Zootecnica International – May 2020 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
Feed storage, transport and distribution in farms Emerging Market Countries: dynamics of the egg industry (2007-2017) Natural antioxidants in poultry production. From vitamins to vitagenes
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The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.
CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net
EDITORIAL A few years ago, returning home from Pisa airport, I met on the train a young engineer from Senegal who was working as a bouncer in discos. His Italian hinted at a background of good culture. During our discussions on Italian political situations and the difficulties faced by young people in finding a job, at a certain point my interlocutor made an observation that particularly struck me: “Pity that a country like Italy cannot get out of a certain feudalism that has been going on for centuries”. It was a perfect synthesis that I shared and I congratulated him on his historical knowledge of our country. Corona virus – this relentless invisible enemy – is changing our social and economic structures and while we are still unable to make predictions re the final outcome one thing is certain - man’s attitudes will change. The price we are paying is high, many are the victims, and there would have been many more had there not been an awareness at all levels as to what to do. Gratitude will never be enough for all those who have sacrificed themselves and continue to do their utmost for the common good, risking their lives. A unanimous appreciation to all companies that are committed to safeguarding their employees, using every possible precaution and not only, significantly increasing wages, making donations while also diversifying production to make up for the shortage of respirators, masks etc. The agro-livestock sector also responded with great determination and integrity. All the supply chains, that have technological systems in place for farmers have been able to adapt to the needs of the moment. In this edition we publish an interview with Dr. Antonio Forlini, President of Unaitalia, which we believe is an illustration and proof of the efficiency of the Italian poultry industry which, in the past, has had to deal with corona viruses and other epizootic diseases and thanks to an excellent veterinary service has managed to prevent and solve problems. We all know how necessary it is to “stay home” and Italians commendably are doing it. Technology has also helped us feel less isolated thanks to Whatsapp and video calls etc. The forced confinement has given us the opportunity to devote more time to our affections and ourselves, slowing down the pace of life, rediscovering simple pleasures, such as, for example, smiling at neighbors for years ignored. COVID-19 will remain in history not because of the numerous losses; I believe it will mark the beginning of a change, giving us the awareness that it is now necessary to restore the true values of life. Corona virus has also revived that Italian character we somewhat buried. Solidarity, sacrifice, generosity, skills and ability to deal with emergencies: this is the Italy of which we must be proud; this not only because we boast the richest artistic heritage in the world, the greatest food and wine tradition, but also as we have welcomed women, men, children, desperate castaways, fugitives from inhuman living conditions. Many of them are actively collaborating today, showing gratitude, and the European Union and other nations have also changed their attitude towards us, compared to the early times of the pandemic. That young Senegalese engineer I met on the train may now think: “All in all, how lucky to be in a country like Italy.”
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SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 FIELD REPORT Influenza antibodies made by Pirbright reduce disease in chickens.................... 8
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Feed storage, transport and distribution in farms............................................. 10 Agritech S.r.l., Storage & More....................................................................... 12 AZA International’s systems: easy, adaptable and durable............................... 14 Big Dutchman: innovative chain feeding system for separate male feeding – and more............................................................ 16 Codaf, producers of advanced feeding systems for poultry.............................. 18 Giordano Poultry Plast: the optimal solution for any feeding need.................... 20 Roxell automatic feeding, the total solution for the intensive livestock industry.................................................................. 22 VAL-CO solutions to ensure you get the most for your flocks............................ 24
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INTERVIEW Italian poultry farming, a sector of excellence. Interview with Antonio Forlini, President of Unaitalia........................................ 26
MARKETING Emerging Market Countries: dynamics of the egg industry (2007-2017)............ 30
TECHNICAL COLUMN Early embryonic mortality.............................................................................. 34 Ventilation in the setter. Which is the dominant element for ventilation control: CO2 or humidity?.......................................................... 36
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MANAGEMENT Hot weather management and nutrition.......................................................... 38 Best practice in management......................................................................... 44
NUTRITION Natural antioxidants in poultry production. From vitamins to vitagenes............. 46
MARKET GUIDE.................................................................................52 EVENTS.................................................................................................55 INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56
WORLDWIDE NEWS
MPF Convention has been rescheduled to July 9-11, 2020 The Midwest Poultry Federation - MPF - Board of Directors has announced that the 2020 MPF Convention has been rescheduled to July 9-11, 2020 at the Minneapolis Convention Center. Schedule & education While the new dates do not fall on MPF’s typical days of the week, the MPF Convention will follow the same schedule as March. The show will start on Thursday, July 9th with its Pre-Show Nutrition Symposium, Education Tracks, Welcome Reception and MPF Unhatched event. Education and Exhibits will run all day on Friday, July 10th and a half day on Saturday, July 11th. MPF’s workshop chairs will be working to re-book speakers and re-set the education program for July. Please refer to www.midwestpoultry.com and future emails from MPF for the most up-to-date information on any revisions that are made. MPF Information/Contacts Contact MPF for any questions at 763-284-6763 and info@midwestpoultry.com.
7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit (Cordoba 2020) postponed
The organization took the responsibility and acted on its rights to postpone the summit until October 7th –9th, 2020. The participation agreements remain fully effective. For more information: Email: cordoba2020@mpn-wpsa.org
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The organizing committee of the 7th Mediterranean Poultry Summit of the WPSA has decided to postpone the summit of Cordoba 2020 to October 7th –9th due to the latest news about the Coronavirus and the situation reported by the WHO (Report #39) on February 28th, in which the global risk level changed from high to very high.
WORLDWIDE NEWS
Minnesota Turkey welcomes new Executive Director Sarah Anderson The Minnesota Turkey Growers Association (MTGA) and the Minnesota Turkey Research & Promotion Council (MTRPC) are proud to announce and welcome Sarah Anderson to serve as their new Executive Director. Anderson previously served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 2007 to 2019. In her role as a legislative leader and Chair of the State Government Finance Committee, Anderson was recognized for her ability to work across the aisle to find efficiencies in state government. Anderson most recently served as the Executive Director of the Literacy Matters Foundation
where she led strategic planning, streamlined organizational finances and implemented restructuring. As one of thirteen children growing up on her family’s farm near Atwater, Anderson recalls the valuable work ethic farm life instilled in her. Her agriculture background also led her to join the staff of former Speaker of the House Steve Sviggum, where she promoted the importance of the agricultural community to the state of Minnesota.
experience make her an ideal fit for our association.” Anderson currently resides in Plymouth, Minn., and earned a bachelor’s degree from the University of Minnesota Duluth. She will join MTGA on April 6, 2020. The MTGA is a trade association that advocates for the interests of the Minnesota turkey industry. MTGA members include independent and integrated turkey growers, turkey processors and breeders, and allied industry members. Its affiliated organization, the MTRPC, oversees the Minnesota turkey checkoff funds to underwrite turkey research and promote public education on the turkey industry.
“Sarah Anderson is a proven leader with advocacy experience and roots in agriculture,” said Paul Kvistad, MTGA board President. “Her agriculture background and professional
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- may 2020 -
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
In memory of Antonio Zanella The real turning point in Antonio’s career occurred in 1963, when he was chosen as head of the Cipzoo Spa diagnostic laboratory in Brescia, giving him the opportunity to express his skills more autonomously, carrying out diagnostics of the main diseases of poultry and pigs, with particular attention to the vaccine sector.
On Monday, March 30, 2020, Professor Antonio Zanella passed away, a well-known figure in the panorama of Italian and International aviculture, his life quickly cut short by the Corona virus infection. Born in 1931, after graduating in Veterinary Medicine in Parma, he began his career with a scholarship at the Istituto Zooprofilattico of Lombardy. After a spell as an assistant at their Mantua section he returned to the headquarters. This was a period of time during which animal infectious diseases were the common thread, especially in the poultry sector, and his interest in this field of study became his passion in the years to come. In 1961 from the diagnostic sector, from which he had gained great experience and technical ability, he moved on to the world of industrial research working for Farmitalia in Milan, thus starting his experience in the world of vaccines.
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Working always with great passion and driven by an interest in knowledge, he came into contact with various European teachers and professionals among these, Prof. P.M. Biggs and Prof. B. Burmester with whom he became interested in Marek’s disease, which is the cause of significant losses in poultry farming. To this end he worked for a month at the Houghton Avian Research Station in the United Kingdom, under the supervision of Prof. Biggs. With great satisfaction he managed to find an effective vaccine for Marek’s disease. There were other experiences abroad at the most prestigious research institutes both in Europe and in the United States. In those same years he collaborated with the Institute of Infectious Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Milan and in 1968 he obtained a Docentship in Infectious Diseases, prophylaxis and veterinary policy. His working life continued between the academic and industrial world, allowing him to develop that balance between scientific knowledge and practical skills that was to characterize all his subsequent professional activity. In 1972 he convinced Cipzoo S.p.A. to build a new laboratory, Eurobio Spa (later called Nuova Eurobio Vaccini) for the research, development
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and marketing of vaccines, where he held the position of director for more than ten years. After completing his activity in the industrial sector, in 1979 he obtained the position of Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Milan and devoted himself to teaching and research. This teaching role gave him the opportunity to transmit his profound theoretical and practical knowledge to the students. He never stopped deepening his knowledge, and assiduously attended national and international scientific conferences. When, in 1986, Fatro acquired Nuova Eurobio Vaccini by restructuring it and began promoting their avian vaccines on the international market, one of their first acts was to entrust him with the task of providing technical-scientific support to their foreign customers. Thus, after finishing his academic activity, Antonio continued his professional life with frequent trips abroad, always being welcomed and appreciated by veterinarians all over the world for his profound knowledge and practical approach. A long and articulated career marked by determination, the desire for knowledge and a passion for his work. Charismatic figure, not inclined to compromise, sometimes irrepressible in supporting his convictions, all tempered by the vivid intelligence and great skills that everyone recognized. He leaves a great void in the Italian and International field of avian pathology, where few have been equal to him in their ability to elaborate technical-scientific, didactic and field knowledge and experiences.
WORLDWIDE NEWS
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FIELD REPORT
Influenza antibodies made by Pirbright reduce disease in chickens Scientists at The Pirbright Institute have engineered synthetic antibody molecules that can be administered to poultry to reduce the symptoms of Influenza, as well as decreasing the amount of Influenza virus they shed into the environment. These results suggest that there is potential for their use as immunotherapy treatments to reduce the burden of Influenza in poultry. immunised intranasally with scFvs produced lower levels of virus and presented decreased weight loss compared to those that had not received treatment. The scFv antibodies work by binding to proteins on the outside of the Influenza virus, called haemagglutinin (HA), that attach to receptors on host cells. This prevents the virus from entering the cell and replicating, offering rapid protection to infected birds. Immunotherapy treatments such as synthetically made antibodies have become popular as they are able to be rapidly produced in large quantities in cultured cells, function in a similar way to natural antibody immune responses and provide immediate protection compared to vaccines. To create the scFvs, the team immunised mice with an Influenza vaccine, which triggered the production of mouse antibodies that could neutralise the H9N2 virus. The genetic code for two sections of the antibodies that bind to the HA protein was then sequenced. Using genetic engineering, they linked these two sections together to create one new smaller antibody molecule (the scFvs).
