L7AU_Space Efficiency

s3309488_Muhammad Zharif Rafiq Bin Rozlan

Damien Thackray

ASIAN URBANISM

Exercise 1

CONTENT 1. URBAN ISSUE + THEME 001 NON-WESTERN MODERNITY 002 GLOBALIZATION 003 ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURES 004 TOYKO VOID 005 CONTEMPORARY VENACULARS 006 TYPOLOGIES & CIVIC IDENTITY 007 SUSTAINABILITY

NON- WESTERN MODERNITY

Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque, 2009, Kumpulan Senireka Sdn Bhd Religious building Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin Mosque is sacred building known colloquially as the Iron Mosque proclaims the presence and strength of Islamic architecture in Malaysia.

Unlike many of its predecessor which widely exploit the use of timber and stone, a modern interpretation of Islamic architecture, its 24m-high facade characterizes a purist steel structure with typical geometric ornamentation. Traditional mosques were enclosed with intricate ornamentation from the façade expressing arc and dome like sructure and tall minaret, to its interior such as the Taj Mahal or the Sultan Ahmed Mosque.

Simplified pattern with stainless steel spiral mesh to allows natural ventilation and openness emphasizing one of the design intention not to only become a place for worship, but also a place for learning and teaching, and hence multifunctional space. The Iron Mosque combines traditional religiousness with a contemporary sense of identity with its own design vocabulary and functional aesthetic.

­ Taj Mahal and Sultan Ahmed Mosque with intricate ornamentation and usage of timber and stone.

­ Iron Mosque with 70% steel of structure and typical geometric facade.

­ Traditional mosque largly expressing arc and dome like structure with small opening giving privacy for the prayers.

­ Iron Mosque simplified facade allows natural

air ventilation and emphasizing the openness of Islamic religion but still provides the prayers privacy.

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 10 March 2015 1. http://www.archello.com/en/project/tuanku-mizan-zainal-abidin-mosque 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuanku_Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_Mosque

GLOBALISM

URBAN ECONOMIES : TOKYO

Gae House, 2003 Atelier Bow-wow Residential House

LVMH Shinsaibashi Building, 2004 Kange Kuma Office Boutique

Gae House is one of the urban mushrooms that bloom during the post-bubble period with its simple, ordinary palette of materials, the wooden structure and corrugated metal cladding.

Kengo Kuma’s was known for his approach to diverse and experimental materials, and one of his projects was the Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LH) building in Osaka. A particularly innovative use of stone where the façade is composed of translucent onyx sheets sandwiched between glass plates. However, similarly as other Louis Vuitton boutique such as the Namiki Ginza Boutique and Matsuya Ginza Boutique, the intricate effort to juxtapose old and new materials seems to be undermining by the fact of these branding are more well known. People are more likely to recognize these buildings as the “Louis Vuitton new building” rather than another architectural novelty. The economic factor that promote the brand upfront the building blurred the intricate effort of the architect.

The aftermath of globalization is when the downturn of economy, Japan experience their longest ressesion where land value became very expensive and started to breed these small or “mushroom” architecture.

With small efficient space planning and simple material and structure.

However its an unfortunate trend as most of their lifespan are rather short between 3 - 5 years. Distributed into three levels, and each space clearly defines their respective function without much use of walls. Playing with openingps of windows to allow lights delineate the private and public part of the building.

­ Namiki Ginza

­ Matsuya ­ Mushroom shape that maximise the roof space

a

ob Gl

n

tio

a liz

do

wn

­ Void connecting space of study and sun room

$

tur

n

$ As the economy in downturn pattern, the price of land became very expensive

$

$ Oblique View to exterior

$

Ginza Boutique

LVMH Shinsaibashi the use of stone and glass facade

Intricate proccess of material detailing

$

­ The by product of branding design

Living and Dining

Sun

Sleep

Study

­ isual and spatial connection V of a room within a room

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 17 March 2015

1. Bognár, B. (2008). Beyond the bubble. London: Phaidon Press.

2. Phaidon Atlas, (2015). Gae House. [online] Available at: http://phaidonatlas.com/ building/gae-house/627 [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015].

oh! a new louis vuiton boutique, nicee.. lets go shopping!!

