424, 393192, 09 5176835 Department Hot Line - 73030047, 393316 Distribution - 09 5176831
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News
5 Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
News in Brief EdkifiHwum umwGef;NydKifyGJavQmufEdkif &efukef? {NyD 6 Soul Int'l Cartoon & Animation Festival (SICAF) Organization
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ACCIDENT
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LOCAL
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
DRUGS
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
LOCAL
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VOICE
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10
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EDUCATION D.G.E Hall
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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Myanmar Y.E.P ukd Myanmar Egress u t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmbmom
pmtkyfaygif; 300 ausmfudkvnf; aumif;? Winner Computer Group u Computer Server wpfv;kH ? Monitors & Accessories 11 pHk (umvwef zdk; usyf 25 odef;cefY) udkvnf; aumif; ay;tyfulnDcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif Dynamic Academic Centre uvnf; Myanmar Y.E.P tzGJU0if rsm;udk oifMum;rIenf;pepfqdkif&m enf;jyoifwef; (T.O.T) wpf&yfudk tcrJhoifMum;cJhonf/ tao;pd w f od & S d v d k y gu www.myanmaryep.co.cc wGif avh vmEdkifNyD; info.youthempowerment programme@gmail.com odkYvnf; qufoG,fpHkprf;Edkifonf/ <
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR
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EDUCATION
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13
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SOCIETY
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
15
VOICE
The
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16
VOICE
The
ENVIRONMENT
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 17 17
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
PERSPECTIVE
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
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18
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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tpaumif; 2010 a&G;aumufyNJG y;D uwnf;u vmawmhrnfh tcif;tusi;f opfudk pma&;ol pdwf0ifwpm;apmifhMunfhaerdonf/ vTwfawmf toD;oD;wGif tqdkawGwifMu? ar;Mu? ajzMu? aqG;aEG;Mu onfrsm;udk jrif&Mum;&aomtcg ESpfaygif; 50 eD;yg; (qdk&vQif pma&;olwpfoufv;kH avmuf) aysmufq;kH aeaom 'Drkd u&ufwpf tavhtxwpfck jyefay:vmí MunfEl;&onf/ wpfNydKifeuf wnf;rSmyif? NyD;cJhaom a&G;aumufyGJwGif ygwDBuD; wpfckwnf; uom trsm;pktEdkif&cJhonfjzpfí tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfavh jzpfx&Sdovdk Tyranny of Majority oabmawGrsm; vTrf; oGm; avrvm;pdk;&drfrdonf/ rwfv 30 &ufaeYu jynfaxmifpk vTwaf wmfwiG f ajymMum;cJah om Edik if aH wmfor®wBuD;\ rdeYf ceG ;f udk Mum;&awmhrS tqdkygpdk;&drfrIrsm; vGifhyg;oGm;avawmhonf/ or®wBuD;\ rdeYf ceG ;f rSm jynfwiG ;f jynfyrl0g'rsm;udk w&m; 0ifxkwfazmfaMunmvdkufaom ay:vpDrdefYcGef;yifjzpfonf/ a&SU vmrnfhig;ESpfwmumvtwGuf r[mAsL[m&nfrSef;csuf csrSwf azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;[k em;vnf&ygonf/ xkdYxuf pma&;ol [m',udk ususeevmxdaomoabmxm;BuD;rIukd awGUvdu k &f í umvwm&Snaf ysmufu, G o f vd&k adS eaom arQmv f ifch surf sm; jyefvnf &Sifoefvmonf/ (þae&mwGif or®wBuD;\ pum;&yftwdkif; jyefvnfazmfjyvdkygonf/ ,ckvdk ...) ]]rl0g'vrf;pOf ckepf&yf tay: oHo,&Sdaeao;wJhtwGuf zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vufrcHEdkifao;olrsm;udkvnf; olwdkYoHo,awGaysmufNyD; trsKd;om;tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf yg0ifyl;aygif;vkyfaqmifvm atmif uRefawmfwdkY&JUrSefuefwJh apwemawGudk jyoEdkif
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1974 ckESpf? ay:wl*DEdkifiHrS pwifcJhNyD; wpfurÇmvHk;tESHY eD;yg; ysUH ESYHomG ;cJah om 'Dru kd &ufwu kd af Z;&Si;f jzpfpOfBuD;udk [m;Awf wuúodkvfygarmu© (a[mif;) q,frsL&,fvfzD[efwifwefu ]wwd,vdiI ;f } [k 0dN*dK[fjyKcJzh ;l onf/ þvdiI ;f BuD;wGif Edik if aH ygif; 30 ausmf tusKH;0ifcJhNyD; urÇmhEdkifiHtm;vHk;\ 45 'or 4 &mcdkifEIef;txd 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHa&;pnf;0dkif;xJodkY a&muf&SdoGm;cJh onf/ tqdyk gwwd,vdiI ;f \ vTr;f rd;k aomyHo k P²mefukd zavm&ifh wuúodkvf ygarmu© zdvpfyD&Srpfxmu ]y#dnmOftajymif;tvJ} (Pacted Transition) [k aumufcsufcscJo h nf/ wnfqt J v D pfrsm; ESihf 'Dru kd &ufwpftiftm;pkwYkdtaustvnfnEd§ iId ;f tajz&SmMu&mrS y#dnmOfwpfckcsrSwfEdkifNyD; tajymif;tvJudk yHkazmf,lMuonhfyHkpH jzpfonf/ þyHkpHvufawGUatmifjrifzdkYqdkvQif vrf;ay:EdkifiHa&;rS pm;yGJ0dkif;EdkifiHa&;odkY vSnfhajymif;Edkifaom ]'Drdku&ufwpfEdkifiHa&; "avh} xGef;um;tm;aumif;zdkYvdkvdrfhrnf[k olu owday;cJh onf/ ajym&vQif jrefrmEdkifiHwGif or®wa'gufwm armifarmif vufxufuqdkcJhyg y#dnmOftajymif;tvJtwGuf tvm;tvm tcsKUd ay:xGucf ahJ omfvnf; vufawGUusustoH;k rcsEikd cf /hJ onfvEkd iS fh jrefrmh'rD u kd &ufwu kd af Z;&Si;f rSm ZmwfarsmBuD;jzpfc&hJ onf/ þumv tvGef 1990 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;odkY a&mufaomtcgwGifum; ygarmu©[efwifwefajymcJhaom wwd,vdIif;rSm wjznf;jznf; tm;aysmhvmcJhonf/ ]wwd,vdIif;rD;cdk;a&mifZkefxJ a&mufaeNyD} qdak om aumufcsufyifay:vmcJo h nf/ 2000 jynfv h eG Ef pS rf sm;odYk a&mufaomtcgwGifrl ]'Drdkua&pDqkwfqdkif;rI} (Democratic Recession) BuD;ESifh &ifqdkifae&NyD[laom tajymtqdkrsm;yif &Sdvmonf/ odkYESifhwdkif qdkcJhNyD;aom wwd,vdIif;tvGefumvrsKd;rSmyif urÇmBuD;\ 'Drdkua&pDwl½lcsufrSm vHk;0aysmufuG,foGm;cJhonf um;r[kwfyg/ þumvtwGif; 'Drdku&ufwdkufaZ;&Sif; yHkpHopf wpfcak y: xGuv f mwef&m&So d nf[k ygarmu©&rS pfxmu tqdjk yK azmfxkwfcJh onf/ þyHkpHudk olu ]owfrSwfjy|mef;NyD; tajymif; tvJ} (Imposed Transition) [k trnfonmjyKonf/ wnfqJ tDvpfrsm;ud, k w f ikd u f tajctaewpfco k wfrw S af y;NyD; tajymif; tvJukd yHak zmf,o l nfyh o kH P²mefjzpfonf/ qd&k vQif jrefrmEdik if \ H vuf&'dS rD u kd &ufwu kd af Z;&Si;f rSm þyHpk H þtcif;tusi;f jzifh xGuf ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf[kjrifonf/ þtjrif þtawG;ESifhyif 2010 a&G;aumufyGJudk tav;xm;pOf;pm;MuzdkY pma&;oltaeESifh arwåm&yfcHcJhjcif;jzpfygonf/
