IMPROVING ENGLISH 4-Енглески језик за 4. разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа – 24030

ñࠗ࠶óܶޮܶ ߽ܶ࠶÷ࠗ‫ݦ‬öč ÷ܶࡓܶ࠶öޮܶ ÷ࠗ‫ܶݦ‬Ă‫ݦކ‬öč

IMPROVING

ENGLISH

4

‫ކ‬ĜĒęࣗࣄĘė मࣗĖėĘ Ėࢡ ĥࣗĠđॻĠė ॻࢡĖॻࣗĔ ĒėěĜࢡĖėमࣗ ė ࣄॻࣗĔĝėৠ ࣄĠॻ২ĥĜėৠ ĦĘफ़ęࢡ ó‫ ܶࡓݯކܶޮܶݦ‬ñࠗóöޮܶ ýĂ‫ކ‬úܶ

ýāð‫ޮކ‬ö÷ ‫ܶ࠶ ܶݯ‬óޮ߽ࠗ ‫߽ࠗ÷ݯކݦݯ‬

õܶ‫ࠗݦ‬ó õܶ ýāð‫ޮކ‬ö÷‫ ކ‬ ð‫ࠗކ‬ñ࠶ܶó

࠶ࣗģࣗĜĖࣗĜĠė Ĕॻ õफ़ॻėģࢡ üॻĝࢡĠķ Ĕफ़ģࣗĜĠ Ėࢡ ࣗĜĒęࣗࣄĘė मࣗĖėĘ Ĝࢡ ñࣗफ़ĒॻࢡĢࣄĘफ़ě ĢࢡĘ২ęĠࣗĠ২ ২ ðࣗफ़ĒॻࢡĔ২ ܶĜࢡ ࡓफ़ěफ़đėखķ ęࣗĘĠफ़ॻ Ĝࢡ ÷ࢡĠࣗĔॻė Ėࢡ ࢡĜĒęėࣄĠėĘ২ ÿėęफ़ęफ़ĦĘफ़Ē ĢࢡĘ২ęĠࣗĠࢡ ২ ðࣗफ़ĒॻࢡĔ২ öđࢡĜࢡ ðॻĘफ़đėखķ ğॻफ़Ģࣗࣄफ़ॻ ২ üॻđफ़म ďࣗफ़ĒॻࢡĔࣄĘफ़म ĒėěĜࢡĖėमė ২ ðࣗफ़ĒॻࢡĔ২ øࣗĘĠफ़ॻ Ėࢡ ࣗĜĒęࣗࣄĘė मࣗĖėĘ 7u "_;bѴ- "o=u;mo bࣀ ýॻࣗĔĜėĘ ‫ݯ‬ęफ़ďफ़ĔࢡĜĘࢡ ࠶২ĕėĥėख ࠗĔĒफ़đफ़ॻĜė ২ॻࣗĔĜėĘ ࡓࢡĠमࢡĜࢡ ÷फ़ࣄĠėख ñęࢡđĜė ২ॻࣗĔĜėĘ óॻࢡĒफ़Ě২ď ÷फ़मĥėख õࢡ ėĖĔࢡđࢡĥࢡ óॻࢡĒफ़Ě২ď ÷फ़मĥėखķ ĔėॻࣗĘĠफ़ॻ

Министар просвете, науке и технолошког развоја републике Србије, решењем број 650-02-01042/2016-06 од 3. марта 2017. године, одобрио је овај уџбеник са радном свеском и тонским записом за издавање и употребу у 4. разреду гимназије и средњих стручних школа.

CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији Народна библиотека Србије, Београд 37.016:811.111(075.3) МАРКОВИЋ, Гордана, 1951Improving English 4 : енглески језик за четврти разред гимназије и средњих стручних школа : дванаеста година учења : уџбеник са радном свеском / Гордана Марковић, Катарина Ковачевић. - 1. изд. - Београд : Завод за уџбенике, 2017 (Београд : Планета принт). - 178 стр. : илустр. ; 27 cm + 1 електронски оптички диск (CD-ROM ; 12 cm) Тираж 5.000. - List of Irregular Verbs: стр. 1470-172.

- Word List: стр. 175-178.

ISBN 978-86-17-19659-0 1. Ковачевић, Катарина [аутор], 1942COBISS.SR-ID 236922636

ISBN 978-86-17-19659-0 © ЗАВОД ЗА УЏБЕНИКЕ, Београд, 2017. Ово дело не сме се умножавати, фотокопирати и на било који други начин репродуковати, ни у целини ни у деловима, без писменог одобрења издавача.

Cover: Carrickarade Rope Bridge, Northern Ireland (Depositphotos)

CONTENTS STUDENT'S BOOK 6

Unit 1 DIFFERENT CULTURES – THE SAME LANGUAGE

7 THE EMERALD ISLE 13 THE PARADISE OF THE PACIFIC

Unit 2 20 THE NATURAL WORLD 21 THE MIGHTY RIVER 26 GOING HOME FOR REPRODUCTION

Unit 3 32 BOOKS and PRIZES 33 THE MOST IMPORTANT LITERARY PRIZES 39 FIRST PRIZE

WORKBOOK

Unit 4 THE WORLD OF SCIENCE

120 124 128

Unit 1 Unit 2 PROGRESS CHECK 1

Unit 5

130 134 138

Unit 3 Unit 4 PROGRESS CHECK 2

140 144 148

Unit 5 Unit 6 PROGRESS CHECK 3

150 156 160

Unit 7 Unit 8 PROGRESS CHECK 4

162 162 163 164 165 170 173 175

APPENDIX KEY TO SELF-ASSESSMENT TESTS KEY TO MINI QUIZ WRITING LISTENING COMPREHENSION TEXTS LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS LIST OF PHRASAL VERBS WORD LIST

46 47 THE 3D PRINTING REVOLUTION 54 ACCIDENTAL SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES

62 PEOPLE, PLACES, TRADITION… 63 LIVING IN EXTREME CONDITIONS 69 WEIRD TRADITIONS

Unit 6 74 GENDER EQUALITY 75 AGAINST GENDER DISCRIMINATION 82 GENDER DIFFERENCES

Unit 7 88 SHOPPING EXPERIENCE 89 SHOPPING, A FUN PASTIME 96 IS ADVERTISING NECESSARY?

Unit 8 106 IMPROVE YOURSELF 107 MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES 112 MEMORY AND LEARNING

PLAN OF THE BOOK

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(o1-0 Ѵ-u

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u-ll-u

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"r;-hbm]

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bv|;mbm]

ubv_ 7-m1bm]

)ubঞm]

v_ou| 1olrovbঞom -0o | u;Ѵ-m7 ou - -bb

oll mb1-ঞom

ru;vvbm] v lr-|_ -m7 ;m1o u-];l;m|

&mb| Ƒ

$ $&! ) ! !;-7bm]Ĺ $_; lb]_| ub ;u B obm] _ol; =ou u;ruo7 1ঞom

(o1-0 Ѵ-u

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u-ll-u

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"r;-hbm]

m7-m];u;7 vr;1b;v

bv|;mbm]

1-mo; v-=-ub

)ubঞm]

;v1ub0bm] rѴ-1;v

oll mb1-ঞom

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" -m7 ! , " !;-7bm]Ĺ $_; lov| blrou|-m| Ѵb|;u-u rub ;v B buv| rub ;

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u-ll-u

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(o1-0 Ѵ-u

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u-ll-u

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"r;-hbm]

ƒ rubmঞm] ŋ |_; ruov -m7 1omv

bv|;mbm]

&v;= Ѵ bm ;mঞomv

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m bm ;mঞom o 1-mĽ| 7o b|_o |

oll mb1-ঞom

"r;1 Ѵ-ঞm] -m7 ru;7b1ঞm]

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ķ "ķ $! $ Ļ !;-7bm]Ĺ b bm] bm ; |u;l; 1om7bঞomv );bu7 |u-7bঞomv

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u-ll-u

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o7;um _;uo;v

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ru;vvbm] -umbm]v

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(o1-0 Ѵ-u

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u-ll-u

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"r;-hbm]

Ѵ-vv 7;0-|;v

bv|;mbm]

)ol;m 7obm] ļl;mĽv ouhĽ

)ubঞm]

Ɛĺ ;m7;u v|;u;o| r;v Ƒĺ)_-| 1- v;v bm;t -Ѵb| 0;| ;;m ol;m -m7 l;mĵ

oll mb1-ঞom

ru;vvbm] Ѵ-1h o= m7;uv|-m7bm] -m7 -vhbm] =ou 1Ѵ-ubC1-ঞom

&mb| ƕ

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Ѵ; ;u o= 1olrѴ-bm|

oll mb1-ঞom

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&vbm] 1Ѵb1_࣐v 77bঞom-Ѵ u;-7bm] ŋ o;|u

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ռ bv| o= buu;] Ѵ-u ;u0v ռ $; |v =ou Ѵbv|;mbm] 1olru;_;mvbom ռ )ou7 Ѵbv| ռ bv| o= r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v

Unit 1

DIFFERENT CULTURES THE SAME LANGUAGE In this unit, you will READ, LISTEN AND TALK ABOUT Ireland Irish music and dance Hawaii

PRACTISE

the use of tenses articles compound nouns phrasal verbs with stand and keep expressing sympathy and encouragement

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6

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0ĺ |_; -1bC1 1;-m

ƒĺ $_bv 1o m|u bv -ĺ - u;r 0Ѵb1

0ĺ - v|-|;

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0ĺ |_; oѴ m;vb-mv Ɣĺ $_; 1-rb|-Ѵ 1b| bv -ĺ omoѴ Ѵ

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u;Ѵ-m7

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Unit 1A

1

The EMERALD isle

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2.

3.

4.

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READING

Track 1

I

t is amazing how much this green island can offer to tourists. People from all over the world go to Ireland to see its amazing landscape, fabulous coastline and green hills with lush vegetation, magnificent castles and the river Shannon. They will meet kind-hearted and hospitable people, imaginative storytellers who involve mystery and magic in their tales. Irish people are also extraordinary musicians who play traditional music in numerous pubs throughout the country.

The Republic of Ireland covers five-sixths of the island, while the remaining area belongs to the United Kingdom and is known as Northern Ireland.

Two main languages are spoken in Ireland: Irish and English. In the 19th century, Irish or Gaelic, now a minority but official language of the Republic of Ireland, was replaced by English as the first language for the vast majority of the population.

Every traveller to Ireland will discover that music is one of the main passions of Irish people. Their traditional music includes many different types of songs and instrumental music from Irish history. Its origin can be traced back to almost two thousand years ago, when the Celtic tribes arrived in Ireland. It was orally passed on from one generation to another by listening and playing by ear.

Irish music has spread all over the world thanks to its long history of emigration. No event in Irish history had a deeper effect on the Irish nation than the Great Famine, which struck in the 1840’s. One million people died and many traditional songs and tales vanished with them.

In subsequent years, another million people emigrated to the USA bringing their music with them. The Irish population was concentrated in big cities and many

musicians began recording Irish traditional music for the first time. Their records made their way back to Ireland, where they had a great impact on traditional music. As a result, musicians in Ireland began to speed up the tempo of the tunes and also used the piano as an accompanying instrument to fiddles and pipes, the traditional Irish instruments.

Other popular instruments are the flute and drums and, in particular, the Irish harp, which became Ireland’s national symbol.

Up to the 1960’s, Irish music was performed in houses and pubs in rural areas and was played mainly to be danced to. The 1970’s saw the revival of music in terms of popularity and innovation. Old melodies were adapted to modern forms. The styles and rhythms of Irish folk songs found their way into almost every style of contemporary music – heavy metal, rock, even jazz – influencing the best-known artists, such as Sinead O’Connor, U2, Snow Patrol and many others. It can be concluded that now traditional Irish music has gained international recognition.

7

Unit 1A GLOSSARY

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;l;u-Ѵ7 ŋ - 0ub]_| ]u;;m 1oѴo uĸ - ru;1bo v ]u;;m v|om; o[;m v;7 bm f; ;ѴѴ;u

1.

bvѴ; ŋ bvѴ-m7 Ѵ v_ ŋ ]uo bm] ;ѴѴ -m7 |_b1hѴ ŐrѴ-m|vő

2.

3.

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4.

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5.

6.

7.

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8.

names

Gaelic

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Did you know?

b7;m1; o= -;Ѵb1 bv vঞѴѴ =o m7 bmĹ a. |_; m-l;v o= r;orѴ;Ĺ ";-m ņSO:nņ ŋ bv |_; v-l; -v o_m b-l ņli@mņ ŋ bv |_; v-l; -v )bѴѴb-l ";-l v ņSeIm@sņ ŋ |_; v-l; -v -l;v b. ubv_ v um-l;v 0;]bmmbm] b|_ Ľ Ől;-mbm] =uol |_; =-lbѴ o=ő -m7 b| ou 1 Ől;-mbm] |_; vom o=őĺ ĺ]ĺ Ľ ;bѴѴķ b| ];u-Ѵ7ķ 1 ]_

$_; l-bm |u-7bঞom-Ѵ bmv|u l;m|v -u;Ĺ |_; C77Ѵ; Ŋ - |u-7bঞom-Ѵ boѴbm |_; ;Ѵঞ1 _-ur Ŋ lov|Ѵ vl-ѴѴ -m7 1-m 0; rѴ- ;7 om |_; hm;; |_; ubv_ Y |; |_; o7_u࢙m Ŋ - ]o-|vhbm 1bu1 Ѵ-u 7u l

Vocabulary 1

-|1_ |_; _b]_Ѵb]_|;7 ou7v bm |_; |; | |o |_;bu ; rѴ-m-ঞomvĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8

ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o Cm7 o | _o ou _;m vol;|_bm] v|-u|;7 bm |_; r-v|ĸ |o 7bv1o ;u |_; oub]bm o= vol;|_bm] ōōōōōōōōōōōōō -m ;@;1| ōōōōōōōōōōōōō _-rr;mbm] mo ōōōōōōōōōōōōō _-rr;mbm] -| - Ѵ-|;u ঞl; |_-m vol;|_bm] ;Ѵv; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o 1;-v; |o ; bv|ĸ 7bv-rr;-u v 77;mѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o lo ; - - =uol ;-1_ o|_;uĸ 1o ;ubm] - Ѵ-u]; -u;ōōōōōōōōōōōōō ;Ѵ1olbm]ķ =ub;m7Ѵ

Unit 1A

2

&v; |_; ou7v =uol ;u1bv; Ɛ |o 1olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;vĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

| -v ; r;1|;7 =uol ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ];m;u-ঞomv |o Cmbv_ |_; 0 bѴ7bm] o= |_; u-lb7vĺ $_; oub]bm o= b1_-;ѴĽv =-lbѴ 1-m 0; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o |_; Ɛƕ|_ 1;m| u ĺ -l lou; bm|;u;v|;7 bm |_; ubঞm] o= ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō - |_ouv |_-m o= |_ov; =uol |_; r-v|ĺ -1h o= vѴ;;r 1-m _- ; - 0-7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō om - v| 7;m|Ľv Ѵ;-umbm]ĺ ); 7;1b7;7 |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō bm |_; oo7v Ѵoohbm] =ou |_; lbvvbm] 1_bѴ7ĺ

WORD FORMATION Forming nouns from verbs by adding a suffix

3 -h; mo mv =uol |_; ;u0v bm 0oѴ7 |o 1olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;vĺ &v; |_; v L ;v bm |_; 0o ĺ -lrѴ;Ĺ u ruof;1| bv m;-ubm] b|v 1olrѴ;ঞomĺ ņ1olrѴ;|; 1. b1_-;Ѵ ]-bm;7 |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō=ou ruoloঞm] |u-7bঞom-Ѵ 7-m1;ĺ ņu;1o]mb ; 2. -|; )bmvѴ;| om -m v1-u =ou _;u ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō bm The Reader. ņr;u=oul 3. ;u ;-u |_; ]o ;uml;m| |-Ѵhv -0o | |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= -]ub1 Ѵ| u;ĺ ņu; b ; 4. m vol; 1o m|ub;v C ; r;u1;m| o= |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō bv bѴѴb|;u-|;ĺ ņror Ѵ-|; 5. $_; -vh;7 v |o v;m7 - ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō =ou |_; -vvbv|-m| _o -v bѴѴĺ ņu;rѴ-1; 6. $_; ōōōōōōōōōōōō o= - ]u;-| -lo m| o= lom; bm |_; 0-v;l;m| v|-u|;7 |_; ]ovvbrĺ ņ7bv1o ;u

