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Programátorské standardy uvedené v této knize se soustředí na rychlý vývoj kvalitního kódu v C++ a jsou výtažkem získaným ze zkušeností velké komunity programátorů v C++. Většina technik zde popsaných bývala dříve k dispozici pouze kousek po kousku, roztroušená po různých zdrojích a často dostupná a předávaná pouze ústně. Dva zkušení autoři si vytýčili za cíl shromáždit podstatné a zásadní kousky zkušeností generací programátorů do stručné, jasné a přístupné sady pravidel. Špatný kód můžete samozřejmě napsat kdykoliv, v tom vám nezabrání sebelepší kniha, jazyk ani metodika. Kvalitní programátorské standardy ovšem utvářejí správné návyky a disciplínu – v tom je jejich pravý smysl. Jakmile se naučíte těmto základům, otevře se vám cesta o něco blíže k programátorské dokonalosti. Žádné zkratky neexistují – pokud chcete psát poezii, musíte se nejprve naučit gramatice. Doufáme, že tato kniha vám cestu k vrcholu programátorské dovednosti usnadní. Kniha C++ 101 programovacích technik je určena programátorům všech úrovní. Pokud s C++ teprve začínáte, bude se vám kniha hodit jako přehled výrazových prostředků, které C++ přirozeným způsobem podporuje. U každého postupu naleznete podrobné vysvětlení, takže se můžete vydat cestou porozumění a nespoléhat se na svoji paměť. Pokročilejším programátorům nabízí kniha u každého pravidla navíc obsáhlý seznam odkazů na další literaturu, díky nimž se můžete pustit hlouběji do poznávání zákulisí jazyka C++.
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Pod tímto logem vycházejí publikace určené pro každého vážného zájemce o práci s počítačem. Od ryze praktických příruček a průvodců až po komplexní publikace o všem, co potřebuje grafik, webdesignér, vývojář či programátor při každodenní práci. Na slevy, které můžete získat, a vydavatelský plán, v němž vedle knih domácích odborníků najdete celou řadu titulů světově uznávaných autorů, se informujte na adrese vydavatelství. Věrným čtenářům je určen výhodný PRÉMIOVÝ PLUS PROGRAM.
