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$ L ( X 8< 1( W T fE ( ' YE @ 8 < . ´( » A( y' = L B I m T t ­% 8 ` 2< A(y' u £ $ W 1 d

%;( ( X 8< W( Q? j L 0T d ( y T |? % @ $1 Á(B 5( a= T d = L Y ? 0 W( < = =1=? ( < a= / E j W T fE / 7 R 1 P T - 1 8 ( ' Y . |?

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C B ' T d (! V $ = La( ($ ¤( ' t ~ . B L(! "U; (º l YP y; 9( ( YE L P $ " = 0 W( B j "w' " ~ . B= La( , S |m ~ , P " :0 B(%$ 0 (' = L@ = W( · - (& , N W(ª = W( X:2 ¦ I = ." .( | \ . B = - " ( ! & ' # = L0 'B l! m$ 1 ,?

= LW( - (& ¦ ($ _ f E 7 , W( $ ( j E I = LW( S l|Q

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@ 'E= L (B 01 X$ S( C B 9(- ^ L $(% 1 / L`» "

.Ä( I & « K L « W(ªU Td = 9 $( B 9( 9( $(&| ~$( " ( ` ( " ` 3 v( & l t1 .Æ W( 2(2 C B ( [; I .Q( ($ 9( '.= 9($(&| A $ Y W(f = W( % = Ll q

q = L '. C B 9( f (- ( ( Z1 9 mE i p( VU W '%

M : . [ @ v1( % =( = L ¡ = = L` ¡ . [' = .A $ 9( 9( ,(P ` ¡ . l¢ ¦ I = . (- ; ^ 1( W 1( ¦$ ( ©( C B ? l q) a(f [;< B M 8 a( P -&$ < = l YP / XE + 3 % ( ! + '. = " %^ Y = L( 1(&8 = ? 1 % ! "E I L(!!j E $ < + W Y[ 0 d = L ¡ ( 1(&8 .W(;(Y 3 = D8 = !® y; { 1(B - 2 W 1 ^ ¶ , D * + W 1 d S D ;( % . 1 T d 1 q X D ;( ( ¸ @ = . Y "B W( $ %; B Ç ® (! ' N Y 5 ° ;J L = ;Q ? 7¦ ® ! " _ L_ ( X 8< = ´( ( "U = W ( % ls !q q ; l RÈ q @ 8 _ = .( 1(&8 (º 1= _ ¢ Ç ® S S ( Z1= .( ! B ( U;3 $ 0 ( B = .u U' = W Q( < ¦ Y "

1 y' 8? C B v [ W( , lY C B 01 ( 8 T t Ç ®

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c $ X ª B $(j3 a=( _ L`U" U º -B h= [ (N?

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E X aI%B H X B " b .c @ d H b ' ._ " I h 7 3 '&ZI NO G 3E X aI%B 3 '4 56 7 8 9 3i E / :, 23 $14 Abstract Arab Modernist and the Holy Quran: A study of Methodology and style of Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd

This article aims at investigating the theoretical and philosophical foundations of Arab secular modernists, as represented by the Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, through investigating the methodology and style he used in his works. The article uses the inductive approach based on the critical reading, comparison and testing hypotheses. In his study of the Holy Quran, the article found out that Abu Zayd uses misleading methods, hides or denies the truth, and decontextualizes texts. The study concludes that Arab Modernists in general did not bring anything new. There studies have been a repetition of Orientalists’ methodology. These Orientalists in fact have described their students from Arab modernist as those “who bring back what they have already taken from us�. Keywords: Arab Modernists, Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd, Orientalists, Hermeneutical reading, deconstructionism.

s.nusairat@gmail.com :n&j" o 'p .lm 56 k<9 7 3 5j !%X 3 %7 I 6

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cR # K G) 3 ) )^)" & . ILB b B ¥& b = - 99LI7 < 7 N @2 c A h I . '&ZI & NO G Q« ¬b :' ; < B aI2 = &A <7 H5 K G E6 <"1 B £ G - 5 c ^ G G8 cR < gI 3 a NO G E^ 6 Y ) O ' p U < 7 c 02 _ I1 E6 £ G < 7 h I' Q G kY ) ¾ a) & . ) & 5 3h %?b 7 B < >?@ & IB ¾ a) 9IG' M& . B & .H P X& ) ­ ) 7 X 7 ¨ £ G ¤

B < >?@ I' 5 GB 5& H M& ¶ = ; & % ) & G H X& H " 7 ¤ I %' £ G b E^ ¯ b 3Q » 2 ¾ a NO G E^ ,& . B * + = 0 IB H b : G# = cR 76 . ) = <7 " B * + N G i d Ç ' » " _ < 7 9) ^ 6 i d . ) E^ ¯ b 3K È É < M& 3 P G < H 9b < "1 M NO G Å ¬b E 2 & E^ 6 Ä& . /] B _ I5 ¢ @7 ¹ ® N /Z I7 E "I ( B < > ?@ ) R'&Z I £ G M H % < a"' < B E^ ¯ b .N¤ I7 b 7 b Ä È@ 7 NO G b . T 3K 3i i I" A # ::a7A 3 ( JK * & ? @2 AB I .<%8 3* ?

5L

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

< b .HI I %7 = 7, H ^ ¯b 3´ % £ G 76^ .H I < 7 <"^ I B ILB ' I %7 = H 7 ^ G E6 < "1 7& 3 ' S& ) ) g < > ?@' N B ²& . ) 7 )74 N 7 = ` @I2f G /& 7, ' ± = ) b . ) !

h " b . + 9U _ ) & 3 % & I M & b G0 + 9S .E "B & E 7¤ ´ S hI"' M c g'6 b 3 '&ZI & % I H b !I % 6 . ) (? 76^ .Ì HX < cM¤ )7 E "' M 3 ) H I5 G7 = £ G &6 X ) E^ , .4 5 &A < 7 H b H : G^ f E6 < "1 ! b < &6 3 ¹ V 8 c 7 < > ?@' 3 ) H O X = b < 7 ) H H 7 ^ G' E6 < "1 ^ > ?@' H^ ¯b 3³A6 ) 5 : I' 7, E 2 ¯ b .NO G Í &" I§ M& .H I5 I2& ) ´ I ' " 5 EM& " ) £ G b .N ? ' = £ G S < C 7 O )5" ) Q b .NO G K B H8 ¢ = HG5 < ∗ ". ) : 1 , " & AB .M + S 3 V 7 d& N4 ?)7 NO X E "I D " EF G ' ', N O G E^ NO G < 7 ¥ ) & .D " EF G < 7 c V 7 c X 7 E )@I' <' OM]

X I )7¤ ' 7, & . 5 G C ) 7 2 h' [I c 7 D " EF G 3 V b 7 NO X Q 3D " EF G p &6 3 'A &6 3 %2 B NO G E^ , . ) .c 56 @/ K & 3C )B _ h^ G c ( . Æ * @G <"1 M& 3 ¥ 3*+ 88 N O88 K $ ,88 1P 3"³A, i U # = '&ZI " ¢ & B K 7" . ¶ 3Î 7 S . T 3K Á . T 3:5 % \ B V ' H^ , 3 ^)@I' H Z2& & £ G & h " 5 ) XR * 8 A aI M >?@ h 2 K G' ∗ :b M 3 b B 7R ¿ ' # N A E^ 6 2ZI @ )7 E " X& . aX ) V S d 7 N + = 3 / 8 5 7 O X& ' < V / O G G) A aI Ï E6 . N & g 5 [ ' # º ] . ' " V & >@ <7 0"5 !%I