Ŋl;m| Ŋbom Ŋ-m1; Ŋঞom Ŋ-Ѵ Ŋ

FOCUS ON COMPOUND WORDS

1

bm7 bm |_; |; | |_; ou7v kind-heartedķ storytellerķ breathtaking -m7 v- _b1_ r-u| o= vr;;1_ |_;v; 1olro m7 ou7v -u;ĺ )_b1_ r-u|v o= vr;;1_ -u; |_; ou7v |_; -u; l-7; o=ĵ

2 obm ou7v =uol 1oѴ lmv -m7 |o l-h; m; 1olro m7vĺ "ol; ou7v 1-m ]o bm|o lou; |_-m om; 1ol0bm-ঞomĺ

A

under paper easy tea play hair show fire eye over runner book

keeper ground paid back alarm witness weight room cup going cut up

o|;Ĺ olro m7 ou7v -u; ub ;m -v om; ou7ķ | o ou7v ou b|_ - _ r_;mĺ olro m7 -7f;1ঞ ;v -u; o[;m fobm;7 0 - _ r_;mĺ = o 7omĽ| hmo _o |_; -u; ub ;mķ Ѵooh |_;l r bm - 7b1ঞom-u ĺ +o _- ; |o 0; 1-u;= Ѵ b|_ 1olro m7 ou7vķ ;ĺ]ĺ - ]u;;m_o v; l;-mv ŋ - rѴ-1; _;u; o m] rѴ-m|v -u; ]uo mĸ - ]u;;m _o v; l;-mv ŋ - _o v; _b1_ _-v 0;;m r-bm|;7 ]u;;mĺ

B 9

Unit 1A SPEAKING

TALK ABOUT

Traditional or modern music? &v; |_; =oѴѴo bm] t ;vঞomv |o |-Ѵh -0o | |u-7bঞom-Ѵ -m7 lo7;um l vb1 bm ";u0b- ņ u;Ѵ-m7ĺ o l 1_ 7o o hmo -0o | |_; |u-7bঞom-Ѵ l vb1 o= o u 1o m|u ĵ )_-| bmv|u l;m|v -u; v -ѴѴ v;7 b= r;orѴ; -m| |o rѴ- ";u0b-m =oѴh l vb1ĵ u; |_; |_; v-l; -v |_; ubv_ bmv|u l;m|vĵ )_-| 7b7 o Ѵ;-um -0o | ubv_ |u-7bঞom-Ѵ l vb1ĵ u; |_;u; -m vblbѴ-ubঞ;v |o ";u0b-m l vb1ĵ )_-| bv |_; bmY ;m1; o= ";u0b-m ņ ubv_ |u-7bঞom-Ѵ l vb1 om ror l vb1ĵ )_-| hbm7 o= l vb1 7o o v -ѴѴ Ѵbv|;m |oĵ

Grammar REVISION OF TENSES

1

!;-7 |_; |; | r- bm] - ;mঞom |o |_; m7;uѴbm;7 ;u0vĺ -l; |_; |;mv; =ou ;-1_ ; -lrѴ; -m7 |_;m l-|1_ |_;l |o |_; ; rѴ-m-ঞomv Ő- Ŋ ]ő |o v_o |_-| o m7;uv|-m7 |_; v; o= |;mv;vĺ m ; -lrѴ; ŐƑ 0ő bv ]b ;mĺ m; o= l v1_ooѴl-|;vķ -|;ķ v;7 |o ouh ŐƐő bm - v_o; =-1|ou ĺ ou - ;-u v_; o Ѵ7 ];| r ŐƑő ;-uѴ bm |_; loumbm] -m7 ub7; om - 0 v |o ];| |o ouhĺ "_; 7b7mĽ| ; ;m _- ; - ;u ]oo7 v-Ѵ-u vo v_; 7;1b7;7 Őƒő |o ]b ; r |_; fo0ĺ 1-l; -1uovv _;u - =; 7- v -]o -v -v ]obm] ŐƓő |o ouhĺ "_; |oѴ7 l; |_; m; vĹ ļ _- ; 0;;m ouhbm] ŐƔő bm |_; =-v_bom bm7 v|u =ou - ;-u mo -m7 Ľl t b|; _-rr ĺ Ľ ; ; ;m v- ;7 Őѵő ;mo ]_ lom; |o u;m| - 7;1;m| Y-|ĺĽ -v ]Ѵ-7 |_-| v_; _-7 Ѵ;[ Őƕő |_; v_o; =-1|ou ĺ

-v| vblrѴ; |;mv; Ő ő -v| 1omঞm o v |;mv; Ő ő )o Ѵ7 Ƴ -m bmCmbঞ ; b|_o | |o ŐƑ 0ő &v;7 |o Ƴ -m bmCmbঞ ; Ő ő

u;v;m| r;u=;1| vblrѴ; |;mv; Ő ő u;v;m| r;u=;1| 1omঞm o v |;mv; Ő ő -v| r;u=;1| |;mv; Ő ő

$_; ĺĺĺ |;mv; bv v;7 |o |-Ѵh -0o | a. -m -1ঞom |_-| 0;]-m bm |_; r-v| -m7 1omঞm ;7 r |o |_; ru;v;m| lol;m|ĺ b. u;r;-|;7 -1ঞomv bm |_; r-v| _b1_ mo Ѵom];u _-rr;mĺ c. -1ঞ bঞ;v _b1_ ;u; bm ruo]u;vv =ou vol; ঞl; bm |_; r-v| ou =ou - Ѵom];u -1ঞ b| _b1_ -v bm|;uu r|;7 0 -mo|_;uķ v_ou|;u -1ঞomĺ d. r-v| _-0b|v Ő-1ঞomv -m7 v|-|;vő _b1_ -u; mo Cmbv_;7 ou 7b@;u;m|ĺ e. Cmbv_;7 -1ঞomv ou vb| -ঞomv bm |_; r-v|ĺ f. -1ঞomv |_-| _-rr;m;7 0;=ou; -mo|_;u -1ঞom bm |_; r-v|ĺ g. - ru;v;m| u;v Ѵ| o= - r-v| ; ;m| |_-| bv blrou|-m| mo ĺ 10

Unit 1A

2

olrѴ;|; |_; u Ѵ;v Ő -m7 ő b|_ |_; ; ru;vvbomv =uol |_; Ѵbv| 0;Ѵo ĺ "ol; o= |_; ; ru;vvbomv 1-m ]o bm|o 0o|_ 0o ;vĺ A ); v; |_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| b|_ ; ru;vvbomv _b1_ u;=;u |o -m ঞl; r |o mo Ĺ

B ); v; |_; r-v| vblrѴ; b|_ ; ru;vvbomv _b1_ u;=;u |o - Cmbv_;7 ঞl;Ĺ

m; ; ; ;uķ u Ѵ-vv| ; | ; | ;-u -uķ ķ |_ |_;m |_ ;mķ ķ ķ r |o mo ;m mo ķ ķ _; _;mķ mķ -Ѵuu;;-7 7 ķķ bm 7 b ƑƏƐ bm ƏƐƑķ Ƒķ u;1;m ;11;m ;m|Ѵ |Ѵ ķ ķ o[; [;mķ m ;| mķ ;|ķ ķ|_ |_; ; o| o _; _;u u 7 7- ķ 7- ķ

-] ]oķķ vo o ==-uķ =uķ |_ _bbv v ; ;;h ;hķ ķ 0 ;h |_; _; ঞl; l;ĺĺĺĺĺĺ

3

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v 0 vbm] |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ;u0v bm 0u-1h;|vĺ Ő -v| vblrѴ;ķ r-v| 1omঞm o vķ ru;v;m| r;u=;1|ķ -m7 r-v| r;u=;1| |;mv;vő 1.

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)_;u; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő|_; 7ub ;u ņ Ѵoohő _;m _; ōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő_b|ő - 1-u bm =uom|ĵ 1hbѴ ķ _; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őmo| ņ ouhő 7bu;1|Ѵ m7;um;-|_ |_; 0u-m1_ _;m b| ōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő=-ѴѴőĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őm; ;u ņ Y ő bm v 1_ - Ѵ ubo v rѴ-m; 0;=ou;ĺ )_;m Cuv| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ől;;|ő _;uķ v_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őv;ѴѴő 1Ѵo|_;v bm - v|ou;ĺ o v_;Ľv - v|-uĺ $_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őmoঞ1;ő |_-| |_; 0-] -v lbvvbm] omѴ -[;u ouo|_ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ŐѴ;- ;őĺ "bm1; |_;bu t -uu;Ѵķ o-m ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őm; ;u ņ v- ő - ou7 |o o_mĺ Ѵb1; |oѴ7 v |_-| v_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őm; ;u ņ vloh;ő 0;=ou;ĺ

LISTENING

IRISH

Track 2

dancing

1

bv|;m |o |_; |; | -m7 |_;m v- _;|_;u |_; v|-|;l;m|v -u; |u ; ou =-Ѵv;ĺ 1. | bv blrou|-m| |_-| |_; 0o7 v_o Ѵ7 0; u;Ѵ- ;7 -m7 ]u-1;= Ѵĺ 2. $_; 7-m1;uv ;-u lo7;um 7u;vv;vĺ 3. $_; ol;m ;-u 1orb;v o= 1Ѵo|_;v =uol |_; r-v|ĺ 4. $_; hbѴ|v oum 0 |_; l;m -u; u-|_;u vblrѴ;ĺ 5. "o[ v_o;v -u; v;7 _;m 7-m1;uv -m| |o l-h; - Ѵo 7 vo m7ĺ 6. $_; _-ur -11olr-mb;v |_; 7-m1;uvĺ 7. b] u; 7-m1;uv |-h; r-u| bm 1olr;ঞঞomvĺ 8. $_; Riverdance v_o _-v l-7; ubv_ 7-m1; ror Ѵ-u -ѴѴ o ;u |_; ouѴ7ĺ

2

bv|;m |o |_; |; | -]-bm -m7 1_;1h o u -mv ;uvĺ

3

ooh -| |_; rb1| u;vĺ $u |o 7;v1ub0; |_; 1Ѵo|_;v -m7 7-m1;uv bm |_; rb1| u;v b|_ |_; ou7v v;7 bm |_; |; |ĺ 11

Unit 1A

Irish writers

in world literature

u;Ѵ-m7 _-v b7;Ѵ 1om|ub0 |;7 |o |_; ouѴ7 Ѵb|;u-| u;ķ r-uঞ1 Ѵ-uѴ b|_ ouhv ub ;m bm m]Ѵbv_ĺ m |_; ƑƏ|_ 1;m| u ķ u;Ѵ-m7 ruo7 1;7 =o u bmm;uv o= |_; o0;Ѵ ub ; =ou b|;u-| u;Ĺ ;ou]; ;um-u7 "_- ķ )bѴѴb-l |Ѵ;u +;-|vķ "-l ;Ѵ ;1h; -m7 ";-l v ;-m; ĺ Ѵ|_o ]_ mo| - o0;Ѵ ub ; bmm;uķ -l;v o 1; bv b7;Ѵ 1omvb7;u;7 |o 0; om; o= |_; lov| vb]mbC1-m| ub|;uv o= |_; ƑƏ|_ 1;m| u ĺ mo|_;u ub|;uķ v1-u )bѴ7;ķ bv 0;v|Ŋhmo m =ou _bv mo ;Ѵ The Portrait of Dorian Greyķ -v ;ѴѴ -v =ou _bv o[;m t o|;7 bম1bvlvĺ

;ou]; ;um-u7 "_- ŐƐѶƔѵŊƐƖƔƏő

;u; bv - v;Ѵ;1ঞom o= -m;17o|;v -0o | v1-u )bѴ7;ĺ

ubv_Ŋ0oum ub|;u -m7 - o0;Ѵ Ѵ- u;-|;ķ "_- bv u;]-u7;7 -v om; o= |_; lov| blrou|-m| ubঞv_ 7u-l-ঞv|v vbm1; "_-h;vr;-u;ĺ ; -v -Ѵvo ;ѴѴŊhmo m =ou _bv b|ĺ ;u; bv - v;Ѵ;1ঞom o= -m;17o|;v -0o | _blĺ _bl

ļ$_;u; bv om; |_bm] ouv; |_-m 0;bm] |-Ѵh;7 -0o |ķ -m7 |_-| bv mo| 0;bm] |-Ѵh;7 -0o |ĺĽ

"_- -v v|-m7bm] -Ѵom; bm - 1oum;u -| - 1o1h|-bѴ r-u| ĺ ļ u; o ;mfo bm] o uv;Ѵ=ķ u "_- ĵĽ _bv _ov|;vv -m bo vѴ -vh;7 _blĺ ļ ;u|-bmѴ ķĽ _; u;rѴb;7ĺ ļ$_;u; bv mo|_bm] ;Ѵv; _;u; |o ;mfo ĺĽ ļ _ķ u "_- ķ _-| l-7; o -vh l; |o 7-m1;ĵĽ v-b7 - ol-m |o _bl _bѴ; |_; ;u; 7-m1bm]ĺ ŋļ$_bv bv - 1_-ub| 0-ѴѴķ bvmĽ| b|ĵĽ "_- u;rѴb;7ĺ ļ$-h; 1-u; |o ];| _-| o Ѵbh;ķ ou o bѴѴ 0; =ou1;7 |o Ѵbh; _-| o ];|ĺĽ

v1-u )bѴ7; -v om1; -vh;7 |o 1olrѴ;|; - Ѵbv| o= |_; ouѴ7Ľv ƐƏƏ 0;v| 0oohvĺ ļ =;-u |_-| o Ѵ7 0; blrovvb0Ѵ;ķĽ _; v-b7ĺ ļ _- ; ub ;m omѴ C ;ĺĽ ;l0;uv o= )bѴ7;Ľv om7om 1Ѵ 0 hm; |_-| _bv Ѵ-|;v| rѴ- _-7 =-bѴ;7ķ 0 | |ub;7 |o -rr;-u b]mou-m| o= |_; =-1| _;m |_; ub|;u -uub ;7 |_-| ; ;mbm]ĺ ļ v1-uķ _o 7b7 o u rѴ- ]o |omb]_|ķĽ -vh;7 om; l;l0;uķ |_o ]_ĺ ļ _ķĽ )bѴ7; u;rѴb;7 -uuo]-m|Ѵ ķ ļ|_; rѴ- -v - ]u;-| v 11;vvķ 0 | Ľl -=u-b7 |_; - 7b;m1; -v - =-bѴ u;ĺĽ

= o hmo -m o|_;u -m;17o|;v -0o | ubv_ ub|;uvķ u;-7 |_;l |o o u 1Ѵ-vvl-|;vĺ Track 3 +o -u; ]obm] |o Ѵbv|;m |o om; o= |_; ubv_ =- o ub|; vom]v ļ _ -mm o Ľĺ ;=ou; Ѵbv|;mbm]ķ v| 7 |_; =oѴѴo bm] ou7vĹ Ő0-]őrbr;v ŋ - l vb1-Ѵ bmv|u l;m| 0b7; ŋ v|-

]Ѵ;m ŋ - m-uuo -ѴѴ; _ v_;7 ŋ t b;|ķ 1-Ѵl

12

)_bѴ; Ѵbv|;mbm] |o |_; vom]ķ 1olrѴ;|; |_; lbvvbm] ou7v bm |_; ;uv;vĺ

Oh Danny boy, the pipes, the pipes are _________ From glen to glen, and down the mountain ________ The summer’s gone, and all the _______ falling It's you, it's you must go and I must bide.

But come ye _______ when summer’s in the meadow Or when the valley’s hushed and white with _______ It's I'll be there in sunshine or in _________ Oh Danny boy, oh Danny boy, I love you so.