www.zoner.cz
C++
Sutter Alexandrescu
101 programovacích technik
ZONER software, s.r.o. významný producent software v oblasti digitální fotografie, počítačové grafiky a multimédií, poskytovatel internetových služeb, souvisejících s prezentací na internetu a e-komercí, a nakladatelství odborné literatury.
© Foto: Jiří Heller, www.heller.cz Fotografie z nabídky fotobanky HELLER.CZ
C++
C++ 101 programovacích technik
Herb Sutter a Andrei Alexandrescu
programovacích technik
© Foto: Jiří
Heller
KATALOGOVÉ ČÍSLO: ZR503
ISBN 80-86815-28-5
Zoner Press tel.: 532 190 883 fax: 543 257 245 e-mail: knihy@zoner.cz http://www.zonerpress.cz ZONER software, s.r.o., Nové sady 18/583, 602 00 Brno
101
Herb Sutter Andrei Alexandrescu 9 7 8 8 0 8 6
8 1 5 2 8 2
www.zonerpress.cz
C++ In Depth Series • Bjarne Stroustrup
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1żFENMVWB
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ƤBEB QSBWJEFM W UPNUP J OÃTMFEVKÎDÎN PEEÎMV TF [BCÝWÃ TQSÃWPV [ÃWJTMPTUÎ LUFSÃ KF KFEOÎN [F [ÃLMBEOÎDI UÊNBU TPѫXBSPWÊIP JOßFOÝSTUWÎ B T OÎß TF W LOJ[F TFULÃUF KFØULJ NOPIPLSÃU 4DIWÃMOLJ TJ [LVTUF WZCBWJU MJCPWPMOPV EPCSPV QSPHSBNÃUPSTLPV UFDIOJLV "Ǭ Vß KTUF TJ WZCSBMJ KBLPVLPMJW CVEF TF TQSÃWZ [ÃWJTMPTUÎ OLJKBLÝN [QDzTPCFN UÝLBU %LJEJǁOPTU 4OÎßFOÎ [ÃWJTMPTUJ LÓEV QTBOÊIP QSP QSÃDJ T CÃ[PWPV UǥÎEPV OB TLVUFǁOLJ QPVßJUÊN QPUPNLPWJ CÃ[PWÊ UǥÎEZ m KF MJ LÓE OBQTÃO QSP QSÃDJ T UǥÎEPV " B UǥÎEB # KF QPUPNLFN UǥÎEZ " NDzßF LÓE CF[ QSPCMÊNDz QSBDPWBU J T # 4OÎßFOÎ QPǁUV HMPCÃMOÎDI QSPNLJOOÝDI ;NFOØFOÎ QPǁUV OFQǥÎKFNOÝDI [ÃWJTMPTUÎ W[OJLMÝDI EÎLZ ØJSPDF WJEJUFMOÝN QSPNLJOOÝN "CTUSBLDF 0ETUSBOLJOÎ [ÃWJTMPTUÎ NF[J LÓEFN LUFSÝ QSBDVKF T LPODFQ UZ B LÓEFN KFOß LPODFQUZ JNQMFNFOUVKF 4LSÝWÃOÎ JOGPSNBDÎ 6WPMOLJOÎ LMJFOUB PE [ÃWJTMPTUJ OB JNQMFNFOUBǁOÎDI QPESPCOPTUFDI FOUJUZ ;ÃWJTMPTUJ TF EBKÎ [WMÃEOPVU OBQǥÎLMBE WZIÝCÃOÎN TF TEÎMFOÝN EBUDzN QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP QPNPDÎ TLSÝWÃOÎ JOGPSNBDÎ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP B QPNP DÎ NOPIB EBMØÎDI UFDIOJL $FOV [B OFKVßJUFǁOLJKØÎ QSBWJEMP UPIPUP PEEÎMV [ÎTLÃWÃ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP 4QSÃWOPTU KFEOPEVDIPTU B ǁJUFMOPTU QǥFEFWØÎN