The team generated synthetic antibodies against the H9N2 strain of Avian Influenza, a type of Influenza virus that poses great risks to the global poultry industry as well as to the health of other avian and mammalian species owing to its ability to readily mutate and adapt to new hosts.
By generating these smaller molecules, the team could overcome issues presented by using whole antibodies such as lower production rates and increased likelihood of immune rejection by species other than chickens. The scFvs created in this study, published in Vaccines, have additional advantages including their ability to be mass produced in insect cells and the fact they could work against the virus in all hosts without adaption.
The modified antibody segments, known as single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs), were shown to prevent the H9N2 virus from entering cells in laboratory tissue cultures. Further testing demonstrated that chickens
Professor Munir Iqbal, Head of the Avian Influenza Group at Pirbright, said: “These results are encouraging and demonstrate that scFvs could provide a quick and efficient way of reducing the clinical signs of Influen-
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FIELD REPORT
za and its spread in infected flocks, reducing the risk of transmission from poultry to humans. The next step will be to establish the best method for administration, whether this be intranasally, as we have done in this study, or via aerosol or viral vector delivery systems. We anticipate that this type of immunotherapy could also be used to treat other viral diseases of poultry and humans by creating the appropriate synthetic antibodies for those diseases.” This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), part of
The Newton Fund builds research and innovation partnerships with 17 active partner countries to support their economic development and social welfare, and to develop their research and innovation capacity for long-term sustainable growth. It has a total UK Government investment of £735 million up until 2021, with matched resources from the partner countries. The Newton Fund is managed by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), and delivered through seven UK delivery partners, which includes UK Research and Innovation (comprising the seven research councils and
“The modified antibody segments, known as single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFvs), were shown to prevent the H9N2 virus from entering cells in laboratory tissue cultures. Further testing demonstrated that chickens immunised intranasally with scFvs produced lower levels of virus and presented decreased weight loss compared to those that had not received treatment” UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), and British Council Newton Fund Institutional Links programme grant number IL3261727271 under the Newton-Mosharafa Fund partnership. The grant is funded by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and
Innovate UK), the UK Academies, the British Council and the Met Office. For further information visit the Newton Fund website (www.newtonfund.ac.uk) and follow via Twitter: @NewtonFund.
Science, Technology and Innovation Funding Authority Source: The Pirbright Institute
(STIFA) and delivered by the British Council.
DRINKERS
TRANSPORT CAGES
FEEDERS
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Raffa di Puegnago - 25080 - Via Nazionale, 69 - Tel. +39 0365 654152 - Fax +39 0365 554798 Centenaro di Lonato - 25017 - Via Lavagnone, 8/A - info@arionfasoli.com - www.arionfasoli.com
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Feed storage, transport and distribution in farms Providing birds with adequate nutrition is a key factor towards ensuring their growth, production and health. The automation of feed storage, transport and feeding systems in farms are essential factors in reducing labour costs and improving profitability for producers. Today poultry feeding has developed to accommodate increasingly sophisticated production systems. Provision of feed and water can be closely measured, controlled and automated by using advanced tools. The various types of systems that are now being used include automatic pan feeders, chain feeders, round and hanging tube feeders each of which, are designed dependent on the number of animals and birds housed on the farm. Let us have a look at the various storage solutions and feeding systems as outlined on the following pages.
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Wheeled tank
Silos Sia
Agritech S.r.l., Storage & More For over 30 years Agritech has been at the service of modern animal husbandry and the national and international poultry farming with a varied and always innovative proposal of solutions for the storage, handling and distribution of raw materials and feed. The dynamism and the development of strategies aimed to deal with near and far markets has made Agritech a leader in the sector today, with almost 100,000 silos produced and distributed through an efficient and loyal network of distributors in over forty countries on five continents. “We have exceeded the threshold of 100,000 silos produced during our business activity period, considering that in these thirty years we have satisfied a lot of farmers who are still actively loyal and satisfied with our products and above all our corporate identity. This was also possible through our focus on quality; we have always tried to give our customers an added value right from the choice of raw materials that guarantee high work-
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ing performance, continuing with a technologically advanced manufacturing process and regulated by the strictest international standards, such as the German Statik and ISO 9001-2008 certification, as well with careful logistics management. Agritech is also attentive to the environmental sustainability of the production. Through the use of photovoltaic systems, we are able to meet the company’s energy needs by using only renewable sources. Of course, our flagship product are fiberglass silos, which we offer in about 90 models for a production of almost 5.000 pieces per year. They are distinctive in their durability and ability to preserve the quality and nutritional value of feed and grains intact, which represent a very im-
portant investment for any livestock activity. By being resistant to rust, Agritech silos last even more than 20 years without wearing out, and they do not require any particular maintenance. As for the quality of the storage, the test carried out by experts of the Faculty of Agriculture of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart lead to a particular importance on some Agritech silos compared with metal silos of the same capacity, and placed in a dedicated experimental farm near Piacenza. The fiberglass silos have shown a significantly higher thermal insulation capacity over the sheet silos and, consequently, a much lower quantity of micro-toxins developed during storage. This means that the nutritional
value of the feed contained has not undergone substantial variations from the beginning to the end of the test. The result? The elimination of waste and healthier animals. Thinking about foreign markets, Agritech has also developed modular constructions and customizations of silos to facilitate their transport and assembly and make them appreciated worldwide. To integrate the silos, Agritech S.r.l. designs and manufactures a wide range of conveyors for ground loading and unloading, such as mechanically or pneumatically operated wheeled tanks and rigid, fixed or wheeled augers, in various diameters and lengths. Our flexible augers complete the transport offer, which are designed for direct distribution of feed (pellets and flours) or grains from the silos directly to the animals present in the shed, and also for supplying the electrical panels. By the way, Agritech’s research inspired by the slogan ‘Storage & More’ is in continuous progress; in fact, recently, the company has launched a series of reinforced fiberglass tanks on the market, with a capacity ranging from 5.000 to 60.000 litres, suitable for the water and liquid storage such as molasses, whey and fertilizer that are widely used in farms. Lastly, new rectangular bunker hoppers that can be loaded with the tractor shovel, designed to contain supplements for dairy cows, as well as conical hoppers, always in fiberglass, on which it is possible to build corrugated sheet metal storage units are currently under construction.”
Wheeled auger
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AZA International’s systems: easy, adaptable and durable Located a few kilometers from Milan, AZA INTERNATIONAL was founded in the late fifties as a factory manufacturing feeding systems for the transport and automatic distribution of both livestock feed and powders and industrial granules and powders. chanical or computerized operation. They represent the best solution for all those customers who need to transport large quantities of feed from one or more loading points to one or more outlets. An example of this application can be found in the poultry cage sector where a huge quantity of feed must be transported quickly from the main storage silo to the cages inside the farm without being broken or further crumbled, as it normally happens when standard auger systems are used. Concerning the poultry feeding systems, in its search for better profitability, AZA INTERNATIONAL has, over the years, developed a wide range of feed pans and drinkers for light and heavy broilers (Pratika, Compacta and Flexa feed pans), breeders, layers (Breedaza linear trough feeding systems and Exacta feed pans) and turkeys (Modula and Tac 3 feed pans).
Pratika
The Company activity developed very quickly thanks to the idea, patented by the founder Mr Camillo Pirovano, of moulding plastic discs onto a steel cable. AZA INTERNATIONAL manufactures high-capacity conveyors (76, 102 and 114 mm diameters) particularly suitable for the feed transport and distribution from one or multiple storage points to one or more precise outlets, as well as feeding systems for the pig sector, poultry and cattle. Based on the customer’s needs, type of system and required flow rates, the company’s conveyors are available with rope, chain or spiral. High capacity conveyors are available for chain Ø 76,102 and 114 and their maximum capacity is 12 cubic metres. High system performance is assured by using first quality components such as stainless steel drive units and mechanical driven loading hoppers, aluminium corners available in various inclinations and manual or pneumatic drops available in different shapes and materials for me-
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AZA feed pans are manufactured from virgin first quality plastic material that assures strong resistance to damage and degradation and shows perfect adaptability to washing and disinfecting operations. Feed pans are all supplied with a single dish with anti-waste edge that allows simple access to the feed, even for one-day old chicks, furthermore they can be coupled with the drinking lines in one single system (DUO system). AZA INTERNATIONAL’s pans are available for high level or winched systems with different kinds of feed regulation that can be automatic, manual or motorised according to the farmers’ needs. The simple assembly and excellent design make AZA INTERNATIONAL’s feeding systems adaptable to meet the most difficult working conditions.
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Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio
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Innovative chain feeding system for separate male feeding – and more
MaleChain completes the wide range of Big Dutchman products for broiler breeder management The management of broiler breeders is very challenging. Breeders are very sensitive birds, especially regarding feeding. Even small errors can have a negative effect on hatching egg production. The be all and end all in broiler breeder management is therefore that males and females are fed according to their needs, i.e. strictly separately. Breeder managers also need to guarantee that the males do not eat the hens’ feed and that the hens cannot reach the males’ feed, either. Big Dutchman can offer different solutions for this problem.
The innovative chain feeding system MaleChain works with only one chain loop in the trough. Inside of a poultry house with feeding system and birds
The newest product in the portfolio is MaleChain. This innovation is the world’s first chain feeding system for separate male feeding where the entire chain loop requires just one trough. “With the double loop, breeder managers save lots of space in the barn,” Big Dutchman product manager Jennifer Lindel says about the central feature of MaleChain. She adds that “MaleChain is ideal for males with untrimmed beaks since the feed chain promotes natural smoothing of the beak.” Poultry equipment supplier Big Dutchman thus reacts to Germany’s ban on beak trimming with this feature. A patent for the innovation is pending.
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Another benefit of MaleChain: all birds receive their feed very quickly and – even more important – very uniformly. This is because the chain conveys the feed in two directions. The chain speed also plays an important role: “The feed covers a distance of 36 metres in one minute,” explains Jennifer Lindel. The feed therefore reaches its destinations nearly simultaneously all over the barn. This has a positive effect on the males: they experience less stress during eating.
Old and young
More advantages:
The most senior product of the Big Dutchman product range is the CHAMPION feed chain. The chain was invented by two poultry managers who were searching for ways to facilitate the time-intensive manual feeding in 1938. With their invention, they not only laid the foundations of the Big Dutchman history, but were moreover responsible for the dawn of a new era in the poultry industry: the CHAMPION feed chain introduced automated feeding to poultry houses. The concept (hopper, drive unit, corner, feed trough, and chain) is still the basis for the standard components in poultry feeding today.