1

The paradise

!;-7 |_; |; | |o ];| |_; ];m;u-Ѵ b7;-ĺ $_;m u;-7 |_; v|-|;l;m|v ŐƐŊƓő -m7 7;1b7; _;|_;u |_; -u; |u ; ou mo|ĺ !;-7 |_; |; | -]-bm -m7 1_;1h o u -mv ;uvĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

Unit 1B

of the Pacific

$_; - -bb-mv l-h; Ѵo ;Ѵ m;1hѴ-1;v o= Yo ;uv _b1_ |_; ]b ; |o r;orѴ; -v - ;Ѵ1olbm] ]b[ĺ $_; - -bb-m Ѵ-m] -]; bv mo| bm v; |o7- ĺ - m- ;- bv -m -1ঞ ; oѴ1-moĺ ;-uѴ -u0o uĽv rou| -v - -1h;7 0 |_; -r-m;v; bm )ouѴ7 )-u ĺ

READING

H

Track 4

awaii is a group of volcanic islands in the central Pacific Ocean. It became the 50th state of the USA in 1959.

Hawaiians are descendants of the ancient Polynesians who crossed the vast ocean and settled on the islands. Nowadays, Hawaii is the most diverse state in the United States and only 10% are native Polynesians. The rest have their ancestors among Asian, European and LatinAmerican immigrants. Some families can trace their heritage 300 generations back.

The Hawaiian language was banned for almost a century, but in 1978 English and Hawaiian were listed as ‘official languages’ by the constitution.

Hawaiians are proud of their multicultural heritage, but they also try to maintain their own identity.

All the islands are rich in Hawaiian culture, but two symbols stand out. One of the most important ways the ancient Hawaiians showed respect for their gods and goddesses was through hula dancing. Today hula is still performed both as an entertainment and as a prayer. Another symbol is a necklace of flowers, used as a welcoming gift; the art of making it goes from generation to generation.

The Hawaiian Islands are renowned for their spectacular beauty: abundant sunshine, expanses of lush green fields, coral reefs, sand beaches, and cloud-covered volcanic peaks rising to majestic heights. Some of the world’s largest active and inactive volcanoes are found on Hawaii.

13

Unit 1B Hawaii Island (the Big Island) is the largest of the islands and is dominated by two volcanoes. One of them is Kilauea, whose eruptions provide spectacular displays of flowing molten lava, which occasionally cause great property damage. The results are large fields of petrified lava. The sleeping volcano, Mauna Kea, is considered to be the tallest mountain in the world. If measured from the bottom of the Pacific Ocean to the peak, it rises about 10,000 metres.

GLOSSARY 7;v1;m7-m| ŋ - r;uvom _o Ѵb ;v -[;u o ķ v 1_ -v o u 1_bѴ7 ou ]u-m71_bѴ7 -m1;v|ou ŋ - r;uvom u;Ѵ-|;7 |o o -m7 _o Ѵb ;7 Ѵom] -]o 1omvঞ| ঞom ŋ |_; v;| o= roѴbঞ1-Ѵ rubm1brѴ;v 0 _b1_ - v|-|; bv ]o ;um;7 ; r-mv; ŋ - Ѵ-u];ķ or;m -u;- o= Ѵ-m7ķ -|;u ou vh u;;= ŋ - Ѵbm; o= uo1hv f v| -0o ; ou 0;Ѵo |_; v u=-1; o= |_; v;ruor;Ѵ ŋ |o 1- v; vol;om; |o 7o -m -1ঞ b|

2

Oahu, politically the most important island with its capital Honolulu, is different from the other islands because it keeps up with modern time. Six million tourists visit this island every year.

Most of them come for surfing on the famous Waikiki beach.

Another well-known site is Pearl Harbour, a port near Honolulu.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japanese fighter planes attacked Pearl Harbour destroying American war ships and killing soldiers, which propelled the United States immediately into World War II.

bv1 vv |_; =oѴѴo bm] t ;vঞomv ]b bm] 7;|-bѴ;7 -mv ;uvĺ 1.

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14

The second largest island is Maui. It is a water sports paradise.

Brave surfers ride the 20 m high waves. The best surfers are uncrowned kings of the island. Maui bays offer another tourist attraction between November and April. Whales, coming from a long distance, choose these bays to give birth to their young.

)_o ;u; |_; -m1;v|ouv o= |o7- Ľv - -bb-mvĵ o =-u bm |_; r-v| 1-m vol; o= |_; =-lbѴb;v Cm7 |u-1;v o= |_;bu oub]bmĵ o l-m Ѵ-m] -];v -u; oL1b-ѴѴ v;7 om |_; bvѴ-m7vĵ )_-| -u; |_; | o lov| blrou|-m| v l0oѴv o= - -bb-m 1 Ѵ| u;ĵ )_-| -u; |_; C;Ѵ7v o= r;|ubC;7 Ѵ- - - u;v Ѵ| o=ĵ )_-| - u-1ঞomv 7o;v - b vѴ-m7 o@;uĵ )_b1_ o= |_; bvѴ-m7v bv |_; lov| bvb|;7ĵ )_-| 7b7 o Ѵ;-um -0o | |_; oѴ1-mo;v om |_; b] vѴ-m7ĵ

Did you know?

Aloha

$_; - -bb ; r;ub;m1; 0;]bmv -m7 ;m7v b|_ alohaķ - ou7 |_-| bm1Ѵ 7;v Ѵo ;ķ -@;1ঞom -m7 l;u1 ķ -m7 _-v 0;1ol; - v-Ѵ |-ঞom =ou _;ѴѴo -m7 ]oo7Ŋ0 ;ĺ | l;-mv |o Ѵb ; b|_ Ѵo ; -m7 u;vr;1| =ou v;Ѵ= -m7 o|_;uvĺ

Unit 1B

Vocabulary -|1_ |_; ou7v ŐƐŊ Ѷő |o |_; 7;Cmbঞomv Ő- ŋ _őĺ

1

0-m -m1b;m| 7b ;uv; r;-h r;|ubC;7 _;ub|-]; m;1hѴ-1; loѴ|;m

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2

&v; vol; o= |_; ou7v =uol ;u1bv; Ɛ |o 1olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;vĺ

a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.

1.

2.

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5.

uo1h ou l;|-Ѵ | um;7 bm|o - Ѵbt b7 v|-|; 0;1- v; o= ]u;-| _;-| - rb;1; o= f; ;ѴѴ;u oum -uo m7 |_; m;1h |u-7bঞomķ -ѴѴ =;-| u;v o= Ѵb=; |_-| _- ; r-vv;7 om =uol om; ];m;u-ঞom |o -mo|_;u |o =ou0b7 vol;|_bm] |_; _b]_;v| robm| =uol - Ѵom] ঞl; -]o _- bm] 1_-m];7 |o - v 0v|-m1; Ѵbh; v|om;ĸ =ub]_|;m;7 7b@;u;m| | r;v o= r;orѴ; ou |_bm]v

o_m bv - l-m o= ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |-Ѵ;m|vĺ $_bv CѴl v_o Ѵ7 0; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 0;1- v; b| 1om|-bmv v1;m;v o= boѴ;m1;ĺ ); _- ; |o 1Ѵbl0 | o lou; _o uv |o |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= |_; lo m|-bmĺ ; 0o ]_| - ;u ; r;mvb ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō =ou _bv C-m1࣐;ķ 0 | v_; 7b7mĽ| Ѵbh; b|ĺ )_;m o_m v- - _ ]; 7o] u mmbm] |o -u7v _blķ _; v|oo7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

WORD FORMATION

3

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v 0 vbm] |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ou7v bm 0oѴ7ĺ _-m]; |_; =oul o= |_; ou7 vo |_-| - mo m 0;1ol;v -m -7f;1ঞ ; ou -m -7f;1ঞ ; 0;1ol;v - mo mĺ -lrѴ;vĹ (oѴ1-mb1 r;-hv -u; o[;m 1o ;u;7 bm 1Ѵo 7vĺ ņ oѴ1-mo "_; |ooh -7 -m|-]; o= o u _ovrb|-Ѵb| -m7 v|- ;7 - _oѴ; lom|_ĺ ņ_ovrb|-0Ѵ; 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

_- ; m; ;u 0;=ou; v;;m v 1_ - ōōōōōōōōōōōōō oѴ1-mb1 ;u rঞomĺ ņvr;1|-1Ѵ; -v v urubv;7 |o v;; vo l 1_ ōōōōōōōōōōōōō -| |_-| ঞl; o= 7- ĺ ņ-1ঞ ; ); ;m| |o |_; =ou;v| =ou - -Ѵh -m7 ;u; v urubv;7 |o v;; |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= l v_uoolvĺ ņ-0 m7-m| -ঞom-Ѵ r-uhv o@;u - u;l-uh-0Ѵ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= v1;m;u ĺ ņ7b ;uv; )_-Ѵ;v 1-l; =uol ōōōōōōōōōōōōō v_ou;v |o ]b ; 0bu|_ |o |_;bu o m]ĺ ņ7bv|-m1;

COLLOCATIONS 1. ( "$ŋ o1;-mķ C;Ѵ7ķ l-foub| ķ 0;m1_

4

)_b1_ ou7 7o;vmĽ| 1oѴѴo1-|; b|_ |_; ]b ;m ou7ĵ uovv o | |_; o77 ou7ĺ

2. ŋ CѴlķ oL1;ķ Ѵ-m] -];ķ 0ooh 3. ŋ u;1o]mbঞomķ |u |_ķ Ѵ-m] -];ķ bvb| 4. $ ŋ r;-1;ķ b7;mঞ| ķ -mv ;uķ 1;m|u-Ѵ _;-ঞm] 5. ŋ |u;;ķ lo m|-bmķ =;m1;ķ l-m 15

Unit 1B PHRASAL VERBS

5 "| 7 |_; r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v b|_ "$ -m7 -m7 |_;m 7o |_; ; ;u1bv; 0;Ѵo ĺ v|-m7 0 ŋ _;Ѵrķ v rrou| v|-m7 =ou ŋ 0; |_; -00u; b-ঞom o= v|-m7 =ou ŋ u;ru;v;m| vol;|_bm] v|-m7 o | ŋ 0; |_; 0;v|ķ 0; ;-vbѴ v;;m v|-m7 r Ő|oő ŋ |o u;vbv|ĸ 1om=uom| 0u- ;Ѵ v|-m7 r =ou ŋ vr;-h =ou vol;om; ņ vol;|_bm]ĸ v rrou| v|-m7 bm =ou ŋ |-h; vol;0o7 Ľv rѴ-1; Őb= |_; -u; bѴѴő

h;;r r b|_ ŋ |u |o 7o |_; v-l; -v vol;om; ;Ѵv;ķ ]o -| |_; v-l; vr;;7 h;;r o@ ŋ ru; ;m| =uol |o 1_bm]ķ mo| -Ѵh om h;;r om ŋ 1omঞm ; h;;r o | ŋ mo| -ѴѴo |o ;m|;u h;;r - - ŋ mo| -ѴѴo |o 1ol; m;-u h;;r vol;|_bm] r ŋ |o l-bm|-bm v|-m7-u7vķ -rr;-u-m1;vķ |o 1omঞm ; h;;r |o ŋ u;l-bm v|;-7 ou =-b|_= Ѵ |o vol;|_bm] h;;r 0-1h ŋ mo| |;ѴѴ Őbm=oul-ঞomő

6 olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v b|_ stand -m7 keepĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

0;Ѵb; ; o -u; bmmo1;m| -m7 Ľ7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o -m - ĺ mmĽv ob1; u;-ѴѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō =uol |_; u;v| o= |_; 1_obuĺ m vrb|; o= |_; -umbm]ķ |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ѵoohbm] =ou _blĺ b7 ;Ѵ;m |;ѴѴ o ; ;u |_bm]ĵ |_bmh v_; ōōōōōōōōō- =; |_bm]v ōōōōōōōōōĺ ; -m|;7 |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō _bv m;b]_0o uvķ _o ;u; -ѴѴ ub1_;u |_-m _blĺ Ľl mo| -=u-b7 |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō l ub]_|vĺ oohĴ | v- v 1Ѵ;-uѴ Ĺ ļōōōōōōōōōōōōōō|_; u-bѴvĴĽ $_;u; -u; |oo l-m r;orѴ; -bঞm] |o ;m|;u |_; 1om1;u| _-ѴѴĺ o 1-m ; ōōōōōō |_;l ōōōōĵ $_; 7b7mĽ| ; r;1| l; |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō vol;om; -v ro ;u= Ѵ -v o u 0ovvĺ +o ŝѴѴ 0; Cm; -v Ѵom] -v o ōōōōōōōōōōōōō|_; l-rĺ omĽ| Ѵ;- ; |_; uo-7ĺ

Grammar ARTICLES !; b; |_; v; o= |_; 7;Cmb|; -uঞ1Ѵ; b|_ ];o]u-r_b1-Ѵ m-l;v -m7 |_;m 7o |_; ; ;u1bv;v ŐƐ -m7 Ƒőĺ

16

o mo| v; the 0;=ou; |_; m-l;v o=Ĺ

&v; the 0;=ou; |_; m-l;v o=Ĺ

Ŏ 1omঞm;m|vķ 1o m|ub;v -m7 |o mvĹ "o |_ l;ub1-ķ u- bѴķ b ;urooѴ Ő0 |Ĺ |_; -] ;ķ |_; ;|_;uѴ-m7vő Ŏ v|u;;|vņ- ;m ;vĹ buv| ;m ;ķ =ou7 "|u;;| Ŏ Ѵ-h;vĹ -h; m|-ubo Ő0 |Ĺ |_; Ѵ-h; o= m|-uboő Ŏ bm7b b7 -Ѵ lo m|-bmv -m7 oѴ1-mo;vĹ o m| fb Ŏ vbm]Ѵ; bvѴ-m7vĹ ru v

Ŏ 1o m|ub;v _ov; m-l;v 7;v1ub0; |_;bu roѴbঞ1-Ѵ ou]-mb -ঞomĹ |_; ;1_ !;r Ѵb1 Ŏ ub ;uvķ o1;-mv -m7 v;-vĹ |_; $bv-ķ |_; |Ѵ-mঞ1 Ŏ 7;v;u|vķ r;mbmv Ѵ-v -m7 robm|v om |_; ]Ѵo0;Ĺ |_; o0bķ |_; r;mmbm; ;mbmv Ѵ-ķ |_; t -|ou Ŏ lo m|-bm ]uo rvĹ |_; m7;v Ŏ bvѴ-m7 ]uo rvĹ |_; "_;|Ѵ-m7 vѴ-m7v

Unit 1B )_b1_ o= |_;v; rѴ-1; m-l;v -u; ub ;m b|_ theĵ

1

2

| the _;u; m;1;vv-u ĺ 1.

Ɛĺ _bѴbrrbm;v Ƒĺ m7b-m 1;-m ƒĺ u;m;;v Ɠĺ "-_-uƔĺ Ѵ-1h ";ѵĺ "o |_ oѴ; ƕĺ ";bm;

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

Ѷĺ -h; _ub7 Ɩĺ bѴ- ;-

8.

$_;u; -u; l-m oѴ1-mb1 bvѴ-m7v bm ōōōō -1bC1 1;-mĺ ōōōō "_-mmom u mv |_uo ]_ ōōōō u;Ѵ-m7ĺ ōōōō ;mmbm;v bv - ]uo r o= lo m|-bmv bm m]Ѵ-m7ĺ ōōōōō !;r 0Ѵb1 o= ";u0b- bv vb| -|;7 bm ōōōōō -Ѵh-mvĺ o l-m v|-|;v -u; |_;u; bm ōōōōō &" ĵ ōōōō(;v b v bv |_; omѴ -1ঞ ; oѴ1-mo om |_; l-bmѴ-m7 o= ōōōō uor;ĺ ōōōō ;uv; bv - ubঞv_ bvѴ-m7 bm ōōōō m]Ѵbv_ _-mm;Ѵĺ )_;m ; ;m| |o ] r|ķ ; v -l bm ōōōō !;7 ";-ĺ

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS olrѴ;|; |_; v;1om7 v;m|;m1; vo |_-| b| l;-mv |_; v-l; -v |_; Cuv| 0 vbm] |_; ]b ;m ou7ĺ 1.

$ol -v |-ѴѴ;u |_-m _bv =ub;m7vķ vo _; -v ;-vbѴ v;;m bm |_; 1uo 7ĺ ņ"$ $ol ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

2.

$_o ]_ -u -v v_ou|;uķ v_; |ub;7 |o -Ѵh -| |_; v-l; vr;;7 -v l;ĺ ņ $_o ]_ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

3.

-v - -1h;7 0 - 0 m1_ o= _ooѴb]-mvķ 0 | 1om=uom|;7 |_;l 0u- ;Ѵ ĺ ņ"$ -v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

4.