+FEOB FOUJUB KFEOB [PEQPWŞEOPTU 4ISOVUÓ 4PVTUǥFDŽUF TF WßEZ OB KFEOV WLJD 4OBßUF TF BCZ LBßEÃ FOUJUB QSPNLJOOÃ UǥÎEB GVOLDF KNFOOÝ QSPTUPS NPEVM OFCP LOJIPWOB NLJMB KFEOV QǥFTOLJ VSǁFOPV GVOLDJ &OUJUZ QǥJSP[FOLJ SPTUPV B SP[TBI KFKJDI [PEQPWLJEOPTUJ TF SP[ØJǥVKF OFNLJM CZ TF PWØFN PEDIÝMJU PE QPǁÃUFǁOÎIP TNLJSV
%JTLVTF ƤÎLà TF ßF EPCSà NZØMFOLB CZ NLJMB KÎU WZKÃEǥJU KFEOPV WLJUPV 4 QSPHSBNZ KF UP TUFKOÊ m LBßEà FOUJUB QSPHSBNV CZ NLJMB NÎU KFEFO KBTOLJ EBOÝ ÙǁFM &OUJUB T WÎDF OFß KFEOÎN ÙǁFMFN TF WFMNJ ULJßLP QPVßÎWà m OFM[F ǥÎDJ ßF CZ TMPßJUPTU FOUJUZ CZMB QSPTUÝN TPVǁUFN TMPßJUPTUJ WØFDI KFKÎDI ǁÃTUÎ B KFKJDI DIZC 4MPßFOà FOUJUB KF PCWZLMF [CZUFǁOLJ WFMLà ULJßLP TF QPVßÎWà B KFO PCUÎßOLJ KJ KEF [OPWV QPVßÎU 4MPßFOÊ FOUJUZ OBWÎD ǁBTUP QPTLZUVKÎ QSP LBßEPV [F TWÝDI TMVßFC OFWIPEOÊ SP[ISBOÎ QSPUPßF ǁÃTUFǁOÝ QǥFLSZW NF[J KFEOPUMJWÝNJ TMVßCBNJ FOUJUZ [ULJßVKF OÃWSI ǁJTUÊIP SP[ISBOÎ QSP LBßEPV TMVßCV [WMÃØǬ &OUJUZ QPTLZUVKÎDÎ WÎDF TMVßFC OBKFEOPV TF ULJßLP OBWSIVKÎ B JNQMFNFOUVKÎ 7ÎDF TMVßFC WLJUØJOPV [OBNFOà J WÎDF UWÃǥÎ FOUJUZ m NÊOLJ W[MFUOLJ ǥFǁFOP Nà MJ FOUJUB " QLJU NPßOÝDI TUBWDz B FOUJUB # EWB NPßOÊ TUBWZ FOUJUB QPTLZUVKÎDÎ GVOLDJPOBMJUV " J # [ÃSPWFǞ NDzßF OBCÝWBU EFTFUJ SDz[OÝDI TUBWDz %ÃWFKUF QSPUP QǥFEOPTU KFEOPÙǁFMPWÝN GVOLDÎN WJ[ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP NFOØÎN KFEOPÙ ǁFMPWÝN UǥÎEÃN B LPNQBLUOÎN NPEVMDzN T KBTOLJ EFêOPWBOÝNJ ISBOJDFNJ 4OBßUF TF WLJUØÎ BCTUSBLDF TUBWLJU [ NFOØÎDI OÎ[LPÙSPWǞPWÝDI BCTUSBLDÎ %ÃWFKUF TJ QP[PS BCZTUF [ OLJLPMJLB OÎ[LPÙSPWǞPWÝDI BCTUSBLDÎ OFVELJMBMJ KFO WLJUØÎ OÎ[LPÙSPWǞPWÝ TMFQFOFD /BQSPHSB NPWBU TMPßJUÝ NPEFM QPNPDÎ TLVQJOZ KFEOPEVDIÝDI NPEFMDz KF NOPIFN KFEOPEVØØÎ OFß ELJMBU UP OBPQBL