• the hopper can be installed at the beginning or in the middle of the feed line → well suited for any house length; • the chain’s height can be adjusted → females cannot reach the males’ feed; • the males stand next to each other during feeding → ideal for bird inspection; • the innovative system can be mounted very flexibly → standing and suspended versions available;
Two more interesting Big Dutchman products for broiler breeder management are not only efficient, but have another, unusual characteristic: their age difference amounts to more than 70 years!
Feed chain CHAMPION
• the trough is open and accessible from all sides → perfect conditions for thorough cleaning.
Male turns into FeMale The male grille can be replaced by a special grille for the females, converting MaleChain into FeMaleChain. The repurposed chain feeding system is a good option for breeder managers who want to increase the number of eating places for hens in their houses, which affects the hens’ constitution positively. Characteristics of FeMaleChain: • space-saving chain loop; • easy retrofitting in existing houses;
Feed pan MalePan. Three males eating from a round feed pan
• simple feeding system on the manure pits; • standing and suspended version.
Feed pan MalePan
ReproMatic feeding system
Another attractive feeding product is much younger, but has already convinced many poultry managers: MalePan was developed specifically for separate male feeding around five years ago. A conveying pipe with auger transports the feed to the pans. The feed lines are raised until the hens cannot reach them. The pans are corundum-coated; corundum being a very hard mineral that is used as an abrasive in its powder form, among other applications. The birds thus smooth their beaks while they eat.
For both MaleChain and FeMaleChain, feed is transported by the CHALLENGER transport chain: a classic Big Dutchman product for broiler breeder management. The feed chain has proven its worth over many years as core part of the ReproMatic feeding system, a pan feeding system designed exclusively for breeders. This combination of chain and pan feeding system serves poultry managers well, during both rearing and hatching egg production.
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Codaf, producers of advanced feeding systems for poultry CODAF company, strong of a long experience in manufacturing innovative poultry feeding system, is proud to outline the project realised in collaboration with Poultry Tech in East Europe for McDonald’s Europe.
The houses are equipped with Codaf feeding system with pans for broiler model “Giò P/N 6 wings”. POULTRY EQUIPMENT
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This case study demonstrates how the use of modern technology, best practice and good management provide high standards of animal health and welfare and good performance.
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Two-line Poultry Farm
Giordano Poultry Plast: the optimal solution for any feeding need Poultry farms, of any size, location and species they are earmarked for, constantly need to supply the best economic result, in terms of both conversion and group uniformity, in accordance with regulatory and growing expectations of animal well-being and environmental sustainability.
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It is therefore necessary that both those who set up farms and those who manage them are constantly updated about the context and the offer from the market, especially in its more dynamic fields, such as genetics, equipment, feeding and automation.
chain. From breeding to the slaughterhouse and to meat and egg handling, always with innovative solutions achieved by the ongoing interaction with the world of production and with leading technological partners in the aforementioned sectors.
In its corporate itinerary begun in 1964 in Italy and progressively expanded worldwide, Giordano Poultry Plast has always shared and often anticipated the search for effective solutions for the entire poultry production
As one of the most dynamic fields of its activity and to provide an increasingly more appropriate answer to one of the above-mentioned key factors for the economic success of poultry production, namely, feeding, Gior-
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dano Poultry Plast has duly extended over time the range of its feeders and the species for which the same should be designed and implemented. “Moving therefore from manual feeders, by now milestones worldwide, such as MANOLA B (for broilers) and MANOLA T (for turkeys and web-footed birds), we created the automatic innovative solutions TWIST and POLYFEEDER, designed to provide a precise answer to one of the main necessities of a farm manager: to optimise, both in terms of use and economically, the switch from the feeding of newly introduced subjects to that of animals until the end of the cycle.” That is how TWIST was created. Since its presentation, it received significant awards at international fairs. It is distinguished by two peculiarities: • it is the first feeder in the world that consists of only 3 elements; • it is the only one so far to allow washing at the end of the cycle without the need for any disassembly or manipulation. Indeed, by introducing a jet of water under pressure through an ad hoc opening on the cone and thanks to the special internal design, the water thus introduced and the quick rotation the bowl is subjected to allow a complete and deep internal washing. The way the bottom is shaped and the holes found on the bowl see to its rapid drainage and to completion of the internal and external cleaning operation.
Likewise without any direct intervention on the feeder, merely by changing the line height, TWIST can be used for the entire life cycle of the broiler. Lastly, inward inclination and specific design of the bowl edge enable a significant reduction in the quantity of feeder dispersed during feeding. POLYFEEDER deals instead with turkeys and ducks. Likewise dismountable and modular to enable a simple operation and disassembly, it preserves the same strong point of TWIST, as it can be used throughout the breeding period. During the initial phase, the chick is fed by using the lower feeder bowl, while the upper one is resorted to in the next phase. In both instances, the feeder flow
New BIG cup Tuffabecco
can be accurately adjusted, while the lower bowl can be removed at the end of the initial 6/8 weeks, maintaining better hygiene conditions for the farm. As regards drinking troughs, too, the classic JUMBO B and JUMBO T (for broilers and for turkeys respectively) have been joined by automatic watering lines set aside for all poultry species and for any breeding need. Easy to assemble and maintain, the lines of the GPP DRINKING LINE allow a significant reduction in time and management costs. They are produced with a 28x28mm square anchoring section, far more rigid and stable than the conventional rounded section. The stainless steel nipple valves used enhance the effective flow of water. The range of feeders and automatic watering systems developed for all species of relevance to the poultry zootechnical sector, the excellence of the technological solutions applied, and the identification of optimal complementary components currently enable Giordano Poultry Plast to offer not only excellent individual equipment, but also complete automatic and high-performance lines, ensuring effective solutions for all needs.
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Roxell automatic feeding, the total solution for the intensive livestock industry High-quality systems for better growth
Roxell has been renowned for its total feeding solution for decades. We have a wide range available for any type of house – whether poultry or pigs. Choose from systems that can be flexibly combined with each other. All systems deliver the right feed amount and composition to animals at the right time – completely automatically and with absolute minimum maintenance. 22
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Roxell’s feeding solutions are top class and built to last. Those aren’t our words, that’s what livestock producers say about our products. Every Roxell product that goes to market is built with quality, reliability, and efficiency.
Discover our automatic feeding range
the feeder pan as “unique”, not only due to its color, but chiefly due to its high performance. Today, the Roxell pan is still known to the sector as a symbol of high quality and innovation. It is our calling card, and has resulted in us becoming a world leader. Roxell has specific solutions for every poultry type.
Roxell products help you to master the feeding process.
Broiler breeders systems with a focus on efficiency and biosecurity
Feed storage bins
Roxell’s broiler breeder systems are high-quality, specialist equipment. Many different house layouts can be found in the sector, yet there is an innovative solution whatever the layout. Natural Beak Smoothing is one example of an animal-friendly initiative. The solution offers an affordable alternative to beak treatment in poultry farming.
Roxell has a wide range of galvanized feed storage bins. A metal feed storage bin from Roxell keeps feed dry, fresh, and nutritious like no other. Auger and transport systems Flex-Auger™ is a transport system that transports feed quickly from a central point to the houses. Flex-Auger is powerful, carrying a very high amount of feed per hour through tubes. The feed transport system with built-in auger is also suitable for all types of poultry or pig feed: pellets, mash, your own compositions, and more.
Broilers systems that improve cost-effectiveness At Roxell, every poultry farmer with broilers can find the right set of products. Once you’ve made a choice, you’ll use the Roxell systems for years to come. Commercial layers systems that are compact, yet with many feeding places
Weighers and registration systems Roxell has a solution that allows a batch weigher to be placed in between your storage bins and day bins. With a batch weigher, you have a feed process that provides much more accurate feeding. The device weighs and records the feed, and sends the batch to a specific day bin. Roxell has both mechanical and electronic batch weighers. In addition, Roxell offers you the ability to weigh a day bin electronically. Perfectly weighed feed portions will significantly improve your ability to monitor the costs. Feed controllers Qon™ is Roxell’s feed controller for poultry houses. A single computer controls the entire feeding process. You choose which houses you want to control: a full site or an individual house. The central computer is the brain of your company. It is a first in the feed computers segment. iQon fulfills all your requirements, however complex they may be.
Feeding systems for poultry Years ago, Roxell was the first to launch a feeder pan with a bright, yellow color. The poultry farmers described
Roxell’s systems save space, so your commercial layers have more room to run around. Oval feeder pans utilize the capacity of a poultry house much more efficiently than other shapes. So, with Roxell, you get the most number of feeding points per running meter. Systems for ducks that are multifunctional Durable materials are often a prerequisite for poultry farms that raise ducks. This quality is also reflected in our choice of materials — stainless steel for the feeding system and lacquered hanging tubes for the drinking system. Turkeys equipment that suits your way of working With Roxell, you have a choice between systems. The end weight of turkeys can vary from region to region. You may focus on the rearing stage, or handle the entire growth process from start to finish. Either way, Roxell has an innovation solution for every situation. By combining Roxell products, you can elevate the feed conversion and profitability of your company to a higher level. For more information about each individual system, please visit roxell.com.
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FOCUS
VAL-CO solutions to ensure you get the most for your flocks VAL-CO poultry systems & products are designed for all of your poultry production needs. Today we would like to highlight the equipment for storage, transporting and distribution of feed, and features of the feeding systems. Whether you’re looking to improve your feed conversion or transport feed from the storage feed bins we have many solutions for you, and they all offer the performance you can count on. The bins are sturdy and durable allowing you to rely on them for many years as they are manufactured from stainless steel. The weather tight die formed roof has reinforcing ribs at the seams for added strength; it also makes it easy to assemble; whereas the bin legs carrying the load of the bin and the content are also die formed with a powerful bracing system for structural support. The models of the bins make sure the feed flow is continuous and the top lid operates smoothly with either Way-Back stainless steel cable or Tru-Lok mechanical linkage. VAL-CO feed bins are available in 6’, 7’, 9’, and 12’ diameters and with multiple ring configurations from 1 to 7 rings depending on the diameter of the bins. There are several useful bin accessories that will meet most any requirement and add to the complete bin structure:
VAL-CO Bulk Feed Storage Bins serve ideally to protect the stored feed from the weather impact. Precisely designed and manufactured components are guarding the feed to make sure no water (moisture) enters the bin. For example, the tip lid is warp resistant, by closing it tight it keeps out the moisture. Even the bin bolts have a built-in weather seal and together with a drip edge they keep water away from the taper hopper and unloading boot.
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• Boots – you can choose from single 30°, single straight, or double straight poly upper boot transition. Lower boots are available for single, double, or twin directional installations. All boots have a handy clean-out door. • Controls – help protect against feed wastage providing a choice of mechanical and electronic switches. • Discharge Heads – options are prewired or water resistant. They are available in single- or double-line and are a strong platform for gear or belt drive.
FOCUS
All in all, VAL-CO Bulk Storage Bins offer you the most economical way of managing your feed; and they are best in the business.