A&

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R 5Q

k À KR 2 3( 7& 3c ( ) D " EF G E^ 6 E %B \ 3 5 GB =& $ p B < () 5 ' G NO G \ g§ M = & k & H ?@ ( ) = &) 7 OQ ¢ = () Ç ' G) E^ 6 .E / X %' È@ $ 3D GI &A6 *R S < 7 3 ' a@ T 9) < 7 5 H I G7& H 1 G 9G5 . $ ' ', < 9 )' M B ' ± = X ) b . 7Ò b G0 ' ² 5 X ) c P b 3 G) " K G' 3 G 6 ^ 3 G) " E^ ¯ b A @ ^)8 6 =& ".iA, = pI§ % b V b $ b G0 )@ X 7 c + 9 )' T 9) ` % b" : '4 56 9 * G' Q ' M T 9) _ I Q ²o 9B & .* 8, < 7 * 8 Z ^ 5 ; = ` " a Q§ I E "B & E 7¤ 5 ¾ @ < 7 H ) 7 "5 ' c + 9 ± 2 G G8 c XR; ".Q I M & ÃE "B & E 7¤ 5 È@ 7 A ¿ D " EF G E H G5 '4 56 9G' b 8 a7 ` # D " EF G \ V '4 56 7 LI %' $ @ 07 E^ @ 5 h RI' h " E^ ) G5 9X 7 3h GIB Q ' ', G) ' + j d < 7 3À i I" G) K H I c p 7 H % ) Q 2 " & ' G) C )B K LI b .nF G ) ' ', H B c ; G W 1 H ^ Z5 = ' ', 5 X ) /Z E^ ¯ b 3 . ' '6 IS < *&, K GB = p » f' X ) ' Y " ' ', b . « a7& f \ X & 76 T 9) H % & H R'&Z &6 X ) LI' X B Q ' ', E^ 6 2 .= B ()7 < a" & Â B & Q ¡ Ç' i U K Â 7 = '4 56 * G' Á. ) < 7 > 8 @ 3K 4 Ó 3 ¥ 3i i ^I" A # :: a7A R*88 & O88K $ ,881P 3"³ G) ' " . ^)8 3A @ . ÔT 3 ¾ 3³ = G0 ¤2 B :O g @ R,)$ : A T ,+ $ A T :, ,S19 /) . 9 3 '4 56 . T 3K 3K 3 a) & ³ ¤ 2 B : & 5 RU 88 ( 8 T 88 *88+ ,88 > ,88 )H . ¢ 7 3 Õ6 Á . ÔT

5V

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

h % Q ¡ Ç' i U R'&Z = * ?I & \ j "I'& ..." °A, 5 ' E 2 KR o b . & % & 'A 9IXM & I M I M # A ' . " % ¥ 9 K I8 8 7 = n 9 & B N G A & A [

3Q ¡ Ç' i U EZ ¢ E 2 &" : g'& Ô"3! % Ö )° <'A @9

i U _ %7 < c 02 Q '&Z I H" %7 = I§ M Â B Ç' i U E^ ¯ b ¦ # $ G@ %B & "b, 6 . ' ', @; = R U ¤ 2j' .Q ¡ M Q '&Z I _ %B E^ 6 H 2 _ 7& .... ) '&ZI H = 3i U ' ) H 2 _ g' 5 3È Gb % ' I %7 '& ) @; [I' ".<' ¥ )G5 % HI ' '6 H & O S 3 $ ' ', 5 (£ G ) X ) /Z I5 A G) j c F ¢6 G

£ G * 86 A I5 cM&6 NO G ' I %7 A I " :H G5 H % '4 56 2]' 7 & ". ' ', & ' " HI S A h@%5 c / A I & 3 8 :AB *+ X 9 .W X \ V E %B H G * +6 O & % I O & O p G

% b . 5 ×6 ! ) Q S % E 2& .H b& D " EF G % I

3"Q ( ¦j aB " n 7 - 5 ^ ' 2 3 I Ø = " < 7 NA 9GB M A ^ f 3 B X c g'6 _ < 7& . M : X B ' ?I5 % K G' > 8 .Ú; U K B A & ^ 3! Ù I \bA& 3 9LI NA b & 3 " MA ' #& E +, ! %X ^ . % ¥ V 7 ! b < <' 5 E %B < "' ©& < 7 ¿ &6 3 F G '½ = () " & . ) : ²&6 - %X % . k T 3:5 \ 7 3,)$ : A T ,+ $ A T :, ,S19 /) . '4 56 Ô . k T 3:5 % \ B . T 3:5 % \ B 3 .A 3 ' 9B g ) @I"7 :N G 3(\8 HS; ?8 1 ;) * > 8 Y 8 *+ Z X . ' b 3 8 . k T

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R M^

A&

& I ' © ! ±^ 6 _ 7& .D " EF G & 3 7 "I7 <7 O¤ ±^ 6 '½ < ¤ )7 '½ ¿ &6 3N 8 '½ = 0 IB Q P¤° % 76^ .*&¤ ) i @ Z5 ! ) ¬ f b 0 IB X B :n 0 & ".Q " X 3 ( <P X : %X .c + S c 7 I E +, Æ !I Gb 3 X % <P G I M 9X E^ " :H G5 9I%B = _ Û ¤ ¢6 X& . 7 G7 S6& 3! "I B < 7 2 8& 3 ¢ & 34 7 & 3* 86& 3<P X < 7 9 & V ! 5 ! f' ". + G7& H A <7 7 7 76& 3H & = & '4 56 9 I i U # ! 7 ^ NO G ¥ V 7 A G' # 6 ."K LI M = " Ç ' i U & .nF G i U ?I c [ )7 ¬ 7 <7 / 0@B M GB 3 *R S < 7 M ^ i U !Ù I' M& . /ZI 9G5 :Ü « I7f f N S A 7R * I !I '& . ) 7 & p G)f $ + U H ¢ H & : G^ ?I' < & 3Q»G« I f * 9' 9X .E& I 9) A & ¾ a5 I M ¬ - 5 K G' 8 , %I' ª 8 .: b I & *A @IB \ V I 5 M ^ _ Q»G« I f & ^ ^ f ¬ "¢ = "b6 D G . \V I7 ¢ k & H ?@ k À <7 i S H^ 6 8R 3nF G i U = () ) & : * X .H @I5 & 5 K X

) -7, Ö& H G 3 b 2 W ) H 7 ^ t s r q p o n m l k j i h g f e d c{

.( k :O a ) zu :H% *Z% H ¯b 3i U # I'

76^ Ã<'6& ê7& Ãh; LI `Ó 2& à B& Ãh; LB <7& Ã! "IB <7« : º , < 5 6 [) 3 G5 % '½ ( & K ¶ 3Á¥ R 8 8 H ,81P "3 5 O ) 0' X % ' () * +6" .© ¶ 3· + .ÁT 3K Á/ Ô . T 3 3 ¾ 3 M @5 ' 7, @ B :N G RZ .& 1F E D3 29$ . 7 8 56 3Û ¤ . T 3K Á 5 I26 3 ¥R_ ` ,1P "3 P % % <7 i U #" . Õ6 3 '

9 ¶ · +

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c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

.k & H ?@ k À :! "IB b . D " * :h; LB & .Q8 : " & .kKR% H k 'p : & . :h@% & z~}|{zy{ : * X .i 5 *¤ H^ 6 :\V I &

.( : ')

: H X 07 3 '¤ )I < `/ # ' S6 1 2 'F A & 2 ÞÝÜÛÚÙØ×ÖÕÔÓÒÑÐÏÎÍÌË{

( : a ) záàß

.c 7 Q & . '¤ )I Ç ^ = ^0 I b 3i U <74 76^

ÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁ{ : * X

.( :E X ) zÑÐ

: ' =& 3 )' B & 3 "7 = D " EF G *¤ Gb *&¤ ) E "7 § ^ b& . ' a ' @) N [² O )/6 = F{ : H X 07 3 a@I & o = ² \ ­ S6 'F ` ¤ X&

PONMLK{ :H X& .( :O o ) zJIHG

.( :i ¤8, ) zQ

¹ %7 ) 5 2 nF G i U b :Ü « I7f / 0@7 H + 5 i U ¾& a I f ^ i S 6 ^ G^ I' 2 <7] B G^ I' M E^ 6 M ^ 3- 7 : G# 9G5 ¬ > 8 < 7 5 3h %?b IÉ 5 K I M > 8 < 7 . SF E^ 6 Ä& .c g'6 f