_ubv -v |_; Cuv| ; ;u |o 1Ѵbl0 |_; ;-v|;um vb7; o= |_; lo m|-bmĺ ņ ;=ou; _ubv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

5.

; r;1|;7 vh 7b bm] |o 0; lou; =ub]_|;mbm] |_-m b| -1| -ѴѴ -vĺ ņ $ "h 7b bm] ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō -v _-7 ; r;1|;7ĺ

6.

)_;m -v o m]ķ ;m| |o - Ѵo| o= 7-m1;vĺ ņ&" )_;m -v o m]ķ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o - Ѵo| o= 7-m1;vĺ

WRITING _oov; ;b|_;u u;Ѵ-m7 ou - -bb |o ub|; -0o |ĺ )ub|; - v_ou| 1olrovbঞom o= -0o | ƐƔƏ ou7vĺ

Ireland

- o | o= |_; 1olrovbঞom -u-]u-r_ ƐĹ m|uo7 1ঞom m|uo7 1; |_; |orb1ĺ "- _ o _- ; 1_ov;m |_-| r-uঞ1 Ѵ-u 1o m|u ĺ -u-]u-r_ ƑĹ )ub|; -0o | b|v bm|;u;vঞm] ];o]u-r_b1-Ѵ =;-| u;vķ r;orѴ; -m7 1 Ѵ| u;ĺ uo b7; ; -lrѴ;v _;u; rovvb0Ѵ;ĺ -u-]u-r_ ƒĹ ;mঞom _-| blru;vvbom |_; 1o m|u l-7; om o ĺ -u-]u-r_ ƓĹ om1Ѵ vbom b ; o u o m r;uvom-Ѵ orbmbom -0o | |_; 1o m|u -m7 v- b= o o Ѵ7 Ѵbh; |o bvb| b|ĺ

Hawaii

ooh r bm |_; rr;m7b -m7 v| 7 |_; bmv|u 1ঞomv =ou ubঞm]ĺ 17

Unit 1B COMMUNICATION

Expressing sympathy and encouragement )_;m vol;0o7 bv -mmo ;7 0 vol;|_bm] mrѴ;-v-m| ou _;-uv 0-7 m; vķ o 1-m v_o _o o v lr-|_b ; b|_ _blņ_;u 0 vbm] vol; o= |_; =oѴѴo bm] ou7v -m7 r_u-v;vĹ ru;vvbm] v lr-|_

I’m sorry to hear that.

How upsetting / annoying to ...

Bad luck! Hard luck! Terrible!

ru;vvbm] ;m1o u-];l;m|

Don’t take it so badly, it...

Never mind. Better luck next time.

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v vbm] |_; ; ru;vvbomv =uol ;u1bv; Ɛĺ Don’t

worry; it’ll turn out all right.

What a shame! / What a pity! Ɛĺ Ľl mo| v urubv;7 |_; o@;u -vmĽ| ];m bm;ĸ b| vo m7;7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ Can I help you in any way? Ƒĺ o 7b7 o =;;Ѵ _;m o om |_; rub ;ĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ That’s dreadful! Awful! ƒĺ hmo o =-bѴ;7 |_; ; -lķ 0 | b|Ľvōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĸ vo v|or 1u bm]ĺ Ɠĺ &m=ou| m-|;Ѵ ķ _; bѴѴ Cm-ѴѴ v;; |_; u;v Ѵ|v o= _bv -1ঞ bঞ;vĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ Ɣĺ $_bv ; ;u1bv; bv 7bL1 Ѵ| 0 | b| bѴѴ _;Ѵr o Ѵov; ;b]_|ĺ omĽ| o hmo |_; v- bm] ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĵ o|;Ĺ $_; ou7 ļv lr-|_ Ľ l;-mv 1olr-vvbomķ =;;Ѵbm] rb| ĺ ѵĺ ob7bm] v|u;vv bv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ | bv mo| -m ;t b -Ѵ;m| o= |_; ";u0b-m ou7 ‘ǛǒǖǙNJǜǒDZNJĽĺ

1

o o Ѵ7 o u;-1| bm |_;v; vb| -ঞomvĵ )_-| 7o o v- ĵ 1.

2.

3.

2

=ub;m7 |;ѴѴv o |_-| _; _-v =-bѴ;7 _bv 7ub bm] |;v|ĺ +o u vbv|;u 1ol;v _ol; -m7 |;ѴѴv o |_-| v_; _-v 0uoh;m o@ _;u ;m]-];l;m|ĺ +o ubm] r - =ub;m7 |o bm b|; _;u |o o u r-u| ĺ "_; |;ѴѴv o |_-| v_; _-v ]o| |_; Y ĺ

olrѴ;|; |_bv 7b-Ѵo] ;ĺ $u |o v; ou7v -m7 r_u-v;v =uol |_; |-0Ѵ; -0o ;ĺ Ĺ o -u; o ];মm] om b|_ o u rѴ-mv =ou ]obm] |o u;Ѵ-m7ĵ BĹ o| ;u ;ѴѴķ Ľl -=u-b7ĺ Ľ ; =-bѴ;7 |o ou]-mb ; - 0b] ;mo ]_ ]uo r -m7 |_; -];m1 o Ѵ7mĽ| ]b ; v - 7bv1o m|ĺ Ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ | Ľl v u; o ĽѴѴ 7o b| m; | ঞl;ĺ Ľl lbv;u-0Ѵ; l v;Ѵ=ĺ 1-u -v v|oѴ;m ;v|;u7- ĺ BĹ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ ;u_-rv |_; roѴb1; bѴѴ Cm7 b| vol; _;u;ĺ Ĺ _or; voĺ m7 l vbv|;uĽv 1-| _-v 7bv-rr;-u;7ĺ BĹ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ Ľl v u; b| bѴѴ 1ol; 0-1hĺ Ĺ 7o _or; b| bѴѴĺ Ѵb1; bv ;u v-7ĺ ";; o Ѵ-|;uĺ BĹ |Ľv 0;;m mb1; |-Ѵhbm] |o o ĺ

18

Self-assessment 1

2

3

TEST 1

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ou7v bm |_; bv|ĺ ŐƓ r|vĺő 1.

;Ѵঞ1 ōōōōōōōō -uub ;7 om |_; bvѴ-m7 0;| ;;m ѵƏƏ -m7 ƐƔƏ ĺ ĺ

2.

7omĽ| hmo l 1_ -0o | l ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō _o Ѵb ;7 om |_bv Ѵ-m7 ƑƏƏ ;-uv -]oĺ

3.

o_m bvmĽ| bm|;u;v|;7 bm |_; r-v|ķ |_-|Ľv _ _; omѴ u;-7v 0oohv 0 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ub|;uvĺ

4.

ubm] |_; ubv_ ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= |_; lb7ŊƐƖ|_ 1;m| u ķ |_; ror Ѵ-ঞom o= |_; bvѴ-m7 7uorr;7 0 om; |_bu7 7 ; |o |_; v|-u -ঞom -m7 ;lb]u-ঞomĺ

- v|uom] ;@;1| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

2.

7bv-rr;-u ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

3.

rѴ;mঞ= Ѵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

4.

=ou0b7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

5.

-ubo v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ;u0v bm 0u-1h;|vĺ ŐƔ r|vĺő 1.

); ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő -b|ő om |_; rѴ- oul _;m |_; |u-bm -uub ;7ĺ

2.

v |_bv |_; v;1om7 ঞl; o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0;ő _;u;ĵ

3.

v ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő bvb|ņmo|ő u;Ѵ-m7 0;=ou;ķ ; 7;1b7;7 |o ]o |_;u;ĺ

4.

ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő|_bmhő -0o | |_-| ruo0Ѵ;l =ou vol; ঞl;ĺ o o |_bmh v_o Ѵ7 1olrѴ-bm |o |_; l-m-];uĵ

5.

ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő1Ѵ;-mő _;u uool vbm1; loumbm]ĺ

4 | bm -m -uঞ1Ѵ; _;u; m;1;vv-u ĺ Őѵ r|vĺő 1.

ōōōō m]Ѵbv_ r;orѴ; -u; -Ѵ - v 1olrѴ-bmbm] -0o | ōōōō ;-|_;uĺ

2.

ōōōō -h; Ѵ;7 bv bm ōōōō"Ѵo ;mb-ĺ

3.

ōōōō ru v bv -m bvѴ-m7 bm ōōōōō ;7b|;uu-m;-m ";-ĺ

+Ŋ r-]; ƐѵƑ

Verbs van va nish h petrrif pe ify y gain gain ga n baan Nouns f mi fa m ne ne t ib tr ibe e u; ;1o 1o]m ] bঞ ]m ঞom impa im pact pact pa an nce c st stor or de desc escen cen end daant d

bm7 ou7v bm |_; bv| _b1_ l;-mĹ ŐƔ r|vĺő 1.

t s i l d r o W

7f;1ঞ ;v co ont ntem empo em ora rary ry ry a un ab unda d ntt da dive di ive ersse molt mo olt lten en en s bs su bseq bseq eque que uen nt nt Phrases spre spre sp read ad d outt trrac trac ace e (b ( ac a k k)) stan st and an d up u for sttan nd up u (to to)) stan st an nd ou out ke eep p up wi with wit th h;;r h; ;r o@ keep ke ee ep p ou utt keep ke e bac ack ck

ƑƏ r|vĺ 19

Unit 2

THE NATURAL WORLD In this unit, you will READ, LISTEN AND TALK ABOUT the Zambezi basin and its animals the reproduction of the salmon endangered species PRACTISE the use of the present perfect and

present perfect continuous tenses plural of nouns phrasal verbs with out asking a favour

LEAD-IN How much do you know about animals?

-|1_ |_;v; hbm7v o= -mbl-Ѵv |o |_; 7;Cmbঞomv 0;Ѵo ĺ )ub|; -| Ѵ;-v| =o u ; -lrѴ;v =ou ;-1_ hbm7 om |_; -rruorub-|; Ѵbm;ĺ MAMMALS _____________________________________________________ REPTILES ______________________________________________________ BIRDS ______________________________________________________ INSECTS ______________________________________________________ FISH _______________________________________________________ $_; _- ; ѵ Ѵ;]vķ ƒ 0o7 v;1ঞomv -m7 lov| -u; vl-ѴѴ -buŊ0u;-|_bm] -mbl-Ѵvĺ $_; _- ; v1-Ѵ;v -m7 lov| _- ; ]bѴѴv bmv|;-7 o= Ѵ m]vĺ $_; -u; =o m7 bm ub ;uvķ Ѵ-h;vķ -m7 o1;-mvĺ $_; _- ; | o Ѵ;]vķ - 0-1h0om;ķ - 0o7 1o ;u;7 0 =;-|_;uv -m7 |_; Ѵ- ;]]vĺ $_; -u; -ulŊ0Ѵoo7;7 -mbl-Ѵv _b1_ _- ; - 0-1h0om; -m7 - 0o7 1o ;u;7 0 _-bu ou = uĺ $_; ruo7 1; lbѴhĺ $_; -u; 1oѴ7Ŋ0Ѵoo7;7 -mbl-Ѵv _ov; 0o7b;v -u; 1o ;u;7 0 v1-Ѵ;vĺ ov| o= |_;l Ѵ- _-u7Ŋv_;ѴѴ;7 ;]]v om Ѵ-m7ĺ

20

Unit 2A

The mighty RIVER 1

+o -u; ]obm] |o u;-7 -0o | |_; ,-l0; b !b ;uĺ Which paragraph talks about…

1.

2.

3.

4.

|_; bѴ7Ѵb=; Ѵb bm] bm |_; rѴ-bmv -Ѵom] |_; ub ;uĵ |_; 1_-m];v |_-| l-h; vol; vr;1b;v ;m7-m];u;7ĵ |_; 1o uv; o= |_; ub ;u =uol b|v vo u1; |o |_; lo |_ĵ |_; v_b[ o= v;-vomvĵ

READING

Track 5

A The Zambezi, which means ‘Great River’ in the language of the local inhabitants, flows 2,700 km from its source in the heart of Africa to its mouth in the Indian Ocean, crossing six countries. It meets many tributaries on its course, enters broad valleys and spreads out over a large area. Victoria Falls, one of the world’s greatest wonders, mark the end of the upper course of the Zambezi. There the river plunges into a gorge with the thunderouss roar, making an enormous cloud of spray. The locals gave it the name ‘the smoke that thunders’. The river’s journey comes to an end as it approaches its mouth, divides into a maze of channels which form a wide delta before it merges with salty waters of the Indian Ocean.

B The Zambezi basin holds many natural resources that are of exceptional value. It also contains a high diversity of habitats, which is reflected in an abundance of mammals and birds. The grasslands are home to many species of plants and animals, including hippos, elephants, black rhinos, buffalos, baboons, etc. Large predators found in the eco-region include lions, leopards, cheetahs, and spotted hyenas. Crocodiles, lizards and pythons are amongst the more common larger reptiles of the region.

C For millions of years, the Zambezi River has flowed with floods and droughts, supporting wildlife, plants and local people. During the dry season, water and food become scarce, animals leave their habitats and head to better-watered grasslands. However, the rainy season, which starts in November, brings great relief to all GLOSSARY of them when a great number of streams join together to form the mighty river. plunge ŋ |o =-ѴѴ - Ѵom] - 7o m D Unfortunately, growing human populations and poverty force local people to turn wild lands into farmland and also drive them into poaching important species, such as the black rhino, elephant and leopard. Thus they disrupt wildlife patterns in the Zambezi region. Since the river influences the life of millions of people, animals and plants, environmentalists should make an effort to prevent the degradation of its ecosystem. It is necessary to monitor, protect and secure habitats for these animals, however difficult this is to carry out. If they fail, the river may no longer be called the ‘river of life'.

bm|o vol;|_bm]ĸ 7uor gorge ŋ - 7;;r m-uuo -ѴѴ; b|_ v|;;r vb7;vķ v -ѴѴ =oul;7 0 - ub ;u merge ŋ |o fobm |o];|_;u scarce ŋ mo| ;-v |o Cm7 ou ];| disrupt ŋ |o ru; ;m| - v v|;lķ ; ;m| ou ruo1;vv =uol ruo1;;7bm] poach ŋ |o 1-|1_ ou hbѴѴ -mbl-Ѵv b|_o | r;ulbvvbom

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Unit 2A

2 bm7 r-u|v bm |_; |; | _b1_ ]b ; |_; bm=oul-ঞomĻ 1.

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_ (b1|oub- -ѴѴv -u; 1-ѴѴ;7 ļ|_; vloh; |_-| |_ m7;uvĽĺ |_-| l-m ub ;uv Yo bm|o |_; ,-l0; bĺ -0o | |_; vr;1b;v |_-| Ѵb ; om |_; ]u-vvѴ-m7vĺ -0o | |_; 7;Ѵ|- |_-| |_; ,-l0; b =oulv -| b|v lo |_ĺ _ |_; u-bm v;-vom 0ubm]v u;Ѵb;=ĺ -0o | ro-1_;uv -m7 |_;bu b1ঞlvĺ

"_-u; o u bm=oul-ঞom b|_ o u r-u|m;u ou b|_ o|_;u v| 7;m|v bm |_; 1Ѵ-vvĺ

Vocabulary 1

)_b1_ _b]_Ѵb]_|;7 ou7 =uol |_; |; | l;-mvĺĺĺ 1. - 1olrѴb1-|;7 v v|;l o= r-vv-];v _;u; o 1-m ];| ;-vbѴ Ѵov|ĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 2. |_; m-| u-Ѵ ;m buoml;m| bm _b1_ -m -mbl-Ѵ ou rѴ-m| v -ѴѴ Ѵb ;vĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 3. - v|u;-l ou ub ;u |_-| Yo v bm|o - Ѵ-u];u ub ;uĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 4. - -Ѵ -0Ѵ; rovv;vvbom o= - 1o m|u ķ ou]-mb -ঞomķ r;uvomĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 5. -m -mbl-Ѵ |_-| _ m|vķ hbѴѴvķ -m7 ;-|v o|_;u -mbl-Ѵvĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 6. |_; 1om7bঞom o= 0;bm] ;u roouĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

2 &v; |_; ou7v =uol ;u1bv; Ɛ -m7 |_; Ѵovv-u bm |_;bu 1ouu;1| =oul |o 1olrѴ;|; |_;v; v;m|;m1;vĺ 1.