1żÓLMBEZ 1ǥÎLMBE SFBMMPD 7F TUBOEBSEOÎN $ FYJTUVKF GVOLDF UHDOORF LUFSà KF LMBTJDLÝN QǥÎLMBEFN ØQBUOLJ OBWSßFOÊ GVOLDF %LJMà QǥÎMJØ NOPIP WLJDÎ OBKFEOPV EPTUBOF MJ QBSBNFUS 18// BMPLVKF QBNLJǬ %PTUBOF MJ OVMPWPV WFMJLPTU VWPMǞVKF QBNLJǬ 1PLVE KF UP NPßOÊ TOBßÎ TF [OPWV BMPLP WBU OB NÎTULJ /FOÎ MJ UP NPßOÊ QǥFTVOF CMPL OB KJOÊ NÎTUP W QBNLJUJ /FEà TF TOBEOP SP[ØÎǥJU KEF P LMBTJDLPV DIZCV W OÃWSIV 1ǥÎLMBE CBTJD@TUSJOH 7F TUBOEBSEOÎN $
KF LMBTJDLPV VLÃ[LPV DIZCOÊIP NPOPMJUJDLÊIP OÃWSIV UǥÎEB VWG EDVLFBVWULQJ 5BUP UǥÎEB OBCÎ[Î QǥÎMJØ NOPIP GVOLDÎ LUFSÊ EP OÎ CZMZ QǥJEÃOZ QSPUPßF CZ CZMP IF[LÊ KF UBN NÎU 5ǥÎEB KF OLJDP KBLP LPOUFKOFS BMF [BTF OF UBL EPDFMB /FNDzßF TF SP[IPEOPVU NF[J QǥÎTUVQZ QPNPDÎ JOEFYDz B QǥÎTUVQZ QPNPDÎ JUFSÃUPSV ;DFMB [CZ UFǁOLJ JNQMFNFOUVKF NOPIP TUBOEBSEOÎDI BMHPSJUNDz B QPOFDIÃWÃ NÃMP NPßOPTUÎ L SP[ØÎǥFOÎ
3FGFSFODF <)FOOFZ B> r <)FOOFZ C> r <.D$POOFMM > f r <4USPVTUSVQ > f f f r<4VUUFS > f f f f r <4VUUFS > f r <4VUUFS > f
$
QSPHSBNPWBDÓDI UFDIOJL
4QSÈWOPTU KFEOPEVDIPTU B ŘJUFMOPTU QżFEFWÝÓN 4ISOVUÓ ,*44 ,FFQ *U 4JNQMF 4UVQJE BǬ KF UP DP OFKKFEOPEVØØÎ 4QSÃWOLJ KF MÊQF OFß SZDIMF ǁJUFMOLJ KF MÊQF OFß DIZUǥF CF[QFǁOLJ KF MÊQF OFß WǁBT WJ[ QSBWJEMB ǁÎTMP B
%JTLVTF )PEOPUV EPCSÊIP OÃWSIV B KBTOÊIP LÓEV M[F KFO TULJßÎ WZǁÎTMJU 5FO LEP TF CVEF P WÃØ LÓE TUBSBU OLJLEZ W CVEPVDOV WÃN [B TMVØOLJ OBQTBOÝ LÓE QPELJLVKF .DzßFUF W[ÎU KFE OB UP ßF UPVUP PTPCPV CVEFUF ǁBTUP WZ TBNJ B CVEFUF TF TOBßJU W[QPNFOPVU DP KTUF UP KFO QǥFE ØFTUJ NLJTÎDJ DIULJMJ POPV ǥÃELPV LÓEV ǥÎDJ 0EUVE QSBNFOÎ LMBTJDLà ÙTMPWÎ 1SPHSBNZ NVTÎ CÝU QTÃOZ QǥFEFWØÎN QSP MJEJ 5P ßF KF OBLPOFD WZLPOÃWBKÎ TUSPKF KF WFEMFKØÎ
m )BSPME "CFMTPO B (FSBME +BZ 4VTTNBO
1SPHSBNZ QJØUF OFKQSWF QSP MJEJ Bß QPUPN QSP QPǁÎUBǁF
m 4UFWF .D$POOFMM
/FKMFWOLJKØÎ OFKSZDIMFKØÎ B OFKTQPMFIMJWLJKØÎ ǁÃTUJ QPǁÎUBǁF KTPV UZ LUFSÊ W OLJN OFKTPV
m (PSEPO #FMM
$IZCLJKÎDÎ LVTZ KTPV LSPN UPIP OFKQǥFTOLJKØÎ OJLEZ OFVELJMBKÎ DIZCV OFKCF[QFǁOLJKØÎ OJLEP TF EP OJDI OFWMPNÎ B OFKKFEOPEVØØÎ DP TF OÃWSIV EPLVNFOUBDF B UFTUPWÃOÎ UÝLÃ +FEOPEVDIPTU KF KFEOPV [ OFKEDzMFßJULJKØÎDI WMBTUOPTUÎ OÃWSIV
m +PIO #FOUMFZ