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!I '& 3QG^ « I f < 7 + S ' ) G ' H ^ ¯b 3 6 6 < 7 nF G i U . 6 <7 KA X i S 6 ^ < I¸ G' 5 H 7 7 I

H ^ ¯b .H I & ' ² 9G5 b 2 W ) ¼ G i Þ Þn ^5 i Ý S nF « U E^ ,& EF G E^ 6 '4 56 <m X& . & ' <7 H7 ^ Gf' b c I7 (i U ) E "' E6 \¼X If' . 7 i U <) < _

5 ´ L 3Q S HX Q U HX § D " - 5 K [ % M E^ 6 M ^ 3 ) & " 9 5 Q U % K 7 '4 56 98 X& 6 < 7 O \ X Y' " H^ 6 Ç ' M 3Q S HX & Q U EF G 3 + S I & b G/ c ; µ6 H I = Î X ³ \ I E 2 ¯ b . 3h G c 6 \ I h G O D " EF G E^ ¯ b 3 0) & a %" ' 56 E^ 6 ) ° 7, & .N P % ° ! G 7 ()7 § c ' c I¿ Ú a) & E "' "b ."= G/ CI )7" D " EF G E^ Z 5 ! ¤ ' ^ß 3 LB < ?I' '4 ¬ D " EF G E "' 2& Ã

^ O b G/& I N c I EF G ÃQ ° \ I[ N + ¢ <) %' ©& 3 ) 2 < I5 X D " EF G E 2 c 7 & : × 3<' 76 ¼X6 H^ ¯b 3_ 9 .E /&, & ¦ a NA @ !gS = 'A b 8 ` 2 ) E^ 6 k c P E 2 Q I M \ X ! A Ó Y"

_ 9 ¢ E^ 6 k .Q ° \ I = P )0I 8 µ & 3c ^ G G8 cR 0Ó \X ^01 M 3¦ F \ 7 ![ %) M ±^ , .D " EF G K G7 h ) M "= G/ CI )7" G7 E^ ¯ b 3H & = E %B H \ ' c 7 kH &¤ 5k d 3D " EF G Æ O $ ' . I M & ' " ! I7 ()7 D G \ X c ' 7 E " H ¯b 3 /Z I 9G5 ÌZ ' i S ^ 6 3i U E 2 & @ +6 = B ()7 = ' H 5 S E^ 6 3 d < 7 EF G ¤ 1f 7 3<" & .A B

MW

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

PONMLKJIHGF{ : * X . ' \ I c 6

.( : 9G ) zQ , a + :!

M G7 *R S < 7 aX ) & ½ V Â I %) )^ ¯b 3K ^ G 7 cO )5 K LI ) X& .K GB = '4 56 9 ! ^01 <'

- / - '&ZI EF G O X& R'&Z < 7 OM] 2 7 N ¢ = (-/ - '&Z I ) 97 :- %B & ! ( P G L S 9G5 D " EF G A - / - '&Z I * @X . . b _ "aI & - %B * + O So & 3 " o & 3O ¤ I M & 3Y I h 6 ! 7 LI . . ±& ' ' $ CP I) > ?@ = ^ %f' à^ c @ 9I I 95 E& GI ' C )7 ! 7 LI . ." I5 / :P G8" Q C )B E& GI)' <' O < 7 ! § < 7« K 5 g) ! 7 LI . . LI & 3 ° 5 ! 9 & 3( 7 a & 3 P¤° ) & 0' . ? 9B ! ^)@ & 3 5 ? 9B 5 ! B ! ; G . :E b ( .5 EF G NO G - / - '&Z I ` A $ i @ , & Q & ! E6 ) - I' ^ < E a"' M - / -08 @ E^ ¯ b 3c F 2 "b ."N ' " NO X D " *R S < 7 , O GI <"1 <" & 3D " EF G A <7 G G ! b 6 G@^; $ O o & 3C )B & 3D " EF G ! O X = 7 LI $ h , . + ^ $ CP I) & 3H

A&

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R M6

EF G ×Z5 Q8 kE 8, h d =k i ^I"f < 7 ) 9 K LI %' = A 7& k & H ?@ k À A 9GB : 6 ! b * + .HI A N & V& 3D " EF G 7R o NO G O ± & 3 ) 5 È

GI ´ % %2 9G5 .H7R2 ! & KR o c ' ¢ c + 8 E& (f b 3 026 c ( ^ # E& SF @f' -8 = .D " 6 @' ) < 7& . ! b 8 7 < 7 N ' 8 7 á 5 = cR 76 3! O X E 7» Gf' ! ( = Q & 3` 5 / ± %' $ ' B < 7 A O )5 & >?@ ! g 5 . S½ g 5 = ! â& 3 g 5 = ! 7 : I 3 )'A `5 / 3 '4 56 7 8 9) "N6 B i S = NO X : U P &A" i I2 7» ZIB E^ = H X& 3KR o 5R 95 E 1o " : ²&6 -)/ <'6 @7 H5 I2 7 G7 ^ < ¼ V H^ 6 8R A ¿ I 2 HIb & H V& 3 [ N X& " G " Y Z 2 W ) W 3 P G :Q Ç' E 1o ` 5 / E^ 6 2ZI " :n 0 & ".E o & ! %I 3 ¢& S G 5& 3 S½ K & 3H & 3H @I2& 3H I"PR7& 3À 5 E 1o k A @ & 3kcR @ H ¥ I < B ` @ C 8& 3E g7 K +& 3N 2¤ O I' & 3NR 9 7 X & : )B KR " Æ S] £ G E^ Á".... '&ZI & Ö a & ! @I %' M E 1o & Ã G Y Z G'& A A¤ ' E 1o E^ 6 = " '4 56" \ 7 I§ < b « 3 ° £A @B 07 E^ Ã '&ZI & % I & ! @I%' M Ç' E 1o E^ 6 = H § <7& « - » @f ² 98 N () < ^ " & 3KR K ! \ 7 [ %)7 k m =– & @ 56 H X 7 äX )) )^ ¯b 3H & .:P G 5 O S & O ¤I R c ^ & 3c ?V & c S .NO G & '&ZI = HI' () c 6 H + 5 '4 2& ÃE 1o 5 A 9GB b 3E 1o K 7 ' # : I E6 h 3 ' 5 ÃE 1o E % o * 9'¯5 2 8& G & H E % o + I' ^ .n&j" o ` N '¤° \X 7 3N¤Õ É 3E P$ cd T :i I2 7 .! 5 3 @' d 3 ¾ 3³ = G0 ¤ 2 B :O g @ 3A 8 8$ 88Sf *88 + AB 8 8K :b 88 0 88 e . 7 8 9 3 '4 56 . T 3K .ÁT 3:5 % \ B Á

9 ¶ · +

M7

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

^ & 3 º , < 5 o ) II G & E 1o G G 98 b N ( E^ ¤ '¤ I G H O X = KR o D G i & < H 5 I2 7 ^ G7 = '4 56 H 4 7 9X .HL & E 1o : $ g , . E % ! [ 7 = ' I A & X& Ô". ' a 5 * @G & ¥ gU m " c

.i 8 & H 6& 3: 8 À E^ Z 5 K4 ° A GI M " H Z5 N G O H b » f b 3c 8R + 76^ H ^ 6& 3 G &6 h 2 < ¤¼ )7& f 3: B * " 95 9I7 H ^ 6& 3H _' ¢ M ".NA @ 8& :?I%B kH ?@ – zÅÄÃÂÁÀ¿¾½¼»º¹¸¶{ : * X

3E 1o A, h ; 76^ .D " EF G = O Ä E 1o +, b ( : ) ) BA{ : * X kKR % H k ! 5 9X = 2 E )º ;M i 5 < 7 b ( :N G@ ) zRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC

E o & ! %I 5 6 @' k & H ?@ k À 5 E 1o E^ 6 - ^ @ 1 " '½ b ![ %)7 & .H I' G & E 1o ¤ '¤ I Q b 3 @I M & () 'F < 7 O 7& 3H

