STUDIO AIR MARCH 2018
Yiran Tao 868650 Tutor Allan Burrows
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CONTEX TS
INTRODUCTION / 04
PA R T A CO N C E P T UA L I S AT I O N A .1 D E S I G N F U T U R I N G / 10 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 10 P R E C E D E N T 0 2 / 12
A . 2 D E S I G N O M P U TAT I O N / 16 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 16 PRECEDENT 02 / 20
A . 3 CO M P O S I T I O N & G E N E R AT I O N / 18 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 18 PRECEDENT 02 / 20 A.4 CONCLUSION / 22 A.5 LEARNING OUTCOME / 23 A .6APPEN D IX-ALGO R I T H M I C SK E TCH E S / 24
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INTRODUCTION
My name is Tao yiran. I am 21 years old, born in Jiangsu Nanjing. My major is Architecture Design. I studied in University of Adelaide for two years and transferred to unimelb in Feb 2017. It's my third year of Environments degree. I am a native of nanjing. I spent all my school life before college in Nanjing. It is an old and dynamic city. I like the delicious food on the street with ancient architecture and the rows of sycamore trees. In autumn, the golden leaves fill the streets, and osmanthus give off pleasent smelling. In winter, the qinhuai river in the snow has a lasting appeal. Besides, there is my family, my parents and my dog in Nanjing. I don't have many hobbies. I am good at painting and designing of all my interest. The drawing on the right is drawn by myself. I'm quite interested in designing of all the aspects, including fashion design, graphic design and architecture design. My father is a architect as well.
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Design studio 2 in Uni Adelaide
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PREVIOUS DESIGN
Design studio Earth in UniMelbourne
The design is adopted in winter of 2017. Now it is under construction.
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PA R T A
CO N C E P T UA L I S AT I O N A .1 D E S I G N F U T U R I N G / 10 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 10 P R E C E D E N T 0 2 / 12 A . 2 D E S I G N O M P U TAT I O N / 16 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 16 PRECEDENT 02 / 20 A . 3 CO M P O S I T I O N & G E N E R AT I O N / 18 P R E C E D E N T 01 / 18 PRECEDENT 02 / 20
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A .1 D E S I G N F U T U R I N G
N AT I O N A L S TA D I U M PR E C E D E N T 01
"Speculative design thrives on imagination and aims to open up new perspectives, to create spaces for discussion and debate about alternative ways of being, and to inspire and encourage people’s imaginations to flow freely." Dunne. A & Raby. F 2013
http://www.tukuchina.cn/r/photo/view/id/2229727155/
WHY THIS PROJECTS ARE SIGNIFICANT? Innovative structure The whole stadium structure component support each other by forming a Disney grid structure without any pillars inside. It appearance looks like a bird's nest which is made of tree branches. Its gray mineral of stencil materials covered in a transparent membrane, which contains a soil red bowl stadium. The design
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scheme has greatly adjusted and optimized the structural layout, construction section form and material utilization and keep the "bird's nest" architectural style unchanged. The opening roof in the original design was cancelled and the roof opening is expanded compared to the original one. Also, the steel structure was greatly reduced by the optimization of the steel structure. The large span roof is supported by 24 trusses, and distance between the columns is 37.96 meters. The main truss is arranged
around the opening of the roof. In order to avoid too complex nodes , a few main trusses are truncated near the inner ring. The main crossing truss, roof structure and substructure of the facade formed the special architectural shape of the bird’s nest.
Combination of local culture
Application of new materials
Advantages of functionality
"Bird's nest" structure design is novel and the new material of steel structure - Q460 is also unique. The Q460 is a kind of high strength low alloy steel. The plastic deformation will not occurs until it is on the mechanical strength of 460 million mpa.
To make the waterproof roof, the space between the structure of the stadium will be filled with membrane which is previous to light. The overall closure of the facade is unnecessary, because all the facilities - restaurants, guestrooms, shops and bathrooms are all individually
Hollowed-out technique, ceramic grain, red brilliant and enthusiastic in Chinese traditional culture, with the modern most advanced steel structure design blend together perfectly.
controlled units. It gives the stadium a natural ventilation which is the most important aspect of the
BIRD'S NEST STRUCTURE Individual unit of stable triangles (left) The wohle stucture (above)
Reference Southcn.com. (2018). Available at: http://www.southcn.com/news/china/focuspic/200312250706.htm [Accessed 7 Mar. 2018]. News.sina.com.cn. (2018). [online] Available at: http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-08-05/09103299951s.shtml [Accessed 7 Mar.