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]u;-| m l0;u o= ;Ѵ;r_-m|v _- ; Ѵov| |_;bu m-| u-Ѵ ōōōōōōōōōōōō 0;1- v; o= 1b bѴ -uvĺ ); _- ; ; rѴob|;7 -ѴѴ o u ōōōōōōōōōōōō -m7 mo |_; 1olr-m 1-mmo| ]o om ouhbm]ĺ m vol; r-u|v o= =ub1- =oo7 bv v1-u1; -m7 r;orѴ; Ѵb ; bm ōōōōōōōōōĺ $_; 7;1b7;7 |o ōōōōōōōōōōōō |_;bu | o 1olr-mb;v bm|o om;ĺ = ; 7omĽ| |-h; ]oo7 1-u;ķ 1Ѵ;-m -|;u bѴѴ voom 0;1ol; ōōōōōōōōōōōō om |_bv rѴ-m;|ĺ _;- v|oul ōōōōōōōōōōōō |u- ;ѴѴbm] om |_; l-bm uo-7 bm|o |_; |o mĺ $_; !o0bmvomv _- ; 0 bѴ| -m bm1u;7b0Ѵ; ōōōōōōōōōōōō o= ]u;;m -ѴѴv om |_;bu Ѵ-m7ĺ _-7 - ruo0Ѵ;l o= Cm7bm] |_; - o |ĺ

PREPOSITIONS VERB + PREPOSITION

3 !; b; |_; v; o= ru;rovbঞomvĺ bѴѴ bm |_; ]-rv b|_ om; o= |_;v; ru;rovbঞomvĹ on, to, into, in, with, or for. $_; Cuv| v;m|;m1; _-v 0;;m 7om; -v -m ; -lrѴ;ĺ 1.

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_b]_ 7b ;uvb| o= _-0b|-|v bv u;Y;1|;7 bm -m -0 m7-m1; o= -mbl-Ѵvĺ obv 7b b7;7 -m -rrѴ; ōōōōōō _-Ѵ ;v -m7 ]- ; om; _-Ѵ= |o l;ĺ $o v- ; |_; 0 vbm;vvķ |_; o m;uv 7;1b7;7 |o l;u]; b| ōōōōōō om; o= |_;bu 1olr;ঞ|ouĽvĺ "_; -v 1olrѴbl;m|;7 ōōōōōō _;u -rr;-u-m1;ĺ 1o Ѵ7mĽ| -]u;; ōōōōōō |_; 1om7bঞomv |_; bmvbv|;7 ōōōōōōĺ -l Ѵ;- bm] ōōōōōō|_; ,-l0; b 0-vbm |olouuo ĺ )_o 7o;v |_bv 1-| 0;Ѵom] ōōōōōōōĵ

Unit 2A

4 (;u0v v;7 b|_o | - ru;rovbঞom

FOCUS ON

(;u0v v 1_ -v reach, enter, approach, discuss, marry, resemble, enjoy, ;|1ĺ 7o mo| v; ru;rovbঞomv 0;=ou; - mo mĺ $_; ;u0v _b1_ 7o mo| v; - ru;rovbঞom -u; moul-ѴѴ =oѴѴo ;7 0 - 7bu;1| o0f;1|ĺ -lrѴ;vĹ 1. -v |_; f u u;-1_;7 |_; ;u7b1| ;|ĵ 2. -m; ;m|;u;7 |_; 1Ѵ-vvuool =;;Ѵbm] ;u m;u o vĺ o |_; ; ;u1bv; bm |_; )ouh0oohĺ

PHRASAL VERBS WITH OUT

5 &v; |_; ;u0v bm |_; 0o bm |_; 1ouu;1| =oul |o 1olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v 0;Ѵo ĺ turn break sort make spread carry wear stand

SPEAKING

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$_; roѴb1; oL1;u ou7;u;7 _bv l;m |o ōōōōōōōōōō o | -m7 v;-u1_ |_; C;Ѵ7vĺ $_;v; r-r;uv -u; bm - 7u;-7= Ѵ l;vvĺ o o _- ; ঞl; |o ōōōōōōōōōō|_;l o |ĵ $_; ];m;u-Ѵv ;u; 7;|;ulbm;7 |o ōōōōōōōōōō o | |_;bu rѴ-m |o 7;=;-| |_; ;m;l ĺ =ou7 &mb ;uvb| ōōōōōōōōōōōo | -lom] o|_;u mb ;uvbঞ;v bm |_; ouѴ7ĺ $_; 1o-1_ l-7; |_; |;-l ru-1ঞv; mঞѴ _; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_;l o |ĺ b]_ঞm] ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o | 0;| ;;m ub -Ѵ ]uo rv o= =-mvĺ Ľl rѴ;-v;7 |_-| |_; rѴ- ōōōōōōōōōōōō o | |o 0; - ]u;-| v 11;vvĺ | bv |oo 7-uhĸ 1-mĽ| ōōōōōo | |_; m l0;u om |_bv _o v;ĺ

ENDANGERED SPECIES

)ouh bm ]uo rv o= =o uĺ !;-7 |_; t ;vঞomv -m7 7;1b7; _o |o ; ru;vv o u orbmbom om |_bv |orb1 0 -mv ;ubm] |_;lĺ 1. m o u orbmbomķ _b1_ -mbl-Ѵv -u; lov| ;m7-m];u;7ĵ 2. )_ -u; |_; hbѴѴ;7ĵ 3. )_-| bv ro-1_bm]ĵ 4. o ]uo bm] 1bঞ;v -m7 roѴѴ ঞom 1-m 7;v|uo bѴ7Ѵb=; _-0b|-|vĵ 5. )_-| 7o o |_bmh -0o | v 1_ vrou|v -v _ mঞm]ĵ 6. u; |_;u; ;m7-m];u;7 vr;1b;v bm |_bv 1o m|u ĵ -m o m-l; vol; o= |_;lĵ 7. o o hmo _;u; u-u; 0bu7v -m7 -mbl-Ѵv Ѵb ; bm |_bv 1o m|u ĵ 8. )_-| l;-v u;v v_o Ѵ7 0; |-h;m =ou -mbl-Ѵ ruo|;1ঞomĵ

LISTENING and GRAMMAR

A CANOE Track 6

safari

GLOSSARY snort ŋ - Ѵo 7 v 77;m mobv; o= 7bv-rruo -Ѵ slide (slid, slid) – |o lo ; ;-vbѴ o ;u - v u=-1;

23

Unit 2A

1

mv ;u |_; =oѴѴo bm] t ;vঞomvĺ 1.

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)_-| 7b7 |_; 1-mo;bv|v _- ; |o - ob7ĵ )_ bv |_; ,-l0; b Yoo7 rѴ-bm blrou|-m| =ou - ]u;-| m l0;u o= -mbl-Ѵvĵ )_;u; 7b7 |_; v;; ]uo rv o= _brrovĵ )_ 7b7 |_; 1-mo;bv|v r-77Ѵ; 1Ѵov; |o |_; 0-mhĵ )_-| ;u; |_; 1uo1o7bѴ;v Ѵoohbm] =ouĵ

2 )_b1_ ou7v bm |_; Ѵbv| l-|1_ |_; ; rѴ-m-ঞomvĵ 1.

lo ; - 0o-| |_uo ]_ |_; -|;u vbm] - roѴ;

2.

- Ѵ-u]; =ub1-m -mbl-Ѵ _b1_ Ѵb ;v bm ub ;uvķ Ѵ-h;vķ ;|1ĺ

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- r-u| o= - ub ;u _;u; |_; -|;u Yo v ;u =-v|

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- v|;;rķ _b]_ =-1; o= uo1h

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|_; lo |_ķ bm1Ѵ 7bm] |_; |;;|_

JAWS CLIFF RAPIDS PADDLE HIPPO

Grammar

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES

1A

ooh -| |_; ; -lrѴ;v ŐƐŊƖő -m7 l-|1_ |_;l |o |_; ; rѴ-m-ঞomv Ő-Ŋbőĺ 1.

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-1h _-v 0;;m - |;mmbv rѴ- ;u =ou ѵ ;-uvĺ o_m has had - |;uub0Ѵ; 1u-v_ -m7 bv mo bm _ovrb|-Ѵĺ Ľ ; 0;;m _;u; -ѴѴ loumbm]ĺ Ѵ;-v; 7o mo| vloh; mঞѴ o _- ; ]om; o |vb7;ĺ - ; o ; ;u rѴ- ;7 1_;vvĵ

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$_bv bv |_; Cuv| ঞl; |_-| _- ; ub77;m om - uoѴѴ;u1o-v|;uĺ b-l _-v 0;;m bѴѴ vbm1; Ѵ-v| ;;h;m7ĺ -vom _-v u m] r =o u ঞl;v |o7- -Ѵu;-7 ĺ I _- ;mĽ| 0;;m |o |_; v;-vb7; u;1;m|Ѵ ĺ

The present perfect is used a. b. c. d. e.

=ou -m -1ঞom _b1_ 0;]-m bm |_; r-v| -m7 bv vঞѴѴ ]obm] omĺ |o ;lr_-vb ; |_; u;v Ѵ| o= -m -1ঞom bm |_; ru;v;m|ĺ _;m ; -m| |o l;mঞom _o l-m ঞl;v vol;|_bm] _-rr;m;7ĺ |o |-Ѵh -0o | |_; = | u; -[;u _;mĶ -[;uĶ as soon av -m7 mࢼѲĺ =ou ; r;ub;m1;v |_-| _-rr;m;7 -| vol; ঞl; bm o u Ѵb ;vĺ

f. g. h. i.

=ou o u Cuv|ķ v;1om7ķ omѴ ķ ;|1ĺ ; r;ub;m1; o= vol;|_bm]ĺ |o |-Ѵh -0o | |_bm]v |_-| _- ; ou _- ;mĽ| _-rr;m;7 bm |_; u;1;m| r-v|ĺ b|_ for |o v- _o Ѵom] -m -1ঞom _-v ]om; omĺ b|_ since |o v- _;m -m -1ঞom v|-u|;7ĺ

1B ooh -| |_; ; -lrѴ;v ŐƐŊƒő -m7 l-|1_ |_;l |o |_; ; rѴ-m-ঞomv Ő-Ŋ1őĺ ļ);Ľ ; 0;;m r-77Ѵbm] =ou |_u;; _o uv mo ķ 0 | ; _- ;mĽ| v;;m -m _brrov ou 1uo1o7bѴ;v ;|ĺĽ 1.

2.

24

Ľ ; 0;;m v| 7 bm] vbm1; Ɣ oĽ1Ѵo1h -m7 Ľl rѴ-mmbm] |o v| 7 =ou | o lou; _o uvĺ ļ)_ -u; o vo o | o= 0u;-|_ĵĽ ŋ ļ Ľ ; 0;;m u mmbm]ĺĽ

Unit 2A $_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| 1omঞm o v |;mv; bv v;7 a. b. c.

=ou -m -1ঞ b| |_-| _-v f v| v|orr;7ķ 0 | o 1-m vঞѴѴ v;; b|v u;v Ѵ|ĺ |o v_o _o Ѵom] vol;|_bm] _-v 0;;m _-rr;mbm]ĺ =ou -m -1ঞom _b1_ 0;]-m bm |_; r-v| -m7 bv vঞѴѴ 1omঞm bm]ĺ

o|;Ĺ $_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| 1omঞm o v |;mv; bv o[;m v;7 b|_Ĺ all week, over the last few months, for ou sinceĺ

2

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v 0 vbm] |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ;u0v bm 0u-1h;|vĺ 1.

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3

-vom ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő7ub ;ő _bv 1-u =ou ;-uv -m7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őm; ;u ņ |-h;ő b| |o |_; l;1_-mb1ĺ "|;ѴѴ- ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őu;-7ő l-m 0oohv om l;|;ouoѴo] ĺ ;Ѵ;m m;;7v - _oѴb7- ĺ "_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ouhő |oo _-u7 vbm1; _;u Ѵ-v| v ll;u _oѴb7- ĺ ;]-m ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őmo| l-h;ő -m ruo]u;vv ;|ķ |_o ]_ v_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őv| 7 ő l-|_;l-ঞ1v =ou lom|_vĺ r-u;m|v v -ѴѴ ]o |o |_; |_;-|u; om1; - lom|_ĺ $_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő7oő |_-| =ou lou; |_-m ƑƏ ;-uvĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ub|;ő bm b|-ঞomv =ou l vbv|;uĽv ;77bm] ; ;u vbm1; ]o| r -m7 omѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ub|;ő |;m Ѵ; ;uvĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő;-|ő -ѴѴ 7- 0;1- v; -l 0ou;7ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő-Ѵvoņ7ubmhő vb 1-mv o= Ѵ;lom-7;ĺ

Complete these sentences using the verbs from the list in the present perfect simple or 1omঞm o vĺ "ol;ঞl;v o m;;7 - m;]-ঞ ; =oulĺ Cm7 ŐƑő |;-u -m-Ѵ ; u;1;b ; Ѵov; v;-u1_

4

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$_; roѴb1; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_; -u;- =ou |_; lbvvbm] ]buѴķ 0 | |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōō _;u ;|ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō -11b7;m|-ѴѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_; blrou|-m| r-];ĺ

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"1b;mঞv|v ōōōōōōōōōōōō |_; 7-|- =ou v; ;u-Ѵ 7- v mo ķ 0 | |_; ōōōōōōōōōō mo|_bm] vo =-uĺ $_; voѴb1b|ou uo|; |o -|; - =ou|mb]_| -]oķ 0 | _; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō - u;rѴ ;|ĺ -l -=u-b7 ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o u -rrѴb1-ঞomĺ )bѴѴ o CѴѴ bm |_; =oul -]-bmķ rѴ;-v;ĵ

mv ;u |_; t ;vঞomv b|_ no -m7 - = ѴѴ v;m|;m1;ĺ &v; |_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| 1omঞm o v -m7 |_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| |;mv; -v bm |_; ; -lrѴ;ĺ -lrѴ;Ĺ - ; o v|-u|;7 |_; u;rou|Ĵ Ŏ|_bmh -0o | b| ń vol; ࢼl; ń mo| v|-u|ŏ oĶ Ļ ; 0;;m |_bmhbm] -0o | b| =ou vol; ࢼl;Ķ 0 | _- ;mĻ| v|-u|;7 b| ;|ĸ 1.

2.

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-v -m1 =o m7 _;u ubm]ĵ ŐѴooh =ou b| ņ v; ;u-Ѵ 7- v ņ mo| Cm7ő -v obv u;| um;7 |_; Ѵb0u-u 0oohĵ ŐrѴ-m |o 7o b| ņ | o ;;hv ņ mo| u;| umő - ; |_; om7v voѴ7 |_;bu _o v;ĵ Ő-7 ;uঞv; b| ņ vb lom|_v ņ mo| ];| - ]oo7 o@;uő - ; |_; $_olrvomv _bu;7 - _o v;h;;r;uĵ Ő1omvb7;u b| ņ - _bѴ; ņ mo| 7;1b7;ő

25

Unit 2B

GOING HOME 1

!;-7 |_; |; | t b1hѴ -m7 1bu1Ѵ; |_; 1ouu;1| -Ѵ|;um-ঞ ;ĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

for reproduction

"-Ѵlom -u; 0oum bm salty ņ fresh -|;uĺ Adult ņ Young v-Ѵlom |u- ;Ѵ 0-1h |o |_; v|u;-l |_; ;u; 0oum bmĺ ;u ; ; 0o 0oum um bmĺ The female ņ male =;uঞѴb ;v |_; ;]]vĺ $_bv vr;1b;v _-v a short ņ long Ѵb=;Ŋ1 1Ѵ;ĺ Both young and adult ņ Only young v-Ѵlom -u; ;-v ru; =ou ru;7-|ouvĺ

READING

Track 9

T

he Pacific salmon is one of the species that has intrigued many researchers all over the world because it is difficult to understand why adult salmon swim thousands of miles to get to the stream where they were born.

They live in the ocean, but they reproduce in fresh water.

There is evidence to support the conclusion that salmon have a number of senses which lead them back to their native stream to spawn.

This journey may be only a few hundred yards or over two thousand miles long, depending on the species and the stream. They usually reach their spawning grounds between July and early September.

Swimming long distances is exhausting, and only the fittest ones finish the journey. They also become easy catch for predators such as bears and eagles in their spawning grounds as the streams are shallow.