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 17 March 2015

1. Bognár, B. and Kuma, K. (2009). Material immaterial. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

2. Bognár, B. (2008). Beyond the bubble. London: Phaidon Press.

3. kengo kuma and associates, (2015). LVMH Osaka. [online] Available at: http:// kkaa.co.jp/works/architecture/lvmh-osaka/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015].

TOKYO VOID

CONTEMPORARY VERNACULAR

N House , 2008 Sou Fujimoto Residential House

Cassia Co-op Training Centre, 2011 TYIN Tegnestue Architects Training Facility

The N House particularly question the idea of the streets and houses being separated by a single wall, and wondered that this urban void between the street and the house might be a design possibility. The house itself is comprised of three shells of progressive size nested inside one another with the outermost shell covers the entire premises. Thus, the N House sort of created an illusion as if house was built all the way towards the street boundary. This avoid the creation of unuse urban void surrounding the typical housing but gave the opportunity to have a private garden within the housing perimeter.

Looking back to the history of this region of indonesia, it is responsible for 85% of the global production of cinnamon.

Interesteningly, built mainly with locally crafted bricks and the trunk of the cinnamon trees, the Cassia Co-op Training Center has impressively withstand several earthquakes reaching over five on the Ritchers scale.

Its vernacular and pragmatic planning and design proves that seperating different building components with different material frequency is essential.

In addition, its simple use of cinnamon as shading device for their unique openings provides natural ventilation and the nature of belonging to its vernacular background.

­ Cinnamon shading windows and pragmatic collumn design

Sou Fujimoto N House

Urban Void outside

Different frequency material

rubble stone courtyard concrete brick pave concrete local red brick wall

inside

inside & outside

In comparison with the conventional housing

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 24 March 2015

1. ArchDaily,. ‘House N / Sou Fujimoto’. N.p., 2011. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.

2. Frearson, Amy. ‘House N By Sou Fujimoto Architects - Dezeen’. Dezeen. N.p., 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.

When the earthquake come, the building disperse its force avoiding any destruction

The seperation between the wall and the woof also support the dispersion of earthquake force

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 24 March 2015

1. designboom | architecture & design magazine,. ‘TYIN Tegnestue Architects: Cassia Coop Training Centre’. N.p., 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.

2. Tyinarchitects.com,. ‘Cassia Co-Op Training Centre | TYIN Tegnestue Architects’. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Mar. 2015.

TYPOLOGIES + CIVIC IDENTITY

SUSTAINABILITY

Fuji Kindergarten, 2007 Tezuka Architects Kindergarten

The Green School, Bali, 2008 John & Cynthia Hardy Educational Building

Designed to facilitate play and child development, i found the Fuji Kindergarten is a very sucessful project that encourage children to explore and discovers. Unlike other kindergarten typology, the oval shaped open plan enclosed the playing area in the centre and the inwards sloped roof deck allows the staff at ground level to keep an eye on children playing up above. This allows flexibility and safety to the children Conventional kindergarten seperates the learning and the playing area, but the Fuji Kindergarten fuse the two by inserting three trees embedded into the building as a form of playingfeature. Children can climb the nets that prevented them from falling into the rooms below or clamber in the branches. Its additional building that was built around a tree further emphasis its intention.

The Green School Bali is one of the most sustainable building constructed primarily from renewable resources and the production of their own energy through solar and hydro power. Interestingly is the manipulation of the bamboo material as decorations, furnitures, utensils and even structure. Bamboo are flexible, fast growing and low carbon emission.

They’re able to bend and used to construct complex architecture. The wide usage of this material within the school support the idea of bamboo as the future renewable material replacing concrete as building material.