.OPIP QSBWJEFM [ UÊUP LOJIZ QǥJSP[FOÝN [QDzTPCFN QPEQPSVKF OÃWSI B JNQMFNFOUBDJ LUFSÊ KF KFEOPEVDIÊ [NLJOJU 1ǥFIMFEOPTU KF [ÃLMBEOÎ WMBTUOPTUÎ QSPHSBNDz LUFSÊ Nà OLJLEP VESßPWBU B NLJOJU 1PLVE OLJǁFNV OFSP[VNÎUF KFO ULJßLP UP NDzßFUF T LMJEOÝN TWLJEPNÎN [NLJOJU "TJ OFKWLJUØÎ QOVUÎ TF W UÊUP PCMBTUJ WZTLZUVKF OB SP[ISBOÎ QǥFIMFEOPTUJ B SZDIMPTUJ LÓEV WJ[ QSB WJEMB ǁÎTMP B "ß WØJNOLJUF TJ ßF KTNF OFQPVßJMJ TMPWP QPLVE OB WÃT QǥJKEF QPLVØFOÎ PQUJNBMJ[PWBU OLJKBLÝ LÓE QǥFEǁBTOLJ OB SZDIMPTU NÎTUP ǁJUFMOPTUJ W[QPNFǞUF TJ OB QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP ǥÎLBKÎDÎ ßF KF NOPIFN KFEOPEVØØÎ VELJMBU [F TQSÃWOÊIP QSPHSBNV SZDIMÝ QSPHSBN OFß VELJMBU [ SZDIMÊIP QSPHSBNV QSPHSBN TQSÃWOÝ 7ZIÝCFKUF TF UFNOÝN [ÃLPVUÎN QPVßÎWBOÊIP KB[ZLB m QPVßJKUF OFKKFEOPEVØØÎ NPßOPV UFDIOJ LV LUFSà TF T ÙLPMFN WZQPǥÃEà FGFLUJWOLJ
/ÈWSI
1żÓLMBEZ 1ǥÎLMBE 7ZIÝCFKUF TF DIZUSÊNV QǥFULJßPWÃOÎ PQFSÃUPSDz ;OÃNF KFEOV (6* LOJIPWOV LUFSÃ TWÊ VßJWBUFMF OVUÎ QǥJEÃWBU PWMÃEBDÎ QSWFL F EP PLOB X QPNPDÎ WÝSB[V Z F 7J[ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP
1ǥÎLMBE 7 QBSBNFUSFDI LPOTUSVLUPSV EÃWFKUF QǥFE EPǁBTOÝNJ QSPNLJOOÝNJ QǥFEOPTU QP KNFOPWBOÝN QSPNLJOOÝN 7ZIOFUF TF NPßOÝN OFKBTOPTUFN W EFLMBSBDJ WÃØ LÓE CVEF ǁJUFM OLJKØÎ B UVEÎß VESßJUFMOLJKØÎ ,SPNLJ KJOÊIP KF QPVßJUÎ QPKNFOPWBOÝDI QSPNLJOOÝDI CF[QFǁOLJKØÎ WJ[ QSBWJEMB ǁÎTMP B
3FGFSFODF <"CFMTPO > r <#FOUMFZ > f r <$BSHJMM > QQ r <$MJOF > f r <$POTUBOUJOF > f r <,FĒFS > Q r <-BLPT > f f r <.D$POOFMM > r <.FZFST > f r <4USPVTUSVQ > f f f f f r <4VUUFS > f f r <4VUUFS > f
$
QSPHSBNPWBDÓDI UFDIOJL
1PVäÓWFKUF ÝLÈMPWBUFMOÏ BMHPSJUNZ B LPOTUSVLDF 4ISOVUÓ 1P[PS OB PCKFN [QSBDPWÃWBOÝDI EBU "OJß CZTUF TF QPVØULJMJ EP QǥFEǁBTOÊ PQUJNBMJ[BDF NLJMJ CZTUF TJ EÃWBU QP[PS OB BTZNQUPUJDLPV TMPßJUPTU "MHPSJUNZ OB [QSBDPWÃOÎ EBU CZ NLJMZ NÎU OLJ KBLPV SP[VNOPV JEFÃMOLJ OF IPSØÎ OFß MJOFÃSOÎ TMPßJUPTU W[IMFEFN L PCKFNV WTUVQOÎDI EBU 1PLVE KF PQUJNBMJ[BDF QSPLB[BUFMOLJ OFWZIOVUFMOÃ B [WMÃØULJ QPLVE PCKFN WTUVQOÎDI EBU SPTUF TPVTUǥFDŽUF TF TQÎØF OB QPETUBUOÃ WZMFQØFOÎ OFß OB NJLSPPQUJNBMJ[BDF W QPEPCLJ VØFUǥFOÎ KFEOÊ PQFSBDF TFǁUFOÎ UV B UBN