Q 3 Ø X LB =& E " = / 0@B k & H ?@ k À 'F E^ 6 G G8 \7 . & ^ kHI ( & H X ?V & PMA ^ ¤

< "1 M 76 & 3E % H & V& G ×6 ") ) 6 £ G ¼ §f X ) & 3<' = "I ¾ )7 G b .c I^ @7 ) O E 2 M ^ :5 % KR " < 7 H b < *O %I E6 ) :^ 8f 3_

& . ' 7 ¦ '

X Í @ 'A]' A @ 2& .HIG G8& G

. T 3K 3 ¾ 3 C7 3 A + A : & 5 3 9 .K "7 <5 ¶ <5 <' * Ø 3 ()7 <5 Ô . k T 3K 3 ¾ 3 7R o P a@ A : & 5 R $ g 4 *+ H . ¶ 3Q"7

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:? , . H X 7 ()) )^ ¯b 3c 8R + & c G 5 A 9GB b 7 ^ × c ( .H ! ' = O & E ' :c

: f GÅ Ý Gf \ ° & 3: Å f Ù V¬ Ù) & [Å ¬ « & . 7f, = ` Ù@«0¼I : f GÅ « & .* ¬ ¬ « f 3 f GÅ « Q¡& « h ^ 6 ._ B = ¾ Ù « ¼I < H«@8 + G Å « ' H^ «, cR GÅ « f GÅ f Å G« & 3h f Å G« ER ¬ :* G'& 3E P < 7 E % o¬ ¤ ^ I' H5

¤ I f GÅ « : X& 3H%¬@ Å« ¬ :* G'& .H ¬ «b :cRGÅ « Hf G¬ Å « ' «OQa « G« & Ý Gf « h « .!Ý ¬ «b * Ý Å «X& 3*&]f « EÝ % & 3* G « h Ý Å «X ".cR¬X HI Å « Å «6 « f Å G« «Å 6" Å 6 .c Rb ` I N¤ ' < & N¤ ' d" H Z5 l É H b Gb 3c 8R + 76 ! ç G'è 3! æ ç @G º IBæ å G æ" H 6 b n +, h d 76 ". b B ". G å G æ _ I5 ê % oæ I%' é

æ S6 ' .KR o O c ¢ 02, × E ' I E & .H[P I & G Ï < ?I ÃE o & ! %I 5 E "' M E 1o E^ :H G5 '4 56 9X 7 3E

¬ ' E6 86 [ « M kH ?@ – À <'A E^ 3 U & : * + H G f [ M& 3D " EF G 'F ^5 & <' ! b = H G K LI %' E6 < 7 c 86 \)1 M& \ 7 !P G R U E^ ¯ b 3H & .´ I o & ¥ 5o = H A H G E "' E6 H H c 2 8& 3¥ a c 7 ¼ G7f G E "' E6 ! + A ^ 7 (- RG ) . k T 3:5 \ 7 3 9 3 ()7 <5 íæï :îè 5 3Q G æ -%8 :: G# 3h + i ) j kd2fjl m ) l ? j ,8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ( . ë <5 ìí æ 3l Éæ . T 3K Ô / 3 ¾ 3\'ð I æè a) æè @ é )" æ íæï :îè 5 3n I S ¶ :: G# 3tn j % o p qjr 3sj . ¶ <5 -% æ 3n +,æ hdæ æ . T3 ò 3ñ Ô / Ô 3 b Bæ

ML

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

= c 5 c &A G E6 < 7 KR o O < 7 ' H I B c bRS 3: B 5 c ' a Y G G = µ 3HI X G ¦ ' à ¥ ¢ H5 A ' ©" OQ¢ < a" ¥ a ! "8 < c a2 E "' E6 i X6 µ & 3*RGI M K Ó cRGI%7 c G ! ^ ± ª 8 G & ¥ a - 5 ' %I = c 5 @ X - %B 5 & ".A ' © ¬ < 7" E^ 6 [) 6 Q b .¥ a ¤ )7 G ¤ 6 E %' < 7« EZ a aB 3 GI %B ¥ a ¤ )7 G ¤¼ <' _ º 6 ! & 3- %B - 5 ! % 6 A i gX )B K Ó gX )7 V& - X = * b, h ' E6 8R+ 6& H & 7 X6 X ! b 3< ( A 7 H b c A & E 2 7 H 5 3\ G @ ¥ a = "... 6 $ Q8 ' ¢  G 6 G ' ¢ G G :D ; h H \ 0 ,Kd , Hu 19$ A F . ^ f& .k & H ?@ k À 5 H 1 H @'

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¢ ¡ ~ } |{ z y x w v u t s r q

.( Ô :N G@ ) z¥¤£

9 O 3H? ? + = ! %7 & 3 aB i U < 5 >' 8 =& k >' 8 < 7 (Ô) H? ? + = ! %7 & " Gb .KR o E 2 6& E 1o E 2 6 ) \ ; 3K ' À * ) W <® ) 5 :* X 3kH) À QV ".>' ...i 0 Â 5 ' ¢ . T 3K Ô 3Q7R o i A : & 5 3* d g 3 *+ " . @ 3 [) . k T 3:5 % \ B . Ôk ÁT 3 ´ 3K 3 ¾ 3 j [ A :N G 3v ) w x 19 - . . & )

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K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R MQ

¹ b 5A6 E / OM] G

f5 .Q7R o ' I = c ¼ V ¼ f ^ . ¤I B Æ O $ "EF G : S" G7 '4 56 A 6 Gb . 8 I N G = _ "aI 746 < 7 ´& U & 3Q7R o & ³ " ' = 5 ×6 ( = ±^ , ?I = Ç '" 3c X ¸ D " EF G E "b .N ^ c & X E %B ¢ $ ": I " &6 3E % o & À P )/ <7 n % o f@ 5 c 6 È@ § X & Q8 E^ 6 Q % i S H^ , . , E % o · 9B : G# ! = Q8 ...A& É & : B H^ 6 Ä& 3Q§ i S Q ²o i U E^ 6 9 3_ cO )5& ...HI 5 E %

c X 7 7 < gI' M H^ 3n % o '&ZI *R S < 7 M ^ : G^ ?I' M ) 7 E^ ¯ b 3Q§ "....H o X& : B XR; H c I5 / c ^' = Ç ' 3 A 6 ^ ´ I# M $ ^ %B = \ V ' * G E^ N A6 ' # c g'6 ' 5 3h %?b G G "I M P G E^ 6 B ' ± (i S) KR 2 A ¿ 3k & H ?@ k À KR 2 3D " EF G < 7 ­ O & 3iA, = A G) 7 ^ Gf' $ C )B & &A, K LI 5 H '&Z & H # < "1 H^ , ." a5 i S" Q ²o i U E^ 6 .! d& O & 3i U # .H ) G ¥¤ )5 M ^ !I' M H # E^ ¯b 3

.H S Y & <7¤ = \X& H^ 6 .Q§ & 3 @ K - 5 ¤ Ó Â 7 = SF E "7 = '4 56 A &6 7 & XA + E " $ " 3 S6 < 7 b G0 G G & 3 < 7 % o K X )' & Á".¤ I7 Q§ %5& A ¶ n % Q I \V& = ? ?+& () 95 &6 Æ 2 &6 X + < 7 ` @^0I " < "1 $ @ G G 6 @7 ."E 7¤ & E "B < Q ²o KR " H 2 .H S A < 7 E @)' M HX +& D " EF G G G8 E^ ¯ b 3H & &6 3 % & & 9 = ¶ H ^ 6 G G8 < 7 M& 3À @ <5 ¶ *¤ )B ¤[ B . % o i [I *RS <7 5 3¤ ) Q²o Q8 H^ 6 . T 3:5 \ 7 3, ,S19 /) 3 '4 56 . T 3:5 % \ B Á