Above all, the school focuses on sustainability education. Students are thought how to lives in a sustainable environment by producing their own food, build their own shelter or even playing in the mud. Without much use of technology, the school has succsessfully apply the idea of sustainable living. Once again, provoke the idea wether is this the system or way of living in the future.

Wide use of bamboo and renewable resources.

Solarpower

learning space

play space Conventional kindergarten

???

Hydro power

play & learning vs

Bamboo architecture

Mud play

Fuji Kindergarten

food growing Sustainable system

building shelter

Relation between the tree and the building Is this how the future will look like.

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 31 March 2015 1. Architonic,. ‘Fuji Kindergarten’. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.

2. Archi-europe.com,. ‘Archi-Europe’. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.

Muhammad Rozlan, s3309488, 31 March 2015 1. Greenschool.org,. ‘Green School Bali’. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.

2. Wikipedia,. ‘The Green School (Bali)’. N.p., 2015. Web. 29 Mar. 2015.

Exercise 2

Hong Kong is known for its high density of skyscrapers urban form and population. Unlike other cities, especially in the Kowloon area, it is continuously compact throughout the urban region as intended in the government’s tight land regulation policy and investment in a series of new towns to accomodate their growing population.

Sham Shui Po

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Figure Ground Mapping

Kwun Tong

Connected by roads and complex transportation system, the city also consist of walkway network which allow pedestrian to travel within the city without even touching the ground. This features are particularly important for the city rapid movement of working culture.

Sham Shui Po

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Movement Mapping

Kwun Tong

In relation between the density and the movement of people, the city are made of different types of apartment blocks that most of these blocks are spatialy connected to one another or via a podium and pedestrian bridge. The three main block type are the perimeter block, star-shaped block and the mixed high-rise blocks.

Sham Shui Po

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Urban Block Mapping

Urban Block Mapping Kwun Tong

The perimeter blocks are a several condensed apartments block split into two servicing alley just for ventilation and light. Public space is squeezed in where possible and small pocket parks in the rare gaps. Mainly occupied by elderly people or poor migrants families.

Some comprise of a very small space as small as 2 sqm bedroom that contribute to the high density blocks.

This star-shaped block also known as pencil blocks by locals marks the skyline of many central areas. Reaching to 35 storeys in height, they share one single podium with well-designed public open spaces at ground level and active streetfront. The pencil tower are spesifically planned to maximise efficiency.

Urban Block Study

The mixed high-rise block form, where 30-storey towers co-habit with lower buildings along a distorted grid street pattern, generates some of the densest typologies in Hong Kong, with both residential and commercial activities that have come together over different time periods.

1940s - 1,600,000 beginning of Japanese Occupation

1980s - 5,109,812 end of touch base policy,increase illegal immigrants from China

before 1900s - <300,000 population count mainly in Hong Island and Kowloon Peninsula.

1950s - 2,200,000 modern Hong Kong under British Rule

Denstiy Growth Study

2000s - 7,071,576 Modern Hong Kong under Chinese Rule

1945s - 500,000 end of Japanese occupation

Sham Shui Po

Movement vs Verticality Mapping

Mapping the movement of people in Kowloon, influenced by the city blocks, transportation system and complex pedestrian walkways.

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Kwun Tong

Sham Shui Po

Movement vs Density Relation

This relationship between the density and the pedestrian movement shows that alongside the harbour cities with the perimeter blocks and star-shaped blocks are the highest density area. Three factors are retained within this study in respective and relation which is the geographic area; the effect of the lateral vibrations of the platform on which pedestrians walk.

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Kwun Tong

Sham Shui Po

Whampoa, Kowloon City

Movement vs Density Study

Kwun Tong

Through the section explain the linear relationship between the movement and density. The higher density area such as Sham Shui po, Kowloon City and Kwun Tong reflects the extreme activity around those area.