Openness
pmrsufESm 19 od k Y
PERSPECTIVE
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
19
VOICE
The
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pmrsufESm 18 wwd,vdIif;tvGefyHkpH rS tquf ajzavQmhrIrsm;? yGifhvif;jrifomrIrsm; (qdk&vQif vif;yGifhrI) udk BudK;jznfvTwfvdkufvQif tpydkif;wGif wnfNidrfrIwpfpHkwpf&m usaumif;usvmEdkifonf/ (atmufqdkufoGm;aom rsOf;auG;) þodkYjzpfvmcJhvQif tpdk;&drfvGefNyD; ]vif;yGifhrI} udk t&SdefravQmh vdkufygESifh/ tifpwDusL&Sife,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;udkom tm;jyK aqmif&Gufyg/ wpfcsdefwGif wnfNidrfrI jyefwufvmvdrfhrnf/ (tay:wufoGm;aomrsOf;auG;) þrsOf;auG;ESpfckonfyif 'Drdk ua&pDEikd if aH &;pepf BudK;yrf;wnfaqmufMu&aomEdik if rH sm; rvTJ ra&SmifomBuHKawGUMu&rnfh ]a*srsOf;auG;} (J-Curve) [k tqdkyg ynm&Sifuqdkygonf/ (t*Fvdyf tu©&m a*sESifhwlí J-Curve) [k trnfay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/) yHkwGif tpufrsOf;\atmuf? cGufaeaomtydkif;udk olu ]ul;ajymif;a&;umv} (Transitional Period) [k owfrSwfonf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; oGufoGufvufvufwnfaqmufEdkifvQif þumvjrefrnf/ tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm; pGrf;aqmif&nfjrifhvQif þumvudk at;at;anmif;anmif; jzwfausmfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k vnf; oabmxm;ay;onf/ taMumif;rl tifpwDusL;&Si;f rsm;rSm
armfawmfum; ]a&Smch b f m;} (Shock Absorber) ESiw hf al omaMumif[ h k qdkonf/ tm;aumif;aom tifpwDusL;&Sif;rsm;rSm jynfwGif; jynfy a&Smhcfrsm;udk 0g;rsKdpkyf,lEdkifí? ¤if;wdkYtm;aumif;avwnfNidrfrIydk&Sdav[k &Sif;jyygonf/ a&Smch b f m;raumif;aom um;tdBk uD;rsm;ESihf c&D;oGm;zl;Muyg vdrrhf nf/ qefaumxJ qD;jzLoD;rsm; xnfv h rdS o hf vdk tvl;tvJc&H zdkY rsm;ygonf/ a&Smhcfbm;aumif;vQifrl vrf;rnfrQMurf;ygap NidrfhNidrfhav; c&D;ESifEdkifp&m&Sdonf/ pma&;olu EdkifiHom;tm;vHk; a&Smch b f m;aumif;onfh 'Dru kd a&pDarmfawmfum;BuD;udpk ;D NyD;? acwfrD Edik if aH wmfopfBuD;qDoYkd aysmaf ysm&f iT &f iT f NidrNhf idrahf nmif;anmif; c&D; qufapcsifonf/ tm;vH;k udv k nf; vdu k yf gapcsifonf/ '½dik b f m xdkifcHkwGif b,folu ae&m,l,l? pma&;oltwGuf udprö &Sd/ nD tpfudkarmifESrtm;vHk; ruGJwrf;? rcGJwrf;? &efrjzpfMupwrf;? vGwfvGwfvyfvyf cspfcspfcifcifc&D;ESifEdkifMuzdkYom t"dujzpf onf/ ESpt f ul;wGif jrefrmjynfwpf0ef; arQmv f ifch suaf &mifjcnfrsm; &Tef;vufawmufyEdkifygapownf; .../ ausmf0if;
20
VOICE
The
PERSPECTIVE
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
urÇmvSnfUc&D;oGm;vkyfief; odkhr[kwf jrefrmUzGYH jzdK;a&;tif*sifwpfvkH; aZ,sol defjr§ifhwifawmhrnfhtcsdefwGif tjcm; jref rmhe,fpyD;yG,fmr;a&;sm;ESiphf t&S mvQif tjrefw;d k wufEid k o f nfh wpfenf;tm;jzifh tenf;i,f tm;xyfxnf½h jHk zifh t&Sed t f [kejf zifh wd;k wufEidk o f nfh e,fy,frSm urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;jzpfonf/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf zGHUjzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf tm;omcsufrsm;&Sdonfh e,fy,fjzpf&m zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHtrsm;tjym; u EkdifiHwpfckvkH; zGHUjzdK;a&;wGif t"duusaom r[mAsL[mwpfck tjzpf tokH;csaeMuonf/ zGHYjzdK;qJEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHyifjzpfonfh jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf; pepfwpfckrSwpfckodkY tul;tajymif;wGif tm½kHpdkuf wGef;tm;ay;Edkifygu urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf tif*siw f pfv;Hk ozG,f jrefrmhzUHG jzdK;a&;udk armif;ESio f mG ;Edik af yrnf/ ,ckyifvQif 2010 jynfhESpfu urÇmvSnfhc&D;onf jrefrmEkdifiHodkY 0ifa&mufrIEIef; 30 &mckdifEIef; jrifhwufcJhaMumif;awGU&onf/ Service Export
urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;jzp jzpff ovdk EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;u pm;okH;onfhtwGuf ydkYukefvnf;jz pf jzpf aomaMumifh 0efaqmifryI Ykd uek f (Service Export) jzpfonf/ jynfy ydkYuk f o kd nfrmS Ekid if jH cm; aiG&S&mS azGay;jrJjzpfaomaMumifh urÇmvS cm;aiG uek q mvSnf h c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;onfvnf; wdik ;f jynftwGuf aiGrm&SmazGay;on y;onff h t" d e,fy,f (Key Foreign Exchange Earner) jzpfvmEdik o f nf/ t"du tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif; vma&mufvnfywfaeonfh EkdifiH wumrS c&D;oGm;rsm;onf aeYwdkif;aeYwdkif; a':vm 248 oef;? wpfem&Dwdkif; wpfem&Dwdkif; a':vm 10oef;ESifh wpfrdepfwdifkif; wpf r d e pf wdkif; a':vm 172ç000 okH;pGJaeMuaom aMumif h eMuaomaMumif tar&duefuo hJ Ydk aom vlcsrf;omEkid if w H iG yf if urÇmvSnchf &D;oGm; m; vkyfief;onf EkdifiHjcm;aiG t"du&Smay;onfh e,fy,fjzpfonf/ Country Marketing
urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;wGif EkdifiHwpfckvkH;onf ukef ypönf;jzpfonf/ xdkEkdifiHwnf;[laom ukefypönf;udk ta0;rSae um vma&mufpm;ok;H Mujcif;jzpfonf/ xdYkaMumifh Ekid if w H pfEidk if \ H urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;udk jr§ifhwifvdkvQif EkdifiHwpfckvkH;udk aps;uGuw f if&ef vdo k nf/ vma&mufvnfywfaomolrsm;onf tNidrrf ae jyefvnfa0iSMurnfo h rl sm;jzpf&m jrefrmEkid if aH umif; vQif aumif;ovdk aumif;owif;onf vlowif;vlcsif;aqmifoGm;um urÇmvSnfh c&D;onfrsm; a&mufonfxuf xyfrHa&mufvmvdrfhrnf/ jrefrmwdYk\ yifu, kd pf ½du k u f u kd cyfvQKv d QKad ejcif;udk tm;ay; aomaMumifhxifonf/ aumif;uGufrsm;udkyif jr§ifhwiftm;enf; aeao;aomaMumifh odoifhoavmuf rodbJjzpfae&onf/ qkdufa&mufADZmay;awmhrnfqdkygpdkY/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;onf trsm; tjym;xGuf&SdonfhEdkifiH (Sending Countries) rS owif;pmq&m rsm;? odYkr[kwf urÇmausmf c&D;oGm;r*¾Zif;rsm;rS MoZmMuD; c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;&Sirf sm; (Travel Writer) rsm;udk tuket f uscH zdwMf um; um On-arrival Visa udk olwdkYtm; xkwfay;jcif;jzifh udk,fwdkif zGiv hf pS af pvku d yf gu xdo k rl sm;u jyefvnfa&;om;jcif;jzifh rdrEd ikd if H taMumif; vlydkodum vmvdkolrsm;jym;vmvdrfhrnf/ tm;enf;csufonfyif tm;omcsufjzpfwwfaom oabm t& urÇmvSnchf &D;onf tjcm;tdref ;D csi;f a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;xuf t0ifenf;aejcif;udk,fwdkifu tm;omcsufjzpfaeayonf/ jrefrmEkid if o H nf c&D;pOfopfwpfcjk zpfaeao;jyD; vloed nf;aeaom aMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtm; xl;jcm;qef;Mu,fe,fajr (Exotic Land) tjzpf ykHazmfvQif tvm;tvmaumif;rnfxifonf/ urÇmvSnchf &D;oGm;rsm; trsm;tjym; xyfr0H ifa&mufvmyg u ab;xGufaumif;usdK; (Spill-over Effect) taejzifh EdkifiHh*kPf owif;arT;ysHUaprnf/ c&D;onfrsm;wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sifrsm; yg yg0ifvmygu tuGuftuGif;rsm; jrifoGm;Ekdifum tjcm; vkyif ef;e,fy,frsm;odYkyg Ekid if jH cm;wdu k ½f u kd &f if;ES;D jr§KyfErHS I (Foreign Direct Investment -FDI) rsm;0ifa&mufvma&;udk yHy h ;kd ay;Ekid o f vdk vma&mufjyD; c&D;onfrsm;\ wpfqifhpum;wpfqifhem;jzifh jrefrmwdkY\*kPfowif; xyfqifhysHUarT;oGm;Edkifayonf/
vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;tjym; pdkufxkwfokH;pGJ&jcif; urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;yDyD vkyfom;tiftm;trsm;tjym; pdkufxkwfokH;pGJ& (Labor-intensive aomaMumifh tvkyftudkiftcGifhtvrf;rsm;pGmudk ay:aygufap onf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif c&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf
tMuD;qkH; 0efaqmifrIydkYukef (Services Export) jzpfovkd tvkyf tudkiftrsm;qkH; zefwD;ay;xm;onfh tMuD;qkH;tvkyf&Sifjzpf onf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh tar&duef 17 OD;vQif wpfOD;onf urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief; odkYr[kwf xdkvkyfief;ESifh csdwfquf ywfoufonfeh ,fy,fwiG f tvkyv f yk u f ikd af eMuonf/ jrefrmEkid if H uJhodkY zGHUjzdK;qJEkdifiHyifjzpfjyD; ta&SYawmiftm&SrSyifjzpfaom zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGif v,f,mvkyfief;rSvGJvQif urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm; vkyfief;onf vkyfom;odyfonf;q (Labor Density) tjrifhqkH; jzpfonf/ urÇmvSnchf &D;oGm;vkyif ef;onf t&nftaoG;edrhf (Unskilled) ESihf t&nftaoG;tweftoif&h dS (Semi-skilled) vkyo f m;rsm;udyk g tvkyftrsm;tjym;ay;EkdifaomaMumifh avhusifhjyD; t&nftaoG; jrifh vkyfom;enf;yg;onfh zGHYjzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;ESifh txl;oifhawmf onf/ trsdK;orD;rsm;ESihf vli,frsm;tm;vnf; tjcm;e,fy,frsm; xufpmvQif tvkyftudkifydkrdkay;EdkifaMumif; awGU&onf/
ta&mufvmaom pm;okH;ol urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;\ xl;jcm;csufrSm aps;uGuf azmfaqmif&ef vG,u f jl cif; odYk r[kwf ukeyf pön;f &S&d modYk pm;ok;H ol ta&mufvmjcif; (The customer comes to the product) jzpfonf/ pm;okH;olxHta&mufydkY (Door-to-door) AsL[m acwfpm;aecsdef wGif urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf xdkodkYvkyfaqmif&ef vkH;0 rvdkonfhvkyfief;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrdypfrSwfxm;onfh EdkifiH wGi;f odYk oGm;a&mufum aps;uGuw f nfaqmuf&ef rvdak y/ qdik &f m EkdifiH\ tcGefpnf;MuyfrIrsm;udk rI&efrvdkbJ rdrdEkdifiHwGif;wGif oydwf0iftdwf0if 0ifaiG&Ekdifonfh e,fy,fjzpfonf/
qGJaqmifenf; Ekid if \ H xl;jcm;csurf sm;onf qGaJ qmifryI ifjzpfonf/ tjcm; Ekid if rH sm;? vlrsdK;rsm;ESihf rwlonfh p½du k v f u©PmrSm tb,fenf;/ ,if;tcsuo f nf urÇmvSnrhf sm;tm; qGaJ qmifrnfh oHvu kd yf ifjzpf onf/ tm;enf;csufonfyif urÇmvSnchf &D;onf qGaJ qmifrjI zpf Ekdifonf/ Oyrm-uarÇm'D;,m;EkdifiHwGif crmeDrsm;vufxufu vloef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk uReu f o hJ Ydk cdik ;f apjyD; owfypfco hJ nfh vlowf uGif;rsm; (Killing fields) onf ,aeYtcsdefwGif urÇmvSnfhc&D; onf qGJaqmif&mjzpfaeonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf jzpfjyD;onfrSm ESpaf jcmufq,fausmjf yD jzpfaomfvnf; [pfwvm\ i&Jcef;rsm;udk jyoxm;onfh jywdkufrsm;wGif 0ifvmrpJ woJoJjzpfaeqJ/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh vmtkd? uarÇm'D;,m;wdkYyg rusef wpfurÇmvkH; abmif;bD0wf? puwf0wfaecsdefwGif jrefrm EkdifiHwGif vltrsm;tjym;onf ykqdk;ESifh xrDESifh jzpfaeao;jcif; udku urÇmvSnfhc&D;onf qGJaqmifjcif;yif/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ tm;om csufaemufwpfckrSm EkdifiH\ vlrsdK;t&a&m? yx0Dtae tm;omcsuf txm;t&a&m pk H v if u G J j ym;rI Diversity yif j zpf o nf / wkdif;&if;om;0wfpkHyif 135 pkH &Sdaejcif;? a&cJawmif&Sdovkd oJuEÅm&qefqef a'orsm;&Sdaejcif;? awmMuD;rsufrnf;&Sdovkd yifv,furf;ajcrsm;&Sdaejcif;? ysLiSmaom ,Ofaus;rI&Sdjcif;? bk&m;ykxdk;aygrsm;jcif; ponfh xl;jcm;csufrsm; onf qGaJ qmifrI sm;onf rsm;yifjzpfonf/ odkYaomf &Sdjcif;u wpfydkif;? odjcif;u wpfydkif;? vmjcif;u wpfykdif;jzpf&m urÇmvSnchf &D;onf wu,fa&mufvm onfh tqifhxda&mufatmif vkyfaqmif&OD;rnf/