MV

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

= * X . Æ K X $ < 7 " '4 56" ¬ (f' SF cM 07 K G ) & "b ! ^ " :" '&ZI F& NO G " ¢ " H 5 I2 7 G7 E^ ,& .T S " a5 j NO X& 3K " a5 "NO G " ¢ " ! ^ 3 8 & ²& )I $ M A Gb . ­M & M > 8 < 7 3¥ )I7 A I7 j A I E 2 ^ & ." )' K "& "3 dR@ "& "3 G) "& "3 " - 5 5 0Ä ` 2 Gb 3K () ; = N 8 Q )' M ¥ )I & Q / j " M ¿ - 5 U È5 & aI2 )I7 P¤ "i ­" Ô ".H 8& cM +& j O X 7 ^ X )P < 7 ' E^ 6 ) N ¢o < 7 ^ 5 M& 97& 3A " ¢ ( '4 56) ¢6 2 3i ) Q dR@ & G) & 3A G & 3h X & 3 2 ¢ A ¶ H 7 ^ X ^ cR gb 3\' @ @ Q & 3 + . ) + B " ¤ B " " '4 56" 6 5 9 © O G _ < ^ " . 02 ! d& @ & . MM _ < 7 ¤ B * + & * 2¯5 K G' & .( ° ) " '4 56" 6 g' . ² = H Id& 7 8R) )^ ¯b 3E 1o < :5 % * 0B = ) 6 2& j ¸ H ^ 6& 3K ¹ H b E^ Z 5 8 H5 I2 7 ^ G7 <7 G5 % N G [ NO G b ÃH O X ' '

j 7 3<" & . j N 8& * + ' '& 3HI76 A ^ ¶ ' h " ² 0 6 © 3" '4 56" h I2 < 7 5 6 ÌO X O )/6 = D " EF G b .H b ¥ X « f ' ' M 4Z7 <7 ´& L _ ^ H^ 6 6& 3 j

i ^I2f& O ¢ <7 O 5A, & E ' & O H7 ^ X 7 E^ 6 &6 Ãc / D " * ) & [ )7 *R S < 7 "Q7R o ³ j " H %' B HI' h " Â G Ã j j N 8& aI" E6 [ )B < "1 "b .H M& Q8 5 j M 5 d !ÃQ7R o ³ . T 3:5 \ 7 3? @2 AB yT 3 '4 56 Ô

A&

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R W^

E^ 6 H O X 5 aI2 '4 56 7 8 9 E^ 6 Q b O 7 M $ G G E^ ); @ R'&Z & 3 ¤I B ) EF G : S = ^0 I g?I h $ ´ ) Ã )

!² b . b 9 :E % .M E / 7 LI $ 3O So & 3 " o & 3O ¤ I M & 3Y I h 6 E^ O¤ » ']f' 3 7 X 5 E Z ' -08 @ OM] E^ 6 Q . 7 G G8 < a" 3E '&ZI M i , 07 E .! I? 97 :G» f

O¤° ) E G b 3H E @ ' 7 )7 ÌZ ' b& .c g'6 O & ! R S6 \ 7 Â I' 5 3h %?b V B \ 7 ô )I' :NO G O )/6 = (? ' E6 £ G <"1 $ 3O ¤I M & Y I <7 ´ µ D " EF G '&ZI NO G < 7 ² < H 0' 8 Â 7 = '4 56 ¢6 k 3Q§ I HX = H g' j 5 Q Q & 4 < 7 ^ 5 M" H ^ 6 j NO X& 4 o _ - 5& ) 5 c X » 7f 3 % o N g + ` V6 $ H 4 ¦ '& 4 < 7 ^ 5 M" :* G b 3 S½ 5 Q 8 9' ^ß ".n "B & n 7¤ X %5 B ¤ I N & V \ 7 3 G G 4 ¯5& 3 % 6& ² +Z5 3 0' N g 5 Q Q & ".NA Æ Y@I $ ' ', & " & Q 4 o -5 j ' ^ @/ c < 7 ² Y " :* G' 3 SF K G7 =& k R'&Z I : ' ; < 3i ! 7 O V = j % c g'6 Y & 3³ "

% E6 < "1 $ H @ 5 a"I & j @; $ "I %B ". b aI2 G ; % < I5 & à 5 d C )B & ! B O V = j '4 56 %b ^ b à "I%B R'&ZI . T 3:5 \ 7 3, ,S19 /) 3 '4 56 . T 3:5 \ 7 3? @2 AB yT 3 '4 56

W5

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

P¤ "i ­" 5 0Ä ` 2 Gb" :6 G 3> / E "7 =& k ! 6 < 7 & .H 8& cM +& Q / j " M ¿ - 5 U È5 & aI2 ".N 8 & ' "b 7 ()7 j E^ 6 <7 % <"1 $ CP I) = 2 X& 3" G ; % " ¡6 X& 3H @I C ) B '4 56 ¢6 G

=& 3" § I " K LI % > / K G7 =& 3" G ; )7 ² " K LI % H ^ 6 SF ¥ V 7 .(= G0 kQ§ I ) QX % C )B K LI% \5 K G7 : S" K 7 HI aX )7 3Y I & O ¤ I M h 6 H P ° 07, < 7& h@ %5 < "' © H ) %Ù 6 Â j E^ 6 - ^ @' E6 *& b . ¤I B ) "EF G 7, E^ 6& 3 P % E 2 P G = ¢, ­M E^ , 5 3 7, ¥ Øo H I ¸ 56" M G7 5 äX )) ) & . 2 IB U L ¢ = ^0 IB % N G 5 E 2 X&" :H X _ < 7& . 6¤ I 5 cR7 2 S½ 6 K ^ G' © H ^ 6 @/o ." '4 3E % o & À - 5 9 K G' c 9 ¤I B H I K 9I À $ g G) 9I 7 = _ & 3c 7 * b, &

9 I%7 ". ) b6 H b6 Y G E6 ) 9' M& 3 ' ^ *Z%f' M c ^ @I%7 c 2 8

c 2 8 kc @2c ^ _ < k À $ 9I '4 56 ) 2 ' © k À H @ a < 7 ' " GB 0Ä 86 G' ©& . ' ^ *Z %f' M c @I %7 7 b 3 ' ^ *Z %f' M H ^ 6 76^ .E& @I %B ! & 3W ) YSZ 5 k & H ?@ zÅÄÃÂÁÀ{ : À < ' "8 H % EF G 2 .( :O @ , )

5 . %B & ! M 5 : I h " A &6 S6 gX Ï& < 7 < 7 c ^ f5 " '4 56" © gX Q & .D " EF G 5 & I gX N " W 7 @ 9I _ h% Gb . ' ?% N G ' , 9I ' G5 . T 3:5 % \ B . T 3:5 % \ B

A&

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R WM

" W 7 5 = ) c @ 9I " :* Gb 3Q7R o " 3" %B " "! M " E^ 6 E @ ' <' _ º &6 ) + S 3D G Q7R o ". ' & V XR ±^ 6 . ' XR ) 7& -5 XR E^ 6 <7 c XR 3 p ' < 5 @2 % 7 ^ ! 5 6 Gb 3H 7 ' & £ G Y I & E^ 6 M ^ . ) %Ù 6 7 N @2 H 8& "Ä ( % 7 ^ & 3_º &6 A A &6 A # 5 * G $ 7R o W B ! : 07 3 ' gG 5 ) V ^ ' © " '4 56" 3 ' ? % N X @ %) 5 76^ .¥ V B OM] A @;& 3 %B & ! M 7 E^ . ) %Ù 6 < 7 Ø Æ G © . 7R o d ! B <7 ¥ c G^ 8 Q b X& . PRG & h [ E g' <'

_º &6 O ¢ c 5 8 ^)¢ )% 6 <7 N : '& ? N G Ö ¢ = O 5 6 ©& 3 À + < 7 95 f Å Gb 3À N¤ 5 6 :` f Å X &" M ^ I % M ) 7 +6 = ( ) E^ ¯ b 3 < 7 ! ' B & 3À < 7 _ d 3K 2 3! 3¤ 3N X 3 & : 6 . b g7 E^ 6 ! b 3! " 7 +6 . > Z : 2 @8 + Ä 2 b . 9 c  ' X < E 2 E & 3 < 7 H 5 ) 9 * b6 9I' M