When the female reaches the place where she will lay her eggs, she digs a depression in the gravel with her tail and then deposits her eggs in there. She waits for her mate to fertilize the eggs and then covers them with gravel. The process is repeated several times and thousands of eggs are laid. Shortly after completing spawning, both male and female die.

After being born in fresh water, salmon travel hundreds of miles carried by strong currents to the ocean where they feed on fish, shrimp, squid and anything they can catch. It is important to survive the first few weeks since they often encounter deep water predators. The time spent in the ocean varies, but it is normally one to five years. Then the process of GLOSSARY reproduction continues. Salmon intrigue ƴ |o bm|;u;v| vol;om; - depression ŋ - _oѴ;ķ - r-u| o= - complete their life-cycle when Ѵo|ĸ |o l-h; vol;om; 1 ubo v v u=-1; |_-| bv Ѵo ;u |_-m |_; they return home to spawn. =;uঞѴb ; ŋ |o 1- v; -m ;]]ņv;;7 |o v|-u| 7; ;Ѵorbm] bm|o - m; -mbl-Ѵ ou rѴ-m| 0 fobmbm] b| b|_ - l-Ѵ; spawn ƴ |o ruo7 1; ;]]v spawning ground ƴ - rѴ-1; _;u; Cv_ Ѵ;- ; |_;bu ;]]v =ou =;uঞѴb -ঞom

26

v uuo m7bm] -u;-

accuracy ŋ |_; -0bѴb| |o r;u=oul - |-vh b|_o | l-hbm] - lbv|-h; vaguely ŋ mo| 1Ѵ;-uѴ ; ru;vv;7ķ hmo m ou 7;v1ub0;7

The phenomenon of salmon’s migration and their amazing ability to navigate great distances with perfect accuracy is still only vaguely understood.

Unit 2B

2

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v bm o u o m ou7v vbm] bm=oul-ঞom =uol |_; |; |ĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

"1b;mঞv|v -u; bm|;u;v|;7 bm ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ "-Ѵlom v bl - Ѵom] - =uol |_; ōōōōōōōōōōō |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o u;ruo7 1;ĺ )b|_o | vr;1b-Ѵ v;mv;v v-Ѵlom 1o Ѵ7mĽ| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ $_; uoѴ; o= |_; =;l-Ѵ; bv |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō -m7 o= |_; l-Ѵ; |o ōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ | |_; vr- mbm] ]uo m7v |_;bu Ѵb ;v -u; ;m7-m];u;7 0 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ o|_ r-u;m|v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō -[;u _- bm] Cmbv_;7 |_; vr- mbm]ĺ m |_; v-Ѵ| -|;uv v-Ѵlom =;;7ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ $_; u;| um |o |_; rѴ-1; _;u; |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō m- b]-ঞm] -11 u-|;Ѵ ĺ

Vocabulary olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; ou7v =uol |_; |; |ĺ $_; Cuv| | o Ѵ; ;uv -u; ]b ;mĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

2

Ľl vo ex ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 0;1- v; Ľ ; 0;;m 7b]]bm] bm |_; ]-u7;m |_; _oѴ; 7- ĺ $_; -u; ;-v 1-|1_ =ou 0;-uv 0;1- v; |_; v|u;-lv -u; sh ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ Ľ ; 0;;m inōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 0 _bv rѴ-mv =ou |_; m; | ; r;7bঞom |o |_; l- omĺ I vaōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōu;l;l0;u l;;ঞm] _bl bm -ubv ;-uv -]oĺ "-Ѵlom v; |_bv r-u| o= |_; Ѵ-h; -v |_;bu spōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ]uo m7ĺ

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ou7v bm 0oѴ7ĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

); _- ; Cmbv_;7 |_; ; r;ubl;m| b|_ - _b]_ 7;]u;; o= ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ ņaccurate ;=ou; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_bv vr;;1_ķ Ľ7 Ѵbh; |o |_-mh l 1oѴѴ;-] ;v _o _-7 _;Ѵr;7 l; bm |_bv u;v;-u1_ĺ ņconclusion ѴѴ l u;Ѵ-ঞ ;v Ѵb ; bm ōōōōōōōōōōō 1o m|ub;vĺ ņdistance $_;ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= Ѵbomv bm |_bv r-u| o= |_; ]u-vvѴ-m7v bv r-u| o= l u;v;-u1_ĺ ņreproduce ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_uo ]_ |_; u-rb7v _-7 |o 0; 7om; b|_ ]u;-| 1-u;ĺ ņnavigate $_; 7-|; o= ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= |_; uo-7 ouhv bѴѴ 0; hmo m voomĺ ņcomplete

COLLOCATIONS

3 )_b1_ ou7 7o;vmĽ| 1oѴѴo1-|; b|_ |_; ]b ;m ou7 bm 1-rb|-Ѵ Ѵ; ;uvĵ

DEEP

v;-ķ 7;ru;vvbomķ 7bv|-m1;ķ =;;Ѵbm]vķ 0Ѵ ;ķ 0u;-|_

STRONG

-u] l;m|ķ bm|;uķ 1 uu;m|ķ 1o@;;ķ vl;ѴѴķ u;vbv|-m1;

PERFECT

-11 u-1 ķ ঞl;ķ ; -lrѴ;ķ lbv|-h;ķ lol;m|ķ Ѵb=;

FRESH

-|;uķ -buķ l;lou ķ 0u;-7ķ Y- o uķ rѴ-1;

(+

vloh;uķ u-bmķ r 77Ѵ;ķ =o]ķ |u-L1ķ l;|-Ѵ

_oov; C ; 1oѴѴo1-ঞomv =uol |_; 0o -m7 v; |_;l bm -rruorub-|; v;m|;m1;vĺ 27

Unit 2B

Grammar PLURAL OF NOUNS

1

2

Plural of nouns of foreign origin "ol; ou7v o= -ঞm ou u;;h oub]bm l-h; |_;bu rѴ u-Ѵv -11ou7bm] |o |_; u Ѵ;v o= |_;v; Ѵ-m] -];vĹ r_;mol;mom ŋ r_;mol;m-ķ 1ubvbv ŋ 1ubv;v ņkraIsIs – kraIsi:zņķ o-vbv ņ@U"eIsisņ ŋ o-v;v ņ@U"eIsi:zņķ 7-| l ŋ 7-|-ķ l;7b l ŋ l;7b-ķ = m] v ņ"fVNg@sņŋ = m]b ņ"fVNgaI, "fVNgi:ņĺ "ol; mo mv =oѴѴo |_; m]Ѵbv_ u Ѵ;vĹ ] lm-vb l ŋ ] lm-vb lvķ =oul Ѵ- ŋ =oul Ѵ-v Ő|_o ]_ =oul Ѵ-; bv v;7 0 v1b;mঞv|vőĺ Plural of compound nouns olro m7 mo mv =oul |_;bu rѴ u-Ѵ bm 7b@;u;m| - vĹ a. )b|_ lov| 1olro m7 mo mvķ omѴ |_; v;1om7 r-u| 0;1ol;v rѴ u-ѴĹ |;-1 rvķ v|ou |;ѴѴ;uvķ vroom= Ѵvķ |-h;Ŋo@vķ ;|1ĺ b. olro m7v 1om|-bmbm] man ou woman l-h; 0o|_ ;Ѵ;l;m|v rѴ u-Ѵ -v ;ѴѴ -v |_ov; 1omvbvঞm] o= | o ou7v Ѵbmh;7 0 andĺ ĺ]ĺ ol;m 7o1|ouvķ rvŊ-m7Ŋ7o mv c. = 1olro m7v -u; l-7; r o= - mo m =oѴѴo ;7 0 -m -7f;1ঞ ;ķ - ru;rovbঞom-Ѵ r_u-v;ķ ou -m -7 ;u0 omѴ |_; mo m 0;1ol;v rѴ u-ѴĹ vomvŊbmŊѴ- ķ l;mŊo=Ŋ -uķ u mm;uvŊ rķ r-vv;uvŊ0 ĺ

3

4

Singular forms for both singular and plural -l;v o= 1;u|-bm 1u;-| u;v 7o mo| 1_-m]; bm |_; rѴ u-ѴĹ Cv_ķ 7;;uķ v_;;rķ 0bvomķ ;|1ĺ "ol; | r;v o= Cv_ 7o mo| moul-ѴѴ 1_-m]; bm |_; rѴ u-ѴĹ v-Ѵlomķ |uo |ķ vt b7ķ 1o7ķ 1-urķ 0 | v_-uhvķ v-u7bm;vķ 1u-0vķ Ѵo0v|;uvķ ;|1ĺ _- ; - u;] Ѵ-u rѴ u-Ѵĺ Plural nouns ;u|-bm mo mv -u; -Ѵ - v rѴ u-Ѵ -m7 |-h; - rѴ u-Ѵ ;u0 _;m |_; -u; v;7 b|_ - r-uঞ1 Ѵ-u l;-mbm]ĺ ]u;;mv Ő ;];|-0Ѵ;vő -ulv Ő ;-romvő vrbub|v Ő-Ѵ1o_oѴő ]oo7v Ő|_bm]v =ou v-Ѵ;ő v- bm]v ŋ Őlom; o v- ;ő

1om7bঞomv Ő=-1|ouv |_-| bmY ;m1; vol;om;Ľv Ѵb bm] ou ouhbm] ;m buoml;m|ő 1 v|olv Ő|_; rѴ-1; -| - 0ou7;u _;u; r;orѴ; 7;1Ѵ-u; ]oo7v =uol =ou;b]m 1o m|ub;vő u;=u;v_l;m|v Ő7ubmhv -m7 - vl-ѴѴ -lo m| o= =oo7ő v uuo m7bm]v Ő|_; ;m buoml;m|ő 0;Ѵom]bm]v Ő|_; |_bm]v o o mő

28

Unit 2B PRACTICE

1

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; ou7v bm 0oѴ7 bm |_;bu rѴ u-Ѵ =oulvĺ 1.

"1b;mঞv|v _- ; moঞ1;7 - m l0;u o= v|u-m]; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō bm |_; -|;u u;1;m|Ѵ ĺ ņphenomenon

2.

$_; 1olr-m _-v 0;;m =-1;7 b|_ - m l0;u o= ōōōōōōōōōōōō Ѵ-|;Ѵ ĺ ņcrisis

3.

); _- ; 7b@;u;m| f 7]l;m|v o= |_; l- ;uķ |_-|Ľv _ ; _- ; 7b@;u;m| ōōōōōōōōōōĺ ņcriterion

4.

u 0ovv h;;rv v;m7bm] v - =; ōōōōōōōōōōōō ; ;u 7- ķ _b1_ buub|-|;v vĺņmemorandum

5.

Ѵ-u]; m l0;u o= ōōōōōōōōō -m7 - Yo1h o= ōōōōōōōōōōō Y;7 bm =;-u _;m - _ m|;u Cu;7 |_; ] mĺ ņ deer, goose

6.

); _- ; or;m;7 | o m; ōōōōōōōōōōōō =ou v_ooঞm] CѴlv bm _b1_ -ѴѴ |_; ōōōōōōōōōō 7b; bm |_; ;m7ĺ ņstudio, hero

7.

o l-m ōōōōōōōōōōō 7o o v;; om |_; v|u;;|ĵ ņpasser-by

KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS olrѴ;|; |_; v;1om7 v;m|;m1; vo |_-| b| _-v - vblbѴ-u l;-mbm] |o |_; Cuv| om;ķ vbm] |_; ou7 bm 0oѴ7ĺ 1. _- ;mĽ| ;mfo ;7 l v;Ѵ= vo l 1_ =ou ;-uvĺ ņbeen | ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō vo l 1_ĺ 2. $_; Ѵ-v| ঞl; -uu 1-l; _;u; -v bm ƑƏƏƐĺ ņsince -uu ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ 3.

$_bv bv l Cuv| bvb| |o - -bbĺ ņঞl; $_bv bv |_; Cuv| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

4. $_; ] ;v| r;u=oul;uv -u; -ѴѴ _;u; mo ĺ ņalready $_; ] ;v| r;u=oul;uv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ

WRITING

Describing

places

"ol; m]Ѵbv_ =ub;m7v o= o uv -u; rѴ-mmbm] - v_ou| _oѴb7- bm - r-u| o= |_; 1o m|u m;-u _;u; o Ѵb ;ĺ )ub|; -m ;Ŋl-bѴ |o o u =ub;m7vķ ]b bm] |_;l vol; v;= Ѵ bm=oul-ঞomĺ buv| 1_oov; - rѴ-1; o |_bmh bv ou|_ v;;bm]ĺ | 1-m 0; - lo m|-bmķ Ѵ-h;ķ ub ;uķ oo7vķ 7-lķ ]ou];ķ ;|1ĺ ;v1ub0; |_; - u-1ঞomv o= |_; rѴ-1;ĺ "- _-| l-h;v b| 7bvঞm1ঞ ;ĺ rѴ-bm |o o u =ub;m7v _-| |_; 1-m 7o -m7 v;; |_;u;ĺ Ő_bhbm]ķ Cv_bm]ķ 0bu7 -|1_bm]ķ u-[bm]ķ 0o-ঞm]ķ ;|1ĺő ;mঞom -mbl-Ѵv -m7 rѴ-m|v _b1_ 1-m 0; v;;m |_;u;ĺ +o 1-m v; vol; o= |_;v; ou7v bm o u ubঞm]Ĺ v| mmbm]ķ o |v|-m7bm]ķ =-v1bm-ঞm]ķ 0u;-|_|-hbm]ķ _bv|oub1ķ vr-1bo vķ Ѵ v_ ]u;;mķ =- o ub|; 7;vঞm-ঞomķ u;=u;v_bm]ķ ;|1ĺ 29

Unit 2B COMMUNICATION

Asking

a favour

)_;m -vhbm] vol;0o7 |o 7o o - =- o uķ o 1-m v; vol; o= |_; =oѴѴo bm] ou7v -m7 ; ru;vvbomvĹ -m o Ļ

Can you or;m |_; 7oou =ou l;ĵ

)bѴѴ o Ļ

Will you _-m7 l; |_-| 0oohĵ

)o Ѵ7 o ŐrѴ;-v;ő ĺ ĺ ĺ

Would you please | um 7o m |_; l vb1ĵ

o Ѵ7 o rovvb0Ѵ Ļ

Could you possibly ]b ; l; - ub7; |o v1_ooѴĵ

)o Ѵ7 o 0; vo hbm7 -v |oĻ

Would you be so kind as to Ѵ;m7 l; o u lo0bѴ; r_om;ĵ

u-1ঞv; -vhbm] o u 1Ѵ-vvl-|;v |o 7o o - =- o uĺ $o ];| vol;om;Ľv - ;mঞom o 1-m v; |_; =oѴѴo bm] r_u-v;vĹ

Excuse me, ...

Sorry to bother you, but ...

Pardon me, ...

o|;Ĺ &vbm] Ѵom];u v;m|;m1; v|u 1| u;v o |;m7 |o 0; ;u roѴb|;Ĺ -v om7;ubm] b= 1o Ѵ7 -vh o |o 7o l; - =- o uĵ Examples

1. Can you help me with my essay?

1. Sure. What’s the problem?

2. Could you bring me some coffee?

2. I’d be glad to. How do you like it?

3. Could you help me move these tables?

3. No problem. I’d be glad to.

4. Could I ask you to do me a favour?

4. It depends. What is it?

omĽ| =ou];| |o |_-mh o u =ub;m7 =ou o@;ubm] |o 7o o - =- o uĴ

Thank you very much.

♥

You saved my life.

I’ll return the favour sometime.

30

♥ I really owe you.