a'ozGHY NzdK;a&; urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;onf jrdKUMuD;rsm;ESifh a0;aom ae&mrsm;udkyg zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufaponf/ tjcm;vkyfief;e,fy,f rsm;onf jrdKUMuD;rsm;wGif pkaeaomaMumifh e,fESifh jrdKUMuD;rsm; tMum; zGHYjzdK;rIudk uGm[apwwf (Development Divide) onf/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;rSmrl xdkodkYaom jyóemr&Sd/ Local Development ac: a'ozGHYjzdK;a&;udkyg azmfaqmifonf/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;rS ay:aygufvmaom 0ifaiG pD;aMumif;onf ae&mtESHY vSnfhywfpD;qif;jcif;aMumifh 0ifaiG jzefYjzL;rI (Income Distribution) tm;aumif;onf/ urÇmvSnfh c&D;oGm;wpfOD; or®w[dkw,fwGif wnf;onfqdkygpdkY/ or®w [dkw,fu tcef;iSm;c&rnf/ [dkw,fab; A,maMumfqdkifrS A,maMumf 0,fpm;vQif A,maMumfonfxH aiGa&mufoGm;rnf/ wpfzef Parkroyal [dkw,f&Sd Club wGif;a&mufoGm;vQif xdk
uvyfwGif;rS 0efaqmifrIay;olrsm; 0ifaiG&rnf/ Club wGif;rS xGufvmum tiSm;um;ay:wufvQif tiSm;um;q&mxH xdkc&D; onfxrH S aiGa&muf&o dS mG ;rnf/ xdo k l e,foYdka&mufomG ;vQiv f nf; xdkenf;twkdif;yif/ a'ocH jrif;vSnf;? qdkufum;? xef;&nfqkdif? ponfponfjzifh a'ocHvyk if ef;rsm;udk tusdK;jyKrnf/ tcsKdUaom vkyfief;e,fy,frsm; (Oyrm-ausmufrsufwl;azmfjcif;) rSmrl vltenf;i,fvufxw J iG o f m tusdK;tjrwfrsm;pkae&m 0ifaiGjyef vnfjzefYjzL;a&; vkyfvdkvQifaomfrS cufcJayonf/
ta&St Y m&S jrefrmyg0ifonfh ta&SUtm&SEiS hf ypdzw d af 'oonf urÇmvSnhf c&D;oGm;0ifa&mufrI wd;k wufEeI ;f tjrefq;Hk a'ojzpfjyD; urÇmvSnhf c&D;oGm;tzGUJ MuD; (World Tourism Organization) \ cefYreS ;f csut f & 2020 ckEpS w f iG f c&D;onf 397 oef; vufc&H &Srd nfjzpfaomaMumifh jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh tm;wufzG,fjzpfonf/ tmqD,Huvnf; a'owpfckvkH; c&D;oGm;vkyfief;jr§ifhwif onht f aejzifh Visit ASEAN [k aps;uGujf r§iw hf ifaeaomaMumifh a'owGi;f urÇmvSnchf &D;oGm;oHvu kd Ef idk if rH sm;xHrS c&D;oGm;rsm;udk wpfEG,fiifwpfpifygoabmtaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHu &&SdEkdifrnf/
a&&SnfcH rnfonfeh ,fy,fukd azmfaqmifonfjzpfap wpfeyfpm;rMuH bJ a&&Sncf rH cH (Sustainability) udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;rSom aemifvm aemufom;wdkYyg tusdK;cHpm;&rnfjzpfonf/ EkdifiH\ a&? ajr? awmawmifwYkd ukd trSjD yKumvkyu f ikd af om urÇmvSnchf &D;oGm;vkyf ief;wGifrl a&&SnfcHa&;udk xdyfwef;rS xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfrSm ajym&efyifrvd/k General tourism ac: tm;vk;H udk ypfrw S x f m;onfh a,bk,s urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;ESifh Niche tourism ac: oD;oefYe,fy,f urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;wdkYudk rnfodkYrnfykH azmfaqmifrnfukd owdxm;oifo h nf/ urÇmvSnchf &D;onf rsm;rsm; vma&;vm;? urÇmvSnfhc&D;onfwdkYxHrS 0ifaiGrsm;rsm;&a&;vm; qdkonfhar;cGef;udk OD;pGmyxrajzMum;&ayrnf/ urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief;wGif vdktyfaom vlom;t&if; tjrpfrsm;onf tjcm;vkyif ef;e,fy,frsm;ESiphf mvQif tjrefarG;, ,ll Ekid o f nf/ ,ckyifvQif jynfy txl;ojzifh pifumyloYkd oGm;a&muf k ,f ynmoif,El eI ;f vsifjrefpmG wd;k wufvmonfeh ,fy,frmS [dw ESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;wGif jzpfonf/ qdkvkdonfrSm jrefrmEkdifiHwGif urÇmvS mvSnchf &D;oGm;vkyif ef; vsifjrefpGmwd;k wufvmygu (Tourism nfhqnf;&ef vlom;t&if;tjrpf tqifoifh&Sdonf jznf boom) jz odkYr[kwf tjrefjznfhqnf;Edkifonf/ te nf;i,f tm;pkduf½HkrQjzifh wpf&Sdefxdk;wufoGm;Ekdifonfh tenf e,fy,f tenf;i,fwGif urÇmvSnfhc&D;oGm;vkyfief; xdyfqkH;rrSS yg0 yg0ififae&m pepftajymif;wGif jrefrmhzGHUjzdK;rIudk wGef;wifEkdifrnf h tif*sifwpfvkH;jzpfvmrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/ aZ,sol
BUYING GUIDE 21
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
The
VOICE
The
Vol.7 / No.18
April 11 - 17 , 2011
MAGAZINE
Living Color 2011? {Nyv D
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POLITICS
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23
VOICE
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24
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POLITICS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
]aemufqHk;aeh EdkifiHawmfor®w&JUrdefhcGef; em;axmifvdkuf&awmUrS jyefNyD; tm;wufvm&awmUw,f} &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;'Dru kd &ufwpfygwrD S oDaygNrKeYd ,fjynfov hl w T af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f OD;&JxeG ;f ESiUf awGq Y jHk cif; tzG0YJ ift,f'Dwm ygwDpkHtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJt&jzpfay:vmaomjynfaxmifpkvTwfawmf? trsKd;om;vTwfawmf? jynfolYvTwfawmfrsm;\yxrqkH;tBudrfusif;yNyD;pD;cJhNyD; or®wOD;odef;pdef 2010 2010 OD;aqmifaom a&G;aumufcHtpkd;&uvnf; EkdifiHawmftmPmukd EkdifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh zGHUNzKd;a&;aumifpDxHrS w&m;0ifvTJajymif;&,lvkdufNyDjzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif usif;y NyD;pD;oGm;aom vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? topfwufvmaomtpkd;&onfvnf;aumif; jynfolvlxktrSefwu,fvdkcsifaom ppfrSefaom'Drkdua&pDpepfjzpfay:vma&; aqmif &Gufay;Ekdifjcif;&Sd? r&Sd jynfwGif;jynfyEkdifiHa&;todkif;t0kdif;rsm;u pdwf0ifwpm;apmifhMunfhvsuf&SdonfukdawGU&onf/ vwfwavmusif;yNyD;pD;oGm;onfh vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;ESifhEkdifiHa&; tajctaersm;ESifhywfoufNyD; &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;'Drkdu&ufwpfygwDrS oDaygNrKdUe,fjynfolYvTwfukd,fpm;vS,f OD;&JxGef;ESifhawGUqkHar;jref;xm;onfrsm;ukd jyefvnfazmfjytyfygonf/ Voice : ESpfvMumusif;yNyD;pD;oGm; ukd,fpm;vS,fxkdifckHu NrJaewmaygh/ awmfOuú| ol&OD;a&Tref;u rMum wJ h vTwfawmfawGeJY ywfoufNyD; vufn§dK;axmif acgif;ndwfaumif; cPowday;ajymMum;ygw,f/ tJ'D OD;&JxGef;taeeJY jynfoludk odoihf avav? xkdifckHNrJavavaygh/ pdwf"mwfrpkdufxlEkdifoa&GUuawmh odxkdufwmawG bmrsm; ajymcsif tcktajccHOya'rSmuawmh vTwf vTwaf wmf[m t&nftaoG; jynfh0 ygovJ/ awmfukd,fpm;vS,fawGukd ygwDpkHu w,fvkdY qkdEkdifOD;r,fr[kwfbl;/ UYT : ESpv f Mumusi;f y NyD;pD;oGm;wJh ukd,fpm;vS,favmif;awGeJY ,SOfNyKdif Voice : jynf a xmif p k v T w f a wmf & J U jynfolYvTwfawmf? trsKd;om;vTwf ta&G;cHciG jhf yKxm;avawmh a&G;aumuf (24.3.2011 &ufaeYu usif;ywJh) awmfeYJ jynfaxmifpv k w T af wmfwYdk [m yGrJ Sm tEkdif&zkdYqkdwm jynfolawG&JU tpnf;ta0;rSm OD;&JxGef;wifjycJh uRefawmfwkdY EkdifiHorkdif;rSm ESpf 50 a&G;cs,fru I t"duusygw,f/ vTwf wJh tqkdukdjyefvnf ½kyfodrf;oGm; twGif; yxrqkH;usif;ycGifh&cJhwJh awmfukd,fpm;vS,fwpfa,muf[m w,fvkdY od&ygw,f/ tJ'g[kwfyg ygwDp'Hk rD u dk a&pD vTwaf wmfawGjzpfvYdk jynfoltwGuf olvkyfay;oihf? ukdif ovm;? bmaMumifhygvJ/ xl;jcm;ygw,f/ 'DvTwfawmfawG ay;oihfwmawG vkyfray;cJhbl;qkd&if? UYT : [kwfygw,f/ tJ'Dtqkdu twGi;f rSm jynfov l x l u k ajymjyvkw d hJ ajymoihq f o dk ihw f mawG rajymay;&Jb;l ],ckEkdifiHawmfu ykHazmfrnfh pepfopf cHpm;&csufawG? vkdtyfcsufawGukd qkd&if aemufwpfBudrf ta&G;aumuf ESihf vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfrnfh aps; jynfolUukd,fpm;vS,fawGuwpfqifh wifajr§mufcH&zkdY qkdwm odyfrvG,f uGufpD;yGm;a&;ukd azmfaqmifEkdif&ef tkyfcsKyfolawGodatmif ajymjyEkdifcGifh vSygbl;/ vGwfvyfNyD; w&m;rQwwJh twGuf vkdtyfonfh jyKjyifajymif;vJ ukd &cJhMuygw,f/ aemufwpfcsufu a&G;aumufyGJjzpfavav jynfolawG rIrsm;ukd jyKvyk &f ef jyifyynm&Sirf sm;yg tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'jyKa&;eJY w&m;pD twGuf a&G;cs,fcGifh ykdrkd&avavvkdY yg0ifaom aumfr&Sifwpf&yf zGJUpnf; &ifa&;tmPmawGukd oD;jcm;pD ykdif; yJ qkdMuygpkdY/ tJ'Dawmh jynfolawG&JU í us,u f s,jf yefYjyefYavhvmjcif;rsm;? jcm; wm0ef,lMur,fh pepfwpfckukd qE´raJ wGeYJ wufvmwJh uRefawmfwYdk tBuHjyKcsufrsm;? pmwrf;rsm;jyKpkum taMumif;eJY &Si;f jyNyD; ESpyf gwDqufqH csuftvufaumif;aumif;&zkdY ygwD tajccHtm;jzihf tkwjf rpfcsEidk cf yhJ gw,f/ [m vTwaf wmfxrJ mS tm;vk;H ukd vuf tpkd;&ukd taxmuftuljyKEkdif&ef a&; wif;rmroGm;ap&ef tqdkudk wGi;f 'Dru dk a&pDudk tjynft h 0usio hf ;Hk Voice : 'D v T w f a wmf a wG [ m t&if n§dK;axmifacgif;ndwfvkyfraebJeJY twGuf jynfaxmifpt k qifh aumfr&Sif aqG;aEG;jyNyD;rS jyef½kyfodrf;vkduf&if ygw,f/ naewkdif; naewkdif; uRef jrefrmhq&dk , S v f pfvrf;pOfygwDacwfu ajymoihaf jymxku d w f majymwm? wifjy wpf&yfzUJG pnf;&ef Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &tm; aumif;r,fvYkd jynfcikd Nf zdK;ygwDuvm awmfwYydk gwD'w k , d Ouú| OD;pkid ;f aqmifqD &SdcJhwJh jynfolYvTwfawmfeJY bmrsm; aqG;aEG;wmawG vkyfukd vkyf&rSmyg/ wku d w f eG ;f aMumif;} tqkdjzpfygw,f/ a&mufñEdS iId ;f wmawmh&ydS gw,f/ jynfoYl ukd,fwkdifOD;pD;NyD; vTwfawmfukd,f jcm;em;csuf&SdvJ/ vufawGUrSmvnf;yJ ajymoihfajym jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f &wJt h aMumif;uawmh vTwfawmfrSmvnf; tvm;wlwm0ef pm;vS,f 21 a,mufv;Hk tpnf;ta0; xkdufwm? ajymMuqkdMu aqG;aEG;Mu 23.3.2011&ufaeYu usif;yNyD;pD;wJh awG xrf;aqmifr,fhaumfrwDrsm;zGJU xkid Mf u&ygw,f/ ukd,fha'o? ukd,fh UYT : 'geJYywfoufNyD; ESpfykdif;ajym csifygw,f/ yxrwpfykdif;taeeJYu ygw,f/ tJ'aD jymqkcd suaf wG? ar;jref; jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rSm pnf;cGifhudk twnfjyKNyD;jzpfwmrdkY NrKdUe,fu jynfolawGtwGuf ajym d ahf 'oawGrmS csucf si;f uRefawmfhtqkd&JU &nf&G,fcsufeJY qufvufaqG;aEG;&efrvdak wmhaMumif;? oihfajymxkdufwmawG aqG;aEG;Mu? oDtkd&Dykdif;aygh/ oDtkd&D 'grSr[kwf zGJU csuaf wGu uk, pnf;wnfaqmufyHk pepft& ajym&&if? yJ aumif;wJhtusKd; oufa&mufrI&Sd tvm;wlwm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifr,fh tu,fí tpk;d &ua&m? vTwaf wmfu n§dEIdif;Mu? wkdifyifa&;MuNyD; wm0ef jref r mh q k d & S , f v pf v rf ; pOf y gwD wmukd awGU&ygw,f/ vTwfawmfaumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;cGifhukd yg wlnw D w hJ m0efEpS cf u k kd xrf;aqmif cGJa0Muygw,f/ tcsif;csif;tjyef aemufwpfcsufu vufawGUjrif jynfoYl vw T af wmf&UJ axmufct H wnf ae&if wkid ;f jynfu aiGuek af Mu;usrsm; tvSef em;vnfrI wkd;vmNyD; odjrifrI acwfu jynfolYvTwfawmfeJY tck vTwfawmfawG[m uGJjym;jcm;em; awGUae&rItykdif;aygh/ oDtkd&D 'grS jyKcsu&f xm;Ny;D jzpfvYdk tvm;wl wm0ef aerSmpdk;vdkYjzpfaMumif; ajymjyawmh a&csdefvnf; wkd;wufvmcJhygw,f/ Muygw,f/ [kdwkef;u jynfolYvTwf r[kwf zGUJ pnf;wnfaqmufypHk epf t& awGukdyJ tpkd;&vkyfaqmifzkdY xyfrH olwYdkñEdS iId ;f csu[ f m tusK;d taMumif; e*kduwnf;u jynfolukd tvkyf awmf q k d w mu wpf y gwD w nf ; u uawmh tckeajymcJhovkd jzpfayr,hf? wkdufwGef;r,fqkd&ifEkdifiHawmfrSm aiG ckid v f w kH ,fvYkd ,lqwJt h wGuf uReaf wmhf tauR;jyKzkdYqkdwJh pdwf"mwfeJY vmMu uk, d pf m;vS,af wGuydk J jynfoal wGu vTwfawmfxJa&mufvmwJh trwfOD; ukefaMu;usrsm;aerSmpkd;wmaMumifh taeeJY ausauseyfeyfeYJ yJ qufvuf wm jzpfvYdk ykrd pdk nf;vk;H vmMuNyD; ygwD BuKdufBuKduf? rBuKdufBuKduf a&G; a& tcsKd;tpm;u jynfckdifNzKd;ygwDu tqkdukd wifjy½kHyJwifjyaqG;aEG;NyD; aqG;aEG;&efrvdkawmhaMumif; wifjy pdw"f mwfvnf; ykrd cdk idk rf mvmygw,f/ cs,fwifajr§mufay;Mu&wmjzpfNyD; trsm;wumh trsm;pkjzpfaew,f/ qufvufaqG;aEG;&ef rvkad wmhygvkYd vkdufwmjzpfygw,f/ ukd,fpm;vS,fawGxJrSm vli,fawG tJ'Dukd,fpm;vS,fawGu t"dutm; jynfckdifNzKd;ygwDu r[kwfwJh wjcm; uRefawmf ukd,fwkdifjyefvnf½kyfodrf; Voice : usm;jzLygwD trwf a wG ygovkd twGif;a&;rSL; pkdif;vSausmf? jzihf jynfoal wGtwGuf aqmif&u G af y; ygwDawGu tiftm;tawmfenf;ae cJhwmyg/ &JUwifjyykH? ajymqkdykHawGtaMumif; a'gufwmpkdif;ausmftkef;? OD;pkdif;ausmf Mu&wm r[kwb f J ygwDu BuKu d af tmif w,f/ 'gaMumifh jynfckdifNzKd;ygwDu Voice : OD;&JxGef;taeeJY 'Davmuf eJeJavmufajymjyygvm;/ aZmoef;eJY OD;pkid ;f ausmfjrifw h Udk vkd Ekid if H t"dutm;jzihf aqmif&u G af y;Mu&wm jy|mef;vkdwJh Oya'? jyifqifvkdwJh usKd ; aMumif ; qD a vsmf w J h tqd k u d k UYT : uReaf wmfwYdk ygwDtrwfawG a&;a&csed jf rifw h o hJ al wG ygygw,f/ 'Drdk jzpfavawmh vufn§dK;axmifacgif; Oya' pwmawG[m tcuftcJr&Sd jyef½yk fodrf;zdkY b,folawGeJY wkdifyif u *CeProdwJh? r&Sif;vif;wJh u&ufwpfygwDawGu uk, d pf m;vS,f ndwf vTwfawmfBuD; jzpfaewmaygh vTwfawmf&JU twnfjyKrIukd &EkdifNyD; cJhovJ/ ukd,fhygwDtwGif;u vlawG udpaö wGudk uRefawmfwYdk rwifygbl;/ rsm;u tJ'Dvkd ukd,fha'o? ukd,fhvl Asm/ tJ'v D dk jynfoal wGtwGuf bmrS jynfckdifNzKd;r[kwfwJh wjcm;aom eJYyJwdkifyifwmvm;/ wjcm;ygwDu wifjyr,fh ukd,fpm;vS,fudkifwkdifu rsKd;awGtwGufajymvmMuawmh? jynf DwdkifyifaqG;aEG; uk, vkyrf ay;aomfvnf; ygwDuBuKduw f hJ EkdifiHygwDwpfcku ukd,fpm;vS,fwpf vlawGua&m ulnwk d w f ifjyr,fu h pd u ö dk *CeP em;vnf ckdifNzKd;ygwDu ukd,fpm;vS,fawGu uk, d pf m;vS,f jzpfaeavawmh aemuf OD;&JU wifjycsufawG[m jynfolawG wm&Sdao;vm;/ tqdk½kyfodrf;ay;zdkY xm;NyD; wifjyoihfw,fvkdY ,kHMunf aemufykdif;rSm ar;cGef;awGar;Mu? wpfBudrf a&G;aumufyGJrSm jyefvnf twGuf aumif;w,f? rSew f ,f? axmufcH w j c m ; z d t m ; a y ; c H & w m w d k Y ? vufcHrS wm0ef,lwifjywmvkyfyg aqG;aEG;Mu vkyfvmMuwmukd awGU ta&G;cHzkdYu bmrS cufcJwJhjyóem oihfw,fqkd&ifawmh ygwDpGJ? 0g'pGJ? qG J a qmif pnf ; ½H k ; cH & wmwk d Y a um w,f/ wifjywJt h cg pmeJYa&;xm;wm &ygw,f/ 'gaumif;wJh udpöygyJ/ dk phJ w d "f mwf &Sdygovm;/ r[kwfawmhbl;/ ,SOfNyKdifta&G;cHr,fh vlrsK;d pG?J a'opGJ rxm;zkYdqw ukd zwfcGifh&wJhtwGuf yDyDooeJY Voice : uRefawmfMum;wmu aemuf ukd,fpm;vS,fukd tajccHOya'u cGifh ukd av;av;eufeufESvkH;oGif;EkdifzkdY UYT : vTwaf wmfwiG ;f rSm uReaf wmf toH&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif;jzpfzYdk tm½kpH u dk f aemifusif;yr,fh vTwfawmftpnf; jyKrxm;bl;av/ ygwDppHk epfuv dk nf; qkw d u hJ pd u ö ta&;BuD;vmNyD/ 'gaMumifh &JU tqdu k kd jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f zdYk twif; ajymEkid w ta0;awGrSm tckvkdtoifha&;vmwJh f t hJ wGuf em;axmif&wJo h u l cGifhjyKrxm;bl;/ tJ'Dawmh vTwfawmf 'Dpdwf"mwfukd pkdufxlzkdY jynfolYvTwf t"r®wu kd w f eG ;f wmawmh r&Syd gbl;/ tusK;d pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f/ aemufNyD; 'Dvkdt pmrsufESm 25 od k Y
POLITICS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
25
VOICE
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BUYING GUIDE
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
PERSPECTIVE
29
VOICE
The
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30
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The
PERSPECTIVE
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 31 31
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
INTERVIEW
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
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32
VOICE
The
INTERVIEW
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
pmrsufESm 31 ]]vli,fawGudk a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;rsm; rS tquf avmufxdrsm;vG,fvG,f&aeovJ/ tJ'aD umifu wtm;qd;k w,f/ vu©Pm Dr.HK : uRef a wmf x if y gw,f / awGuvnf; olrsm;udk tEÅ&m,f Common jzpfwmu &mrjyóemyg/ jyKEkdifwJhtxd t&rf;qdk;w,f/ tjzL uRefawmfwkdYpDrHcsufrSm qufqHae& ok;H wJo h al wGrmS 'kua© y;wmu tJ'gyJ/ wm bdef;jzLokH;wJholawGyg/ a&&Snf bdef;jzLokH;vkdufw,f? okH;NyD;wmeJY rl;,pfaq;0g;okH;wJholawGyg/ aemufwpfcgbde;f jzLjyef0,fzYkd yku d q f H Voice : Drop In Center awGrSm &Sm&w,f/ &wJyh u dk q f H tJ'g jyef0,fzYkd vmNyD ; em;cd k w J h o l t a&twG u f okH;w,f/ olu tJ'geJYyJvnfae b,favmuf&SdygNyDvJ/ w,f/ tJ'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; Dr.HK : ucsifrmS qk& d if av;axmif? tukefvkH;rSm oGm;xdw,f/ jzwfwm ig;axmifavmuf&SdNyDxifw,f/ zm; uvnf;cufw,f/ tJvkdvlrsKd;udk uefYrSmvnf;&Sdw,f? jrpfBuD;em;rSm rufo'k;H ay;vku d rf ,fq&dk if olwpfaeU vnf;&Sdw,f/ 'D*Pef;u tNrJ&Sdae udk wpfBudraf omuf wnfwnfNidrNf idrf w,fvYkdvnf; wGuv f Ykdr&bl; / Oyrm eJYtvkyfvkyfvkdY&w,f/ bdef;jzLqm -zm;uefYqkd&if yGifhvif;&moD a&muf ovdk vu©Pmvnf; rcHpm;&bl;/ wmeJY ausmufw;l wJo h al wG a&mufvm aumif ; aumif ; rG e f r G e f t vk y f v d k Y & w,f / jyef x G u f o G m ;w,f / tNrJ w,f/ olY[mol wk;d wuf&mwk;d wuf a&TUajymif;aew,f/ aMumif;vkyfEkdifw,f/ tJ'gaMumifhrkdY Voice : vm;&I d ; buf r S m vnf ; vdkY rufo'kH;ukd tpm;xkd;ukowm/ tJ'v D rkd sK;d pifwmawG zGix hf m;w,faemf/ uRefawmfwkdYqDrSm rufo'kH;ay;w,f Dr.HK : [kwfw,f/ &Srf;ajrmuf qkw d mu tpk;d &uyJ vkyw f m/ uReaf wmf ykid ;f ? vm;½I;d rSmvnf;&Sw d ,f/ wu,f wdkYvkyfcGifhr&Sdbl;/ tpkd;&uae 2006 qkd&if &Srf;ajrmufykdif;u 'DvdkpDrHudef; upNyD; rufo'k;H ay;NyD;ukwmudk pvkyf awGvkyfzdkU tpysKd;cJhwJhae&maygh/ vmw,f/ tckqkd&if wjznf;jznf; awmfawmfapmapmvkycf w hJ ahJ e&mawGyg/ ae&mawGcsJUvmNyD/ tJvdkcsJUvmawmh 3D Fund rpcifavmufwnf;u vkyf