VAL-CO Flexible Auger is an efficient way of distributing feed to any corner you need it. The auger itself is produced of high carbon steel. It meets the highest quality standards and speaking technically, all augers are heat treated and tempered offering durability by smoothing surface finish and reducing fatigue stress. Before we ship, we inspect them all! To make the flexible auger system complete, we use extra thick PVC tubes which resist wear. Nonstop harsh testing of the pipe for 40 hours showed 46% less weight loss compared to the leading manufactures. Just ask us for the details of the test results.
There is also a luxury design feature – do you want the light on your control pan to attract the birds? Just put it on your wish list and we will supply LED lights that emit wavelengths known to attract birds. And finally – no one wants to spend too much time on cleaning their pans. With FUZE ProLine Feeders, just open the feeder pan releasing the pan clips and the hinged pan will swing open.
A variety of options are available to transport large pellets, shelled corn, crumble mash, and other feeds. Our flexible auger fills feeders faster with a feed delivery rate of up to 100 pounds (45 kg) per minute. You will surely appreciate the longer flexible auger operation in the harsh application at the farms. VAL-CO FUZE® ProLine™ Feeding Pans are the most known on the market and regularly outperforms competitors’ feeders in feed trials – their outstanding feed conversion results in uniform weights across every flock, when properly managed. So how do we do that? Having a chance to build your own feeder pan with versatile and interchangeable components you will satisfy most of your own requirements and make it the best suited for your application: there are 6 pan and grill ergonomically designed combinations, with choices in pan depth and diameter. The other features of the pans will simply add to any configuration of your FUZE ProLine feeder to guarantee the results you count on. Let’s name a few: thanks to the 3 large windows the feed is flooded in the pan evenly, allowing access to birds on all sides; the construction of the pan edges together with the grill will guard the feed from spillage and waste – that does save you money at the end of the cycle. Reliability of equipment is one of the keys of your success – we manufacture the feeding pans from a stronger, thicker material to prevent cracking thus serving you for many years to come. Speaking of the components, these pans are made of polymer resin material to resist harboring bacteria to promote bird health.
VAL-CO FUZE ProLine Pan Feeders are ideal for broilers, turkey poults, layers and other poultry. VAL-CO Flat Chain Feed System is dedicated to breeders. Its versatile design makes breeder feeding straightforward saving on time and labor. We will supply the flat chain as a complete system to install either suspended or on the floor. To make sure the males stay away from the female feeding section we offer three different types of male exclusion grills. We will happily guide you through the other features of the system! VAL-CO PTF Turkey Pan Feeder is designed for optimal eating comfort of the grown-up turkeys. It reduces bird injuries and improves meat quality by ensuring birds always have access to just the right amount of food. These pans can withstand the heaviest birds! Check www.val-co.com for even more VAL-CO solutions to ensure you get the most for your flocks. At VAL-CO, we help you grow!
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INTERVIEW
Italian poultry farming, a sector of excellence Interview with Antonio Forlini, President of Unaitalia
In recent weeks, the spread of Covid-19 has almost paralyzed our country, but even in this emergency situation, the Italian poultry industry has distinguished itself for its ability to continue producing. This extreme reactivity of the poultry sector is the result of having in place rigid security systems, a factor that has always characterized the sector, and when combined with the great organizational skills of poultry companies, is a situation that is seen as examples of excellence abroad. 26
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INTERVIEW
Unaitalia is the trade association that protects and promotes the Italian agri-food supply chains for meat and eggs: it represents more than 90% of the entire national poultry supply chain and a large portion of the pig and rabbit output. In this difficult moment for our country, we interviewed Dr Antonio Forlini, President of Unaitalia, with whom we spoke about the exceptional measures taken by the Italian poultry sector and the actions taken by companies to ensure the health of workers and to ensure products produced are 100% safe. Dr. Forlini, this is a very delicate moment: as President of Unaitalia, can you tell us what the sector’s reactions have been to the current situation and what are the paths that will be taken? “It is clear that at this moment our sector, like all agrifood sectors, has an extra responsibility compared to industry in general. After the health sector, the fact is that agri-food companies are the ones that have a duty and commitment to continue production: it is essential that the population - already under stress both from a health point of view and from the psychological point of view - can feel reassured by the fact that fresh basic necessities continue to arrive on the counters of supermarkets, butchery and poultry shops. In my opinion it is of primary importance that we let people know that our livestock chains are perfectly capable of continuing to work; for this we must first of all be grateful to our collaborators. We are perfectly aware that it is not psychologically easy for them to continue to go on to their workplace accompanied by the feeling that the rest of the world has stopped. All the companies associated with Unaitalia are keen to let people know how attentive they are in this situation and how grateful they are towards their workers right now. For this reason, we systematically keep in contact with institutions and trade union organisations, precisely because we feel it is essential to make workers understand that it is the primary interest of companies, that in addition to being able to bring products to the market, that they protect the health of their workers. Fortunately we have the advantage of working in a sector that has the culture of hygiene and biosecurity already registered in our DNA: the control measures we see in this period are already usually in place in our
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INTERVIEW
Ensuring worker health at this moment is the prime objective for us and we have done everything to protect it. In some cases, methods of physical separation of workers were even studied, through plexiglass dividers, invented and produced in a very short time by the supplier companies, which allowed us, even where it was difficult to keep distances greater than one meter, to place barriers that prevent any type of contact between workers”. Are the stringent biosecurity rules that apply in Italy the same as in the rest of the world? How does the Italian poultry sector compare with the European and international ones? “Unfortunately, Italy was the first country after China to deal with this epidemic and we believe that our safety protocols implemented in the face of this epidemic will in some way be imitated and taken as an example also by our colleagues abroad. In the field of biosecurity, moreover, since 2005 we have been decidedly at the forefront, having adopted provisions aimed at defining the biosecurity measures that need to be in place along the production chain, from farms, to transportation to and from feed
Antonio Forlini, President of Unaitalia
“All the companies associated with Unaitalia are keen to let people know how attentive they are in this situation and how grateful they are towards their workers right now. For this reason, we systematically keep in contact with institutions and trade union organisations, precisely because we feel it is essential to make workers understand that it is the primary interest of companies, that in addition to being able to bring products to the market, that they protect the health of their workers” plants and therefore simply are being strengthened. In fact, even before the Protocol between the Government and the Unions regarding workplace safety was signed, most of the measures contained therein at the time of the signing were already in place within our factories. Measures such as preventive temperature measurements; use of individual protection devices; spacing and slowing down of production lines; expansion of the refreshment areas to avoid gatherings; continuous and repeated sanitization of all common areas; modifying bathrooms and changing rooms to ensure that the safety distance is kept have been put in place.
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mills, hatcheries and processing plants etc. While accepting that the European rules are the same for everyone, we can however say that in Italy we believe we are a little further ahead. I am referring not only to the rules of biosecurity but also to the ClassyFarm system, which classifies farms on the basis of risk, through the use of electronic methods, and viewed objectively is making the whole Italian livestock system avant-garde. In recent weeks we have had numerous opportunities to discuss the situation with colleagues from our European association AVEC. They have been interested to know what the market reactions and countermeasures had been in Italy,
- interview -
INTERVIEW
so that this information could be passed onto the other countries where the contagion is spreading. This dialogue with foreign countries is effective and continuous”. Speaking of Classyfarm, in your opinion, is voluntary membership sufficient? “I can say that it is a system and a concept that has been widely shared around in particular by the director Dr. Borrello, his collaborators and with the principal Italian companies. In fact, although it is not a mandatory system, its sharing has been truly profound. We all have an interest in feeding the ClassyFarm database, as it encourages the global growth of the Italian livestock system. By following the risk management programme in the company I work for I firmly believe that this approach is not only correct, but fundamental - if the risk is analyzed and managed in an early and in-depth way, it is possible to face crises, such as the one we are experiencing, with a capacity to govern them and to have much faster response time than could otherwise be expected”.
INCUBATORS SPECIALIST SINCE 1924
The sector is making its voice heard unequivocally, strengthening the image of a cutting-edge supply chain and Italian excellence. Do you have any plans in mind for the near future? “In face of the crisis we are excitedly pushing ahead with a community initiative that was already underway involving our organisation together with AVEC, our European association, and together with five other sector associations (France, Germany, Poland, Belgium and Holland). This initiative includes the launching of a series of promotional activities at European level to strengthen the promotion of white meat consumption in the internal market. The companies associated with Unaitalia also moved with respect to the Covid-19 emergency with solidarity initiatives and donations to the national health system and with the adoption of reward measures for workers. Accepting our tangible commitment, the sector asks the government to support the economy by guaranteeing liquidity for families and businesses and cutting labour costs by as much as is possible.We also ask that they support exports which is an important outlet for all "Made in Italy" products. We must not lose market share and in fact we must seek to support the promotion of exports to open up new outlets".
INCUBATORS UP TO 115000 EGGS
ve solutions ti a ov n in t os m e th We develop for your hatcherimies.ise your profit to max The latest technolstogpyrice in the market. at the be
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MARKETING
Emerging Market Countries: dynamics of the egg industry (2007-2017) Part 3 – The development of the egg exports by the EMC Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is scientific director of the WING at the Hannover Veterinary University and Prof. emeritus of the University of Vechta, Germany
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The third and fourth part of the report will analyse the development of egg trade by the EMC between 2006 and 2016 and their role in global egg trade. Between 2006 and 2016 egg exports and imports by the EMC grew much slower than production (Table 10). Nevertheless, the trade volumes increased considerably. Egg exports in 2016
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MARKETING
Figure 3 – Egg exports by Emerging Market Countries in 2016.
were 534,100 t or 136.2% higher than in 2006, resulting in an increase of their share in the global export volume by 14.7%. Egg imports by the EMC grew by 304,600 t or 120.4%. Their shares in the global import volumes increased by 5.5%. The difference between the share in exports and imports in the global trade volume indicates that the EMC were not only able to meet the growing domestic Table 10 – The share of the EMC in global egg production, egg exports and egg imports in 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own calculations). 2006 Region
Production (1,000 t)
Exports (1,000 t)
Imports (1,000 t)
EMC
40,101.0
392.2
253.0
World
57,964.0
1,231.6
1,204.7
69.2
31.8
21.0
Share of EMC (%)
2016 EMC
50,472.9
926.3
557.6
World
73,889.9
1,990.8
2,106.6
68.3
46.5
26.5
Share of EMC (%)
demand in 2016 better than in 2006 but also that some countries generated a surplus which could be exported. In Table 11, the fifteen leading EMC in egg exports in 2006 and 2016 are listed. A comparison of the composition and ranking in the two years reveals some remarkable changes. In 2006, the fifteen countries exported 383,472 t of eggs, which equaled 97.8% of the total export volume of the EMC. China, Malaysia, Poland and India ranked as number one to four, sharing together 20.4% of the global egg exports. In 2016, Turkey ranked as number one with an export volume of 289,364 t, 277,374 t more than in 2006. Poland surpassed Malaysia; China fell to rank four and India to rank 6. China lost 1.3% of its former share, India even 3.7%. A big step forward made Ukraine from 18th to 6th place, adding 1.1% to its former share in global egg exports. Besides India, which lost almost half of its former export volume, also Saudi Arabia and Thailand exported fewer eggs in 2016 than in 2006. The fast growing per capita consumption in India and Saudi Arabia explains the reduction; in Thailand several AI outbreaks were the main steering factor behind the decline of the export volume. The spatial pattern of egg exports by the EMC is documented in Figure 3.