Exercise 3

The “pillars of education” are incorporated in the complex. They accommodate the classrooms and support the institute. They join together to merge into the “aerial city” that provides services and quieter places.

In this way, the Design Institute includes the operational components between the sky and the ground, a complex that is typical of Hong Kong.

Study Building The Hong Kong Design Institute enabled the base to be transformed into a large public space for interaction and the exchange of ideas, an urban space of which the key role is to encourage meetings and relaxation and to provide a natural green space. Hence connectivity to the city appears virtually natural.

How can educational building open itself up to the outside world whilst still retaining the exclusivity and intellectual protection required to produce the best design in the most efficient way?

Issue Hong Kong has been known for its high density population and compact urban architecture. Which maximizing the usage of space by optimum design planning and stacking method. Particularly in residential, the pencil towers are some of Hong Kong iconic urban character of modular residential apartments stacked on top on another in simplified star shaped planning that is to be the most efficient way of space planning.

For commercial buildings, they are mostly bulking open planned towers that fit its purpose as collaborative working space. Yet again, it is consider as efficient as it allows co-workers to work within the same space within the same building in a small amount of travelling time to get the job done faster. However, for educational buildings, where a place that allow the participant to explore, learn and create, the institute must offer an “infrastructure” capable of producing design and of connecting it to the outside world.

Topic Issue + Study Building

Land Used x 100% ~ Total Land Area

190km2 x 100% 1,104km2

Hong Kong Land Usage Efficiency

Total Population - 7,234,800

Total Land Area - 1,104km2

Land Used - 190km2 = 18%

Perimeter Block.

With buildings around the outside facing the street and small plot size with mix of joined and individual podium level.

Hong Kong is highly efficient in its town planning and building design as it only use about 18% of their total land area.

Density vs Capacity = Efficiency

30-storey towers of mainly commercial programs with bulky blocks open plan to maximise efficiency in term of workspace area.

Density = 129,442pp/km2

Density = 211,457pp/km2

Multiple Divided Block.

Each development of large block podium The mixed high-rise block form, where and tall towers.

pencil blocks reachs to 40 storeys in height. The pencil tower are spesifically planned to maximise efficiency for residential units.

Pencil Tower Block.

Single block podium combined with a Star-shaped block also known as similar or modular tower block.

convenietly spacious; a place for focuses task 7.7m2 per person

commercial

In a comparison between three main typology, which is residential, commercial and educational, each of them represent different type of spatial qualities. In which the planning of each type would determined the efficiency of space provided against the number of people occupiying the space respective to its programs.

compact; a place to change, rest and sleep 4.7m2 per person

residential

Type Spatial Qualities

widely spacious; a place for exploration and 10.4m2 per person

educational

Chu

g Rd

i Lin

Apartments Blocks

Rd

King Ling

t

S Yin

t To

Located in one of the highest density area, Sai Kung District, Tiu Keng Leng area, is pack with high rise apartment towers and several open space area for future development on the south side near the seaside.

g Ton

Po Yap R d

Future developments

Po

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Site Context

n g Yin S

Apartments Blocks

•Official Opening: 25 November 2010 •Architects: Coldefy & Associes Architect •Project: The Hong Kong Design Institute •Location: Sai Kung District, Tiu Keng Leng area, HK Island, Hong Kong, China •Area: 42 000 m² •Capacity: 4000 students

HONG KONG DESIGN INSTITUTE

These towers became the connection between the earth and the sky city.

The gradient frontage bringing green open space above the podium encourage social interaction.

Connected via bridges to ease accessibility between podium level.

Pillars of Education

Extrusion of ot the towers represent the four pillars of learning; -learning to know -learning to do -learning be -learning to live together

Splitting the podium to create semi private space and multiple direct access to the ground floor facilities.

Earth

Design Parameter

Open atrium made in in the middle and around each tower to allow natural ventilation within the sky city.