uReaf wmfwYkdvkd pDrcH suv f yk af ewJah e&m jzpfcw hJ m/ vm;½I;d vdUk qk&d if awmfawmf awGuae olwYkd qD aq;pGw J o hJ al wGukd av; atmifatmifjrifjrifvkyfEkdifvm vTJay;w,f/ pdwfa&m*gukaq;½kH? w,fvYdkajym&rSmaygh/ bmjzpfvYdkvq J dk aq;jzwfay;wJXh meawGrmS yg rufo'k;H awmh [k;dk t&ifwek ;f u rl;,pfaq;0g; awGxyfay;w,f/ rufo'kH;awGudk ok;H wJo h al wGMum;rSm HIV awmfawmf aumif;aumif;av;vkyaf y;Ekid v f Ykd&&dS if rsm;w,f/ tckaemufqkH; tpkd;&&JU olwdkYtwGufaumif;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh ckcHtm;usqif;rIa&m*gpDrHcsuft& wpfck&Sdwmu rufo'kH;u ESpfeJYcsDNyD; vm;½Id;bufrSm rl;,pfaq;0g;aq; aomuf&r,f/ aeYwkdif;aomuf&rSm okH;wJholawGudk emrnfr,lbJ aoG;yJ awmh&Sdw,f/ rufo'kH;ut&nf/ ,lNyD;ppfMunfhwJhtcgrSm ckcHtm;us rl;,pfaq;0g;vdYkawmh ajymvdYkr&bl;/ qif;rIa&m*gul;pufrI awmfawmfudk tpkd;&xdef;csKyfaq;0g;xJrSmygw,f/ usoGm;w,f/ vkH;vkH;rrl;? r,pfwmawmh r[kwf Voice : rufo'kH;eJYukow,fqkd bl ; / uk o zd k Y xG u f v mwJ h a q;/ wmubmygvJ/ rufo'kH;taMum if ; rufo'k;H u xkww taMumif f EhJ idk if jH cm;wkid ;f jynf aoaocsmcsmav; odyg&ap/ &Sif;jy awGqDu 0,f&wmyg/ 'DrSmrxkwf ay;ygvm;/ bl;/ tpkd;&ykdif;u vkyfwmyg/ urÇmh Dr.HK : rufo'k;H uvnf; tpk;d &u usef;rma&;tzGJUuae tzGJUtpnf; xdef;csKyfxm;wJhaq;0g;wpfrsKd;ygyJ/ awG? tpkd;&eJYaygif;NyD; rufo'kH;0,f 'kdif,mqDyifvdkaygh/ 'gayrJh olu NyD; axmufyHhw,f/ rl;,pfaq;0g;wpfrsKd;yJ/ bdef;jzLeJY Voice : rufo'kH; wpfb0vkH; rufo'k;H &JUuGmjcm;csuu f kd ajymjyr,f/ aomufoGm;&rSmvm;/ bdef;jzLrSmu wpfcgokH;vkdufw,f/ Dr.HK : tJ'gu aomufwo hJ al y:rSm ok;H vdu k Nf yD; tmedoifjy,fomG ;&ifjyef rlwnfw,f/ olu b,favmuf NyD;qmvmw,f/ jyefo;Hk csiv f mw,f/ aomufoGm;csifvJ/ q&m0efeJYoleJU jyefvdkcsifvm&if ,if;xvmw,f/ aygif;NyD; vkyf&rSmaygh/ wcsKdUusawmh
INTERVIEW aomuf&if;eJYyJ &yfoGm;wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdw,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh aq;csdefudk wjznf;jznf;avQmah vQmNh yD;aomuf&if; eJU aemufq;Hk usawmhrS olcEH idk o f mG ;NyD qkdawmhrS jzwfvdkufwmaygh/ aq; aomuf w J h o l e J Y uk o ay;aewJ h q&m0efeJYwkdifyifNyD;vkyfoGm;vdkY&wm aygh/ rufo'k;H twGuf aq;aomufwhJ olu ukefusp&mrvkdbl;/ tpkd;&u ay;w,f/ tjyifrSmvnf; 0,fvkdYr& bl;/ olu xde;f csKyaf q;0g;qdak wmhav/ Voice : rl;,pfaq;0g;udk wkdif; jynf & J U tem*wf v k d Y ajymvd k Y &wJ h vl i ,f a v;awG ok H ; vmMuwmu vG , f v G , f e J Y &aevd k Y vm;/ 'grS r[kwf vG,fvG,feJY&EkdifwJh yywf wf0ef; usiaf wG&adS evkYd vm;/ uReaf wmfwd wdkYu aq;ok H ; wJ h o l a wG u d k vk d u f & S mNyD ; ynmay;aewmxuf p m&if tp uwnf;u vli,fawGaq;rokH;pGJ Ekdifatmif rl;,pfaq;0g;&JUqkd;usKd; awGudk ausmif;okH;jy|mef;pmtkyf awGrSmxnfhNyD; oifMum;&ifaum ydkraumif;bl;vm;/ Dr.HK : cifAsm;ar;vkdufwmtrsm; BuD;yJ/ uRefawmf pOf;pm;rdvdkufwm vnf;trsm;BuD;yJ/ vli,fawGrl;,pf aq;0g;okH;wm awGUw,f/ b,fvdk rl;,pfaq;0g;okH;w,fqkdwm rod bl;/ bdef;jzLvm;? &mrvm;/ wpfckeJY wpfckrwlbl;As/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh tok H ; rsm;wmu bd e f ; jzLvm;/ bdef;vdkif;u ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmoGm; wm/ &mruusawmh pdwfMuG½l;oGyf aq;aygh/ t&rf;omokH; odyfrMum bl;/ olaq;uk&r,fhtajctaeudk a&mufoGm;rSm/ pdwfMuGaq;eJY NidrfwJh aq;eJYu rwlb;l / vli,fawGtrsm;pk u jrL;vG,f? MuGvG,fwJhaq;rsKd;ukd prf;csifwJhoabmuawmh &SdEkdifw,f/ vli,fawG rl;,pfaq;0g;ok;H wm rsm; w,fqw dk ½hJ aI xmifu h Munf&h if bD,m qkdif? t&ufqkdifawG'Davmufaygvm wmyJ/ 'Daq;ok;H wmeJY bD,maomuf wJt h a&twGuEf idI ;f ,SO&f if bD,m ok;H wmuawmif ykdrsm;OD;r,f/ tJ'Dtcg usawmh pGJoGm;wm? b,favmufpGJ oGm;ovJaygh/ b,favmufvlYtzGJU tpnf;udk xdcdkufoGm;ovJqdkwJh tcsuaf wGukd pOf;pm;&r,f/ aumufcsuf cswJhae&mrSm pOf;pm;p&mav;awG &Sdw,fqkdwmudk ajymjywmyg/
Voice : vG,fvG,fulul&vkdYrsm; okH;Muwmvm;/ Dr.HK : 'gu vl&,f? aq;&,f? ywf0ef;usi&f ,f ok;H ckukd Munf&h r,f/ aq;vG,v f , G &f vdYko;Hk ovm;qkw d mu vluvnf; &Sdao;w,f/ A[kokw ykdif;awG? em;vnfrIydkif;awGvdkrSmyg/ acwfuvnf; oGufwmawGrsm;vm wJhacwfqkdawmh prf;oyfcsifwmaygh/ vli,fobm0u prf;oyfcsifw,f/ aq;ok;H Muwmu prf;oyfcsifvUdk ok;H w,f? oli,fcsif;tcsif;csif; Peer Pressure aMumifhokH;w,f/ 'Dobm0 awGeJYaMumifh okH;w,f/ 'gayrJrJh Voice :prf;oyfcsifw,f/ 'gay prf ; oyf z d k Y tcG i f h t a&;ray;wJ h ywf0ef;usif rjzpfatmifvkyfay; xm;r,fqkd&ifaum/ Dr.HK : ywf0ef;usifwpfckwnf; wif r [k w f b l ; / tuk e f v k H ; eJ Y q k d i f w,f/ ADZaMumifhvm;? ywf0ef;usif aMumifv h m;qkNd yD; t&ifwek ;f u tjyef tvSefajymqkdcJhMuw,f/ aemufqkH; awmhvnf; bmhaMumifhvJvdkY ajym& cufw,fqw dk mrsK;d vdak ygh/ tm;vk;H eJYouf qkdifw,f/ pOf;pm;wwfwJhtm;? qkH; jzwfcsuf 'gawGvnf; t&rf;ta&;BuD; w,f/ Oyrm-oli,fcsif;wpfa,muf u 'gav;okH;Munfh? aysmfzkdYaumif; w,f q k d N yD ; ay;vd k Y tvG , f w ul acgif;ndwfrd&if olYrSm pOf;pm;wwf wJhtm;enf;vdkYaygh/ vli,fawGudk a&G;cs,fp&mrsm;rsm;ay;zdkYvkdw,f/ aq;r&atmif vkyx f m;r,fyh wf0ef;usif zefwD;ay;wmxufpm&if olwdkYudk taumif;tqkd; a&G;cs,fwwfatmif oifMum;ay;zkdUvkdw,f/ vli,fawG eJYoifhawmfwJh Option rsm;rsm;ay;zdkU vdkw,f/ uRefawmfwdkYi,fi,fu qkd&if tm;upm;awGqdk aEG&moDrSm trsm;BuD ; yJ / tck a cwf u sawmh aEG&moDausmif;ydw&f if tm;upm;vkyw f m awGoyd rf awGU&awmhb;l / vli,fobm0 0goemtavsmufupm;Ekid rf ,f? pl;prf; Ekdifr,f? avhvmEkdifr,fh{&d,mawGu ywf0ef;usirf mS rsm;&ifyadk umif;w,f/ aq;&SdvkdY aq;okH;w,fqkdwmu rSef w,f/ 'gayrJh ywf0ef;usio f ufouf csnf;yJvm;qkdawmh ajym&wm cuf w,f/ Oyrm-todq&mwpfa,muf ajymzl;wm/ a[mifaumif tawGUtBuKH av;udk jyefajymjywm/ r&SdvdkY rokH;?