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©El Paìs
MARKETING
Table 11 – The fifteen EMC with the highest egg exports in 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own corrections). 2006 Country
Exports (t)
2016 Share (%) in Country global exports
Exports (t)
Share (%) in global exports
China
79,021
6.4
Turkey
289,364
14.5
Malaysia
64,695
5.3
Poland
234,567
11.8
Poland
57,938
4.7
Malaysia
104,529
5.3
India
49,070
4.0
China
102,219
5.1
Iran
32,406
2.6
India
26,425
1.3
S. Arabia
26,608
2.2
Ukraine
23,518
1.2
Brazil
14,226
1.2
Brazil
18,145
0.9
Russia
13,685
1.1
Czech Rep.
15,876
0.8
Turkey
11,990
1.0
Russia
15,249
0.8
Thailand
11,025
0.9
Bulgaria
14,613
0.7
Czech Rep.
8,526
0.7
S. Africa
14,504
0.7
Hungary
4,978
0.4
S. Arabia
12,730
0.6
Bulgaria
4,512
0.4
Thailand
10,585
0.5
Argentina
2,524
0.2
Hungary
9,227
0.5
Peru
2,268
0.2
Oman
8,122
0.4
15 countries
383,472
31.3
15 countries
899,673
45.1
EMC
392,245
31.8
EMC
926,339
46.5
World
1,231,590
100.0
World
1,990,827
100.0
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The 37 EMC contributed 70.5% to the absolute increase of the global export volume, Turkey and Poland alone 59.8%. Both countries were the most important newcomers in global egg exports. The regional concentration in the egg exports of the EMC was very high in 2006 and also in 2016. In 2006, the 15 leading countries contributed 97.8% to the total export volume of the 37 countries, the other 22 countries only 2.2%. The situation was similar in 2016. The fifteen leading countries shared 97.1%, the other 22 only 2.9%. Table 12 lists the ten EMC with the highest absolute growth of their egg exports between 2006 and 2016. Their export volume was higher than that of the whole group, a result of declining exports in some EMC (see Table 13). Of the ten leading coun-
MARKETING
Table 12 – The ten EMC with the highest absolute increase of their egg exports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own calculations). Country
Absolute increase (t)
Relative increase (%)
Turkey
277,374
2,313.4
Poland
176,629
304.9
Malaysia
39,834
61.7
China
23,198
29.4
Ukraine
22,383
1,972.1
S. Africa
13,969
2,511.0
Bulgaria
10,101
223.9
Czech Rep.
7,350
86.2
Romania
7,212
55,376.9
Oman
6,069
300.9
10 countries
584,119
153.6
EMC
535,020
136.2
World
759,237
74.9
DACS Ventilation Systems - efficiency and advanced simplicity DACS ventilation systems provide unique airflow patterns throughout the floor space, thus creating optimum climate for the birds to perform.
tries, five were located in Europe, four in Asia and one in Africa. This distribution reflects the dynamics in egg production. In several countries, the relative growth rates were extremely high because of their low export volumes in 2006. This was in particular the case in Romania, South Africa, Turkey and Ukraine. Because of the remarkable increase in egg production, Turkey ranked in second place behind the Netherlands at the global level among the leading egg exporting countries.
The mixing of warm room air with incoming air ensures excellent bedding and welfare scores and reduces the heat consumption by 50% compared to other ventilation systems. All functions managed by the ACS6 climate and production controller.
Table 13 – The seven EMC with the highest decrease in egg exports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own calculations). Country
Absolute decrease (t)
Relative decrease (%)
Iran
32,320
99.7
India
22,645
46.1
Saudi Arabia
13,878
52.2
Argentina
2,525
99.3
Thailand
440
4.0
Egypt
367
88.6
Chile
311
99.7
72,486
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7 countries
Several EMC reduced their egg exports in the analysed decade (Table 13). Iran, Argentina and Chile stopped exports almost completely; Egypt by 88.6%; India and Saudi Arabia halved their export volumes. The relative decline in Thailand was much lower and was mainly caused by the various AI outbreaks. In the other countries, demand grew faster than production so that the exports had to be reduced.
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+45 75771922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
Early embryonic mortality The act of fertilisation – which takes place just after ovulation, at the entrance to the oviduct – is the beginning of a new life. From that moment this ‘life’ has two options: to continue ... or to die. As the embryo consists of live cells, the same fate applies to them. Cells can keep on dividing and differentiating (to form different organs and tissues), or – if conditions become unfavourable – they may die. At the moment an egg is laid, the embryo already consists of 30-60,000 cells. The death of some of them – for example under extended or suboptimal storage conditions – does not necessarily mean the death of the entire embryo. Well-organised, periodical heat treatments during egg storage can help to rebuild deteriorating structures and prolong the embryo’s viability.
Maciej Kolanczyk, Senior Hatchery Specialist Royal Pas Reform
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Assuming the egg was fertilised, the embryo may die before incubation starts or during that process. A sharp distinction is not always made between these two phases, but this must be done if the cause of the problem is to be identified. A break-out of ‘clears’ can help to answer the question “When did the embryo die: before or during incubation?” Eggs, whether they hatch in the wild or in captivity, must wait until incubation begins, and
- technical column -
TECHNICAL COLUMN
during that time the embryos remain in diapause (suspended development).
setting: status of breeder flock, egg collection, disinfection, transport and storage.
An embryo is a delicate structure, which is very susceptible to damage. The germ quality is affected by many biological factors including genetics, health status of the breeder flock, nutrition, hygiene, cooling after laying, and stress. Mortality before setting can result from physical impacts such as mechanical shocks, rapid changes in temperature, dehydration, infections and chemicals.
• Consider applying a heat treatment and turning during prolonged storage.
Breeder farm related factors such as method and frequency of egg collection, method of egg cooling after oviposition, quality and stability of environment during stor-
• Ensure correct temperature setpoints at start of incubation and keep the machine closed to avoid cold and hot spots forming.
• Break out some eggs to check the status of germs before setting. Identify the true infertile eggs. • To verify the level of fertility and early mortality, check eggs by break-out during the early incubation phase (7-10 days).
“An embryo is a delicate structure, which is very susceptible to damage. The germ quality is affected by many biological factors including genetics, health status of the breeder flock, nutrition, hygiene, cooling after laying, and stress. Mortality before setting can result from physical impacts such as mechanical shocks, rapid changes in temperature, dehydration, infections and chemicals” age and transport all play a role. Therefore, the hatching egg must be treated as a living, delicate organism. Rough handling, excessive disinfection, rapid and large changes in environmental conditions should be avoided.
How safe is your water?
The start of incubation is a new challenge. The clear phases of embryo development during the first days of incubation make it possible to accurately pinpoint the moment of mortality. The temperature is actually the only factor that counts at this moment. Cell division and differentiation start at about 82 °F (28 °C). An embryo temperature of above 105 °F (almost 41 °C) – if this lasts for too long – will have a lethal effect. An embryo temperature of about 100 °F (38 °C) is assumed to be optimal. Early embryonic death, even if it occurs during the first days of incubation, can usually be ascribed to problems before the actual start of incubation. However, thermal conditions during early incubation itself may also play a role, such as an incorrect setpoint, too slow or too fast heating-up or poor uniformity caused by the inconsistent workings of equipment or those operating it.
Intra Hydrocare has a dual effect: It removes the biofilm and disinfects the drinking water. Safe and very effective!
Advice: • Treat the hatching eggs as living organisms. • Analyse the factors that determine egg quality before
- may 2020 -
Tel: + 31 (0)413-354 105 WWW.INTRACARE.NL
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
Ventilation in the setter
Which is the dominant element for ventilation control: CO2 or humidity? bation), embryonic growth (day 9-18 of incubation) and the hatching process (last three days of incubation) and adapt them accordingly. As a result, parameters that used to be irrelevant in multi-stage incubation because they had little or no flexibility have become highly important in single-stage incubation methods.
Ventilation by CO2 or by humidity? This leads to a number of questions regarding the management of incubation parameters. One of the most important questions is related to ventilation: if both CO2-levels and weight loss (humidity) are managed by ventilation, which of the two elements should be controlling the ventilation actuator? To answer this question, we first need to look into both parameters more closely. 1. Humidity
Single-stage versus multi-stage During the past decades, single-stage incubation has gained popularity and eventually replaced multi-stage incubation as the dominant incubation method. This is not surprising, since it brings optimal hatch results, extraordinary chick quality and significant improvements in post-hatch performance.
Roger Banwell, Hatchery Development Manager Petersime
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In multi-stage incubation, the hatchery manager has little or no control over parameters such as CO2-levels or humidity, since eggs of different flocks, sizes and development stages are all together in one incubator. With single-stage incubation, on the other hand, he can identify the parameters that influence embryonic development (first 9 days of incu-
- technical column -
The humidity levels in the incubator determine the amount of weight (water) the eggs will have lost by hatch time. Losing water through the egg shell allows the embryo to build up an internal oxygen air cell that is used for the transition to lung respiration after internal pipping. It is therefore vital that the eggs have lost the correct amount of water by the internal pipping phase. For chicken eggs, the general guideline for weight loss used to be set at 11-12% of the initial weight at day 18 of incubation (in other words, by transfer to the hatcher). This implied that the majority of weight loss had to be achieved during the first 18 days in the setter. The reason for that was that humidity levels in the hatcher were relatively high, and it was not possible to fine-tune these levels unless the hatchery manager intervened manually.
TECHNICAL COLUMN
Nowadays, however, modern ventilation control systems in the hatcher can lower or raise the humidity levels automatically. As a result, it is no longer necessary for the eggs to lose the majority of their weight by day 18. The guideline for target weight loss has therefore been dropped to 10-11% at day 18, provided of course that modern, automated hatchers are used. 2. CO2 Numerous studies (e.g. Willemsen et al., 2008) have indicated a clear correlation between the amount of CO2 in the air and embryonic development. As shown by extensive field trials organized by Petersime, CO2 control leads to significant gains in post-hatch mortality and to better feed conversion ratios, meat yields and overall final bird weight at slaughter. In the setter, initial higher CO2-levels have a positive impact on the development of the cardiovascular system. From day 9 onwards, levels are lowered again to stimulate physical growth.
FIgure 1
In practice: working with bandwidths In practice, the CO2 and humidity levels will vary within bandwidths that occur in any large-scale commercial incubator.