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THE GHERKIN PRECEDEN T 02
In the 21th century, the architecture have reached a critical moment during the development of contemporary architecture design after meeting the material and spiritual needs of human being. The social formation, life style, living condition and social ideas are making huge changes rapidly. Architecture design should form a more adaptable and sustainable way at the moment. The Gherkin building in London is a good example to show the connection between current and future architecture design. The building was constructed by Skanska in 2013. The building was occupied by Swiss Re. The building has become a landmark in London and one of the city's most famous contemporary buildings. The most significant of the Gherkin advantage is saving energy. It only uses half of energy comparing to the similiar skyscaper. There are six shafts between each level which can work as natural ventlation system. The shafts apply the heat preservation theory of double glaze to insulate the whole building. In summer, the shafts exhaust the hot air from the building and heat it by passive solar heating in winter. In addition to using a lot of energy saving, it also natural conditions for lighting and ventilation as much as possible. The building is equipped with computer-controlled blinds; A weather sensor system is installed outside the building to monitor temperature, wind speed and light intensity. The windows will open automatically and introduce fresh air when it is necessary. The Gherkin is definitely sustainable on five aspects of sustainability of the site planning, water quality protection and water saving, energy efficiency and renewable energy, managing material and resource, indoor environment quality
The building has a futuristic feel. Curved shape which follow the airflow, make fresh air gently through every corner of the building which help to realize natural ventilation. Its morphology is simulated by computer and wind tunnel test. This is a very good and successful attempt of computerlize design. It uses the computer to determine its shape to achieve the optimal effect, using high-tech to solve some of the potential social problems including energy nervous, and emphasis on the theory of man and nature in harmony. The bird’s nest and the Gherkin are the product of computer operation, which is a new way of mass production. It is more quickly than traditional way of design and provides some more different new forms beyond human imagination. These new forms reveal a lot about the future possibilities. And although people have not seen this form before wherever in Beijing or London, people are able to understand this form and appreciate the appearance and use this new form of design in other aspect. The Bird’s nest and the Gherkin change not only in the form of building but also in the existing design thinking to make people realize that design should not stay in the contemporary - how to connect to the future should be taken into considerration now. This is a new but not radical idea, not only in design, but also in culture, education, in all aspects of social development.It is a necessary process for human development. The development of human society, including the development of the design and structure design seems to be in stagnation, or developed slowly than at the 20th century and at the beginning of 21st century. Although architecture nowadays looks meet the basic needs of human life, some protential problems are still exist such as population explosion, shortage of resources. We should start attempting to find a connection with the future to prevent future conflict between sluggish development and sharp social needs.
and so on.
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A . 2 D E S I G N CO M P U TAT I O N
THE LANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL PR E C E D E N T 01
Fig1. The Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall, Designed by ICD & ITDK,
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T H E G A L L E RY O F I C D - I T K E PAV I L I O N PRECEDEN T 02
After the third industrial revolution, due to some new requirements on aspects of the aesthetic and function as well as the development of science and technology, how to deal with these architectural fragments, elements, building components, and the whole logistics chain behind it becomes a natural problem. All of this may change through the digital manufacturing process, and they are all interrelated, so more and more designers attempt computational design.1 Contemporary computation design techniques has a lot of benefits and two precedent will be introduced to support the argument. Firstly, computer design has broadened the field of architectural design. If architecture are defined only by manufacturing techniques and current production techniques, then the limitation of architecture development are the science and technology level. But at this stage, our design can be more diverse over human being’s imagination which provides the possibilities to changing the shape, structure and fabrication. Over the past decade, the development of computation technology has led to a new understanding of the potential new materials through their characteristics and combinations.2 In addition, in traditional buildings, the structure seems to be stabilized and rarely changed, but it is easy to generate a new structure using computation design. For example, the Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall is the first building whose primary structure consists of robotically fabricated beech plywood plates. A simple question is input to computer program that how to use the least wooden material to make the most resilient structure and the complex structure is made through by advanced computation and simulation methods. This new kind of timber construction allows the building to be made of plywood plates that are only 50 millimetres thick.3 Also, the Gallery of ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion is built by carbon fibre. Menges thinks that combining technology with this unique building material could revolutionise the future.4