33
VOICE
The
vli,fawGr;l ,pf aq;0g;ok;H wmawGw Y ,f/ b,fvkd rl;,pfaq;0g; okH;w,fqkdwm rodbl;/ bde;f jzLvm;? &mrvm;/ wpfcek hJ wpfcrk wlb;l As/ rsm;aomtm;jzifU tok;H rsm;wmu bde;f jzLvm;/ bde;f vdik ;f u ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmoGm;wm/ &mruusawmU pdwMf u½G ;l oGyaf q;ayg/U t&rf;omok;H odyrf Mumbl;/ olaq;uk&r,fU tajctaeudk a&mufomG ;rSm/ pdwf<uaq;eJh NidrfwJU aq;eJhu rwlb;l / &Sd&if jyefokH;w,fqkdwmav;udk jyef ajymjywm/ a[mifaumifrSm rl;,pf aq;0g;ok;H wJo h w l pfa,mufudk rl;,pf aq;0g;r&SdwJh [kdwpfzufurf;udk ydkUxm;w,f/ tJ'DrSm tvkyfvnf;&Sd w,f/ tppt&m&m tqifajyatmif vkyfay;xm;w,f/ aq;awmhr&bl;/ pdwcf s&NyDqadk wmhrS rlvaexkid w f u hJ rf; ukd jyefac:w,f/ tJ'v D u l rlvaewJh [kdbufurf;udkvnf; a&mufvnf; a&mufa&m csufcsif;ajy;oGm;NyD; aq; 0,fokH;wmyJ/ ajymcsifwmu vl? ywf0ef;usi?f aq; tm;vk;H u qufpyf aew,f/ Voice :tckvkyfaewmu rl;,pf a q;0g;ok H ; aewJ h tok d i f ;t 0k d i f ; wpfcvk k Hk;ukd NcKHikHrdEkdifNyDvm;/ v Dr.HK : 'gawG u rvG , f b l ; / tm;vk;H udk vTr;f NcKrH Ed idk zf Udk u &efyaHk iGay: vnf; rlwnfw,f? vkyv f Ydk&r,ft h ae txm;awGay:vnf; rlwnfw,f/ avmavmq,fawmh vkw d mu vdak ewmyJ/ Mass Peafowl News
THE VOICE WEEKLY 34 34 VOICE
The
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
TIPS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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TIPS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
35
VOICE
The
SELF- HELP
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fe i L f o s e l u R The
The Rules of Life Rule 21
pnf;rsOf; (21) Get on with life - it's whooshing past
b0ESifU xdawGYvIyf&Sm;yg/ b0u oifUab;rS 0SpfceJ0SD;ceJjrnfNyD; jzwfoGm;vsuf&Sdonf/ Richard Templar jrESi;f qD (Mra Hninzi) bmomjyefqo dk nf Every day, every second, life is whooshing past at an alarming rate. And it goes on getting faster and faster. I once asked an 84-year old man if life slowed down as you got older. His reply was unprintable but he explained to me in no uncertain terms that no, it didn't. It carried on getting faster. I sometimes wonder if we aren't picking up speed for take - off, if you know what I mean - a sort of run-up before we leave. But the Rule, if you want your life to be successful, happy , fulfilled , meaningful, jam-packed with adventure and reward, is to simply get on with it. And I'm sure you do or you wouldn't be reading this.
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CARTOON OF THE WEEK
eJY olawmfaumif;jzpfatmif tJovkd usiBhf uHygvkYd ajymcsiw f ,f/ uk, d pf rG ;f EkdiforQ ukd,fapmifha&Smufyg/ ukd,fh ywf0ef;usif ukd,fhtokdif;t0kdif;rSm tqif r ajywJ h o l a wG u k d ajyovk d ukd,fpGrf;Ekdifoavmufav; apmifh a&Smufay;yg/ uk, d t hf wGuf pdw"f mwf awG? tvGeaf umif;onfxuf aumif; vmovkd uk, d t hf aMumif;jyKNyD; olrsm; awGvnf; ab;'ku©tEÅ&m,fqif;&J u vGwaf jrmufNyD; aumif;usK;d csr;f om awG &ygw,f/ 'golawmfaumif;pdwf"mwfyg/ bk&m;tavmif; olawmfaumif;awG vnf; 'Dtwkdif;usifhcJhw,f/ rdrdwkdY wpfawGvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f usiahf omtm; jzifh olawmfaumif;tppfBuD;awGjzpf NyD; olawmfaumif;tppfBuD;awG &&Sd EkdifwJh aumif;usKd;csrf;omawG &&SdNyD; b0rSm txufwef;usus rsufESm yef;vSvSaeEkdifxkdifEkdifNyD; edAÁmefwkdif pH0ifEidk w f hJ olawmfaumif; awG jzpfMu ygap/ ZmvD a usmf
36 THE VOICE WEEKLY 36
VOICE
The
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
HEALTH
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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THE VOICE WEEKLY 37
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011
37
FOREIGN AFFAIRS Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
The
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38
VOICE
The
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
39
VOICE
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
FOREIGN AFFAIRS
41
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42
VOICE
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FOREIGN AFFAIRS
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43 Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
The
44
VOICE
The
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
THE VOICE WEEKLY 4545
Vol.7 / No.18 - April 11 - 17 , 2011 Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
SPORT
VOICE
The
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46
VOICE
The
SPORT
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
English Premier League Prediction Match (32)
Soccer Weekly Fixtures
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BREAKING NEWS -
vDAmyl;toif;cHppfrSL; 'efeD,rft*¾gonf 'l;'Pf&maMumifh &moDukeftxdtem;,lvdkuf&NyDjzpfonf/ csefyD,Hvd*fyGJpOfwGif cs,fqD;udk tEdkif*dk;oGif;vdkufEdkifí rdrd\pdwfcGeftm; tvGefjrifhrm;aeaMumif; ref,lwdkufppfrSL;&Gef;eDu ajymMum;onf/ refpD;wD;toif;onf y&D;rD;,m;vd*f vufusefyGJpOftm;vHk;udk tEdkif&rnf[k ,HkMunfaMumif; toif;enf;jyrefcsDeDu xkwfazmfajymMum;onf/ e,l;umq,ftoif;wdkufppfrSL; vD,Gefbufpfonf ajcusif;0wf'Pf&m&oGm;í &moDukeftxd tem;,l&awmhrnfjzpfonf/ bmpDvdkemtoif;onf vuf&SdabmvHk;&moDwGif urÇmhtaumif;qHk;uvyftoif;jzpfaeaMumif; pydefrD'D,mrsm;u azmfjyonf/ bvufyl;-tmqife,fyGJpOfü tEdkif,l&rnf[k tmqife,ftoif;om;rsm;udk enf;jytmpif0if;*g;u zdtm;ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ ygvmrdktoif;y&dowfrsm;onf toif;\t"duupm;orm;oHk;OD; yGJy,fcHxm;&í pdwfysufvsuf&Sdonf/ pydefvmvD*gyGJpOf (32) &D;&Jvfruf'&pf-bmpDvdkemyGJpOftwGuf NydKifyGJ0ifenf;AsL[mrsm; pDpOfxm;NyD;jzpfaMumif; bmpDvdkemenf;jytzGJUu ajymMum;onf/ csefyD,Hvd*fyGJpOft½HI;aMumifh rdrdwdkYwGif pdwf"mwfa&;&m xdcdkufrIr&SdaMumif; pyg;pfenf;jy[,f&D&ufeufyfu owif;xkwfjyefonf/ ref,l-zl[rfyGJpOfü uGif;v,fupm;uGufykHpH ajymif;upm;rnfjzpfaMumif; zl[rftoif;om;rsm;u ajymMum;onf/
47 Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
VOICE
The
48
VOICE
The
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
BUSINESS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
49 A
VOICE
The
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SUPPLEMENT
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SPECIAL REPORT
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Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
C 51 VOICE
The
DISASTER
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52 D
VOICE
The
BUSINESS
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
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jrefrmEkdifiH\ a&S;orkdif;0ifNrdKUawmfwpfckjzpfonfh usKdif;wHkNrdKU\ ESpf (600) jynfhoBuFefyGJawmfudk usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; tqkdygyGJpDpOfolwpfOD;u ajymMum;onf/ tqkdyg oBuFefyGJudk {NyDv 12 &ufaeY eHeuf 7 em&DwGif NrdKUrtm;upm; uGif;ü zGifhvSpfrnfjzpfNyD; ½dk;&mrD;½SL;vTwfNydKifyGJ? ½dk;&m*Dw? ½dk;&mtuya'om rsm;jzifah zsmaf jzjcif;? {NyDv 13 &ufaeYwiG f eE´ab&D pnfawmfwifyJG usi;f yjcif;? ½d;k &mtuya'omESihf aw;*Dw pifwifacwfay:aw;*Dw ponfjzifv h nf;aumif;? {NyDv 14 &ufaeYwGif atmifajrewfeef;ü½dk;&myGJawmfESifh oufqkdifaom qGr;f tvSLawmf? erfch ifacsmif; avmifu h yk w f iG f zm;½kyw f jk yKvky&f mwGif oGm;a&muf avhvmjcif;? eE´ab&D pnfawmftm; erfhcifacsmif;avmifhukyfodkY pDwef;vSnhf vnfydkYaqmifjcif;wdkY yg0ifrnfjzpfaMumif; ¤if;uqkdonf/ eE´ab&DpnfawmfydkYaqmifyGJukdusKdif;wHkNrdKU\ e0rajrmuf rif;tjzpf qufcH awmfral om b,m;pyfausmufrxk(aumZm 765-781 ckEpS )f vufxuf aumZm 772ckEpS f r[moBuFet f usaeYwiG f pwifusif;ycJjh cif;jzpfonf/ n
SUPPLEMENT
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
III 55 VOICE
The
SECURITY
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ENTERTAINMENT
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ORGANIZATION
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TRANSPORT
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56 IV
VOICE
The
SUPPLEMENT
Monday, April 11 - 17, 2011
INSTITUTIONAL
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