7 ¢ < 7 7 I À "5 6" :* X X& .* É Â ' 2 3 9 < NA ¿ "...: S :!² X _

2&" :!² G5 N G O )^ 5 Gb 3 ^ %B & ! M - 5 XR 76^ .H b i 9 & 3_ = W ) < 7 02 È d B ;& . d &6 ¼ %B - ! M 3 2 À * X :` X ¯ b 3 S6 H * H 5 A '& 3N %B H5 A ' ! M b ! À :` X & 3H % %B H 5 A B b– _ ®& 3 Õ < B À \ ¡ &6 ) ! M b k_ ®& À O ¡6 < 7 ! 8 & 3³ ! <Õ & 3³ N ' B 5 ' 6 E¯ b :* Øo < 7 = B 3 d * G' M& 3 ¼ %B M A B H % ) : S ª 8 3H ! M& E 2 k & H ?@ k À E6 ' 6 E & 3: ?b B d .ÁÁT 3:5 \ 7 R, ,S19 /) 3 '4 56 . Ák T 3K ÔÔ 3 a) Q7R o hI"B : & 5 R, S A w y .Q ) ¤ ³6 <5

WW

9 ¶ · +

c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

O ¡6 = A o & *R g ! ( 6 < 7 b ! ) + < 7 O ¡Z5 H G S ¡ ª 8 &6 3O ¡6 ". À N X 6 . ' ? % N X& 3 , " I N "b ^ § b& " I C ± =" : '4 56 * G' 3kN @ &6 ( _ I5 P G GI ' 7 ) S6 N @ 5 &6 3H * © < 9 ) M 3 7 95 , ' G5 * ¤ 7& .:5 XR H * ' B & " " - 5 XR E " = % $ (B < 7 02 = E½ ª 8 NA 7 9 = , C ) 3 % < 7 @" & 9 QX "i [ " Z %7 I < 3 I M ) 8 3" & I " Z %B Â I ^ < _

2 3 @ a GI B = N ' a E < 7& I % (EF G 5 ´R & 3 & I 6) -I B ÁR 2 E6 ! d .EF G 5 "´R "& M 3c 5 I"7 &6 c X )7 N X < C ) 3 ' ? % N G K 7 < 7 I 7 < _ ! d 3H )7 &6 OQ a g?I 5 3ÈGb <

= B g?I $ EF G EZ ¢ < 7 G )^ 6 ! I' X @ E^ , . B aX )7 = N G5 ? % E 1o N m E6 ) Q "' . b 7 LI%B W 6 ^0Ó , K LI NA - "IB h )[I5 k F G ; < c 5k Ô ". 7, 5 3"EF G 5 ´R " : 07 H @ 5 = c gX ) 2 ½ ) < g G

5 3D " EF G 5 & I = V gd M ! %B b ." F G ; < c 5"& ) _ & 3N ' ' @ >'A 86 ¢6 $ '½ <7 0" NO X ' H^ H 5 G' M ª 8 K ) @X 2 , & B NO X < cR gb 3©, &6 : g 5 ¢ H b _ ^ ¢ M ^ à& . ? % 8 = T 9)B '½ 5 6 G' H ^ 6 2 .E ¢ . ÁT 3:5 % \ B .!d :i 9 & 3õB = A & " . I 2 :i 9 & 3õB = A & " Á .Á T 3:5 \ 7 R, ,S19 /) 3 '4 56 Ô

A& Œ �

K„… „/  ‹‡‡ Š + 3ˆ‰ A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R W6

– Ă€ 5 [I 5 @ < 7 K4 - G' Âľ^ & 3 ” N G5 c 1 Y † E^ 6 M kH ?@ – Ă€ 5 G0 E^ , . Q ` % ” b .H P k & H ?@ = G0 " = A 7 † 5 3" '4 56" "b6 “ 8 & Y K B & . ” 5 b G0  5 ` 2 Gb . ” N G5 W ) GI D G )7" :* G' _ =& 3Âł ” 3 M I8M  5 = H o ! 5 ! 86 :ž & .Âœ †"a5 H o ! Â’b # O ¢, = !"?I "! M " \ žI %' † 5 3 ' ? b 7 N X _ 1 H ^ Z5 ! A GI Rb ‡‰ ". @ž ÂŒ 8, ÂŞ8& Ă– & , & W ) & ÂŽ d - %B @ %) 5 Q b 3 H I G7 ˜ + < 7 : GĂ™ ?^I Y ) ) ' 7 H ?@ k Ă€ ! 5 * , O 5 N & V `g8 ^ >'A 8, <7 c ÂŽ02 E^ , . ? ?+ ... &6 ˜p ÂŒ& 8 ) Ă€ 2 &6 3 ' a žB <7 I ^ &6 3k & :E '( ) .W = ! GI 7 ! C )7 < > ?@ = D " EF G E P& )B I— % M& 3 5 ” V C )B = ! I V OM] <7 ÂŽ02 & X& .h ° ÂœA 86 C ) 7 H ^ 6 š 3Q % C ) B ² ) V I =& .` 2 ` % &, V .H I @ž @I E&A NA B Â? 97 = E % o \ g' b .E % Â? H ( = Ă› ¤IS & &A Âœ6 Q ” _

5 Q & 3O ¢, ! " = c 6 c 7 % o 5 [I f ! " ž )7 Q % o 5 [I † ­ ' G) C )B E " c ( & .Q8

$ C )B ž @ “ 7 ) ( b > ?@ C ) 7& V b 7 EÂŻ b 3O ¢, . V 5 " '4 56" 7 LI = Q b . I M & % o K = -08 @ Âœ () ;o V ^ ÂŤ f ` % &, E 2 X& .Š '› † 5 3Ăˆ Gb b B * + c [ )7 † ^0Ă“f M ! ( h — $ V K E^ " :* G' . % ² ÂŽ ()I = :@ % h 9X 3` 2 @' ­ C )Ă„ 3 I M & 3 G & 3 @ž : b 2 ( 5 /ZI% & "I# E6 39

Danesi, M & person, Paul. Analyzing Cultures Introduction and Handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

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c µ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

E6 & M % E^ ¯b 3 5 G7 ® & .c 7 % ^ f EZ5 N ' ° 8& Q 3 g¶ p 26 E^ " :c g'6 E E * G'& ".N ¢& b Lb <' 76^ .NA ¿ R7Z E " © 9G M& 3 5 [I ; = © 3K GI ® ! \b & ¢6& ". 5 [I H gS \ I%

E % o Ç ' 9 © µ^ 3 @" 7 (8R7 5 3 B = 5 [I < ?I' M H ^ ¯b 3` 2 ?I' 7 ) & .CP I * + 9G5 #& (8RB _ + & 3\ I¿ = W ) H 5 K G' 3 R7Z I & ' [I O 9X H b h ' [I I M ( ¥ gS " E^ :* G' Y ) 5 [I 5 A 9GB b .: X [ %I & (8RB 5 * U < I %' b Æ a 8 = ( G7 K G $ I M 5 [I µ^ & 3 B 5 [I R[ % & :P / X & 3 G7& 3 GI & A A& 3 bRIS & ".... § I Q % o ` 2 p I G " :* G b 3 V i aU I2 : » f'& c V 7 E " E6 h $ N 8 G G Q 5 3 5 G G M ^ M NA ¿ N "b % o E^ , . @I M = c G¼b 7f E "' M X& 3 I M ` 2 @I E^ .\ X < c 5 c ^ G'¤ b I 7 c ^ ' ( c 0 >?@'

% G = c '6 p I ' 3Q V ¥ I M ! c 6 E " E6 h V 7 G G8 % o . G'¤ b I B ` 2 Õ _

3 + U HI % b < 7 I c ^ G'¤ b I 7 c ^ 9L¢ ". @2 8 HI % b h $ G'¤ b I B K LI <7 _ H )1 © 3<" & M OQ ¢ E % o ` 8 ^ Gb 3E % o / 2 V CP I ` 2 G