In the hatcher, CO2-levels can be adapted to trigger the different phases in the hatch process, resulting in significant gains in hatch timing and chick uniformity. 3. Guideline for ventilation control During embryonic development (first 9 days of incubation), ventilation should be determined by CO2-levels. High initial CO2-levels lead to important gains in posthatch performance, therefore, ventilation should be limited in this phase. Artificial humidification is not necessary since humidity levels will be kept high through evaporation of the eggs. An additional advantage of reduced ventilation in the first 9 days of incubation is that temperature uniformity throughout the setter will be optimal. During embryonic growth (days 9-18), it is still advisable to ventilate according to CO2-levels because ventilation by humidity could generate dangerously high CO2-levels. However, the main objective during this phase should be to achieve the optimum humidity levels (within safe CO2 limits) in order to reach the optimum percentage of weight loss. An example profile is shown in the Figure 1. Theoretically, all flock type, ages, etc. can be incubated within this guideline. However, if choices need to be made, make sure that achieving the correct amount of weight loss by transfer time is never compromised.
FIgure 2
During embryonic development, CO2-levels are fixed whereas the relative humidity (weight loss) varies within a bandwidth. During embryonic growth, CO2-levels are more flexible (within safe limits), but humidity levels are fixed in order to make sure that the target of 10-11% of weight loss is achieved by day 18.
References Willemsen H, Tona K, Bruggeman V, Onagbesan O, Decuypere E, Effects of high CO2 level during early incubation and late incubation in ovo dexamethasone injection on perinatal embryonic parameters and post-hatch growth of broilers. British Poultry Science, 2008, 49(2), 222-31.
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MANAGEMENT
Hot weather management and nutrition Thermoregulation is the ability of birds to maintain their body temperature across a range of environmental temperatures. Turkeys use a variety of physiological and behavioural mechanisms to maintain body temperatures.
Hot weather (generally above 27 °C) can have a detrimental effect on flock performance. The effect of high temperature can be exacerbated by high humidity. Further, birds which are not used to warmer conditions may find it more difficult to adjust to hot weather.
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In regions where hot summers are common, bird housing should have already been designed with features to minimise the likelihood of heat stress. This document provides practical advice for managers to reduce the effects of heat on flocks by modifying husbandry and nutritional practices to improve bird comfort and reduce the impact on flock performance.
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Ventilation Increase ventilation rates and lower thermostat settings at cooler times of the day to reduce latent heat and allow birds to recover from hotter conditions. Ensure all fans are in working order, belts are tightened and fan housings are kept free of dust. Minimise obstructions which may reduce air-flow: trim vegetation around the sheds, clean slats and vent openings to remove dust accumulation, keep screens and light baffles clear of dust and feathers. Direct hanging fans so air flows across the birds. Air movement at bird level has a cool-
MANAGEMENT
ing effect by removing body heat from the birds.
the birds when starting to use them.
Fully functioning and properly set alarm systems are essential in hot weather. Take care when altering alarm system settings to ensure they are appropriate for the difference in day and night temperatures. Separate day and night alarm settings may be required. Test life-support systems before placement and thereafter weekly. Check alarm systems, check and run automatic generators, test emergency ventilation (curtain drops etc.)
• Dripping nozzles will reduce mist onto birds, decrease the cooling capability of the system and create wet spots. Watch for drips and repair as needed. • Fogging systems should be run at service technician recommendations on temperature and timer settings. • Check egg storage conditions.
Water
Evaporative cooling
• Monitoring daily water consumption will indicate potential problems.
• Test ALL fogging and evaporative cooling systems prior to use each summer.
• Header tanks should ideally be situated within the house or insulated, painted white and screened with shading material if situated externally.
• Fogging / misting nozzles can become clogged; hoses and pipes can become cracked. Depending on the system these need to be kept clean / dry to prevent a high microbiological load being spread onto
• Ensure all drinkers are in working order. Adjust drinker height and water depth weekly. • Increase water depth if required.
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MANAGEMENT
Methods of Heat Loss
Behavioral and Physiological Actions
Radiation – loss of heat by radiation to cooler surrounding surfaces.
Seeking shade/cooler areas. Reducing activity.
Convection – heat loss via natural rising of warm air.
Panting.
Conduction – heat transfer by contact with a cooler surface.
Spreading feathers.
Evaporation – heat loss from respiratory surfaces.
Vasodilation. Reducing feed intake.
• Ensure free access to cool water throughout the shed by providing sufficient drinkers for the number of birds being grown. Extra drinkers may be required in hot weather. Cooling water to lower temperatures will also assist the bird’s thermoregulation. Ideally water should be cooled to below 25 °C; levels in excess of 25 °C will result in reduced water intake. Water can be cooled by flushing water lines, adding ice to header tanks or altering water lines to run along the base of cool pads. Consider using electrolytes to reduce stress on birds at key times. Look for electrolyte packs with stabilised vitamin C. • Excessive heat (>85 °F/29 °C) run electrolytes during daylight hours and fresh water overnight. • Moving birds to grow out - run electrolytes for 24 hours before moving. • Loading birds for processing run electrolytes 24 hours before load.
be done at cooler times of the day. Avoid birds becoming crowded.
Feeding Feed intake and digestion can raise body temperature by as much as 7%. Feed withdrawal during the hottest time of day should be considered as long as there is compensation in feed intake in the cooler periods. Run the feeding system during the cooler times of day.
Bird condition Ensure bird bodyweight and condition is optimal prior to the onset of hot weather, this will ensure the hen has adequate reserves when feed intake is compromised. This is achieved by ensuring the birds are in a positive body weight trajectory from 22 weeks to lighting up, the feed density needs to be adjusted if weight gain is not keeping to target.
Work-Schedule
Egg shell quality
Avoid handling or moving birds during the warmest time of day. If required, events such as bird movements, weighing, vaccination, re-bedding/litter tilling etc. should
As birds hyperventilate during heat stress, there is increased loss of CO2 gas via the lungs. Lower CO2 in blood causes blood pH to elevate or become alkaline resulting in a con-
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dition called respiratory alkalosis. Higher blood pH results in reduced calcium and carbonate ions transferred from the blood to the shell gland (uterus) resulting in thin, weak egg shells. Increasing the amount of calcium in the diet will not correct the issue however restoring the acid/ base balance through supplementation with potassium chloride or sodium bicarbonate has been shown to improve the bird’s tolerance to heat stress. The bird also excretes more electrolytes during hot weather, higher sodium levels may be required (increased by 0.02% to 0.03%). The ratio of chloride to sodium should increase to between 1:1 to 1.1:1 in hot weather conditions. The target electrolyte balance (molar balance equivalence of Na++K+-Cl-) should be approximately 240 to 250 m Eq/ kg.
Nutrition Breeder nutritional strategy should be adjusted for hot weather. Key Points: • Adjust nutrient specification levels to ensure sufficient intakes of key nutrients, vitamins and minerals. • The diet formulation should focus on reducing heat associated with digestion. • Consider the use of anti-heatstress additives. • Feed physical quality is important to maintain intake and reduce heat stress.
Feed consumption Closely monitor feed consumption of the flock during hot weather; feed
MANAGEMENT
intake can reduce by as much as 30% during hot conditions. Adjust the diet nutrient specification levels to ensure intake of key nutrients is maintained. The critical nutrients are digestible amino acids, energy, calcium, sodium and phosphorus.
Formulation approach Energy contribution from starch has a higher heat increment – heat associated with digestion – per unit of energy compared to lipid (fat). Increasing the energy contribution from oil addition to the diets will reduce body heat production and reduce the heat-burden on the bird. Insufficient digestible amino acid intake is one of the main reasons for productivity loss during hot weather however excess crude protein supply should be avoided. Metabolism of excess dietary crude protein involves significant energy expenditure by the bird to deaminate excess nitrogen. Minimising excess crude protein reduces the metabolic load on the bird during heat stress, reductions
in dietary crude protein by as little as 0.5% (while maintaining digestible amino acid density) has been associated with improved production during hot weather. Proteins derived from animal sources have higher heat increment values than vegetable protein sources. Formulating to digestible amino acids rather than crude protein is a means of avoiding excess crude protein intake by the bird. There is also evidence that formulating to an ideal amino acid profile results in more efficient use of amino acids in warmer environments. Higher arginine to lysine ratios are associated with improvements in heat tolerance. Due to the decrease in feed intake during heat stress the intake of vitamins and trace minerals is also reduced. Use of higher levels of vitamins, provided as a ‘booster’ pack, can be fed at strategic periods. Try to anticipate periods of heat stress and implement the dietary changes ahead of the hot weather. It is preferable to increase the micronutrient intake by the bird prior to
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MANAGEMENT
Table 1 – Summary of nutrient specifications for a ‘standard’ and ‘hot weather’ breeder diet.
Temperature Range
Energy
Units
Standard
Hot Weather
°C
21 - 32
>32
Fahrenheit
71 - 90
>91
Kcals/lb
1280
1316
Kcals/kg
2820
2900
MJ/kg
11.8
12.2
Digestible Amino Acids Lysine
%
0.74
0.84
Methionine
%
0.37
0.42
M+C
%
0.61
0.67
Tryptophan
%
0.16
0.17
Threonine
%
0.53
0.57
Arginine
%
0.77
0.87
Calcium
%
2.8
2.9
Available Phosphorus
%
0.38
0.41
the onset of heat stress and maintain intakes throughout the hot weather period. It is useful to quantify the degree of reduction in feed intake during the period of stress and calculate the overage of micronutrients to compensate for this reduction. Heat generates free radicals like O2●- and HO● which may harm cell membranes by inducing lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids within the membrane. These reactions produce heat and contribute towards failure of thermoregulation and increase body temperature during heat stress. Some vitamins act as antioxidants preventing the harmful effects of free radicals. The key vitamins to consider are: E, A, C and B-Complex. All of these vitamins are considered beneficial to the bird during heat stress conditions and immune system especially when used in combination. Trace minerals provided in an organic form are considered more bioavailable than inorganic forms. Organic forms of zinc, copper manganese and selenium are the key trace elements to consider. Use of a ‘summer’ feed formulae should incorporate the following: • Compensate for reduced feed intake. • Decreased crude protein – use vegetable protein sources.
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• Formulate to digestible amino levels. • Heat increment value of fat is lower than carbohydrate and provides more of a ‘cooling effect’ on the bird – supplement the diets with fats/oils. • Use of elevated levels of key micronutrients – vitamin and trace elements. An example of a nutrient specification for a summer breeder diet compared to a standard breeder diet is shown below. This specification is suggested in areas with very hot summers with consistently high temperatures during the day and night.
Feed physical quality Feed physical quality can have a significant effect on how the bird deals with hot weather conditions. Good feed physical quality allows the bird to consume the feed efficiently without expending an excessive amount of energy. Poor feed physical quality tends to have the opposite effect. The bird expends more energy and generates heat trying to consume the feed it needs this heat becomes an added burden on a bird which is already experiencing heat stress. Providing optimal feed form, consistently, will also support compensatory feed intake during the cooler periods of the day or night.