Each sides are open its view towards the surrounding providing natural lighting.

Sky City

Comprise of two levels, the sky city expanded and cantilevered providing cover for the podium level.

Within the three part of the design, it differs in program and floor areas.

Earth level, with the most floor area coverage poviding program such as recreational space and auditorium.

Pillars level, comprise of the least floor area and act as the lift core, stairs and services along with offices.

Sky City level, provide the median floor areas as libraries, galleries and studios

5750.2m2 8223.9m2 8528.0m2

1279.7m2 1279.7m2 2116.9m22 6602.0m2 7871.9m 2659.2m2 2659.2m2 2659.2m2 2659.2m2 2659.2m2

Floors Composition

L12 L11 L10 L9 L8 L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 GF

The different components of the buildings are connected vertically by elevators and open stairs along with one of the 60m longest escelator in Hong Kong connecting the ground floor to the second floor and 9th floor.

Circulation

L12 L11 L10 L9 L8 L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 GF

Another main features of the institute is thier diagrid structual system. Acting as the main structure to support the wide overhanging part of the building and also allows more efficient open planned space area.

Structural Features

L12 L11 L10 L9 L8 L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 GF

Workshops and labs

Partition studio spaces

The Sky City elevated from the ground created this mix of private spatial qualities. An open discussion area around the corridor and the pillars towers, Workshops and labs within the pillars itself and several more private space within the partitioned studios spaces.

Efficient mix of space that allows creative ideas to develop within a comfortable space.

Sky City Plan

Open discussion space

Services and cores

At the podium level, open space and facilites encourages social interaction.

Social Interaction

Exploded Composition

The exploded axonometry explain how the overall building components connects to each other and their relationship within the design.

Sectional perspective showing the cross ventilation features from the composition of the design allowing a vibrant opening on the podium level.

Natural Ventilation

Plot area of 16392.0m2 Total Floor area 42 000m2 4000 students

Plot area of 3908.9m2 Total Floor area 50 198m2 2250 people

5436.0m2 typical floor area 200 to 100 people per floor

Hong Kong Design Institue

1167.4m2 typical floor area 57 to 40 people per floor

Choi Ming Court

Context Comparison

14.0m2 to 10.4m2 per person

10.0m2 to 4.7m2 per person

In overall conclusion, this project successfully met the requirement of efficient space planning of Hong Kong.

These spatial qualities versus the spatial quality of a typical Hong Kong apartment, which is compact and dense, Hong Kong Design Institute successfully proove that in doesnt require a tall tower to provide more space for more people. Its structural system also contributes to its ability to provide more efficient space by reducing the area required of the common collumn grid system, instead it apply large span of diagrid system.

Based on the study in understanding how the building works and in comparison with its context building, Hong Kong Design Institute represent a successfull educational building. Its very efficient in providing generous space for learning along with bringing the outdoor into the building. Its an example of compact but spacious education building. Its elevated sky city contributes to its privacy and quiet place for focus learning. The various spatial qualities within this project makes create a vibrant learning environment.

CONCLUSION

Lsecities.net,. ‘Mapping Social Determinants | Articles | LSE Cities’. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 June 2015.

Lsecities.net,. ‘High Density From The Ground | Articles | LSE Cities’. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 June 2015.

Lsecities.net,. ‘Hong Kong’S Spatial DNA | Articles | LSE Cities’. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 June 2015.

Berg, Nate. ‘Hong Kong, The City Without Ground’. CityLab. N.p., 2012. Web. 19 June 2015.

Caau.fr,. ‘Hong Kong Design Institute’. N.p., 2015. Web. 19 June 2015.

Dezeen,. ‘Hong Kong Design Institute By CAAU - Dezeen’. N.p., 2011. Web. 19 June 2015.

ArchShowcase,. ‘The Hong Kong Design Institute In Hong Kong, China By Coldefy & Associes Architectes’. N.p., 2011. Web. 19 June 2015.

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