Self-assessment 1

TEST 2

1 Complete the sentences by using the correct form of the words from |_; bv|ĺ Őѵ r|vĺ) 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

);Ľu; ;u m_-rr 0;1- v; o u Cul 7;1b7;7 |o ōōōōōōōōōōō b|_ - l 1_ 0b]];u om;ĺ $_; _;- u-bm ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o u rѴ-mv =ou - 1om1;u| bm |_; or;mĺ m|;Ѵor;v u;Ѵ om ]oo7 v;mv;v o= _;-ubm] -m7 vl;ѴѴ |o - ob7 7-m];uo v ōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ u =ou;v|v -u; m-| u-Ѵ ōōōōōōōōōōōō o= ]u;-| -Ѵ ;ĺ $_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōķ b|_ _b1_ v_; 7b7 |_; ruof;1|ķ -v -l- bm]ĺ "1b;mঞv|v _- ; 0;;m v| 7 bm] v; ;u-Ѵ m-| u-Ѵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= u;1;m| 1Ѵbl-|; 1_-m];vĺ

the sentences by using the present perfect or the present 2 Complete r;u=;1| 1omঞm o v |;mv; o= |_; ;u0v bm 0u-1h;|vĺ ŐƔ r|vĺő 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

3

ļ)_ -u; o o | o= 0u;-|_ĵĽ Ŋ ļōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő7oő ouhŊo |vĺĽ "ol;0o7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őv|;-Ѵő l 0-]ĺ 1-mĽ| v;; b| -m _;u;ĺ +o u 1-| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ŐѴb;ő om l 1_-bu vbm1; loumbm]ĺ )_-| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő o ņ0 ő =ou |_; r-u| ĵ o0o7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő-vhő v ;| _-| ; -m|ĺ

_oov; |_; 1ouu;1| rѴ u-Ѵ =oulv Ő- ou 0őĺ ŐƔ r|vĺő 1.

;Ѵ;m -vh;7 v |o 0; _;u ōōōōō -| |_; ;77bm]ĺ )bѴѴ o -11;r|ĵ a. l-b7vŊo=Ŋ_omo u b. l-b7vŊo=Ŋ_omo uv

2.

)bѴѴ o r | |_; ōōōō bm|o |_; 1-u 0oo|ĵ a. Ѵ ]]-];v b. Ѵ ]]-];

3.

$_; v- v; ;u-Ѵ ōōōō bm |_; m-ঞom-Ѵ r-uhĺ a. 0bvom b. 0bvomv

4.

+o m;;7 C ;ōōōō o= v ]-u =ou |_-| 1-h;ĺ a. vroom= Ѵv b. vroomv= Ѵ

5.

$u- ;ѴѴbm] |_uo ]_ |_; 7;v;u|ķ ; 1-l; rom | o ōōōōōĺ a. o-vbv

b. oases

verbs from the Listĺ ŐƓ r|vĺő

-v Ѵoohbm] -| |_; -77u;vvķ 0 | 1o Ѵ7mĽ| ōōōōōōōōōōō |_; m-l;ĺ )bѴѴ o 1_;1h b= |_; u; b; v o= Ѵ-v| mb]_|Ľv rѴ- ōōōōōōōōōōōōōĵ $_; l-bm _;uo o= |_; 0ooh ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o 0; - m;]-ঞ ; 1_-u-1|;uĺ $_;v; f;-mv -u; u;-ѴѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ 1-mĽ| ;-u |_;l -m lou;ĺ

KEY- page 162

Verbs plu pl ung ge merg me ge diisr d srup uptt up po oac a h =;uঞ =; u ѴbѴ ; uঞ intr in trig tr ig gue sp paw awn n Nouns go gorg org ge haabi h bita bita tatt po ove v rt rty y p ed pr dat ator or reso re sour so urce ce e phe ph eno enom om men enon on accu ac c racy cu cy 7f;1ঞ ;v scaarrce sc rce ; _; _ ; _- v _- v vঞm ঞm] ] 7 ;u0v sh shor hortl orrtlly vagu vagu va guel ey

4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal 1.

2.

3.

4.

t s i l d r o W

_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v co ome e outt spre sp re ead out ut c rrry ou ca out we w eaarr out make outt ma turn out tu ut

ƑƏ r|vĺ 31

Unit 1

DIFFERENT CULTURES THE SAME LANGUAGE READING and VOCABULARY

1

!;-7 |_bv ubv_ |u-7bঞom-Ѵ v|ou -m7 CѴѴ bm |_; ]-rv b|_ |_; ou7v =uol |_; 0o ĺ

living shoot throw teach 1oumC;Ѵ7 -7 b1; 0;m7bm] 7-m];u part

teaches

The old crow the young crow

One day the old crow took a young one out into the field to __________ him how to fly.

When the young crow had learned how to fly and could go to any _________ of Ireland, the old crow said, ‘I think that you are able to fly anywhere now and make your _________ by yourself. Before you go, I want to give you some advice that will protect you from _________, as it has protected me.’

‘Tell me,’ said the young crow.

‘If you are ever in a potato field or __________and see a man coming towards you with something under his arm or in his hand, fly off immediately, for he may have a gun and may_________ you.’

‘I understand,’ said the young crow.

‘Another bit of ___________to you,’ said the old crow. ‘If you see a man ___________down as he comes toward you in a field, fly off as fast as you can, for he may pick up a stone to ___________at you. If he has nothing under his arm and if he doesn’t bend down, you’re safe.’

‘That’s all very well,’ said the young crow, ‘but what if he has a stone in his pocket?’

‘Off you go,’ said the old crow. ‘You know more than me!’

2

Match the words from the two lists to form 1olro m7 mo mv ou -7f;1ঞ ;vĺ

A

l-v|;u _ol; o om; -0v;m| l;;ࢼm] ouѲ7 _;;Ѳ v|;;ubm] bm7o

B

l-7; rb;1; b7; robm| v_orrbm] chair minded layer wheel

Note: $_; lov| 1ollom 1olro m7 mo mv |;m7 |o 0; ub ;m -v vbm]Ѵ; ou7vĺ = o -u; mo| v u;ķ o v_o Ѵ7 Ѵooh |_;l r bm - 7b1ঞom-u ĺ 120

3 What do we call these?

E.g. 1. a teacup 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

a cup that we drink tea from a box for matches paste for cleaning teeth money that parents usually give their 1_bѴ7u;m |o vr;m7 a shop that sells sweets a bag for sleeping in - rѴ-1; _;u; o 0 ঞ1h;|v =ou |_; cinema |u-L1 _b1_ bv |oo 0 v

Unit 1 PHRASAL VERBS

4

!;rѴ-1; |_; m7;uѴbm;7 ou7v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v b|_ stand and keepĺ 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

-1h v rrou|;7 _bv =ub;m7 _;m ; ;u 0o7 -v -]-bmv| _blĺ $_bv |;m| bv ]oo7 -m7 b| bѴѴ prevent |_; u-bmĺ Sue 1omঞm ;7 l-hbm] |_; v-l; lbv|-h;vĺ

They maintain |_;bu u;r |-ঞom 0 ouhbm] ;u _-u7ĺ hmo _; o Ѵ7 confront -0voѴ |;Ѵ -m om; b= _; 0;Ѵb; ;7 _; -v ub]_| -0o | vol;|_bm]ĺ

ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō

REVIEW OF TENSES

READING and GRAMMAR

5 $_; r-v| vblrѴ; |;mv; bv 1ollomѴ v;7 |o |;ѴѴ v|oub;vĺ m |_; =oѴѴo bm] Ѵ;];m7vķ -ѴѴ buu;] Ѵ-u ;u0v -u; |-h;m o |ĺ !;-7 |_; |; | -m7 CѴѴ bm |_; ]-rv b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; =oѴѴo bm] ;u0vĺ |-h; v_-h; ]b ; 1ol; r | =-ѴѴ |_uo _ u| l-h;

How the volcano got its name Long ago, the Roman God Jupiter and his wife Juno _______ birth to an ugly son, Vulcan. Once when Juno argued with Jupiter, Vulcan _______ the side of his mother. This angered his father, and Jupiter ________ Vulcan out of their home. Vulcan ________ to earth. His hard landing ________ his legs. He _______ his home deep inside the small island near Sicily. Deep in his mountain, Vulcan worked at his forge making things such as braces for his legs, cups, plates and jewellery. The huge mountain called Vulcano (Vulcan’s mountain) acted as his chimney. From the top of the mountain lava, clouds and dust _______ out.

Today the modern word ‘volcano’ describes all mountains that throw out lava, ash and gas.

Hawaiian legend Hawaiian natives believed the anger of the beautiful goddess Pele caused volcanic eruptions. When she stamped her feet, earthquakes ________ the earth and when she _______ her magic stick into the earth, volcanoes erupted. ѵ bѴѴ bm |_; ]-rv b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ;u0v bm |_; Ѵbv|ĺ 1.

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ѴѴ |_; v_orv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō -Ѵu;-7 0 |_; ঞl; ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_;u;ĺ )_bѴ; ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō _ol; Ѵ-v| mb]_|ķ ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o= r;|uoѴĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō |o ];| _oѴ7 o= o =ou -];vĺ )_;u; _- ; o 0;;mĵ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō lov| o= l _ol; ouhķ 0 | -l v| 1h om |_; Ѵ-v| 0b|ĺ -l |;uub0Ѵ vouu ķ 0 | ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō o u m-l;ĺ

run out close arrive try drive =ou];| do 121

Unit 1 STATE AND ACTIVITY VERBS

7

"|-|; ;u0v -u; mo| moul-ѴѴ v;7 bm |_; 1omঞm o v |;mv;vĺ $_;v; ;u0v -u; ]uo r;7 -v =oѴѴo vĹ verbs of the senses: see, ;u0v _b1_ ; ru;vv =;;Ѵbm]v -m7 ;loঞomvĹ u;vr;1|ķ ;u0v o= l;m|-Ѵ -1ঞ b| Ĺ m7;uv|-m7ķ verbs of possession: own, 77 lou; ; -lrѴ;v |o ;-1_ ]uo rĺ o|;Ĺ "ol; ;u0v 1-m 0; v;7 bm |_; 1omঞm o v |;mv;vķ 0 | |_;u; bv - 7b@;u;m1; bm l;-mbm]ĺ 1. a. |_bmh -m; bv - mb1; r;uvomĺ Ő; ru;vvbm] orbmbom ŋ 0;Ѵb; ;Ļő b. $ol bv |_bmhbm] o= Ѵ;- bm] |_; 1o m|u ĺ Ő1omvb7;ubm]ő 2. Have / Have got a. ;mu _-v | o 1-uvĺ Őrovv;vvő b. Ľl _- bm] - om7;u= Ѵ _oѴb7- ĺ Ő;mfo ő Have bv -Ѵvo o[;m v;7 bm ; ru;vvbomv |o 7;mo|; -1ঞomvĹ _- ; - 0-|_ķ _- ; - v blķ _- ; - r-u| ķ ;|1ĺ

8

_oov; |_; 1ouu;1| -Ѵ|;um-ঞ ;ĺ 1.

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This wine is |-vࢼm] ń |-v|;v a bit strange. Ļl -]u;;bm] ń -]u;; b|_ o om -ѴѴ |_ov; l- ;uvĺ What 7o o |_bmh ń -u; o |_bmhbm] o= ;Ѵ;mĵ Ļl |_bmhbm] ń |_bmh o= ]obm] om _oѴb7- ĺ "_;Ļv _- bm] ń "_; _-v - 0-|_ -m7 v_; 1-mĽ| |-Ѵh |o o ĺ Ļl u;l;l0;ubm] ń u;l;l0;u _o _-rr ; ;u; -v 1_bѴ7u;mĺ Ļl m7;uv|-m7bm] ń m7;uv|-m7 what you want to tell me.

How much -l o bm] ń 7o o ; o ĵ

THE USE OF ARTICLES ); o[;m v; the to refer to things that are unique. We use the with the names of: a. 7o1 l;m|v ŋ |_; omvঞ| ঞom b. ou]-mb -ঞomv ŋ |_; &mb|;7 -ঞomv c. roѴbঞ1-Ѵ r-uঞ;v ŋ |_; omv;u -ঞ ;v d. oL1b-Ѵ ঞ|Ѵ;v ŋ |_; - ou Őb= mo| bll;7b-|;Ѵ =oѴѴo ;7 0 - m-l;ő e. _bv|oub1-Ѵ ; ;m|v ŋ |_; - Ѵ; o= -vঞm]v f. v_brvķ -v ;ѴѴ -v vr;1b-Ѵ m-l;v o= -;uorѴ-m;v -m7 |u-bmv ŋ |_; $b|-mb1

9

| bm -m -uঞ1Ѵ; b= m;1;vv-u ĺ 1.

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122

ōōōō -0o u -u| _-vmĽ| 0;;m v 11;vv= Ѵ u;1;m|Ѵ ĺ ōōōō om- bv- _-v -Ѵu;-7 0;;m v|oѴ;m =uol ōōōō o u; om1;ĺ "o |_ o= ōōōō t -|ou ; v;; ōōōō "o |_;um uovvĺ ōōōō ub;m| ru;vv bv m; ;u Ѵ-|;ĺ m l-m 1o m|ub;v ōōōō_;-7 o= v|-|; bv 1-ѴѴ;7 ōōōō u;vb7;m|ĺ ;u ;-u |_; 1;Ѵ;0u-|; |_; -mmb ;uv-u o= ōōōō u;m1_ !; oѴ ঞom bm u-m1;ĺ

Unit 1

10 !;-7 |_; ;Ŋl-bѴ 0;Ѵo -m7 Cm7 Ɣ vr;ѴѴbm] -m7 Ɠ ]u-ll-u lbv|-h;v -m7 1ouu;1| |_;lĺ Hi Rhonda, I’m writing this e-mail in hopes that you and your family are well. This is the first time that I visited these paradize islands. The best way to see Hawaii’s Big Island is to drive around it. You are soon be deep in a varied landscape unlike any other in the United States. You encounter active lava flows, jungle, farmland, warm beeches, cool highlands, and views of soaring mountains. And everywhere, you feels the aura of mysterous Polynesians who landed here more than a tousand years ago and named the island Hawaii. Will you promise me that next year we sit together on one of these marvelous beaches and watch the surfers? I’ll bring a lot of photoes. I’m looking forward to seeing you soon.

Love, Maggie

EXPAND YOUR VOCABULARY The use of articles in set expressions

11

bѴѴ bm |_; ]-rv bm |_; =oѴѴo bm] v;m|;m1;v b|_ -m -rruorub-|; -uঞ1Ѵ; b= m;1;vv-u ĺ 1.

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-l mo| bm ōōōō loo7 =ou vo1b-Ѵb bm]ĺ Ľ7 u-|_;u v|- -| _ol;ĺ u Ľ ;bѴѴ bѴѴ 0; b|_ o bm ōōōō _bѴ;ĺ $_bv l;7b1bm; bv mo ]oo7Ĵ |Ľv o | o=ōōōō 7-|;ĺ ;| o | o= ōōōō - ĺ ĽѴѴ 7uor |_; 0o ĺ Ľl v u; |_-| 1ubl; bv om ōōōō bm1u;-v; bm 0b] 1bঞ;vĺ Ľ7 Ѵo ; |o vr;-h bm ōōōō r 0Ѵb1ĺ +o _- ; |o _-m7 bm o u ;vv- 0 ub7- -| ōōōō Ѵ-|;v|ĺ Ľl |u bm] |o Ѵov; ;b]_|ĺ Ľ ; ]om; om ōōōō 7b;|ĺ )_ 7omĽ| ; ]o =ou - -Ѵh =ou ōōōō 1_-m];ĵ

MINI QUIZ

12

-|1_ |_; ; ru;vvbomv bm b|-Ѵb1v ŐƐŊƔő |o |_; ; rѴ-m-ঞomv Ő- ŋ ;őĺ 1.

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)_;m |_; |oѴ7 l; -0o | l ruoloঞomķ it was music to my ear.

He can rѲ- -m vom]v 0 ;-u. ; u;vb]m;7 0;1- v; _; -v ঞu;7 o= rѲ- bm] v;1om7 C77Ѳ; to his boss. "_; -v 1ubঞ1-Ѵ o= _;u _ v0-m7ķ 0 | mo v_; has 1_-m];7 _;u | m; -m7 -]u;;v b|_ ; ;u |_bm] _; 7o;vĺ )_;m =-bѴ;7 | o ; -lvķ _-7 |o face the music.

a. b. c. d. e.

|o 1_-m]; om;Ľv orbmbom to accept punishment or 1ubঞ1bvl =ou om;Ľv -1ঞomv b|_o | Ѵoohbm] -| |_; mo|; ]oo7 m; v _b1_ l-h;v people happy |o 0; v 0ou7bm-|; |o vol;om;

The answers are on page 163.