A Y E % o E^ 6 )I7 3E " = @; N m ^'6 < I§ . T 3K Á 3 & a A : & 5 3* 3 P; .h Q24 3A ¶ 3Q7R o " QB B : ) b 3, 3. , $ E *F $2"> G H ':) . ¶ ¶ .E '¤76 . T 3K 3 ¾ . T 3:5 % \ B .K 3 ¾ 3³ E @ )° :N G Rz 4 z9" . 97 3i aU

A&

K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R W=

" ^ f NA B / Óf M $ "b6& H % 86& a7 H E % 5 3ÈGb QP '¤ $ - G Y ) \ g§ M E % Q I M A b . @ ( & E "

. @ ( ² \g¨ HI 7 \ G < I§ M c X W ¬ f Ó V E^ 6 & 3 SF 76 Ï N 8 & & A & Â j b & 3 G G "I8 \ 7 ô )I N ¼ B V B b . % )" Q %)" A GI M N < 7 LI c 02 V X i E^ . G G * +

".W ) 7 2 G G D G _ IÓ 8& % )" E^ GÄ cR^0àf E 2

'( )$ , <1 c H '&Z & D " EF G "NO X" = 0' ' K LI ^0f1 E b .n 5 Q8 < - %B W = N GI %B N G L S H b 3c ^ % = K LI = @X / ( < 7 ' I p H 7 ^ X B cM 5 E G ' M 5 GÄ E& SZ'& 3 8 B _ E&¤ G' ! b _

& .H #& nF G i U 5 GB 3E '&Z I 7 LI %' $ [ )B 5 GB _ ! 6 <7 . 5 d C )7& Ã K G $ Y , 7& Ã ' )@ b . ' )@ 5 b& B :, )H i I"5 6 5& 3<' a E G = m $ ' () ¢6 ' )@ « f gX *& ) i I" ." 7 ) % , = W& A" A %' % X& . S XR _ < > ?@ *R S < 7 B ! "# $ XR & 3 )@ 3 5 0 , & 3Y ) ! 07 I¸ <'A 7 = c [ )7 @ 9 ' )@ /6 I7 /6 3 ' () Æ ' I = A6^ 4 @ & E 2 X& . g ' I & .³ )B =& 3 5 P & = aI & ¢ = ³A, ) *& )II 3³A, G) = c [ )7 + 5 3cR +6 ' )@ O X& *R S < 7 B ! "# $ XR 5 f [ )7 5 G7 ' )@ b" 3D GI & ?I 5 . T 3:5 \ 7 3, 3. , $ E *F $2"> G H ':) 3E '¤76

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c Âľ '4 56 7 8 9 :D " EF G & i E /

3 9 : ILB ' I %7 = #& 3 a2& 3 S XR < > ?@ XR Ă– a5 Â? %' O ¢Ă’ Âœ ( O )5 3E 3Q b ‹‚". M & 3 @ 2j & 3 b 9 & < "1 M + ) < 7 9) Âœ6 ^ & ... XR - 5 *A @IB /, ÂŽ % & 3 S X Âœ )@ & ...: %) = H I "7 H ž ' Âœ Q ^ " : %Âź) 5 H IXR ; = M ^ H b Q Gž)7 š ÂŽ @ . I M ( & 3 ” ILB ‘ @ † ?I5 K G' ‹ˆ . "# $ ˜ % , &6 3 ) 5 A @IB XR ™ LI%'& 3 7 ( ! b < g' š Â? & K LI %f Âą^ ÂŻb 3 )@ Ă—,& G & ; ‘ @ ! b Æ 9G' >

7R \ 7 † 7 I' C ) B E^ ÂŻ b 3 & ‹à . b& 7R ´ I o % ]B % & † # ¢o &6 3N 9 &6 3i I"B ™) b . – Âœ Ăˆ < ()  Â”5 š ² 7R . 7R _ < 7 H I)I &6 ‘ 7 O )5 ÂŁ G 7& . I¸ E 7 ! š X& ‹Ô. 7R _ < 7 ‘ 7 O )5 IG G8 = 7R NO Gb 3_

& ! -08 @  5 : ;6 3œ )@ ! )@7 5 G7 m ! < . G ; % ! G ;6 E& SF& 3 P %

“ I %7 ÂŽ @2 Ăˆ U Ă‚ ^ X 5 GB Š ' E^ 6 N ¢o < 7 ^ 5 M& ÂŽ a 3 % ! [ 7 = 7R Â? ž 97 ›R 74& @'A E Ă–j X Gb .Š' I ( E^ 6 - 8 = 3 V B & \ IÂ&#x; A b6 - 5 X I ÂĄ Q gIG' = G/ Q I † b" E^ 6 3 ) ¢ “ '& ‹‰". M B Y N ¢o & 3 )' G & 3¤ 7 † 07 07 Ç " ÂĄ" E6 < "1 OQ ¢ Âœ ^ 6 A Q b . 7R H 5 Š + ' OQ ¢ † 2 5 !I " P % !I Q & .ĂŒ 7R ˜ < 7 O¤ [2 † 5 3 ¤ )7 7R W f M& 3 SF OQ¢ ÂŽa' ‚… ". ILB * "¢, & 3 9 & 3 " *RS <7 ‘ B ž @)I 5 3K„……à n 0 <' a ‹‡‰ {R*88 & O88 K $ ,88 1P 3"Âœ a i žL Âœ )@ † ?I " .Â? b 3˜R ‹‚ . T 3K„……‚ 3 a) & 5 % ]B : &ÂŽ5 3U ( T *+ , > , )H . ¢ 7 3 Ă•6 ‹ˆ .„ T 47 Danesi, M & Paerson, Paul. Ibid., p.47. 48 Chandler, D. Semiotics: The basics. London: Rutledge. 2002,p.3 A # :: a7A R 882 > Z 88.& , 88yg :v $ 889 *88 88 ) 1S88 .Q ÂœM 7 3€ S 5 ‹‰ . ÂˆÂ‚T 3K„……‚ 3i i I"^ 50 Chandler, D., Ibid,p.2k3 2002.

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K / + 3 A 3N a )7 0 )% 3 b B 7R WQ

\X 5 HIb 7 *RS <7k QP % É E¯b . 7R !" \X E^ ,& [ I ) + ' & . 7R _ MA ! " @ 9' k 7R CI 6 . ILB X % H b *RS <7 ) 7 7R Q '

É E^ 6 A]7 :, 0 2 *R S < 7 T 9) 8 $ ! B § " Ç " '4 56" ) § I H 9 ' Q§ I @ ­ \ I%' M " '4 56" 6 = >8 @ E¼ ". X )7 G 7 V 7 M +& Q V B < 7 H% E6 !¼ / <Å 7¬ \ I%' M& ) <74 < ! , \ B Q ) b *¤ $ § I @G E6 ' Æ & ". ) ! b = H7 LI \ &, C )B 5 È@ 7 § I N " Ç @I & . ) _ ! b = 3³ " 5 XR < " '4 56" H @I2 7 NO X ) & . G ; )7 ² & '4 5 ' () < >' E^ 6 ¢6 . G ; )7 H V ^ ) H @I2 7 S H ^ 6 NA I R i \ 7 Û 8 O )5 3< " & .³ " cR7 2 c ^ )@ Ç ' M 3 d& NA I M & 3 S½ \ 7 & 3 X 0I b .H H 7 I§ M 76 & .C )B <7 .- %B <7 X ) M ^ V b 7 c 76 `% H)7 " '4 56" ` A $ Q & 3 G ; )7 : @ , :5 h I7 § I E E¼ 6 a E^ 6 B < 7 ¼ & ." b G0 C¬I )Å7f " & 3"= G/ C«I )Å7f " EF G E^ Z 5 * G 9I ! g 5 ^ X& 3c 86 gX )I7& 3c ^ N 02 ( b G0 ) ' ' I E^ 6 " b G0 #" Æ I2 = E& 5& Q % A < 7 Þ 2 ¢6 X& .c ' E^ 6& 3 ¦j a7 K ( W 6 Çf5 N ? C )7 b G0 E^ 6 : × 3<' 76 \ ­f ±^ 6 \ ­f ^)" & 3 5 ÌZ ' ° < 7 GI)' ¦j aB B _ ÛMA K ( b G0 E^ 6 E 08 @ E GI ' 2 .C )B & & "bÒ a@ CI)B 4 7 & 3 ¢o & 3 " = 0 IB ( ¢o ) MM ¥ ¿ < 7 E "I' 76 ! ()I 7 \ I¿ 7 LI %'& G § $ T 9) & 3 ) & ' !() & 3 P B .ÔÔT 3K Á 3 ¾ 3³ = G0 ¤2 B :O g @ 3*) S0 . 7 8 9 3 '4 56 ¤ 2 B :O g @ 3"*8 F E8 E * )F ? @; *+ , " ? @2 ,391+ . 7 8 9 3 '4 56 . T 3K Á 3 ¾ 3³ = G0