Additives A number of additives have been shown to assist in reducing the effects of heat stress. Consult local nutritional and veterinary practitioners regarding their local use. Aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid) is considered an anti-heat stressor through its effect on increasing vasodilation and blood flow to the body’s extremities. A combination of acetylsalicyclic acid, ascorbic acid, potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate has been shown to prevent heat stress related depression in performance. Betaine has osmotic properties which help to maintain homeostasis of the body, addition of 2kg/MT of feed has been shown to have benefits on egg production and egg shell quality under heat stress. Phytochemicals such as lycopene and resveratrol elicit antioxidant effects by either down regulating pro-inflammatory responses or up regulating anti-inflammatory responses.
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MANAGEMENT
Best practice in management How management best practice can help support profitability on broiler farms. to expand significantly – by about 4% - by 2030.2 The poultry industry is faced with a simple question: how can we produce more while minimising cost and adhering to welfare and environmental standards? For producers, there is a more pressing question: how can we remain profitable? Successful broiler production is dependent on multiple factors, but robust management is key to success, creating as it does a strong foundation for growth and continued profitability.
©Cobb-Vantress
Early stages
In partnership with Cobb, this new series of articles will examine best practice in broiler production, featuring industry voices offering their own experiences and expertise. As the first of five, this piece focuses on best practice in management – how making smart and considered decisions can, even when small, result in greater performance and profitability. As global food demands continue to grow, chicken remains one of the most consumed meats on the planet, accounting for more than 35% of all meat consumption.¹ In the face of population growth and increasing wealth, just to retain this position will require increased production. In fact, according to a report by the European Commission, poultry meat is the only meat for which both EU production and consumption are expected
Sam Drummond, broiler farmer and manager of 20 sites across the UK, believes that the early stages are vital for the flock. “In the last five years, we’ve seen a number of changes” says Sam. “We’ve seen genetics get a lot stronger and with it an increased demand for higher performance. The brooding period is critical for the development of the bird’s health. We make sure they start off strong. From day zero we make sure that everything is in place to aid the development of the birds. Those first days are all about getting the foundations right, so they can achieve their full potential.” Creating the optimal environment for the birds during the brooding period is essential, as over heating/over cooling or too much or little light can impact performance. While breed guidelines are set and well documented, it ultimately falls on effective management to ensure this is acted upon. The producer must continually monitor not just the air temperature, but the temperature of the floor and litter, and make sure the relevant staff are trained and equipped to do so. Paying attention to the details at this
¹ https://www.statista.com/statistics/876672/global-market-share-of-processed-meat-by-meat-type ² EU Agricultural Outlook for markets and income 2018-2030, European Commission
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stage can make a huge difference, and is best practice for every stage of broiler management As Sam puts it, keen observation and small adjustments are required to deliver the greatest returns: “We make changes as needed in order to strengthen our business. For example, we recently placed a greater focus on water sanitation. To do that, we implemented much closer monitoring and enlisted the services of a supporting company in order to get the results we wanted. It’s not just about solving problems, but catching things before they become problems, and making changes that, even when they’re small, can cumulatively have a significant effect on your bottom line.” To achieve best practice, this attention to detail should extend beyond the birds’ immediate needs and define every aspect of a farm’s business.
Attending to the details
ity, temperature and light are all factors influencing every management decision. Trigger thresholds are constantly monitored and every day we look at the data and use it to create our monthly forecasts. Data doesn’t just show where you are but determines where you’re going.” Sam also invests in people, making sure that all staff are fully trained and in possession of a Level 3 NVQ poultry passport. This is backed by regular internal training, alongside external training provided by visiting veterinarians. Staff are also remunerated accordingly depending on performance success. “Profitability is the goal, but you need a path to get there” says Sam. “We set clear benchmarks of what we need to achieve. We then focus on the details to make sure we do achieve it, and consistently remain in the top 25% of producers.”
Pressures and opportunities
For Sam, close attention to the details is a guiding principle including strong relationships with suppliers, regular veterinary support, and strong motivation for the internal team. “A broiler farm is only as strong as its weakest link” says Sam. “We schedule regular visits from veterinarians. Farm managers measure the necessary parameters like body temperatures and crop fills. We have targets provided by the breeding company, specifying clear goals for us to attain.” Choosing the right suppliers is also critical. While producing meat at a competitive unit cost is the goal, supplier relationships should go beyond the purely transactional. The bird must consistently offer strong performance, and all dealings with the supplier should be straightforward, consistent, and reliable. “We have a strong relationship with our suppliers” adds Sam. “We have regular meetings and events with them to keep communication strong, which makes a difference in the long-term.” Collecting data on the farm and using that data in a way that is actionable and valuable has a profound impact. Huge amounts of data are generated on farm every day. By collecting that data in some form, ideally with effective software designed to do so, grants greater visibility and a basis for more efficient decision-making. “We collect lots of data, including daily mortalities, water consumption, and feed usage” says Sam. “Environmental data, humid-
The poultry industry is facing increasing pressure, even as the demand for increased food production becomes more apparent. Welfare and environmental pressure groups alongside consumer opinion, amplified by social media, ensure that industry stays engaged. Welfare groups have pointed to slower-growing birds as an option, but this could have severe environmental implications. For Sam, these ethical issues highlight the need for stronger management not just at a farm level, but across the industry: “Everyone is striving to increase productivity, whether that comes from achieving better feed conversions or improving genetics. Welfare and environmental concerns are a very real pressure. The whole industry needs to be joined up, working together to lead the way on these issues and drive best practice.” “At the farm level, that means robust management at every stage. Focus on the actual costs and pay attention to the detail. Optimise performance, from the brooding period onwards, and make sure every detail is right. Doing so isn’t just the most productive approach, it’s the most profitable.” For more information and resources on best practice in broiler production, visit Cobb’s website at www.cobb-vantress.com
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©Iova Turkey Federation
NUTRITION
Peter F. Surai1-5, Vladimir I. Fisinin5-6 ¹Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; ²Szent Istvan University, Godollo, Hungary; ³Sumy National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine; 4Odessa
National Academy of Food Technologies, Ukraine; 5Russian
Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia; 6All Russian Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Sergiev Posad, Russia.
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Natural antioxidants in poultry production From vitamins to vitagenes – First part
Commercial poultry production is associated with various stresses leading to decrease of productive and reproductive performance of growing chickens, parent birds as well as commercial layers. In general, there are four major types of stress in poultry industry: technological, environmental, nutritional and internal stresses. Growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection.
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NUTRITION
Therefore, dietary antioxidants are considered to be the main protective means to deal with various stresses in poultry production. Indeed, the development of effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commercially-relevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on possibilities of modulation of vitagenes, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stress. The new concept of fighting stresses is based on an idea that supplying birds with various antioxidants via the drinking water could help them to effectively deal with stress conditions. In fact, it was proven that inclusion of vitagene-regulating compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin E, etc.) in water, as well as some minerals, vitamins, electrolytes and organic acids could be effective in fighting various stresses.
in poultry production could be quite long, but the main point is the most of the stresses suppress reproductive performance of parent birds including reduced fertility and hatchability. Furthermore, stress is associated with impaired feed conversion, reduced average daily weight gain, immunosuppression and increased mortality in growing birds. Growing body of evidence indicates that most of stresses in poultry production at the cellular level are associated with oxidative stress due to excess of free radical production or inadequate antioxidant protection. According to the recent literature review, heat and diet are among main means causing oxidative stress in domestic birds that may lead to biological damage, serious health disorders, lower growth rates, and, hence, economic losses. Dietary antioxidants are considered an efficient tool to deal with stress in poultry production.
Stress in poultry production
Antioxidant systems of the body
Commercial poultry production is associated with various kinds of stress leading to a decrease in performance (Table 1). A list of commercially-relevant stress factors
During evolution, living organisms have developed specific antioxidant protective mechanisms to deal with ROS and RNS. Therefore it is only the presence of natural anti-
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NUTRITION
conditions associated with various stresses. Dietary-derived antioxidants related to poultry nutrition can be divided into several groups: Vitamin E – main chain-breaking antioxidant in the cell, located in biological membranes and proven to be effective in antioxidant protection. The main reason for vitamin E dietary supplementation for poultry and farm animals is to maintain their optimal health and high productive and reproductive performances. It includes positive effects of vitamin E on male and female reproduction, immunocompetence, effective growth and development, high quality of eggs and meat, decreased negative consequences of various stresses. Extensive research and wide commerTable 1 – Stresses in poultry production. Technological stresses Chick placement Increased stocking density
©Eurotunnels
Weighing, grading, group formation, catching, transferring to breeder houses Prolonged egg storage, egg transportation, inadequate egg storage conditions, incorrect incubation regimes Environmental stresses Inadequate temperature
oxidants in living organisms which enable them to survive in an oxygen-rich environment. The general term “antioxidant systems” describes these mechanisms, which are diverse and responsible for the protection of cells from the actions of free radicals. These systems include: natural fat-soluble antioxidants (vitamins A, E, carotenoids, ubiquinones, etc.); water-soluble antioxidants (ascorbic acid, uric acid, carnitine, betaine, taurine, etc.); antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GSH- Px), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); thiol redox system consisting of the glutathione system (glutathione/ glutathione reductase/glutaredoxin/glutathione peroxidase and a thioredoxin system (thioredoxin/thioredoxin peroxidase/ thioredoxin reductase). The protective antioxidant compounds are located in organelles, subcellular compartments or the extracellular space enabling maximum cellular protection to occur. The antioxidant system of the body is responsible for prevention of damaging effects of free radicals in stress conditions. Therefore, dietary supplementation of antioxidant compounds is a way to improve efficiency of poultry production in commercial
48
Inadequate ventilation and increased dust Inadequate lighting Nutritional stresses Mycotoxins Oxidised fat Toxic metals (lead, cadmium, mercury, etc.) Imbalance of minerals (Se, Zn, Cu, etc.) and other nutrients Low water quality Usage of coccidiostats and other drugs via feed or water Internal stresses Vaccinations Microbial or virus challenges Gut disbacteriosis Pipping and hatching
(Adapted from Surai and Fisinin, 2016a).