%JTLVTF 5PUP QSBWJEMP TF TOBßÎ QPVLÃ[BU OB QPUǥFCV SPWOPWÃIZ NF[J QSBWJEMFN ǁÎTMP /FPQUJNBMJ[VKUF QǥFEǁBTOLJ B QSBWJEMFN ǁÎTMP /FPQUJNBMJ[VKUF QP[ELJ /FOÎ ULJßLÊ VTPVEJU ßF QP WÃT WMBTUOLJ DIDFNF QǥFEǁBTOPV PQUJNBMJ[BDJ BMF UBL UP OFOÎ m QPEÎWFKNF TF OB WLJDJ USPØLV T PETUVQFN ,BQBDJUB EJTLDz J PQFSBǁOÎ QBNLJUJ SPTUF FYQPOFODJÃMOLJ /BQǥÎLMBE EJTLPWà LBQBDJUB W MFUFDI Bß SPTUMB SZDIMPTUÎ SPǁOLJ KJOÝNJ TMPWZ TF [B KFEOV EFLÃEV [WÝØJMB TLPSP EWPVUJTÎD LSÃU .PPSFDzW [ÃLPO ǥÎLà ßF WÝQPǁFUOÎ TÎMB SPTUF SZDIMPTUÎ [ISVCB SPǁOLJ [B EFTFU MFU TF UFEZ WÝLPO [ISVCB [FTUPOÃTPCÎ +FEOÎN [ QǥÎNÝDI EDzTMFELDz ULJDIUP QP[PSPWÃOÎ KF ßF BǬ Vß WÃØ LÓE EOFT ELJMà DPLPMJW [ÎUSB NDzßF ELJMBU UP TBNÊ OB WLJUØÎN PCKFNV EBU m OFTSPWOBUFMOLJ WLJU ØÎN PCKFNV EBU »QBUOÊ IPSØÎ OFß MJOFÃSOÎ BTZNQUPUJDLÊ DIPWÃOÎ BMHPSJUNV [OBNFOà ßF EǥÎWF OFCP QP[ELJKJ TZTUÊNV EPKEF EFDI TUBǁÎ EPTÃIOPVU VSǁJUÊIP LSJUJDLÊIP NOPßTUWÎ EBU +BL TF OLJǁFNV UBLPWÊNV VCSÃOJU 4UBǁÎ BCZDIPN TJ EÃWBMJ QP[PS B EP TZTUÊNV OFWFTUBWLJMJ ßÃE OÊ PNF[FOÎ LUFSÊ CZ IP UWÃǥÎ W UWÃǥ WLJUØÎN TPVCPSDzN PCKFNOLJKØÎN EBUBCÃ[ÎN WÎDF QJYFMDzN WÎDF PLODzN WÎDF QSPDFTDzN OFCP WÎDF CJUDzN QPTMBOÝN QP ESÃULJ QPMPßJMP OB MPQBULZ +FEOÎN [ WFMLÝDI ÙTQLJDIDz KB[ZLB $
KTPV [ÃSVLZ UÝLBKÎDÎ TF TMPßJUPTUJ BMHPSJUNDz B PQFSBDÎ WF TUBOEBSE OÎ ØBCMPOPWÊ LOJIPWOLJ ,EF BMF OBKÎU NÎSV 1ǥFEǁBTOÃ PQUJNBMJ[BDF QPNPDÎ NÊOLJ ǁJUFMOÊIP BMHPSJUNV [KFWOLJ OFNÃ TNZTM QPLVE KJ QSPWÃEÎUF LWDzMJ [WÝØFOÎ PCKFNV EBU LUFSÊ OJLEZ OFQǥJKEF 4UFKOLJ UBL BMF OFTNÎUF QSPQBEOPVU PQBǁOÊNV FYUSÊNV B [BWÎSBU PǁJ OBE QǥÎMJØ WZTPLPV BTZNQUPUJDLPV TMPßJUPTUÎ BMHP SJUNV .ÃNF QSP WÃT EWLJ SBEZ ;B QSWÊ +FØULJ OFß WDzCFD [BǁOFUF VWBßPWBU OBE NPßOÝN CVEPVDÎN PC KFNFN [QSBDPWÃWBOÝDI EBU TOBßUF TF WZIOPVU BMHPSJUNDzN LUFSÊ T SPTUPVDÎN PCKFNFN WTUVQ OÎDI EBU SZDIMF [USÃDÎ EFDI +FEJOPV WÝKJNLPV NPIPV CÝU BMHPSJUNZ LUFSÊ TJDF EFDI [USÃDÎ BMF OB BLUVÃMOÎ PCKFN EBU TUBǁÎ B KTPV WÝSB[OLJ ǁJUFMOLJKØÎ B QǥFIMFEOLJKØÎ OFß BMUFSOBUJWOÎ ǥFØFOÎ WJ[ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP 1ǥÎMJØ ǁBTUP TF TUÃWÃ ßF TF OFDIÃNF OBDIZUBU OB ØWFTULÃDI m OBQÎØFNF