1 “5 Ways Computational Design Will Change The Way You Work”, Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/785602/5-ways-computational-design-will-change-the-way-you-work> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 2 ”Matter Design Computation: The Art Of Building From Nano To Macro | Cornell AAP”, Aap.Cornell.Edu, 2018 <https://aap.cornell. edu/news-events/matter-design-computation-art-building-nano-macro> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 3 “Computational Design: Buildings Designed And Built By Robots”, Architecture . Construction . Engineering . Property, 2018 <https://sourceable.net/computational-design-buildings-designed-built-robots/> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 4 Lacy Cooke and Lacy Cooke, “How Robots And Carbon Fiber Could Usher In The “Fourth Industrial Revolution””, Inhabitat.Com, 2018 <https://inhabitat.com/how-robots-and-carbon-fiber-could-usher-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 15
Fig 2. The compressive conditions of plywood plates Fig 3. 243 unique plates Secondly, computation design can deal with repetitive task automatically. There is some complicated design and construction process, designers as human being is difficult to solve them in a short time, but the parametric design can greatly reduce the time required. Some advanced and complex geometry part in projects is generated by computational design. Actually, computation can do a lot of thing more than that. Through repetitive tasks are heavy for human, most computational design tools can deal with the monotonous task such as coping the same elements and generate similar geometry in random.1 The beech plywood shell which covers 2700 square foot is composed by 243 unique geometric plates. Rather than draw each plate by hand, the design space was integrated into a simulation and optimization process for automatic form-finding, and the robotic production is included in the process. The pavilion was built in the site in only four weeks after the main structure and digital prefabrication of all other building layers, such as insulation, waterproofing and cladding were made.2
1 ”5 Ways Computational Design Will Change The Way You Work”, Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/785602/5-wayscomputational-design-will-change-the-way-you-work> [Accessed 15 March 2018] 2 “Computational Design: Buildings Designed And Built By Robots”, Architecture . Construction . Engineering . Property, 2018 <https://sourceable.net/computational-design-buildings-designed-built-robots/> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 16
The third advantage is that the computer program can be designed to try to simulate many different solutions to meet the optimization design. The design tool provides the possibility of incorporating material characteristics and manufacturing parameters during the design process. We know what we are able to fabricate, so we know what we can design, so we can design everything we able to fabricate. Everything we design is based on manufacturing technology, and we also extend this technology through our research.1 Also, the architects do not know whether their design would behave as they thought they would be. They have to wait until the building is built. Computing tools make it easier to simulate architectural performance. Some tools are created to simulate the ventilation condition in may or how much sunlight can shine into the building.2 The fourth advantage is arises at the historic moment after extensive use of computer design, the robotic fabrication of architectural elements began to rapid development. The production is no longer confined to the same template such as precast concrete panel. Robotic manipulation production can be finished a large number of complex task in a short time. The Gallery of ICD-ITKE Research Pavilion is made by a robot. The robot store the carbon fibre in a resin bath, and rotate the material about metal scaffolding. All the material is heated in a huge oven.3 Fig, 4 machines to make carbon fibre structure
Previous machine-made production used existing machines to fabricate components at existing levels of technology. However, it's a completely new way to write the design program and manufacturing process which based on what you want to design, and then create the corresponding robot to fabricate the architectural components. It may be the most significant effect of design process by computation. In addition, computing affect design process a lot. Most architect design an architecture by intuition and creativity, but computing design needs architects to think logical by some algorithm. The previous way is not stable and needs some external stimulus. Computing design just encode the inspiration and remember as an command. So it is easy to use or combine these command. Finally, I think the design process will continue to be affected. Young architects have learned how to design by computing methods and collaborate with civil engineers and manufacturers at the beginning. The construction industry is more flexible than other manufacturing industries. Because the relationship among architects, civil engineers and manufacturers parallel without strict order of precedence. Then they all can know whether they want to design can be built at the beginning and problems can be solved at the beginning.