WV

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'( ! " # $% & $'(' )! * + ,- . 0+ / : ? 7 @ A -> B / C D E . F 0G $5HI ! JI8 K G ; < => '/% . 1(23 4 54 6 78 9 5 / O >5' / = 6 : / 2 GR K G 4 1 O PBD Q(A O :6 78 $'(' # 4 54 M) N 3 :?B I X V F VB7 D # $5 2\B .E I SB 4 5 T )7 1( 2 U VB& V F )GW $'(' $4 5 6 7Y $( Z 4 bV)R 7 0G c " d V F e f $5 0B .] $ %^ _ `)R $( J IY 95` 0R ( $ a5 $ (7 ! . SV4% . 4 54 _`)R 7 DJ g h GD I )% . . JI8 K G 4 6 78 $G( " 6 78 $4 5 $4 54 6 7Y ! " : ) * + Abstract From the philosophy of creativity to creative philosophy: A reading on the Intellectual accomplishment of Taha Abdurrahman The aim of this article is to understand the essence of Taha Abdurrahman’s thought. This philosopher is haunted by an urgent intellectual and civilizational concern; it is the original philosophical creativity which provides Arabic Islamic response to contemporary questions. He has been moving between two messages: The first one is the philosophical perspective of creativity; what is it? How does it materialize? Is contemporary Arabic though creative or imitative? The second message is the creative production of a real philosophy; an original intellectual ijtihad, and coherent philosophical structure; a philosophy that is rooted deeply in its natural soil; Arabic in language and terminology, Islamic in its vision and spirit; addresses contemporary time with proper intellectual method, and solves its problems using the appropriate logic. Key terms: Taha Abdurrahman, Philosophy of creativity, Creative philosophy, Nature of creativity, Arabic Islamic thought.

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#$ + &' " #$ ()* ! ! " #$ % - + > ? !@ 7 AB < = ; 9 8 " : !4 5 607 / 0 1 23 ! , - ( % . S< .-< A 7 C CD E F C73 7 G +HI J K LH !- M) 4 5 NO7 LH P L )0 Q L % @ H !: #$ S Z7[( Y 0 > ,D P /X G)+H" Q"< :< A7 V W< T U ] < ` 7 , ^ /X C CD - #M) G M " ! . 1H /0 ] < ! CD X U . ^_ \" )0 .S + a /0 ! 7 !4 5 : #$ NO7LH !: #$ 7$ !: #$ S !1. F : % & ' .% #$ ; = Abstract Acculturation; from alienative assimilation to reasonable acquaintance This article aspires at the understanding of the nature of civilizational relations, its historical necessity and the civilizational background that establishes such relations and explains them. It also attempts to uncover and challenge the position of Western consciousness that aims at assimilating the world, through forcing its culture life styles and values. The article provides and Tawhidi alternative based on the Divine Values, through presenting the concept of civilizational acquaintance that builds relations on tolerance morals and human dignity, away from violence, extremism and racism. Keywords: Acculturation, Civilizational dialogue, Civilizational acquaintance, Western civilizational model, Globalization and universalism, Clash of civilization.

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@ & !6 ,D ² /X " 5 "< A7 & < > /Ñ . () )0 ! "7 ( F ¼X G E [8FA !@ C C¤ &< % C < 6 L 9 - < 2 ! C CD ¯ ^_ A L P :< [ h CD . CD X 3 ÕE $ !ç Lg 6. ^_ ¹ 8 ) C< !Q "7+ CD {" > °j 3 A % E F X H O Q M " ! ) X " 7 - ´ Y C7U !Y 07C - E )0 ! CD X U Z i A )0 !Q = 7 6 = 7 G+HI 32X ¿ H X 6[E !Y)U 73 > [) FX Ó . . ( <0 -7 Z FUb ² +X 2 Q Ó ! H /X ²0 7 QU Y )0 b X 6e S > T O f ( b ! A % À 7 % C < / X !P L)L) Q . :O /X Q =_ 0 !Z i AB X 3 a $ )0 2 4 ! Xfµ )X C7C . % X !a À7 ) < &B 7 V / 3 ! i 2 £Ê U !< A 7 : 7 7 / X .Q 3U C CD > "\* 0f H +) ] µ Ô ] X ] 7 Y( =7 / 3 X_ G 0 )0 L[ H). O H E7 2 Q . P . [U XB ¢ C73 [ " [U 2" !J ) [ 7 > [3)E > < " / X !K &7 [ H U ! , )3ª 2 " < 0 ! " 7 7 ' V (CB #E §73 ] #"b !Y X Q = 7 Y L[( J ) C ! Xb [( =7 "\* _ ¢ " 2 % Q LM ()3X !60 D N * HX'X ! g "fU L) < = ( CB B ! "< - [ 2 ' 6 # ! L " " ! " " "\* !- L !- ! E * ¢ ,D P Xß [( )3 / X " 7 7 .Y )U )0 QL " QU .- [2

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"#$ ! " # $ % &'() * ! &$ +, - . 4> 1 4 5 4! / $ +, - . 67 89: ; < . = ; . / 0 " 1 2 ? , @A + :, B C 5 $ % ; D 7E F G , 67 " 1 H .I!+ H 6 -6 J @ K < !2 $ $ +, L# > M/E " - . L# N 89: ; M/ A - . ) S K T F * A 2+ U; L# ." 1 $ +, - . / R 2+ ! K O P,A L# 1 Q M/# . , L# Y # S K &" 1 2+ > ( . , ) L# S K 1 ;X ( JG JR ] , L +K " ^ K +J :Z 4B [ 6 J < 4> < > \ 5 . + - . H 2+ < 4> " 1 2 $ +, - . : % & $' . . , < 4> < > JG JR Abstract Unity and Diversity in the Theory of Islamic Art Unity and diversity is a common concept in Islamic knowledge in general, and in philosophical and critical theory in Islamic Art in particular. Therefore, this article studies unity and diversity as values involved in Aesthetics and Symbolism in Islamic art. The study critically analyzes the literature on this subject and its different readings as related to vision and methodology. It concludes that unity is the origin and essence, while diversity is the symbolic manifestation. This is a theory of unity and diversity in Islamic art based specifically on the ‘qualitative unity’. It is a theory which revolves around the concept of Tawhid as the epistemological essence of the Islamic art, because this concept is the origin of the Divine beauty and sublime, and the source of their manifestations in Nature and in human creativity, as well as the subject of human imitation in knowledge of Art. Keywords: Unity and diversity, Theory of Islamic Art, Aesthetics, Symbolism, Qualitative unit, Sublime & Beauty, Tawhid.

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& @. & I +k & 8 = (R a1) 1 Q.2 5 †. 3 U +I¨1 & 2 .# E 6 X `ar I b Âş uÂŤ \ 19. Creative Encounters: Artists Engaged in Interreligious Dialogue (Cross Cultural Theologies), Ruth Illman, Equinox Publishing Limited (May 31, 2012), 208 pages.

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