EFTFU LVTDz LÓEV EFTFULSÃU PEIBEOFNF ßF WTUVQOÎ EBUB OJLEZ OFCVEPV QǥÎMJØ PCKFNOÃ B EFWLJULSÃU TF USFGÎNF 7 EFTÃUÊN QǥÎQBELJ TF PWØFN OFUSFGÎNF LÓE EPTUBOF QǥÎMJØ NOPIP WTUVQOÎDI EBU B KF QSPCMÊN "OP TUBǁÎ [BKFU [B [ÃLB[OÎLFN B LÓE PQSBWJU KJTULJ CZ BMF CZMP MFQØÎ TJ QPEPCOÃ QǥFLWBQFOÎ VØFUǥJU 1PLVE TF UFEZ EWLJ ǥFØFOÎ TIPEVKÎ WF WØFN WǁFUOLJ ǁJUFMOPTUJ WZCÎSFKUF QPEMF OÃTMFEVKÎDÎDI LSJUÊSJÎ
/ÈWSI
r %ÃWFKUF QǥFE QPMJ QFWOLJ VSǁFOÊ WFMJLPTUJ QǥFEOPTU EZOBNJDLZ BMPLPWBOÝN QSPNLJO OÝN 1PMF P WFMJLPTUJ WLJUØÎ OFß LEZ CVEV QPUǥFCPWBU KTPV PCSPWTLÝN PNZMFN DP TF TQP MFIMJWPTUJ J CF[QFǁOPTUJ LÓEV UÝLÃ 7J[ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP 1PLVE KF OFKWZØØÎ NPßOÊ NOPß TUWÎ EBU [OÃNP W EPCLJ QǥFLMBEV QBL TBNP[ǥFKNLJ OFM[F QSPUJ QPMÎN OJD OBNÎUBU
r ;KJTULJUF TJ TLVUFǁOPV TMPßJUPTU QPTV[PWBOÝDI BMHPSJUNDz 1P[PS OB MJOFÃSOLJ WZIMÎßFKÎDÎ BM HPSJUNZ LUFSÊ WPMBKÎ EBMØÎ MJOFÃSOÎ PQFSBDF B NBKÎ UBL WF TLVUFǁOPTUJ LWBESBUJDLPV TMPßJUPTU 1SP QǥÎLMBE WJ[ QSBWJEMP ǁÎTMP
r %ÃWFKUF QǥFEOPTU MJOFÃSOÎN OFCP KFØULJ SZDIMFKØÎN BMHPSJUNDzN ,POTUBOUOÎ ǁBTPWÃ TMP ßJUPTU OBQǥÎLMBE PQFSBDF SXVKBEDFN OFCP WZIMFEÃOÎ W BTPDJBUJWOÎN QPMJ KTPV JEFÃMOÎ WJ[ QSBWJEMB ǁÎTMP B -PHBSJUNJDLÃ TMPßJUPTU 0 MPH / OBQǥÎLMBE PQFSBDF VHW PDS OFCP ORZHUBERXQG B XSSHUBERXQG T JUFSÃUPSZ QSP OÃIPEOÝ QǥÎTUVQ KF EPCSÃ WJ[ QSBWJEMB B -JOFÃSOÎ TMPßJUPTU 0 / OBQǥÎLMBE YHFWRU LQVHUW OFCP IRUBHDFK KF TOFTJ UFMOÃ WJ[ QSBWJEMB B
r 1PLVE KF UP NPßOÊ WZIÝCFKUF TF BMHPSJUNDzN T IPSØÎ OFß MJOFÃSOÎ TMPßJUPTUÎ 4OBßUF TF OBQǥÎLMBE OBKÎU WIPEOLJKØÎ OÃISBEV QSP BMHPSJUNVT TF TMPßJUPTUÎ 0 / MPH / OFCP 0 /í 1PLVE UBLPWÝ BMHPSJUNVT W TZTUÊNV QPOFDIÃUF SJTLVKFUF QǥJ OÃSDzTUV PCKFNV WTUVQOÎDI EBU QPVßJUFMOPTU TZTUÊNV 5P KF OBQǥÎLMBE IMBWOÎ EDzWPE LWDzMJ LUFSÊNV TF W QSBWJEMF EÃWÃ QǥFEOPTU SP[TBIPWÝN ǁMFOTLÝN GVOLDÎN KFß KTPV PCWZLMF MJOFÃSOÎ QǥFE PQBLPWBOÝN WP MÃOÎN KFKJDI KFEOPQSWLPWÝDI FLWJWBMFOUDz LUFSÊ NPIPV TOBEOP WÊTU L WÝTMFEOÊ LWBESBUJDLÊ TMPßJUPTUJ WJ[ QSWOÎ QǥÎLMBE W UFYUV QSBWJEMB ǁÎTMP
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