1 “Design Manifestos: Oliver David Krieg Of The Institute For Computational Design (ICD)”, Medium, 2018 <https://medium.com/ design-manifestos/design-manifestos-oliver-david-krieg-of-the-institute-for-computational-design-icd-5e8a5ea1ce76> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 2 “5 Ways Computational Design Will Change The Way You Work”, Archdaily, 2018 <https://www.archdaily.com/785602/5-ways-computational-design-will-change-the-way-you-work> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 3 Lacy Cooke and Lacy Cooke, “How Robots And Carbon Fiber Could Usher In The “Fourth Industrial Revolution””, Inhabitat.Com, 2018 <https://inhabitat.com/how-robots-and-carbon-fiber-could-usher-in-the-fourth-industrial-revolution/> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 17
A . 3 CO M P O S I T I O N & G E N E R AT I O N
DECKENKONSTRUK TION DER M U LT I H A L L E PR E C E D E N T 01
Fig, 1 The Mannheim Pavilion 18
Precedent 01 is the Deckenkonstruktion Der Multihalle, designed by Frei otto. Due to the heavy damage in Mannheim during WWII, the reconstruction was in a slow process after the war. The pavilion in fig.1 is the result of the Germany’s Bundesgartenschau in 1975. Their concept was “a light, airy construction to harmonize with the landscape of flowers, trees and artificial hills”. The budget of the Mannheim pavilion is only 4 million, light structure use less material and can keep the overall cost within the budget. The final Mannheim pavilion used the light structure. The inspiration was one of the landscape on the earth - mountain. The pavilion imitated the shape of mountain using grid shell and meet the aim of to be harmony with nature. After making the decision of using grid shell, some architects and engineers included Frei Otto said they had not done such a big grid shell pavilion. The final pavilion design required a free-form roof covering three separate spaces, with the main hall spanning 60m by 60m. 1
Fig, 2 Diagram of the Multihalle’s dimensions
The architect used the hang chain to generate the final form which is adapted to any space. Frei Otto had already used a chain and its self-weight to form the Mannheim design. These models were effective in creating pure tension shapes. The final computer model of the pavilion was generated by mathematical model, the result of the computer stimulation model is similar to the result of physical hanging chain.2 Fig. 3 demonstrates how the forces are taken by a grid shell system. The double curvature of the design gives the membrane strength and stiffness.
Fig, 3 Force diagram
Fig, 4 Double layers of grid
At first, designer want to use single layer of grid shell, but after several experiments they found the collapse load is too small. They decided to stack the timber one direction by one direction, with only one layer in one direction, using 4 layers in total rather than just double the thickness by sticking two layers of timber together. Fig. 4 is the final solution of the grid shell. The pavilion is not just generated by computer. It has a process from physical model making to computer generated model and then compare two result. Finally, a lot of experiments was done to test the workablity and possiblity. Through the computering tools are keeping on developing, production test is still necessary. 1 “Mannheim Multihalle– Strained Grid - Evolution Of German Shells: Efficiency In Form”, Shells.Princeton.Edu, 2018 <http:// shells.princeton.edu/Mann1.html> [Accessed 15 March 2018] 2 Adriaenssens, S., Barnes, M., Harris, R., Williams, C., (2011), Design of a Wooden Strained Lattice Shell.
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SYNTHESIS OF S T R I P PAT T E R N PRECEDEN T 02
Stripe patterns are widely spread in nature in different scales, from the smallest molecules to skin pattern of plants and animals. This structures are generated by parametric techniques using algorithms to create complex hyperbolic geometries and test them from paper model to to large scale timber model. Strips and its transform have already been used in many fields. This structure has a strong and rich plasticity of expression, which could be one of the best artistic expression of architecture. Also, there will be many possibilities for this kind of graphics to be combined with different materials. On the local level, based on the ring like typology and its active-bending principle, the resulted structure acquired strong self-supporting capacity increased by the double curvature within the global shape.1 The grain direction, material size available on market and machining cutting space can be input into the computer model to generate the structure which is fit to the market demand and is workable. In order to make the process of assembly easier and faster, the edgewise connection was invented to reduce the amount of worker. The whole workflow is rapid. It takes only three days to be set up in the site from fabrication to assembly. The overall weight is very light as well
Fig, 2 Paper model 1 â&#x20AC;&#x153;SYNTHESIS OF STRIP PATTERNâ&#x20AC;?, Noumena, 2018 <https://noumena.io/draft_synthesis-of-strip-pattern/> [Accessed 15 March 2018]. 20
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A.4 CONCLUSION
I designed by flickering inspiration and learn and mash previous elements. That is not stable and Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s always going to be repetitive to design the similar things with others. Now I intend to design by computing tools. It encode many design elements and record them as command. Many interesting designs are created in the process of combining several command or changing the sequence of commands. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s just like the notes on a five-line spectrum, and different combinations make different feeling music.
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A.5 LEARNING OUTCOME
This semester, I learned a new design way which change my design thinking. Although I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t use grasshopper skillfully, I have already understand the design logic of design computation. Now I can use my new knowledge to improve my past design. The work on the left is composed by 104 unique pieces. In the year 1, my partner and i have to use rhino to measure every plates and cut them by hand. It costs me three whole days. And because the hand fabrication, we have to use the corrugated board which is easy to cut. Now, robotic frbrication spend no more than one hour to cut this plates
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A.6 APPENDIX - ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
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