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
cial application for a number of years clearly shows essentiality of vitamin E in animal/poultry nutrition. Recently it has been shown that vitamin E recycling in the cell is key for its antioxidant activity. Ascorbic acid, selenium, vitamins B1 and B2 are important elements of vitamin E recycling. Therefore, if recycling is effective, even a low vitamin E concentration, for example in the embryonic brain, can prevent lipid peroxidation in vivo. Dietary vitamin E supplementation is an important part of poultry
Selenium – an integral part of 25 selenoproteins participating in various antioxidant reactions in the body. It is supplied with the diet in various forms and an optimal Se status is a key for effective antioxidant protection. It has been shown that organic Se in the form of Selenomethionine (SeMet) is the Se form of choice for poultry breeders. Generally speaking, there are two major Se sources for poultry, namely inorganic selenium (mainly selenite or selenate) and organic selenium in the form
“Dietary antioxidants are considered to be the main protective means to deal with various stresses in poultry production. Indeed, the development of effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commercially-relevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on possibilities of modulation of vitagenes, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stress. The new concept of fighting stresses is based on an idea that supplying birds with various antioxidants via the drinking water could help them to effectively deal with stress conditions�
nutrition. The main source of vitamin E for poultry is a premix providing the vitamin usually in excess of dietary requirement. There is a range of anti-stress premixes with an increased vitamin E content. After 90 years of extensive research in the field of vitamin E its unique role in biological systems is greatly appreciated in maintaining growth, development and general health of humans and animals.
of selenomethionine (SeMet; mainly as Se-Yeast or SeMet preparations). Advantages of organic Se in poultry nutrition have been shown and Se-Yeast is gaining a lot of attention as an effective source of organic selenium in poultry/farm animal nutrition. However, it seems likely that the level of SeMet in the yeast is the major determinant of its value as a Se source. That value is nevertheless still variable (usually in a range 50%~70%) and it is
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©Big Dutchman
NUTRITION
“Commercial poultry production is associated with various kinds of stress leading to a decrease in performance. A list of commercially-relevant stress factors in poultry production could be quite long, but the main point is the most of the stresses suppress reproductive performance of parent birds including reduced fertility and hatchability” a difficult task to stabilize and guarantee it at the level of production of Se-Yeast. Pure SeMet has some problems related to its stability and therefore introducing the new stable supplemental form of Se (Seleno-hydroxy-methionine) could be considered as a next step in improving Se nutrition of poultry. Carotenoids – important elements of the antioxidant system, possessing antioxidant activities and participating directly or indirectly (for example, by recycling vitamin E or regulating expression of various genes) in antioxidant defenses. There are more than 750 carotenoids in nature and their efficiency varies considerably. Recently, an important role of canthaxanthin in breeder nutrition has been described. Indeed, there is a growing evidence indicating that canthaxanthin has a special role in antioxidant defen-
50
se of the developing embryo and its dietary supplementation in breeder’s diet is a way of improving hatchability. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) – an important antioxidant synthesized in chickens. Its dietary supplementation is shown to be effective only in stress conditions, when its requirement substantially increases. The role of vitamin C in vitamin E recycling is a topic of great interest. Polyphenolic compounds – a group of various plantderived compounds comprising more than 8,000 various compounds possessing antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties in various conditions. The main problem with polyphenols, including flavonoids, is their low bio-availability. Their concentration in the diet could be very high, but their levels in blood is low and their concentration in target tissues (liver, muscles, egg yolk) usually is negli-
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
gible. Therefore, the main site of flavonoid action is the gut where they can have health-promoting properties by participating in maintaining antioxidant-pro-oxidant balance. Emerging findings suggest a large number of potential mechanisms of action of polyphenols in preventing disease, which may be beyond their conventional antioxidant activities. Therefore, it seems likely that antioxidant activity is not a major mechanism for possible beneficial effects of flavonoids in poultry nutrition. Indeed there is a shift in polyphenol-related research from testing their antioxidant activities in vitro to deeper understanding their molecular mechanisms of action including cell-signalling and gene expression. In particular, silymarin (SM), an extract from the Silybum marianum (milk thistle) plant containing various flavonolignans (with silybin being the major one), has received a tremendous amount of attention over the last decade as a herbal remedy for liver treatment. In fact, SM has been the gold standard drug to treat liver disorders of different aetiologies and milk thistle extracts have been used as traditional herbal remedies (liver tonics) for almost 2000 years. Indeed, the protective role of silymarin in poultry production deserves more attention.
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Carnitine is an important element of the antioxidant system of the body and it has positive effects on chickens when added to the feed or supplemented via water. In fact, carnitine could be considered a new type of antioxidant, regulating the mitochondria, a major site of free radical production. Effects of carnitine on vitagene expression deserve more attention. Carnitine also has immunomodulating properties in chickens and needs further investigation. Indeed, carnitine is synthesized in animals, including chickens, however, in stress conditions its synthesis is most likely not sufficient and there is a need for its supplementation. In general, carnitine supplementation via drinking water is considered an effective means of improving carnitine status of the birds and their performance. Betaine is another new entry into the antioxidant family participating in osmotic balance regulation. It seems likely that as a source of methyl groups in the body, betaine plays important roles in many physiological processes related to stress biology. End of first part
References are available on request From the Proceedings of XXV World’s Poultry Congress
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TURNKEY PROJECTS POULTRY INTEGRATED PROJECTS POULTRY EQUIPMENT FOR BROILERS AND LAYERS AVIARY SYSTEMS Officine Facco & C. S.p.A. Via Venezia, 30 - Marsango (PD) Italy
Tel. +39 049 9698111 - Fax +39 049 9630605 | www.facco.net - facco@facco.net
PREFABRICATED METAL PLANTSspazio55x45-facco.indd for aviculture, livestock farming and industry
Officine Meccaniche
VETTORELLO LUCIANO 35040 Casale di Scodosia (PD) • Italia • via Nuova, 1515 Tel. +39 0429 847062 • Fax +39 0429 848315 luciano@officinevettorello.it • www.officinevettorello.it
BD Ad Zootecnica 55x95 10-13.indd 1
22.10.13 14:24
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Equipment
POULTRY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
GmbH & Co. KG
Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) T: +49 (0) 2838 912-0 • F: +49 (0) 2838 2791 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de
VALLI spa • via Cimatti, 2 • 47010 Galeata (FC) • Italy T: +39 0543 975 311 • F: +39 0543 981 400 E: info@valli-italy.com • I: www.valli-italy.com
PRODUZIONI CHIAVI IN MANO ATTREZZATURA AVI CUNICOLA
Housing equipment for breeders, layers and broilers.
MBE srl
via delle Fornaci 88/A 60044 Fabriano (AN) - Italy Tel. 0732/627167 - info@mbefabriano.it - www.mbefabriano.it
www.vencomatic.com
Automatic rollaway nests Plastic slats Aviary systems Rearing systems Broiler systems Manure belts Manure drying systems Emission
Harselaarseweg 32, 3771 MB Barneveld, Holland Tel.: +31(0)342 42 70 00 Fax: +31 (0)342 42 70 01 Website: www.jpe.org E-mail: info@jpe.org
THE BEST FOR YOUR EGGS!
via San Lorenzo, 9b 35010 Campo San Martino (PD), Italy Ph: +39.049.9620774 Web: www.flexy.it - Email: info@flexy.it
Impex Barneveld B.V. P.O. Box 20 • 3770 AA Barneveld • Holland T: 31 (0) 342 41 66 41 • F: 31 (0) 342 41 28 26 E: info@impex.nl • I: www.impex.nl
UPCOMING EVENTS 2020 July, 9 to 11 49th annual Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com
VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 - 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2999 Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company Khaleej Al Arabi Street - P.O. Box 5546 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates UAE Tel.: 800 23632 Int. Tel.: +971 (0) 2 444 6900 Fax: +971 (0) 2 444 6135 Website: www.adnec.ae
September, 17 to 19 July, 20 to 23 Annual-Meeting PSA Annual Meeting The Galt House Hotel Louisville, KY, USA For information contact: Debi Seymour Email: debis@assochq.org Website: poultryscience.org/PSA-Annual-Meeting
August, 10 to 12 Poultry Science Symposium on 'Pre and probiotics, nutrition, veterinary and production perspectives'
VIV Qingdao 2020 Qingdao Cosmopolitan Exposition, halls S1 to S6 Qingdao, China For information contact: VIV Qingdao, Shanghai, China VNU Exhibitions Asia 2F, Business Mansion,Shanghai Exhibition Center, No. 1333 Nanjing Road (W) 200040 Shanghai P.R. of China Ms. Sylvia Shan Tel.: +86 21 6195 6063 Email: sylvia.shan@vnuexhibitions.com.cn Website: www.vivchina.nl
October, 7 to 9
Clare College, University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom
7th
For information contact: Email: wpsa@hotmail.co.uk Website: www.wpsa2020.org
For information contact: Mr C. GarcĂŠs Narro Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU C/ Tirant Lo Blanc, 7 46115 Alfara del PatriarcaValencia, Spain Email: cgarces@uchceu.es
August 31 to September 2 VIV-MEA International trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa ADNEC Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre Khaleej Al Arabi Street, - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates For information contact: VIV worldwide
Mediterranean Poultry Summit
Cordova, Spain
October, 14 to 15 Poultry Africa Kigali Convention Centre Kigali Rwanda For information contact: Mr. Jean Baptiste Musabyimana Abusol Ltd. Email: jeanbapti@yahoo.fr
December, 9 to 11 ILDEX Vietnam 2020 Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC) Ho Chi Min City, Vietnam For information contact: Saengtip Techapatiphandee Tel.: +662 111 6611 ext. 330 Email: saengtip@vnuasiapacific.com
2021 September, 14 to 17 SPACE 2021 Rue Maurice le Lannou - CS 54239 35042 Rennes Cedex - France For information contact: Tel.: +33 (0) 2 23 48 28 80 Fax: +33 (0) 2 23 48 28 81 Email: info@space.fr Website: uk.space.fr
2022 January, 18 to 21 VICTAM and VIV Health & Nutrition Asia 2022 Trade show & forum focusing on feed, pharma & genetics in the animal protein production Bitec, Bangkok, Thailand For information contact: Panadda KongmaHead of competence center livestock Tel.: +662 670-0900 Ext. 204 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com Zhenja Antochin, Event Manager Tel.: +31 (0) 6 8379 9693 Email: zhenja.antochin@vnuexhibitions.com Bangkok International trade andExhibition Centre (BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road, BangnaPrakanong, Bangkok 10260 Thailand Tel.: +66 (0) 2 726 1999 +66 (0) 2 366 9797 Fax: +66 (0) 2 726 1939 (Sales Office) Website: www.bitec.net
INTERNET GUIDE ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com
Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff (zootecnica@zootecnica.it): Daria Domenici, Tania Montelatici Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Via Ugo Foscolo 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy Tel.: +39 055 2571891 Fax: +39 055 2571897 Website: www.zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 * Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: www.zootecnicainternational.com * Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, via Ugo Foscolo, 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by fax (+39 055 2571897) or by email (amministrazione@zootecnica.it). Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia - ellecigrafica.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence
English Edition Year XLII May 2020
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purely professional.
PIEDMONT PIEDMO DMONT COOP Cod. 0101001
birds transport UNIVERSAL COOP - 110x58x27 cm Cod. 0107022
DRAWER - H355 mm Cod. 0107511
BOX 2 COMPARTMENTS 100 (2x50)
www.poultryplast.com
Cod. 0402002
Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A. Via Bernezzo, 47 ,12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com
SPECHT is everywhere where hens are! • Rearing in aviary system
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L
ORIGINA
estock eco and liv friendly
ORIGINAL
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®
• Layer battery
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• Cage floor
POULTRY EQUIPMENT
GmbH & Co. KG
• Manure drying system
Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de
• Egg collecting system