123

Unit 2

THE NATURAL WORLD READING and VOCABULARY

1

Track 7

olrѴ;|; |_bv r-vv-]; b|_ |_; ou7v =uol |_; 0o ĺ $_; -u; -ѴѴ 1omm;1|;7 b|_ - ub ;u -m7 lov| o= |_;l o _- ; Ѵ;-um| 0;=ou;ĺ m 1olrѴ;ঞm] |_; r-vv-];ķ Ѵbv|;m |o |_; |; | -m7 1_;1h o u -mv ;uvĺ

Dam valleys gorge tributaries confluence banks delta mouth source

The river Danube has its ____________ (1) in Germany, in the mountainous part called the Black Forest. On its way to the Black Sea, it flows through several capitals and it has many _____________ (2), the most significant one is the Sava River. At Belgrade, there is a _____________ (3) of these two rivers.

In its middle course, the Danube flows through _________ (4). It looks like a flatland river with its low ________ (5) and a bed that reaches a width of more than one mile.

At the Iron Gate, the Danube flows through a ___________ (6). One of the largest hydroelectric projects was built there: the Ðerdap High _________ (7) and the Iron Gate power station. The project didn’t only help produce hydroelectricity, but it also made the river navigable.

Downstream from the Iron Gate, the river is free – flowing all the way to its ________ (8) in the Black Sea. Some 80 km from the sea, the river begins to spread out into its large __________. (9)

WORD FORMATION

2 Read the text and complete the sentences with the 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; ou7v bm 0oѴ7ĺ

7 Ѵ| l-ubm; | u|Ѵ;v lb]u-|; - Ѵom] ōōōōōōōōōōōō =ou u;ruo7 1ঞomĺ $_;bu rubl-u ōōōōōōōōōōōō vb|;v -u; om 0;-1_;v Ѵo1-|;7 om u;lo|; bvѴ-m7vĺ $_; o[;m ;m1o m|;u 7-m];uĺ "ol; -u; ōōōōōōōōōōōō 1- ]_| bm m;|vķ o|_;uv distant -u; 1- ]_| =ou =oo7 ouōōōōōōōōōōōōķ vol; -u; reproduce hbѴѴ;7 0 l-mĽv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōķ -m7 l-m 7b; accident o= ōōōōōōōōōōōō -m7 ōōōōōōōōōōōō 7bv-v|;uvĺ produce -0b|-|ōōōōōōōōōōōō bv -mo|_;u ruo0Ѵ;lĺ ); roѴѴ |; ņ v|-u ; lb]_| _;Ѵr |_;bu ror Ѵ-ঞom ōōōōōōōōōōōō 0 nature / destruct 0ubm]bm] bm ruo|;1ঞ ; Ѵ- v -m7 ōōōōōōōōōōōō u;1o ;u programmes. rehabilitate 124

Unit 2

3

bm7 |_; =o u v;m|;m1;v _b1_ 1om|-bm |_; uom] r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0 -m7 1ouu;1| |_;l 0 vbm] |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; r_u-v-Ѵ ;u0v b|_ set, keep, sort and carryĺ 1.

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); o Ѵ7 Ѵbh; |o eat out tonight. $_; 1Ѵov;7 bm7o v 7b7mĽ| put out the rain from coming in. vbv|;u 0uoh; o | _;u |_u;-| -m7 |oѴ7 l ]buѴ=ub;m7 |_-| _-7 ]om; o | |_; ru; bo v mb]_|ĺ She vru;-7 o | _;u r-r;uv -ѴѴ o ;u |_; 7;vh -m7 v|-u|;7 u;-7bm] |_;lĺ _- ; |o l-h; o | |_; 0oohv bm l 0oohv_;Ѵ=ĺ ); 7;1b7;7 |o turn out ;-uѴ |olouuo loumbm] 0;1- v; - Ѵom] fo um; -v -_;-7 o= vĺ

Grammar 4

olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| |;mv; o= |_; ;u0v bm 0u-1h;|vĺ Ő$_; ru;v;m| r;u=;1| vblrѴ; -m7 1omঞm o v |;mv;vķ -1ঞ ; ou r-vvb ;ő 1.

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-ubm; | u|Ѵ; ror Ѵ-ঞom m l0;uv ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő7;1u;-v;ő |_;v; 7- vĺ $ u|Ѵ;v -m7 |_;bu ;]]v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő v;ő =ou =oo7 =ou 1;m| ub;vĺ $ u|Ѵ; vo r ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0;ő blrou|-m| bm l-m |uorb1-Ѵ 1 Ѵ| u;vĺ o1-Ѵ r;orѴ; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő-Ѵvo u;Ѵ ő om | u|Ѵ; ;]]v =ou ruo|;bmĺ $ol ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ŐCv_ő =ou |_; Ѵ-v| | o _o uvķ 0 | _;ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őmo| 1-|1_ő -m Cv_ ;|ĺ )_-| ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő o ņ7oő vbm1; Ѵ-v| v- o ĵ Ľl ঞu;7 0;1- v; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ouhő bm |_; ]-u7;m -ѴѴ -[;umoomĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő|u ő |o r_om; o |_; _oѴ; ;;hĺ " v-m ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ŐrѴ- ő |_; rb-mo vbm1; Ɠ oĽ1Ѵo1hĺ +o u vbv|;u ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ;-uő |;m 7b@;u;m| r-buv o= v_o;v |_bv ;;hĴ

| ;-1_ ;u0 bm 0u-1h;|v bm|o |_; 1ouu;1| |;mv;ĺ 1. $_; u;-1ঞom o= Ѵo1-Ѵ r;orѴ; |o |o7- Ľv m; v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0;ő v|u-m]; vo =-uĺ 2. $ol u;-Ѵb ;7 |_-| |_; l-1_bm; _;ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0 ő - =; 7- v ;-uѴb;u -v 0uoh;mĺ 3. )_;m or;m;7 |_; 7oou |o |_; oL1;ķ v- |_-| |_; 0ovvōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őbm|;u b; ő - young woman.

4. | ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őu-bmő -ѴѴ 7- Ĵ )_ omĽ| b| v|orĵĴ 5. ĽѴѴ fobm o -v voom -v ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Őu;-7ő |_bv Ѵ; ;u =uol l vbv|;uĺ 6. Ѵ;-v; -b| mঞѴ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ővou|ő |_;v; 7o1 l;m|v 1ouu;1|Ѵ ĺ

PLURAL OF NOUNS

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&m7;uѴbm; |_; 1ouu;1| =oul o= |_; mo mĺ 1.

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); =;Ѵ| 0; ;u -v voom -v ; ;m| |_uo ]_ |_; v|ol ń v|olvĶ |_o ]_ ; _-7 mo|_bm] |o 7;1Ѵ-u;ĺ $_; -m|;7 |o v|ou; |_;bu ]oo7 ń ]oo7v safely in the storage room. ); -ѴѴ hmo |_-| b| bv 0-7 l-mm;u ń l-mm;uv to stare at people.

There are some lovely picnic spots in the v uuo m7bm]v ń v uuo m7bm]ĸ We got some useful bm=oul-ࢼom ń bm=oul-ࢼomv -0o | |_; CѴl -| |_; 0o oL1;ĺ 125

Unit 2

7

| |_; mo mv bm 0u-1h;|v bm |_;bu rѴ u-Ѵ =oulvĺ 1.

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$_; uo-v|;7 | o ōōōōōōōōō Ő]oov;ő -m7 |_u;;ōōōōōōōōō Ő| uh; ő =ou |_;bu ] ;v|vĺ $_; ōōōōōōōōō Ő|_b;=ő 0uoh; bm|o |_; v_or b|_o | - u-1ঞm] |_; - ;mঞom o= ōōōōōōōōōōō Őr-vv;uŊ0 őĺ $_; -]u;; |_-| |_;v; ;u; v|u-m]; ōōōōōōōōōōō Őr_;mol;momőĺ ; bmvbv|;7 |_-| -ѴѴ |_; 0oohv ;u; r | bm |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0oohv_;Ѵ=őĺ o l-m ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő0uo|_;uŊbmŊѴ- ő 7o o _- ;ĵ $_;u; -u; v; ;u-Ѵ ]oo7 ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō Ő ol-m 7o1|ouő bm |_bv _ovrb|-Ѵĺ o0 0uo ]_| l; - =; ōōōōōōōōōōō Ő_-m7= Ѵő o= Yo ;uv ;v|;u7- ĺ

_oov; |_; 1ouu;1| ;u0ĺ 1.

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- Ѵ; -vņ ;u; u-bv;7 om |_bv =-ul -m7 voѴ7 bm |_; |o m -| - _b]_ rub1;ĺ $_; &mb|;7 "|-|;v 1omvbv|vņ1omvbv| o= ƔƏ v|-|;vĺ oѴbঞ1v bvņ-u; - 1olrѴb1-|;7 0 vbm;vvĺ bm; Ѵ;-|_;u ]oo7v bvņ-u; voѴ7 bm |_bv v_orĺ There is/are some refreshments over there. Help yourselves. $_; roѴb1; -vņ ;u; mo| -0Ѵ; |o Cm7 -m 1Ѵ ; |o |_; 1ubl;ĺ $_; m; v ; u;1;b ;7 ;v|;u7- -vņ ;u; ;u ]oo7ĺ

GENERAL REVIEW

9

!;-7 |_; bmv|u 1ঞomv -m7 ; -lrѴ;v -m7 -77 lou; ; -lrѴ;v =ou ;-1_ b|;lĺ oѴѴ;1ঞ ; mo mv Ő|;-lķ =-lbѴ ķ ;|1ĺő 1-m |-h; ;b|_;u - vbm] Ѵ-u ou rѴ u-Ѵ ;u0ĺ b ; vol; ; -lrѴ; v;m|;m1;v -m7 ; rѴ-bm |_; 7b@;u;m1;ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 2. ;u|-bm mo mv -u; -Ѵ - v rѴ u-Ѵ -m7 |-h; - rѴ u-Ѵ ;u0Ĺ roѴb1;ķ 1Ѵo|_;vķ ;|1ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 3. -ul;m|vķ |ooѴv -m7 bmv|u l;m|v 1omvbvঞm] o= | o r-u|vĹ r-m|vķ rѴb;uvķ ;|1ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 4. $ ;Ѵ ; mo mv ;m7bm] bm f or fe 7uor |_; f or fe -m7 -77 ŋ ;v. olrѴ;|; |_; Ѵbv|Ĺ sheaf, calf, ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 5. o mv ;m7bm] bm o -77 ŋv or ŋ;vĹ a. photos; b. tomatoes.

-ĺōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 0ĺ ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō 1.

VERBS WITH AND WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS

10 olrѴ;|; |_; v;m|;m1;v 0 vbm] |_; ;u0v bm |_; Ѵbv| bm |_; 1ouu;1| =oulĺ 77 - ru;rovbঞom b= m;1;vv-u ĺ 1.

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126

1 ōōōōōōōōōōō l 0uo|_;uĺ $_; ;77bm] -v Ѵ-v| " m7- ĺ ); _- ; - ]oo7 u;Ѵ-ঞomv_br bm |_; Culĺ 1-m ōōōōōōōōōōōō l r-u|m;uvĺ ); l v| ōōōōōōōōōōōōō o u rѴ-mv =ou 1_-m]bm] v1_ooѴvĺ $_; |u-bm ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ;Ѵ]u-7; mo ĺ -u ōōōōōōōōōōōōōō v om rѴ- oul ѵĺ $_; -u; | bm vbv|;uvķ 0 | |_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō ;-1_ o|_;u -| -ѴѴĺ $_; ōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōōō | o ]uo rv |o rѴ- oѴѴ; 0-ѴѴĺ )_;m -1h ōōōōōōōōōōōōō |_; uoolķ ; ;u 0o7 v|orr;7 |-Ѵhbm] -m7 Ѵooh;7 -| _blĺ

7bv1 vv enter 7b b7; rely marry u;v;l0Ѵ; Őmo|ő approach wait

Unit 2 LISTENING

VICTORIA FALLS

!;-7 |_; |; | -m7 CѴѴ bm |_; ]-r b|_ |_; 1ouu;1| ru;rovbঞom Ő-ķ 0 ou 1őĺ $_;m Ѵbv|;m |o |_; |; | -m7 1_;1h o u -mv ;uvĺ

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Track 8

a. in a. to a. for a. to a. of -ĺ bm a. about a. across a. to -ĺ mঞѴ

b. from b. from b. about b. at b. by 0ĺ o= b. from b. over b. over 0ĺ om

c. to c. at c. on c. on c. about 1ĺ -[;u c. for c. on c. into 1ĺ =uol

"1oমv_ lbvvbom-u -m7 =-lo v ; rѴou;u o= =ub1-ķ - b7 b bm]v|om;ķ -v |_; Cuv| uor;-m _o 7bv1o ;u;7 |_bv - ;Ŋbmvrbubm] -|;u=-ѴѴ bm ƐѶƔƔķ 7 ubm] _bv fo um; ōōōōō ŐƐő |_; rr;u ,-l0; b ōōōōō ŐƑő |_; lo |_ o= |_; ub ;uĺ b bm]v|om; _-7 0;;m |oѴ7 ōōōōō Őƒő |_; =-ѴѴv 0;=ou; _; u;-1_;7 |_;l =uol rub ;u -m7 r-77Ѵ;7 -1uovv ōōōōō ŐƓő om; o= | o Ѵ-m7 l-vv;v bm |_; lb77Ѵ; o= |_; ub ;uķ _b1_ bv mo 1-ѴѴ;7 b bm]v|om; vѴ-m7ĺ ; _-7 ru; bo vѴ 0;;m blru;vv;7 ōōōōō ŐƔő -mo|_;u =-ѴѴv = u|_;u rv|u;-lķ 0 | =o m7 |_; m; =-ѴѴv l 1_ lou; blru;vvb ;ķ -m7 ]- ; |_;l |_;bu m]Ѵbv_ m-l; ōōōōō Őѵő _omo u o= ;;m (b1|oub-ĺ

oѴ lmv o= vru- 1-m 0; v;;m ōōōōōŐƕő lbѴ;v - - -v lou; |_-m C ; _ m7u;7 lbѴѴbom 1 0b1 l;|u;v o= -|;u r;u lbm |; =-ѴѴōōōōō ŐѶő |_; ;7]; _b1_ bv m;-uѴ | o hbѴol;|u;v b7;ķ ōōōō ŐƖő - ]ou]; o ;u om; _ m7u;7 l;|u;v 0;Ѵo ĺ $_; -|;u=-ѴѴ -v u-u;Ѵ bvb|;7 0 r;orѴ; ōōōōōō ŐƐƏő ƐƖƏƔķ _;m - u-bѴ - -v 1omv|u 1|;7ĺ

MINI QUIZ

12

$_;u; -u; 7b@;u;m| m-l;v =ou |_; ]uo rv bm _b1_ vol; -mbl-Ѵv Ѵb ;ĺ ou ; -lrѴ;Ĺ Ѵo| o= 1o v |o];|_;u l-h; - _;u7ĺ )bѴ7 7o]v Ѵb ; bm r-1hvĺ ooh -| |_; rb1| u;v -m7 1olrѴ;|; |_;v; v;m|;m1;vĺ 1. $_; ōōōōōōōōōō -u; 0b] -mbl-Ѵvĺ $_; ;-| b|_ |_; _;Ѵr o= |_;bu Ѵom] |u mhvĺ $_; r-1h o= Ļ Ѵb ; bm ōōōōōōōōōōĺ 2. $_; ōōōōōōōō -u; 0b] 1-|vĺ $_; -u; ru;7-|ouv |_-| Ѵb ; bm v- -mm-_v bm ōōōōōōōōōōōōĺ 3. -m ōōōōōōōō vr;1b;v lb]u-|; |o -ul;u 1Ѵbl-|;v 7 ubm] |_; bm|;uĺ $_; Y bm v1_ooѴ o= Ļ ōōōōōōōĺ 4. $_; ōōōōōōōōō Ѵb ; bm =ou;v|v -m7 -u; ;u 7-m];uo v -mbl-Ѵvķ ;vr;1b-ѴѴ _;m |_; -rr;-u bm ōōōōōōōōōĺ 5. ōōōōōōōōōō 1-m 0; =o m7 bm =u;v_ -m7 v-Ѵ| -|;uvĺ +o 1-m v;; - ōōōōōōōōō o= |_;l bm 1Ѵ;-u -|;uĺ

_;u7 o= Ļ

rub7; o= Ļ

Yo1h o= Ļ

The answers are on page 163.

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